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(EFFECTIVE
{JAPANESE
Gra \ USAGE ,
3 \ DICTIONARY
 THE TISCH LIBRARY
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ATTUFTSUNVERSITY oS soca
REFERENCE
SEN BOLI
Lom wt sumai 8 oishii
ENENOBARBAIK, Rb
es umai
HEDLOCBHONSAAMK DEW = good ; skilled A
EMRLTTHV ET. IAAS
Fetal
CF ICRORMRAE ER!) DME HORT, Bit BEATE ES CfA, 2).
aL WM + hats on ne

ANTHAIZE LTIEF, Umai means that a food is tasty, and is used predominately in male speech
(x12):
APR (AF y 7H) QEEREV I BRT ET CAB, 4).0
BAHT,
KYU bERS It may also mean that one is skillful or good at doing something (ex.3,4),
BDARL, BMLSETUS
DAEs TICS MA VED AED H SEW MARA VES C5).
Fle CCHV ES. Umai may also describe something as convenient or profitable (ex.5).

4. OORAAM
IC 4S SAI
DES 1) BH: 2M5-—#eY, GEV.
BOL

ageee
2 DAN DEV.
5. BABReASLADRO
wee : Kono raamen,, umaine. This ramen is delicious, isn’t it?
TWEE ae Masaru : Un, umai. Yeah, good!
AAMIEICBAS SHEL WH —— + Raamen is a popular meal in Japan, consisting of Chinese style
noodles served in a soup broth and topped with meat and vegetables.
(FTHY EF. —o = Tléraamen
“DBR DI—-EANSF OK FEV LS
DaETS, 82 3 TA

Kono kissatenno koohiiwa sugoku umaiyo.

6. 5. CEN HUEBOR The coffee at this shop is extremely good, you know.

Fp ac idHa BOBA NDI.

MATT. te th
eS
BO bts
es Apia oshiekataga umai. Cy
eo

Mr. Tanaka is very good at teaching Japanese.

7.AAXA-VS
A: Kise OV—TFKE.
49") y¥7CRIL THE ~~ ¢
TAMA CA

FT. KEL, RRPTIS, A B: 5k. STAMSEHB TE.

Z-MAIL COR!) Tt h ')
‘ Thal CA ae

A: Tsugiwa Takahashikun,no saabudayo. «p.41\ A

EtA, It’s Takahashi’s turn to serve next,
B: Umai. Sasugawa Takahashikunda.

8. PIER
BAG CRRLELK.
a aos
RL SAT, BOBRER
HSEEDIIAMELK,

10. 3 P.411IZ, ~kun B48 <ClINBRD BCS

PHS CERLETF,
Me) ECBERS os
11.°-VYRARLET,
@—_
J) RFRA, MBER — cls

eo) HAOPH*ARIT = Lig

EAITFERFILE
 I2JAB RW L
shizuka: odayaka/ U¥ d+ fe? 2
2BUALDBOHASHET
1LOMOIRBewRoTheEs,

LIED/BEPD 13.48 LL
w shizuka 8 odayaka IRB & tak L TL S88 & BAB
—
LTHVU ES, SROBRS|
UFR (prs ree
p> hizuk =
eAIRLT, 1D CHM
NEE SSE SES
D9 <x Wear LEWES 7 Cr CAN, 206
Shizuka indicates an absence of loud or annoying noise (ex.1, 2). 14.25
Qe or YEUNG, BEM LIT ERLET CAB, 4,5). AS CBRL BOGEN
TEUTFH TKSEFICLY
It may also describe a calm and gentle state (ex.3,
4,5).
HIT, MAL THV EF, U
1) RH Demo, £< TECHS. SAA CB (IL eEMRBGE
ELIDA Lt ARES

Toshokanwa shizukadakara, yoku benkyoodekiru. (4, FAPIIHTS, VOSA

It is quiet in the library, so (we) can study well.
(LLUTHV ETF,
e
2) bist
FODSIL, FPTSHE
UT
EH LHS.
UOSEC 5
Watashino uchiwa, shizukana juutakuchini aru. [email protected]
My house is located in a very quiet residential area.
AI" YARCEOTHYV E
3) WR AORRS. FAVE
ULy2 uy a
SEFAV WV», oT. RBORWL PHAR
Byookino tokiwa, shizukani neteiru hooga ii.
Tk, VEAL CH !) ORE
It’s best to stay quiet in bed when (you) are sick.

4) wOUE
BASE TORD EAT. WZDDW EOD
DSI < DIO. AGES
ur ve b
Kanojowa totemo shizukana hitode, irunoka inainoka wakaranai-kuraida. fe 16.325R
She is a very quiet person. (We) don’t even notice when she is around.
EROOKTEAIT, CHIE
5) CDAD AEDT HIRT SOIREE.
AS, AIM TR2THEF.
Kono iriewa namiga shizukade, tsurio surunoni saikooda.
The water in this inlet is very calm, so it’s the best place to fish.
a 17.2 CED BRD RCS
ENENDEEEROBRT
BERD eer) Ile
: sodayaka pa
FRL, IWMES CHET
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PL667 .K63 2001 18.85853c
Kodansha’s effective BURR 290UEDLS,
Japanese usage dictionary : a concise explanation 22° 27 CRML
CH!)
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of frequently confused words and phrases
19. BAMMOP
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 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/kodanshaseffectiO000masa
 KODANSHA’S

EFFECTIVE
JAPANESE USAGE
DICTIONARY
A Concise Explanation of Frequently
Confused Words and Phrases

KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL
Tokyo*New YorksLondon
*a& - Supervisors
ARE (IPE EK EAS) Masayoshi Hirose (ICU)
EaBAF O71 KSEE) Kakuko Shoji (Univ. of Hawaii)

#1 Editorial Staff
CHEF Yumiko Kawamoto
Fela} 7ASE-~ Kumiko Osaki

$B EK Contributing Editors
hf} ELESeE~ Mamiko Murakami “iS Yoko Takahashi
AF PTH Tetsuo Kinoshita /hnjPerasé¢ Yumiko Kato
£8) Tsutomu Ueno /#€2%~A#f Kumiko Shiino
Haye «©Tokisato Yanagimachi /jRvtA3é Kumi Watanabe
aA Yo Iwamoto /milt¢A% Masumi Tomiyama
iki + Atsuko Sakata “Kes Yuuko Takahashi

WHE Translators
Darrell S. Frentz “Marie Bedell Grace S. Onaga
Suzane Zeng

452 “Illustrators
AICO = Hiwako Kimoto
kM {= Yoshihito Matsunami

eT -v479 bk Design
SBKEE (4 7/\7 RZ) Takashi Suzuki (Tauhaus )
fe Lv tt (4¥97\92) Asako Takigami (Tauhaus )

Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, LLC, and in the United King-
dom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd.

Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo

112-8652.

Copyright © 2001 by Kodansha Ltd.

All rights reserved. Printed in Japan.
ISBN 978-4-7700-2850-1

First edition, 2001

PAO) MSY tes I Sy Ses EY I | 10 151413121110987

www.kodansha-intl.com
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Preface

