University of misan

College of Engineering

Department of Petroleum

Reservoir management

Well logging

Written by :
1- Moamel Raihan Abdu Al-hussein
2-Montadher Mohammed Ali
3-Sajjad Majjed kead
4- Ali Mohammed latif
5- Abdullah Qais chasib
6- Mohsen salah Abbas
7- Racial Jason adu- alsadih

supervision of.
 INTRODUCTION

Well logging, also known as borehole logging, is the practice of creating a detailed record

(well log) of the geological formations encountered by a borehole. This process involves

recording and analyzing measurements collected within wellbores to document

depths,

subsurface formations, and events encountered during drilling. Well logs play a crucial

role in determining formation depth, estimating oil reserves, and providing essential

information for the oil and gas industry. The logs are based on physical measurements

obtained using geophysical tools, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the

geologic structures penetrated by the borehole The process of probing wells is

considered one of the processes accompanying the process

of drilling a well, whether the well is vertical or horizontal, as various types of loggin

equipment (Logging Tools) that we will mention later are lowered into the drilled well

cavity (open hole) for the purpose of evaluating the formations (formation).
Evaluation) or

for the purpose of evaluating the cement behind the lining (casing) after performing the
cementation process.

The process of well logging is defined as the process of studying the physical and

chemical properties of rocks by lowering special logging equipment into the well. This

equipment transfers information from inside the well to the surface and the data

appears on the screen of the logging truck. Form diagrams that are later interpreted by

interpretation engineers to obtain the petrophysical properties of the layers.C

 Well Log Techniques

• Acoustic Logs

• Caliper Log

• Chemical Logging

• Density Log

• Gamma Log

• Image Logs

• Neutron Log

• Single-Well and Cross-Well Resistivity

• Single-Well and Cross-Well Resistivity

1-Acoustic logs, also known as sonic logs, are a type of well log used in the oil
and gas industry to measure the acoustic properties of subsurface formations.
These properties include the speed of sound waves as they travel through the
rock, which can provide valuable information about the mechanical and
geological characteristics of the formations. Acoustic logging is crucial for
understanding the composition, porosity, and integrity of the rock layers
surrounding a wellbore.

2-A Caliper Log is a type of well log used in the oil and gas industry to measure
the diameter or the variation in the diameter of a wellbore. This log provides
information about the size and shape of the wellbore, which is crucial for
assessing various factors, including wellbore stability, cement bond quality, and
casing integrity. The caliper tool is typically attached to the bottom of a logging
string and lowered into the well.
3-Chemical logging, in the context of well logging in the oil and gas industry, refers to the
measurement and analysis of the chemical composition of subsurface formations
surrounding a wellbore. This type of well logging provides valuable information about the
presence and distribution of certain elements, minerals, or fluids in the geological
formations. Chemical logging is essential for understanding the reservoir characteristics,
identifying potential hydrocarbon zones, and assessing the overall quality of the reservoir
rocks. Here are some key aspects of chemical logging

4-A Density Log is a well logging technique commonly used in the oil and gas industry to
measure the density of subsurface formations surrounding a wellbore. This type of log
provides essential information about the composition and porosity of the rock formations,
aiding in the characterization of reservoir properties. Density logging is particularly valuable
for distinguishing between different lithologies and assessing the overall geological
structure of the subsurface

5-A Gamma Ray Log is a well logging technique commonly used in the oil and gas
industry to measure the natural radioactivity of subsurface formations. This type of log
provides valuable information about the composition and characteristics of the rocks
penetrated by a wellbore. The primary sources of natural radioactivity in subsurface
formations are certain radioactive isotopes, such as uranium, thorium, and potassium

6-Image logs, in the context of well logging in the oil and gas industry, refer to the
visualization of subsurface formations through the use of imaging tools. These tools capture
high-resolution images of the wellbore wall and surrounding rocks, providing valuable
information about geological features, rock types, and the condition of the wellbore. There
are several types of image logs, each serving specific purposes in subsurface analysis.