In Japanese, there are many words which appear to mean the

same thing but are actually quite different.
For example, although the words utsukushii and kirei are both
translated as ‘beautiful’ in English, there are slight differences in
usage between them. Depending on the circumstances, these differ-
ences may give rise to a situation in which although the usage is
slightly incorrect, it is permissible, or if the usage is slightly in-
correct, the meaning changes entirely. For this reason we have
created this dictionary, which we hope will help students of Jap-
anese to learn a variety of expressions and to use them correctly.
This dictionary was primarily created for persons who want to
learn Japanese. We believe, however, that it will also be useful to
anyone who wants to gain a deeper understanding of the lan-
guage, including Japanese language educators and students who
are Japanese natives.
302 entries containing 708 headwords were chosen from among
those terms that students have shown to have had difficulty us-
ing correctly. Each entry contains an easy-to-understand defini-
tion and explanation in Japanese, with illustrations often com-
plementing the entries. For convenience of self study, furigana
is provided for all kanji characters, and each example sentence is
accompanied by a romanized version. Furigana is printed below
each kanji character so that the reader may be able to improve his
or her kanji proficiency by masking the furigana with a piece of
paper while reading. English translations are provided to aid in
comparison between the two languages. Moreover, each entry is
designated with one of nine symbols for quick recognition of its
definition classification.
The example sentences provided are of themes and subjects one
might find in everyday conversation. Because this is a usage guide,
grammatical terminology is generally not included. The example
sentences instead contain many different parts of speech and sen-
tence structure variations, so that they will be of practical use
to the reader in creating natural sounding sentences. Special ex-
planations of many words and phrases of cultural interest are
also provided. In addition to the explanations of the entries, we
have included several short stories, or columns, as an interesting
way of presenting various words.
Indexes under the categories of entry, hiragana, roomaji with
English translations, and definition have been provided toward the
end of the book for quick reference. We would also like to invite
those using this dictionary to make use of the verb charts pro-
vided in the back as well.
Finally, in the interest of improving this dictionary in future
editions, we eagerly invite comments and ideas from all readers.
This dictionary is the result of the creativity and dedication of
many Japanese educators in both Japan and overseas, and Ms.
Mamiko Murakami, a freelance editor, and Ms. Sonoko Hoshi of
the dictionary division of Kodansha Publishers. We would also
like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who participated
in this project.
Masayoshi Hirose -Kakuko Shoji
 = DEFRO
(EY TT

1. RH LAOB*SRLA
@BMO LIZ, IE UMOIUSARORL,
HI TCAO-VFCRLK.
DEAEN OBI, (ACMICOSAZ,
OWE L I NIEFEARL, OU
—VF, RR, BRC SOM CHT.
OPRAH
SDSS SNE certian
eral) Caples

Zo Beeler LG

(1) BAS
(ai AEE. Bt btn, IMO A DENRA) % EME
nay FAZG
(DEORE + AED MH ROA PIDMR-IULITNTSE.0 DR OWK. Kk
FEL, BF lt. RAIMA T SHG.
(5 Last L CHF CHIL CH CTHh. ARUSMECKHRTLLMS
WOeOld, PACAP Cid 56 BBS IC Le
(MEI, PAR LMs RBCS eo re
()ja—veS
ase Wis Cie oe Sle ny ee io eo Gn ee ee
PLO a ee Cre | bo Al aed Cte ee Vs et
—VFCUSRRILCE<
HPN SEBERTRwMIC [juppun| & LK.
(DFARABIIC
AAR yc Lees ze.
ODES lol la, TOROFRSFEBDTCRT
AY [ch] DYHSis
[t |] eis citch| RT.
F5mp>" sukkari
foxt C85) zettai
— (5 5) itchi
Qype Oll +e Tweak Taney rersee 2 sxina: Wee
Fed & SVS, (ti, tyu, di, dyus fa, fi, fe, fo’ & Lz.
ORC OUTTA, BOL SICA UCKFeBNCKL.
—fix'2 Ob B7O TAR] + [Vo] CARAINSVOIU Teil, THB +
[5] CHAINS‘ [oo] ERLE. KKL. BROBHBEO

vl
 PA si. fu) G#HLE,
BISDAA obaasan
i NNSA ojtisan
REY seetaa
IE CAVA) eisei
7s] Gres SLL ed) sootoo
Fi] (Gi) 2) tou

OG oy | ul
L:ps | ki | &
|va Sai
WD) We ee
na Hig ni
ha) ii | hi
ma: $= | mi

VES
Lae Sart

iol i
wa: 7 ;

ga are ¥ |gu
za | S| 8 : >
da ft ji

ba it | bi bya Os byu Uw | byo Ut

pa: iW | pi pya a se Rae

(f)5AM Lac aiBA Cla, HOBBY OK BADLERBAT.

OSDEO
DOUMOIKLE. LAL. AFA LA RISHBMVICHR LK. A
A— Alt. ESOGS DPOB DDODPSEDIC, BOKWI TE
IGGL
Blin Lae. wtAA : Pe DIE ~ sou da
A594. TEAR : INC) 2a 2 Ie miyoo to shita
QAPDUSRRI
IVE CHL. HBOROBKREGSIGI, WNEe
Rae UCM Mince. OLECEOUMBRS BRUT SRE
ia. 1S FRR BRON ay l= | BAM.
PoE -Gove omoshirosooda

vil
 AJ (CV) ated Late» stkanatkamo-shirenat
MtnoewlAL OT CRCRRS [yl OES Ed, CVI ave
Po ir her
Ariat Gere sen-en
HER CLARKS) kon-yaku
(OMe EOE EOUSL,. HSM 38OWMEBY TODDIZC WGA
VAIN eae eee
Pak WES 25) # hoosoo-o
3. BR: ARORAAICO
WT
(alt Cle BAGS CAL OPI RBOR YOM.
(b) SR + FAVE. RHODE R BVI OE CHAD HS UO’ aK.
(C)St ORR - ELL EBSA. ©. @ ELTTHU. EneNn
vomAWR Olt.
Dag ABTLAF (Fv 7h) CHL.
COXIST S APIO BGS te MAACO HIS C +) GRLE.-
4. FABIICDIW\T
@BMOCIC, BUBB SRF PRECO. o-VF. RROIWCHT
ere
Dm eANMPASIeWE
oC. IGA CS SEI, BHA S. Dm
AO-G WIDE, Lye
(SHA BORBAEDADPSZEDIC.
CX SZEWSE<S OAMMEANK.
5. SEERICDUVT
@)BASRBILRLCH OM, BROADBAD RRB DD) CTVEF
Wild, ENeKIHT, BASCRBMIL C ) KANTRLUK.,
(b+) A ARREIC 7A, RRB IC B eee Ce E AIPERO C1 I HY) thy
CTDPFD. KOC »=) VAG AE
(c) H AEB A> 51s BAAR BS IIE, The] HAv.ws fone |CHL.
MESA CEN SD BABOBAIT FU y TCR LEAD, AG -CHY
7 CA Ares HMAO EEE LKR. DIO0IA, REM - HED LO
BAIL.
6. CLIEDBRBAS (CDT
(a) as &BROBRIC bs CAL, BS CRLIE.
(D) BK RAO at oli, OF D OGICHS.

vill
 BEE CBRRT
Lis WCRUESZERRGZ
LIF

RPC PT. NL RS LZ Cs TRRED

BCE RT Z LIE
BY*erRKT ILS DYES OVS, RABE

Ome
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Bo]
SP
fea) 4 OD ZAI

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Cm CD OM rag oe
7. EDthoies
C Jo Zld, D¥N49DOBS 1H. TCHS.
(aA AAO CC. MIST SAPDB SLAG EX,
(BRE BURA AZLS,
(C)EX A Cae HD LX,
@ 5H Lai OGRIC AER NT BAe OIFSEX,
CO) 46 Ce) 0)
CN des CFI) BOD
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ASSOUCO HENGE) (YER Olt CHAAL CHSIL EMT. p.732BhR
8. H5l(C DUT
RRR ABACK DILARRIL OSD 4 FREAD RG [ROW ELMO Cd EAB
DBA ROWSSNSEIINLK.
@O 5 AIABRS| CA)
2. 39 CRI 5 CWS 1A ORMORE HV AHKIBIC MAK,
(DO & ATR aE R S|
= ORBLE CHRO EWP Rie DVD AHSIIBICMNZ.
()\U—- VFR |i &
O—VFRIAOBe AB CIIRICIEN, RR OU.
MZ HISD BRD G|
ae BRE ROD Mas CEL MK.
9. RAMPBADACOWNT
HACOAIEDOHC, EBM CTOARBO, TELE AY, RAD
nD, KETREF
CAN. p.132Bh8
10. *f#RIZDUVT
FD Aik L-PARRI CC. HARA. AAHE. BOW AKe Olt.
 How To Use This Dictionary

|. Listing of entries
(a) Each heading group is printed in }éragana followed by its roman-
ized spelling.
(b) Each individual entry is printed in hiragana followed by its kanji
character (inside the [ ]), romanized spelling, English translation,
and definition classification symbol.
(c) When the headword is used together with another word, a ‘~’ is
used.

2. Notation
(1) Japanese
(a) All kanji, kana spellings, and okurigana are based on standards ap-
proved by the Japanese government.
(b) Furigana is provided for all kanji in the definitions, explanations,
and example sentences. Numerals with special readings are also pro-
vided with furigana.
(c) In cases in which a term has been expressed both in Airagana and
kanji in the heading, but the common usage is in hiragana, only hi-
ragana is used in the explanation and example sentences.
(d) Numerals are printed in Arabic figures unless part of an idiomatic
expression.
(2) Romanization
(a) Romanized spelling (roomaji) is provided to aid in pronunciation.
For example, 104} is written in hiragana as U5 3:A, and as juppun
in roomaji to indicate the most common pronunciation.
(b) As a rule, the Hepburn system of romanization is followed.
(c) A small © in hiragana is indicated in roomaji by doubling the fol-
lowing consonant sound, except in the case of ‘ch’, which is writ-
ten with a ‘t’ to make a ‘tch’ sound.
Fo sukkari
HEMT Ces 72>) zettai
—='0 (ise) itcht
(d) Foreign loan words using the katakana spellings 7 +, Fa, F74,
Ta, SF, F#, 7x and 7% are written’ nH, tyu; di,-dyu, fa, fi,
fe and fo.
(e) Extended vowel sounds are spelled by doubling the vowel as shown
in the examples below. A hiragana combination of an % -root and
\» is written as ‘ez’. A combination of an # -root and %4 is written
as ‘oo’. An exception to this is the verb ending of 4, which is writ-
ten as ‘u’.

BILDSA obaasan
oil Ol anew. ojlisan
%— 4) — seetaa
fe CZVAVY) eiset
*B 4 Ce 4&4) sootoo
fm Ges tou

tr |me:

(f) Words that appear as a headword or in the explanatory text are

spelled in roomaji in a manner that closely matches their hiragana
spelling, that is, as is found in most other dictionaries. On the other
hand, words that appear in the columns and usage charts are spelled
in a manner that most closely approximates their pronunciation. In
both cases spaces are placed between each word to aid in understand-
ing the individual parts of the sentence.

Xl
 Headword, explanatory text:
~4% 3472 ~ sou da
Column, usage charts:
Ao(A) k3u% Le miyoo to shita
(g) In the example sentences, spellings in roomaji are as per their pro-
nunciation, and words are arranged into groups which best repre-
sent how they are said in spoken Japanese. In cases in which word
groupings are longer than 15 letters, a hyphen (-) is placed at a suit-
able point.
tpn) lee Ske omoshirosooda
4q (Vv) DTV D> LNTEVy tkanatkamo-shirenai
(h) A hyphen is also inserted between ‘A.’ and vowel or ‘y’ sound.
FPGA. A.A.) sen-en
WHY CLAP S$) kon-yaku
(i) If three or more vowel sounds are grouped together because a parti-
cle is attached to a noun, a hyphen is added for clarification.
HG % ~hoosoo-o

3. Explanations of definition and usage

(a) Each entry is first explained in Japanese and followed by an English
translation.
(b) Explanations of meaning and usage are limited to those that help dif-
ferentiate one word from the others in the group.
(c) When there is more than one meaning or usage for a word, each is
explained in a separate section, e.g., section (1), section @), etc.
(d) The essential points in each explanation are highlighted in boldface
type.
(e) Corresponding example sentences are indicated by the numbers in-
side the parentheses ‘(_ )’.

4. Example sentence
(a) Each example sentence is printed in Japanese (with furigana), rooma-
ji and English.
(b) In order that the reader will be able to apply the entry word, easily
understandable sentences that can be used in daily conversation have
been inserted.
(c) As many example sentences as possible have been included so that
the conjugation of the entry word can be understood.

xi
5. English translations
(a) Natural English is used in most of the example sentences. However,
in cases in which direct translation from Japanese more simply _indi-
cates the meaning of the headword, the direct translation is printed
first with the natural English expression printed within the parenthe-
ses.
(b) In cases in which a word is not part of the Japanese text but is ne-
cessary in English (for example, ‘I’), the word is placed within par-
entheses, e.g., (1). ;
(c) When the gender of a person mentioned in an example sentence is
undetermined, ‘he’ or ‘one’ is used.
(d) Japanese words which appear in the English text are printed in ital-
ics. Japanese personal and place names, however, are printed in stan-
dard type. English language newspapers and magazines were used as
a reference when determining appropriate spellings.

6. Definition classification symbols

(a) Each entry is assigned a classification symbol based on its essential
meaning.
(b) The following symbols are used to indicate that the word describes:

level or volume physical sensation

location in time or space Z| change of condition

movement
s connection or relationship

condition $$ name of an object

eOnh
emotional sensation

7. Other notation
( ) The following may appear within parentheses:
(a) Numbers of example sentences which correspond to an explanation
in the text.
(b) Interchangeable meanings.
(c) Words that supplement the English text.
(d) Words or phrases which may be placed before the headword in a
grammatical structure.
CSD iwoI C7 SD
CAe) nog (ES) Pope)

xii
 * Asterisks are used in the example sentences to refer the reader to
a supplemental explanation regarding daily life or customs in Japan
( Japanese cultural vocabulary). See page 732.

8. The indexes
Four indexes are provided at the end of the dictionary to aid in find-
ing any of the words listed.
(a) Hiragana heading index (contents)
The first word of each grouping is listed in hiragana (H\V\9 ZH)
order.
(b) Word index (in hiragana)
All entry words within each grouping are listed in hiragana (H\. 79
ZS) order.
(c) Roomaji index with English translations.
All words found in this dictionary are listed in alphabetical order ac-
cording to their romanized spelling, with their English translation pro-
vided.
(d) Definition index
Definitions are grouped according to their classification and listed here.

9. Readers’ Column
Brief materials on the correct usage of commonly used but easily mis-
understood Japanese expressions have been inserted in large print
type. See page 732.

10. Supplements
An explanation of sample entries, a map of Japan and a verb usage
chart are provided on the cover flyleaf and at the end of the diction-
ary.

X1V
 HeEC-5
SiC aida ni-uchi ni

HEC 5 SIT
B aida ni gw uchi ni

S 43 Baida ni
HWFEIT Tc | aduring ; while ; between laa
DbSGAPSS SAS LILI RRM ONKBMIOETS +
DonsHLBLLERT SET (Bill, 2,3, 4).
This is used to indicate an interval of time, delimited by a beginning and end-
ing point, during which one does something or something takes place (ex.1,
3,4).

DOC SOS K ALICE} OPT + END DHSLLERG UE

WET CPS, 6,7). KEACOBRICOEOST
(Pil8D.
It is also used to indicate spatial location between two objects (ex.5,6,7).
Aida ni may be used when speaking of relationships between people (ex.8).

1) Dtereas iid»WIT SFRi< WASAD SS an ANEL?-

Anataga dekaketeiru aidani Pe ee denwaga arimashita.
There was a phone call from Ms. Yamamoto while you were out.

2) Fh lAKAOjeli<
HWE
HOwbs
<SBE
Rate Cok.
FATAHAX

ech yasumino aidani kurumano untenmenkyoo totta.

I got my driver’s license during my vacation.

3) 198522 2519904E Ofc. COHIRO

A OSI CHBAR.
na BA HWE BET BST MUTED CG
Senkyuuhyaku-hachijuugo-nenkara senkyuuhyaku-kyuujuu-nenno aidani,
kono chiikino jinkoowa baini fueta.
The population of this region doubled between 1985 and 1990.

4) As(dO BPEL OFF

52>LUGO IRI <ST
Walahina itsumo yoru WT fucia Juuichijino aidani nemasu.
I always go to bed between 10 and 11 o’clock.

5) KH IRIS 4 PU RED Fy AMIE

Devs )

Doobaa-kaikyoowa Igirisuto Furansuno aidani aru.

The Straits of Dover is between England and France.

6) ATE
AMC REOBW
pS
RIC. PRD
SCLE or.
aida ni-uchi ni, SFC5 BIC

Hondanato kabeno aidani, techooga ochiteshimatta.

A notebook fell between the bookcase and the wall.

7) A, DRMORE COMIC 3 OSE MHVST

Watashine iekara Blanadens aidani mittsu shingooga arimasu.
There are three traffic lights between my house and the station.