7-A Neutron Log is a well logging technique used in the oil and gas industry to measure
the neutron porosity of subsurface formations. Neutron logging provides valuable
information about the presence and quantity of hydrogen atoms in the rocks, which is
directly related to the porosity of the formation. The tool used for neutron logging emits
neutrons into the formation, and the response is measured, allowing for the determination
of porosity.
8-Single-well resistivity and cross-well resistivity are two geophysical methods used
in the exploration and characterization of subsurface formations in the oil and gas industry.
These methods involve measuring the electrical resistivity of rocks to obtain information
about their composition, fluid content, and other geological properties.

9-The Spontaneous Potential (SP) well log is a type of well logging measurement
commonly used in the oil and gas industry to assess the electrical potential difference
between the borehole fluid and the formation. The SP log helps in identifying the presence
of certain minerals, formation water salinity, and boundaries between permeable and
impermeable formations.

Uses of well logging in petroleum engineering

1. Rock typing

2. Identification of geological environment

3. Reservoir fluid contact location

4. Fracture detection

5. Estimate of hydrocarbon in place

6. Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon

7. Determination of water salinity

8. Reservoir pressure determination

9. Porosity/pore size distribution determination

 Cutoff Porosity and Net Formation Thickness

In petroleum geology and reservoir engineering, cutoff porosity and net formation
thickness are interconnected concepts that play a crucial role in evaluating the economic
viability and productivity of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Let's explore these concepts in more
detail:

1. Cutoff Porosity: Cutoff porosity is the minimum level of porosity required for a reservoir
rock to be considered economically viable for hydrocarbon production.

Importance:It serves as a threshold to identify intervals within a geological formation that

have sufficient pore space to hold and allow the flow of hydrocarbons.

Typical Values:In conventional oil reservoirs, typical cutoff porosity values are around 5%.
Below this threshold, the volume of oil contained in low-porosity rock may be limited, and
the rock may not facilitate efficient fluid flow.

2. Net Formation Thickness (NFT):Net Formation Thickness represents the vertical interval
within a geological formation that is economically viable for hydrocarbon extraction. It is
the portion of the rock where porosity and other reservoir properties meet the economic
criteria.

Calculation:NFT is calculated by considering the thickness of the formation above the

cutoff porosity. It is the effective thickness that contributes to economic production.

3. Interrelationship:

Selective Consideration:Cutoff porosity guides the selective consideration of reservoir

intervals. Only the portion of the geological formation with porosity above the cutoff is
included in the assessment of reservoir performance.

Net to Gross Ratio:The net formation thickness is often expressed as a ratio of net
thickness to gross thickness. The net thickness is the portion above the cutoff porosity, and
the gross thickness is the total interval.

4. Importance in Reservoir Analysis:

Economic Significance:Both concepts are crucial for determining the economic significance
of a reservoir. The presence of an interval with porosity above the cutoff is essential for
economically viable hydrocarbon production.

Reservoir Management:Cutoff porosity and NFT guide decisions in reservoir management,

such as well placement, drilling strategies, and overall field development plans.

In summary, cutoff porosity establishes a minimum porosity threshold for economic

significance, and net formation thickness represents the economically viable interval within
a geological formation. These concepts are fundamental in assessing the productivity and
economic feasibility of hydrocarbon reservoirs.Buzorgan oil field is one of the most

The Buzurgan oil field

important field in southern of Iraq. Mishrif Formation (Cenomanian-early Turonian) is the

main production reservoir. The first exploration well BU-1 was drilled in June 1969 with
total depth of 4298 m. Buzurgan Oilfield was discovered after the drilling of BU-1 well which
proved the availability of commercial oil in Mishrif Formation, Buzurgan Oilfield was
brought into production in 1976. The 2D seismic survey was carry out for more information
of the structure boundaries from 1974 to 1977. Three-dimensional survey carried out at
2013 The aim of study is to determine the structure description of Buzurgan oilfield by
using three-dimensional seismic data. The workflow start by identify the main horizons
then gridding this horizons, subsequently determination of faults and their patterns, finally
create the structure framework of the field

➢ Location and geological setting of study area

Buzurgan oil field is located in Missan province southeast of Iraq 175km north to Basra city
close to Iraq-Iran bolder (Figure-1). The trend of Buzurgan structure is NW-SE parallel to
Zagros Mountain series with 40km length and 7km width, the total area of the anticline is
394

Figure -Base map of 3D seismic survey of Missan oilfields shown the study area (BU)
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