8) Fr ORT OFA <BURR ATLU

bre l

Watashitachi oyakono aidani himitsuwa nai.

There are no secrets between parents and children in our family.

euchi ni Fr
4 Hc awhile ; before Fil

oe Cl OTK REV & EDS DED SBI, Pps S : {A> Ase <
CERT ESE = (fila, 10, ul.12; 13), HSU AbBIZ fit
ASD

aE “BADL “tka ESN 16182 1 Lua Ralbe saat. HEC 72 TE\>

ZbIL~ | DE STtees 5512, BULA AEE TO "HES tea Thay
gv» F< 7a 4 CUD Bake LGR BASES.
This is used to express that something will take place or be done before some
continuing situation or event ends (ex.9,10,11,12,13). Akarui uchi ni kaette-
kinasai (come home while it’s light) implies the notion that ‘when the condi-
tion of being light has passed, it will get dark’. The expression ~nai uchi ni,
as in kuraku naranai uchi ni, is used in the same way but more strongly in-
cludes the sense that “becoming dark is not good / won’t do’.

QVCIWD_ EMH IK REASEATL CVS DE TARR IE, ARICMOCEcor

FELT
yds
SESR, as aetot Cea £T “Coal,se 16).
Uchi ni is also used tial a new or different event or state develops at the
same time that another event or state is in progress (ex.14, 15, 16).

9) BV DOICTK SAGA GEL THU TEI DU,

Wakai uchini takusan benkyoo-shiteoita hooga ii.
You ought to study a lot while you’re young.

10) FADS HII OE Me tt LPS Tid Meg,

Kyoono uchini kono shigotoo shiagenakutewa-naranai.
(1) have to finish up this job before the day is out.
 5A4-D/E4/agaru-noboru

1) 8 FEANG M7 SSI BL Lao TRAV

Ryooriga samenai uchini meshiagatte kudasai.
Please eat it before it gets cold.

12) BES OS BOIS TOIIBLIZNED BWV.

Mushibawa, hidokunaranai uchini naoshita hooga iti.
Cavities ought to be taken care of before they get bad.

13) HY
PORES
BS
TEVA BICWeRC PR45.
Amega furanai uchini hayaku kaeroo.
Let’s go home quickly before it rains.

14) AREA CHSABIZ, HES to TLESk.

lEA & at

Hon-o yondeiru uchini, nemukunatte-shimatta.

(I) became drowsy while I was reading.

15) KEW E
Ba S bk, MAYA DoCS.
Kareto eben uchini, een wakattekita.
(I’ve) gotten to know what he’s like while we’ve been going together.

1G! ASG IGUR PR OA 6 Dik

RUTWSISIZELITIVCTES,.
A A) Loi

Donna kotodemo, renshuuya shippaio kurikaeshiteiru uchini joozuni naru.

No matter what it is, you will get good at something through repeated
practice and failure.

bHBS/ DIES
w agaru ws noboru

: < < & mBagaru

DDS} LEDS , EDS ; Pan % | ato ete ; to go up ©

OURO
Us =
> erySl Papers
PNT | Wayge%)
S— ECT (Pl,
Va
2,3, 4,5, 6,7). BELL
Vite) RS

ALi.
w
FETC Weg
Ce
B MORALE
Wt >
BBHVET.
C5 TA

To move upward (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6,7) ; the focus is on the result of the move-

ment, such as a destination, location, or degree (of temperature, quality, etc.).

Opi
Bvtx
> UEFA
at Fl - MBER. SOOE OfMie PIER DE < TBLETH (Bi
879) 10) ien bd. [3 O10EORCHILL, “HS. ORORTCPIL
agaru-noboru, &2A54-DI1ES

BR IRL CSA
*A 615
OP HRS ATES 1D 1DBR TCMIIO SIO
>3 2 vy Lvs :oy/0
EF
It may also indicate that the degree or value of something, such as grades,
reputation, or price, moves higher (ex.8,9,10). There are also cases when it
means ‘to finish or complete’ (ex.11), or ‘to appear’ (ex.12), or ‘to become
nervous from tension or stress’ (ex.13).

IEEALOMR, WEE EBS EROETA UIEK + BL eit asd

La, OF + RL eid ORNS CBSE
ST ES »

In most cases the kanji |-4\4 is used for agaru, however 447'4 is used for
shooting fireworks, hoisting flags, etc., and #8734 for raising hands, nominat-
ing candidates, etc.

1) ZLA—9—TCH EI EAS. BLUES b

Erebeetaade okujooni agaru.

We go up to the rooftop by elevator.

2) Babee EMoCH CHORD MODSTCT «9

Kaidan-o agatte sugu migino doaga, watashino uchidesu.
Go up the stairs, and the door on the right is my place.

3) PLAT — DAE<E1So Ci L#RO7<

vate 4

eer suteejini agatte hanashi-hajimeta.

He got up on the stage and started talking.

4) “BANA OSLA Ds CARRAMCL, IL oLBAD EAB.

“Shitsumonwa arimasenka?” to gichooga kikuto, patto suuninno tega agatta.
When the chairman asked, “Do you have any questions?” several people’s
hands shot up.

5) PZB
eee
REP DTGEKDS,
H~ av U
DX OX CBAROK.
b

Yozorani azayakana hanabiga, tsugitsugito agdtta.

Brilliant fireworks shot up in to the night sky one after the other.

6) ZeAt#BEO
LDA
REV
Wrap
EAB4 D5 CWS.
Bae

Taishikanno niwani kokkiga agatteiru.

The national flag is flying in the embassy courtyard.

7) 7IN-hOR EI, FENV—-YB ERS.

Bev ED

Depaatono okujooni, adobaruunga agatteiru.

An advertising balloon is flying over the department store.

8) PAL OIA SicpRslns kaon.

 HAS: DIES /agaru-noboru

Karewa konogoro kyuuni seisekiga agatta.

His grades have suddenly gone up recently.

9) Pris EADIE Blt LAGI OCHERKETCT

Bukkawa agarunoni ee agaranainode seikatsuga taihendesu.
Although prices continue to rise, (my) salary doesn’t increase, so it’s
hard making ends meet.

1) PHEGE Bs CHEMO IINE, DEAD ARMD EMSIEV.

Yaseyooto omotte oe hajimetakeredo, nakanaka kate agaranai.
(1) started exercising intending to lose weight, but it is not as effective
as I expected.

ll) BIASEASs CAN TEHLAD Pork.

ESy2) & vet

Amega agatte kireina nijiga kakatta.

The rain stopped and a beautiful rainbow appeared.

12) BSA» EMok bow SE WVASRRATZV Se

Ofurokara agattara tsumetai biiruga nomitai.
(1) want to drink a cold beer after I get out of the bath.

13) Bis(LACHEY.TMotzt Ss, HDs CLEVER E RMN.

Watashiwa hajimete Butarit tatta toki, agatteshimai ay, wasureta.
When I stepped onto the stage for the first time, I became so nervous
that I forgot my lines.

DIK [eS 7 £4 "HO | nae ; to go up ©

RVD OV PCBS SETH AS Cfill4, 15, 16, 17,18). mi re Ate

LCR AIS LTC ARIC ADVE. AARHIICIL, rit 8. ONE

ORIBS. EDEN ny
OPCS SDAD Ss TE +t. TDPoT
W 2s A 6 Sea Ke oneSED RIC OUTS OIL, TMIFs CWS |
EEE.
WASWL
VC Amit. # ger elat (19). #72, "all < 7
Da DEK CHILO, “BELTS DRO CPD ISIC WEST.
To move from a low position to a high position (ex.14, 15, 16,17, 18). The
high position is considered to be the objective and therefore the focus is on
the process of moving toward it. Basically, it is used in examples such as
yama ni noboru (to climb a mountain), or ki ni noboru (to climb a tree), to
mean to move upward on one’s own power without outside help. While
agaru-noboru) HA4-D|ES

agatte iru indicates the resultant state of a rising action, as shown in Exam-
ples 6 and 7, nobotte iru suggests a continuous rising condition (ex.19). Also,
as in Example 20, it is used to mean ‘to become a topic of conversation’, and
in Example 21, ‘to be served as a meal’.

ld)> OKA autILBSOA LAT

Kondeas yasumini yamani noborunoga tanoshimida. a: CO “ey.
F c . ‘ ) OAS we
(I'm) looking forward to climbing the mountain on my | 2 HAW an
{ =i
next day off. | : ee
Ua ( $ mS.
,
15) FR DEAN RCE OA Bok. ?

Keane koro, yoku aie aa nobotta. |

(1) often climbed this tree when (I) was a child. { feet en

BAXPEEO Pwd, LAE Pie BL Sy

ri al AlOat
Ge
|
Watashiwa kenkoono tameni, erebeetaao tsukawazuni kaidan-o noboru koto-
ni shiteiru.
For the sake of my health, I’ve decided to climb the stairs instead of
using the elevator.

17) BE LESIONS ASa ka ESN) Ie 5 TNBe

Sakewa sanranno jikini naruto, umareta kawao nobottekuru.
During the spawning season, salmon swim up the river to where they
were born to lay eggs.

18) PAA AFSL. —HAARAES.

HX UV OE Worse we

Asahiga noboruto, ichinichiga hajimaru.

When the sun rises, (my) day begins.

19) KER ORE DSNeel nus dine Do

Entotsuno kemuriga massugu ueni nobotteiru.
The smoke from the chimney is going straight up.

20) Clipe PROBE AS DANE ARO wee oT

bY ME

Konogoro kareno ei sakanni hitobitono wadaini nobotteiru.

Lately, his divorce has become a favorite topic in people’s conversations.
21) mT,
EWA
UDOOBLV
Vd oTS
BAMA
rAd BO. LETS
FIC LSE.
AE
Saikin, kaigaikarano mezurashii tabemonoga shokutakuni noboruyooni natta.
Recently, (we) have been having more exotic foreign foods on our dining
table.
 &&->b/aki-kara

bx /P>b
Baki w kara

FE Baki Za

% & ie sal mwempty ; vacant

DUBS +AOA + BAB OLS HE + BHM CUTEV. Hci

Hh Dh Es)

bee Glal ines HD UNE DO OBR. AKA.

lZA
Bitty
THO
», AoTHBKEFOEOMAD THEN, CVD Ea TRS SHE L

fetoC, BUPEE o CV ey IAP PAM OU CY Sih » DEANE + Zee

. ean vy * ra >

Wop IPA b x

RTL TT. AAPL ET SPR AGOIE TH BI,

7 TS
Aki is used in the form aki+noun, e.g., akikan (can), akibin (bottle), and a-
kibako (box), to refer to a container which has nothing inside, or whose con-
tents are gone. It strongly implies that the original contents, or what was ex-
pected to be inside, is not there. Thus, aki is also used with regard to loca-
tion or space which is not presently in use, e.g., akichi (vacant lot), akibeya
(vacant room), and akiya (vacant house). Akijikan refers to time for which
nothing has been scheduled (ex.1, 2, 3,4).

QP 5 DLV ESI} Le ROW AOD ERS Bea

As in Example 5, the expression aki ga aru / nai is also used.

1) BSEPESVAIV
IA ZVLELE Do
Akikan-ya akibinwa risaikuru shimashoo.
Let’s recycle our empty cans and bottles.

2) FHEDERZESHEC, D<NAISCHITORLCHAROOR.
Be SPS ae bh Be
Kodomono koro akichide, kakurenboya kankerio CRG
shite asonda monoda. 4
When (I) was a child, I used to play hide-
and-seek and kick-the-can in vacant lots.

3) FA,
BIEN
ORO.
BSAC,
BER.
db oe

Watashino ieno tonariwa, akiyada.

The house next to mine is vacant.

4) A: RanBASO4< TOELEM
aki-kara/ H*X-Db

Bi AA, SUPE
b 7»
CROFT
=
— PEMx CURA TH Ee
A: Eigoga nak hares
(You’ve) gotten good at English, haven’t you?
B: Ee, akijikanni Eigono teepuo kiiteitandesuyo.
Uh huh, (I’ve) been listening to English. tapes in my spare time.

5) TYY-bOP bX
HELE OTH, BIROBALHVET
= xt 4
D>.
Konsaatono yoyakuo shitainodesuga, zasekino akiwa arimasuka?
(I'd) like to reserve some seats for the concert. Are there seats available?

roe a kara Z
>b ma mempty

DHS fATy Aa Cy lie tty

PROV EUIEYs LITER LF LOX, Bu
anwyatt

- LiF It F aby: Ear tbe eV) a (Pile, Dye

Kara denotes that an niet has nothing inside, or contains nothing. In this
case, the colloquial expression karappo is also used (ex.6, 7,8).

2DTBIIFTRADPANG ‘ DAM STEVYEVYD EE CHE ad, CAs,

10, 11)
It is used also to mean ‘in form only’, ‘not the actual contents’, or ‘having
no effect’ (ex.9, 10,11).

6) A-V—V— Fy LOR 2 DBR IV OBIA CHS.

= we 2 Wiz =)

Suupaa-maakettono yokoni, karano danboorubakoga tsundearu.

Empty cardboard boxes are piled up next to the supermarket.

= SNIRNTLESEONT 7) — KNEE CT
Kinoo tabeteshimatta-node, kukkiino hakowa karadesu.
(We) ate all of the cookies yesterday, so the cookie box is empty.

8) Bl, MBSE, AD de EotECKN wWwEDok.

Wardehee Coe ieno Oh, karappode daremo inakatta.
When I got home the house was empty (no one was there).

9) SARAHB Pot. en
Kotoshiwa karatsuyudatta. . Vey hols
We had a dry rainy season this year. wre! yy >

10) iN “: y hETRofz a, IRI oh. Sa oe

- Gove
 & & 62-2 Um/ akiraka-tashika

Omoikiri battoo futtaga, karaburidatta.

(1) swung the bat with all my might, but I missed.

11) HEARSE TC.BRRAMERILI.

a 6 mizoni hamatte, sharinga karamawarishita.
My car got stuck in a ditch and its tires spun (in the mud).

%HD/feE
LM
g akiraka g tashika

g akiraka Zz
»H % bm LBA 6 a) =&obvious ; clear

OM BCS 2S OUTWS. KEUYASMEWLITERSEMEVET.

AAOLB CAT HOh— Oe BRAT ETCS Chall, 2,3). Eh BSD
[FO NIVOIER MICHT, BHT SLVIBORCT (GI,5).
TEPWAWILA =X POMATHUARA

LAMA

Akiraka suggests that something is clear and without doubt from anyone’s
viewpoint. It is not used to refer to one’s own subjective opinion, but instead
to universal or commonly held judgments (ex.1,2,3). The expression akiraka
ni suru means to expose something, or make something public (ex.4, 5).

Lt) BATAS aL PLASHOOK DH, BOL CHO cisHb a»SS

far
Konnani Taisopake aruno dakara, karega hanninde aru ebay ine akirakada.
With this kind of evidence, it’s obvious that he is the criminal.

2) HOR ABI MIC AE-KOW LT SCH,

Jikono gen-inwa akirakani supiidono dashisugidesu.
It’s clear that the cause of the accident was speeding.

3) BROSAHIA, Homi 5A.

DAD

Kareno kangaekatawa, akirakani machigatteiru.

His way of thinking is clearly wrong.

4) ia
| CREO
Sv. WAY
Ano
BAB Ae [STG
any koogaino gen-inga akirakani natta.
After the investigation, the cause of the pollution became evident.

) BED
UWA
BABII, VFB
LA€35
SDS CLI.
akiraka-tashika) H* ba-72 LM

Jikenno shinsoowa, izure akirakani narudeshoo.

The truth behind this incident will probably become clear someday.

4 a tashika i
fe L> THE? | mcertain ; reliable

DE BAWUAELY, faATF SEV LIF PAE Sd

RT CAE Bites BR
PBIB ai 2B, thoy “go git“fl oe AAl6, 7,8,
9,10)

Tashika is used when expressing confidence that something is reliable, trust-

worthy, or not wrong. It may be used when speaking of judgments made
based on personal experience, or on commonly held fact (ex.6,7,8,9, 10).

2)" AA Oat tet PALEY STRUT AL JEWELS BU LEMSMNS

(88 zt (Bl11,12).
It is also used when one is speaking from memory, as in ‘If I remember cor-
TOCHY me (ekel UZ).

6) EDLEI WTS, ATH HEME.

Sono kotoni tsuitewa, honde shirabetakara tashikada.
(I’m) sure about this because I looked it up in a book.

~ BOISE, ANCE PRS 20S BID Te

Kareno rears se chokusetsu kikunoga ichiban tashikada.
If it concerns him, we would know for sure if we asked him directly.

8) HED? 7s aIEBUD TLV DI BE TEV IFTEV.

Tashikana shookomo nainoni hitoo utagattewa ikenai.
You should not be suspicious of someone without any definite proof (a-
gainst him).
Leh.
9) KAOREO BS. HED. £ EERO
Kanojono ryoorino udewa, tashikada. A ris a
She is an expert cook.

10) DINAROI, REDICUF OF.

7 ea
ROS
bites

A 7G \ 2
Yuube mitanowa, tashikani yuufooda. ary ek
asin mY
(?'m) sure that what I saw last night was a UFO. NS Set

11) DILKNBL CS AIS, HED FRABO th BCLizk£22.

WOLA

10
 dbIt4-Ab < /akeru-hiraku

Anatano otoosanwa, tashika Kyootono shusshindeshitayone.

If memory serves me right, your father is from Kyoto, isn’t he?

12) POEL
BAOTZPNEIO
+ Ais,
TOS
iE 9 MOA13H125 72Bee oe
HA

Kanojono tanjoobiwa, tashika kugatsu eit aN omou.

If (I) remember correctly, her birthday was September 13.

bITS /Ob <

w akeru g hiraku

DUS (BS
+ -*IS-
+ MIS)
> Te
to open OB
ORCC SOM, HIV CV SEDD— AC LMBE THEY, LYD4WKN
LC, FSB CHAVORPESLETH (fill, 2,3, 4).
To make an opening or space by moving or removing part or all of some-
thing that is closed (ex.1,
2,3,4).

DELICHBLOEL DLT (MOLNAR ART SLET, GPEC LRU vat

£F (GiI5, 6,7).
To make a vacant space by removing things from where they were. Akeru
may also be used when speaking of time (ex.5,6, 7).

O—7E
WoT
ORTH
U RA
+ HAR
= PA
DSES
o
CHRD,
b
BLEUPA ARESIE
Hrz5 WE
CH CHB,
ny
9).
Akeru may also indicate that after a certain time period, such as a vacation,
a new time period begins (ex.8, 9).

Dis BATS OlF: tO Ors TBAT CHSET

In definition @ akeru is written fitS, in @ it is written 22/74, and in 3)
it is written ARITA.

1) BRAVO
R2ER
Weld,
~ ee
BAO RCE
BAIT
ee
S.
Ekimaeno pan-yawa, asa kujini miseo akeru.
The bakery in front of the station opens at 9:00 am.
9) BRE Roxb ear A+ CH.
es BRAIN ER
Madoo aketara sawayakana kazega heyani haittekita.

11
akeru-hiraku/ HI 4-Ab <

When I opened a window, a refreshing breeze came into the room.

3) AWTH A. EBT EL 90>.

ie Th
Atsuidesune. Madoo akemashooka? Be ay J
It’s hot! Shall I open the window? sys aes

4) SO CHEILTCA
BAT Ze < oe
Des Hrs H

Kiride kabeni anao aketa. aoe |

He made a hole in the wall with a gimlet.

5) Xup>
x 251
ch edADE THY
Ad
ZIT
>
TK ESV See epee
”)
Kyuu-kyuushaga toorimasu. Michio akete kudasai.
An ambulance is coming. Please clear the road.

6) KO JyAREiT FEE EI TB CRS a righ” HVET NTC.

Tsugino getsuyoowa yoteio aketeoite kudasai. Kaigiga arimasunode.
Please keep next Monday open. We may have a meeting then.

7) br ct REBUIKRT SK, CAE ASNT.

Chotto ieo aketa sukini, dorobooni hairareta.
A burglar broke into my house, while I was only out for a short
time.

8) FES LV HERIANI SE MARS.

Uttooshii tsuyuga akeruto natsuga kuru.
As soon as the depressing rainy season ends, summer will come.

9) lZAAe REO
iE
Bis
G5)5
Coke, WOOP = PRAHA
% bh
Coe.
Hon-o yomunoni muchuuni natteitara, itsunomanika yoga aketeita.
I was reading a book so intently that I didn’t even notice that dawn
had broke.

CB ¢ [BAS ato open ; to start 2

g hiraku

® FAUT. SOOEIBIFS— &, HAV ESA POLECEH ARIE. AE AR,

Tt. {E7se— ELE STOS BOOk— Heth IRI CHET
falL0, 11, 12, 13). SP BReOWSIAAOBE CiaTe<. SNCFL THAI
DHSCH GUID. APM. THEME
TSR CASEI, |ITH
PAAR RESTS © 1D LEO FOR CAIED EF HEV OLET

12
 bIt4-Ab < /akeru-hiraku

To open something that is closed; or to spread out something. Basically, hi-

raku means to open something that has parts, like an umbrella, book, hand,
leg or flower, that open or spread out from a single point (ex. 10,11, 12,13).
When referring to a door or window, the movement is not to the right or
left, but outward (ex.14). It may also mean, as in Example 15, to cause some-
thing to become and remain open, or that people, objects, information etc.
are able to pass freely.

Qaoi ZEN
PSD,
ERAEEObOOI
A bAD
CERAOSLETH (fill6, 17).
To open or start things such as a baaniedt or etiaiden (ex.16,17).

10.)ONS
AAA, <pae)
Arte bas CIE,
TEV0
Hitogomide, vat kasao ae abunai.
It’s dangerous to open your umbrella suddenly in a crowd.

Ml) Be<5 MTC

ttle *
AE LY 2 Cisse
ae TE <USB72
Sakurano hanaga kyonenyori nishuukan hayaku hiraita.
The cherry blossoms bloomed two weeks earlier than last year.

2) LAK ALAA, FCERAVIOV RH TR P.

Chichiga kureta tsutsumio hirakuto, sutekina orugooruga detekita.
When I opened a package given to me by my father, there was a beauti-
ful music box inside.

13) BPE O387IN-—VR

mae n> lod
AVY CS ESV.
US

Kyookashono sanjuunana-peejio hiraite kudasai.

Please open your textbook to page 37.

Md) Ait REOP WS. feS}LOIS<bH< .

CAL ee monwa, maiasa juujini hiraku.
The art museum gate opens at ten o’clock every morning.

15) PLP ox De Ailvic bl Cake gSOL9(< [xoyee

Karewa yatto konogoro oe hiraite hanashio suruyooni natta.
He has finally started to open up to us.

16)HOB A, SEPP
EBS Tether.
Ano ee end Kandani shiten-o hirakukotoni natta.
It has been decided that that bank will open a branch in Kanda.

17) Ai,az DAK FARES

LATA
ES
WAR ano akini, shashinten-o hirakimasu.
I am going to put on a photo exhibition this fall.

13
~ageru>~kirus~owaru) ~dIF4-~% B°-~BDSD

~bHIFS/~R3/~BDS
gm ~ageru we ~kiru @ ~owaru

> gs ~ageru Fr
~bItS sto finish Fa

Hae] ORDIL OWT CEMTT AO HR, LEME FEMT S EOREKLET

~bYS EO ~HDS EANPACOEA
BYE BEV DCE. P~ HU
B Din! cS YE | EVI BRIE. SEIN T~bIFS) Lo
LIBR AidanREALE, “HS RED TES + BAS | TLE BRIS
FRI SEOCH (Pill, 2,3).
Ageru indicates that something is completed as a result of a particular action.
~owaru and ~ageru are in most cases interchangeable, but ~ageru implies
more of a sense of satisfaction. A verb that takes the ~ageru ending indi-
cates that the action will be completed in the end (ex.1,
2, 3).

) Rvs, POUR LC UREA.

DL 5Go ic a»

Watashiwa, tetsuyashite repootoo kakiageta. \ a

I stayed up all night to finish writing my report. [NPS
2) Peas, Lofts 1 ACA YER DIT. p|
Kanojowa, adbiaintehit suutsuo nuiageta. LER
a3
She managed to finish the suit in one day.

3) DIL
MOBIL. 3ADRPRIIMC CHIT. cei
(ZA oT x y> It reve

Watashino obawa, sanninno musukoo rippani sodateageta.

My aunt did a splendid job of raising her three sons.

~ %& Z a ~kiru ie
Cc ato use up ; run out of

DeirDRANK Gan CTHRDOET » topnoO~stS- BIRO TEV EVID

La cach (Pid, 5,6).
~kiru attached to the end of a verb indicates that the action continues until
the end, it is completed, or there is nothing more remaining (ex.4, 5,6).

14
 ~bIFS4-~% 4-~D4/~ageru-~kiru-~owaru

OVOIEABRICET BVGLSULS (P,8), ~FoT (HB) OE

CAC iNET.
It also shows that something has reached its limit (ex.7,8). The form ~kitte
(iru) is often used.

4) POIVAY OA YI, BEB Sor.

Boorupenno inkuo, zenbu tsukaikitta.
(ve) used up all the ink in the pen.

HERON—7
4— CI BAENTNVIEED, BEF AMZ.
Sakuyano paatiidewa tabekirenai hodono gochisooga deta.
There was more than enough food at the party last night.

FL IS, 1000N-Y OHS, HEVDKOLADOROC— MCHA.

EL 1A vriek
Watashiwa, senpeejimo aru hon-o, amari omoshirokattanode hitobande yomi-
kitta.
I read a book 1,000 pages long in one night because it was so interesting.

Stu. fH 11S 25 Cet Dis CRS»

Chtsihog mainichi Biricanenbis cannes kaettekuru.
My father comes home from work dead tired every night.

Berd. WIDE CHER C10 BFS 7K7= TCE Lear FN

cH DY DA

Sli tom OPK DSgD hee

Karewa, yamano nakade michini mayotte tookakanmo mizudakede sugo-

shitanode, hakkensareta tokiwa sukkari karadaga yowarikitteita.
He got lost in the mountains and lived ten full days on nothing but wa-
ter, so when he was found he was extremely weak.

a B ~owaru
~sDS ato finish ; end Fal

SHELA G DO EAC, COMM OMB C CHIC, BLE

UMEMOK, EVIEMEOET CH,
10,11).
When attached to an action verb, ~owaru merely indicates that the action
eventually comes an end (ex.9, 10, 11).

9) BD
8s
Rb ote MIL,
b LASA
DEOBMICHELTHWOY
wos
TRAV.

15
aseru+sameru, HReA-XM4

Yomiowatta shinbunwa, motono bashoni modoshiteoite kudasai.

When (you) have finished reading the newspaper, please put it back to
where it was.

1) BNRt: b
sR5 BA CREE ESV.
EL BA Lrox HO

Tabeowattara jibunde shokkio arainasai.

When (you) finish eating, wash your own dishes.

ll) CDA
Re »*
eR orb,
5
TOCMLICATS OBNTT.
S vy

Tegamio kakiowattara, suguni dashini ikutsumoridesu.

(I’m) going to mail the letter as soon as I finish writing it.

HtA/ SHS
Baseru @ sameru

B aseru eS
dt vs) ato fade =|

OED. AUOBLICSD SY, REMMI ET, HK ES

CHEVET CPL, 2,3,4)0 BALTES. SP27EVY * ATIZHOLW
EW ILI
RECALET. TEO BOLIC, EDOATK EB CLES BRD BAT CUS
CRS. HSI LIMEOEUA
Aseru indicates that the color of something becomes lighter due to exposure
to elements such as heat or the sun, or the passage of time (ex.1,2,3,4). A
feeling of dirtiness or shabbiness is implied. When one is describing the loss
of an object’s original color (i.e., not a color that has been added later, such
as that of a flower) aseru is the only verb that may be used.

1) LISA CSE, TEMBER SUS.

Isshuukanmo saiteiruto, hanano irowa daibu aseru.
The color of a flower fades considerably if it’s been in bloom for a
week.

2) IA. DID Eb EMBL ACS.

Karewa, kanari iroaseta fukuo kiteiru.
He is wearing rather faded clothes.

16
 HtA- XMS /aseru-sameru

3) EDBBOA-TAL DV EMD THETTS.

Sono heyano kaatenwa, kanari iroga asete furuboketeiru.
The curtains in that room are quite faded and worn.

4) Fr WRBIBE YC. BBEIONAY=

4 Wis Cb S.
Furui eigakanni, iroaseta posutaaga hattearu.
There are faded posters hanging in the old movie theater.

XMS BBD S01 iB S° FE % | SSG ; to cool down Co)dal}

DEMRIT C5 Tb COBO BIE WF

D6 CVG RRC ST Chil5, 6).
Sameru is used to signify it the ote of something returns to the original
color of the material it is made of (ex.5, 6).

DEMO SRR CE RE ICRSLS VET GI7,8).

It at denotes that the temperature of something hot approaches the air tem-
perature (ex.7, 8).

OFZ. HIN Raia DRUG 5 BEL « BR IEe 1 FRC 75 BEE Ea (BIS, TOME
Ao, ay Ss DALA L5H
In some cases it may mean that feelings such as passion, admiration, or in-
terest subside (ex.9, 10).

OMRo Ts S: BoC ee FREEDSS VCs BEV. DS DTS tn

Bakey OKlee ycalny
REDS
eae & vs)be LiciR MEIC SL SAE. £9 (PIL, 12, 13),
Sameru may also mean that one returns to a normal state of consciousness af-
ter sleep, drunkenness, being under anesthesia, etc. (ex.11, 12, 13).

Ors REDS 1 ces Ora Ole: BOS 1 Old "38S 4CHsaT

In definition @ the kanji #%%4 is written, in @) ni 3) 4x4 is used and
in @© %£%% is written.

5) AMET LACH. KORDVICIL, IELEAL SHS,

Hiyakeshita hadamo, akino owariniwa, hotondo sameru.
(My) suntan will fade by the end of autumn.

6) EPO Y-yANBASwTHR.
Nandomo arattanode, jiinzuno iroga sametekita.
The color of my jeans has faded because (I’ve) washed them so many
times.

17
asoko-achira-mukou/ d€C-HbSwIG

7) iti '<Be Zita TWS IDI, ALAR ANB O TL EK.

Panashint muchuuni natteiru uchini, koochaga sameteshimatta.
(1) was so absorbed in the conversation that my tea got cold.

8) MoOrRASCLSAII, BWL<7E.
Sameta misoshiruwa, oishikunai. Xp if ay oe
Lukewarm miso soup is not very tasty. QO i . oe ~
Niece
9) HIRBAOKIA, WOTCLEoK.
rr Irv» =
OT eae oe
Moo kareeno aiwa, sameteshimatta. lov) rs
(My) love for him has faded. 13 ;, Oo
z ae EE,
10) HOAXF ST Ot Paid. 42)PPE D BIL »0
Mtr Naik ole)

Kareno kamerani taisuru pir toobun samesoomonai.

It doesn’t look like he’ll lose his passion for cameras anytime soon.

MW) ASSLT DONOR CHMEM 7.

Mezamashi-dokeino beruno otode mega sameta.
(1) awoke to the buzz of my alarm clock.

12) Ye I—-RBUT, Poth mph.

Atsui shawaao abite, yatto yoiga sameta.
(I) was finally able to sober up after taking a hot shower.

13) xpi t. BOM AIEDOET, FotH4isl2

zz.
Ishiwa, kareno masuiga samerumade, zutto sobani ita.
The doctor stayed by his side until the anesthesia wore off.

HEC /bbb/BTI
g asoko g achira a mukou

‘ 8 asoko
% ae ce gs (over) there al

Oa l Fo BORIS HEMEL BET TILLEY, HORE OMe ISL

a, LOM BSVSLe An HALEY, FCiELAT =Le nC SAHA
HVET (ill, 2,3).
Asoko designates visible location slightly removed, from both the speaker

18
 HtEC-dHbb-tC 9 /asoko-achira:mukou

and the listener. (ex.1,

2, 3).

QBeTE awea 2 Tb, HAWMNM > TH StaM& 5 OLS (Pla, D)o

It is also used to refer to a place which has been previously mentioned in
conversation (ex. 4,5). If only the speaker has knowledge of the place, soko is
used.

1) HEPSROAYOIA, HITT.
Chikatetsuno iriguchiwa, asokodesu.
The subway entrance is over there.

2) HELIWSOM, ALD HR CF
Asokoni irunoga, watashino imootodesu.
The person over there is my younger sister.

3) COM 1 dV MEVAT iis

Asokono sekiga aiteimasuyo.
That seat is open.

4) pete
RH OBA
ees
ERMonl CET, HELO AMPLAVEL
pie tt aes
LD.
Ekimaeno kissaten-o shitteimasuka? Asokode yojini aimashoo.
Do you know the coffee shop in front of the station? Let’s meet there
at four o’clock.

5) RADSIMBE THA,
bBvNta
HLL, MEWI CRI.
Fyea thiet otis peta” samuikara, kio tsukete kudasai.
You'll be in Hokkaido starting next month, right? It’s cold there so
please be careful.

B achira
Hb b aha there i

Qi He¢cs DT MAWBEWACT A “gat Lik FAC RA ORR S—

EMDVEF (6,7,8).
Achira is a more polite way of saying asoko, however it also may refer to a
direction or place somewhat more distant (ex.6, 7,8).

2ZQ°HOA, DT MaWes gSUYDNIE CH (Bil, 10),

It is also a polite way of saying ano hito (that person) (ex.9, 10).

19
asoko-achira-mukou/ dtc SESH

6) TIRE Be He DEMILH SSC

ey ¥ L Ath

Kokoga kaigishitsudesu. Senseino osekiwa achiradesu.

This is the conference room. Your seat is over there, professor.

7) HSOIIEO HAS, COSHLOE

RVL
Fee
Achirani iru kataga, kono kaishano shachoosandesu.
The gentleman over there is the president of our company.

8) Tit. TL MHANATSET. H aN ey =a" Pe Bat te(Bice.

¥D5 LDS J 2 ct 7)

naka Kyuushuue ikimasu. Achirani tsuitara denwao shimasu.

I’m going to Kyushu now. I'll call when I get there.

9) ZEHISAJIISATT. HEOILIMEA CS
WLA dD Up tad

Goshookai shimasu. Kochirawa Ishikawasandesu. Achirawa Hayashisandesu.

This is Mr. Ishikawa. That is Ms. Hayashi over there.

10) HbStkeTER CTA.

Achirawa donatadesuka?
Who is that person over there?

> = mwmukou
tee §, Lic
Gt-
5J a beyond ; (on) the other side Fil

TONTUSLV I RIREIE A
ERAT in, 12),
Mukou refers to a distant si or direction which may or may not be visi-
ble, or to a location / position opposite to that of the speaker. It emphasizes
strongly that there is a separation, either by an object or a spatial gap (ex.
LISD):

QM
Cl SHEOBM - ABO PAIELET (3, 14).
It may refer to a place which has been mentioned in conversation, or to a
foreign country, etc., which is distant from one’s present location (ex.13, 14).

Omi LF eis ttA7z

RAMO WHle - Wha
XLT S HH \— VasOR ==e HeS CSIC ale zt
als, 16).
It is also used to refer to a third party who is in an opposite or confronta-
tional position with respect to the speaker (ex.14, 15).

20
 SEDdD- OIC B /atakamo-ikanimo

M1) PREBO
MAIS SIC. OI ATK SAR TUS,
odio 1 sali himawariga takusan saiteiru.
There are a lot of sunflowers blooming on the other side of the tracks.

12) ROIS.
Yer BY
ARVN
BE
MHVST.
Ekino mukoogawani, ookii suupaaga arimasu.
There is a big supermarket on the other side of the station.

13) SONAR YRC. TAS WWRESRRA TTL.

Kono berutowa Doitsuseidesu. Mukooni ita toki kattandesuyo.
This belt is German made. (I) bought it when I was there.

14) 7fev BWR

fa] PE
AMT
COA OYE ELTU \F2OTC, fay I COLER ENON.
Nagaiaida gaikokude nonbiri MaG Borate mukoodeno seikatsuga
wasurerarenal.
We had such a relaxed life abroad for so long. (Ill) never forget our
time there.

1) ILSASEICER MLO, ALAM NTLEVELL.

Mukooga sakini teo dashitanoni, watashiga shikararete-shimaimashita.
Although it was the other guy who hit first, I ended up getting scolded.

16) PRA CHERE

OLA
ZU OIC, [AIS FO Dis DOS
Tmm les/vrke
LT SNC AoCet.
Kanojoto kekkonshitainoni, mukoono ryooshinga eI. komatte-
imasu.
(I) want to marry her, but I’m having problems because her parents are
opposed.

HlePd/PPITD
a atakamo a ikanimo

biky Tike lp k

RRLEMINIC. CI THB DDK FICAAS. “IMTS » CoS YK

EV DLIT RRS CME ES (Iz O—~OLD | EIRILEM ASK. EOC
BESS CIEL SIC BEV ET AS. "HRA (AP LEV El LCF Cll, 2,
3,4).

21
atakamo-ikanimo) dEDYD-PBID

This indicates that something looks as if it were the very thing, although it
is not. It is also used to indicate that two things are similar or exactly alike.
Atakamo ~no yoo is often used in the same way as marude ~no yoo, howev-
er it is a little more formal (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) LOA Fit, HLDBESWSLIL

{rA®

Kono ningyoowa, atakamo ikiteiruyooda.

This doll looks as if it were alive.

2) Pit, BLDoOtOWMEDS
CH Mo CWBMOL IEE L126
Karewa, atakamo sono jikenno subeteo shitteirukanoyooni hanashita.
He talked as if he knew every detail of the incident.

3) A Jalte < C0 8d CATH HLDBWDIMV MOL IL > Ie

Ooarashio kugurinuketekita funewa, atakamo yuurei-sennoyoodatta.
The ship that had passed through the big storm looked just like a
ghost ship.

>

Keijiwa, atakamo watashiga hanninde arukanoyooni niranda.

The detective glared at me as if I were the criminal.

a ikanimo Fj
AIC » mas if ; really ie

APM : TEMDO KS BESANT AVE 3; K€ DKEMET SLs

PET 0 WAIL
He~ 491 WANZO~ BLY MoorZo~nk3 UA heNe
REWCH PIS,
6,7,8).
Ikanimo is used when the characteristics or traits of something or someone
are apparent, and the speaker feels they are a true representation (of the
thing or person). /kanimo is most often used in idiomatic clauses, such as
ikanimo ~soo, ikanimo ~rashii, and ikanimo ~yoo (ex.5,6,7,8).

5) SDE—-F4, AIDEDIE.
Kono seetaawa, ikanimo atatakasooda.
This sweater looks really warm.

6) aes mnaTCay =I ECOMIBBU LEAKE RAR,

SE SES UES
Karewa, yamano choojoode ikanimo oishisooni mizuo nonda.

22
 dee DW: S/atatakai-nurui

The way he drank the water on the mountain top made it look so deli-
cious.

7) SED CHE ESDAOEAT. bb ads,

Satooto shioo machigaerunante, ikanimo kimirashiiyo.
You mean you used sugar by mistake instead of
salt? That sounds just like you.

8) Znis, WOO FEM BOC

5 SIRIBIS AW

Korewa, ikanimo ene yorokobisoona eigada.

That movie seems to be just the kind that children would like.

DTeteDVr/ RF
8 atatakai BNUrUi

g atatakai
bTeteRwr WED
[ > +bret:
tit? >J eae mild
DO < TEU. + HBTS < EWC CBA Wie EERLET A.V UP ie
tS ane 4) 1cBES USC vt Baw Lee, Londinit Pusieee
ey CIN, 2,3,4,5).
Atatakai indicates a temperature which is comfortable and not cold. The kanji
HAV. is used when referring to air temperature (even when warmed by a
heater) or climate ; in other instances jv. is used (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).

OBWP OPK MI Go TOBE IBRTHOET (HG, 7).

It is also used to mean warmhearted, thoughtful, etc. (ex.6, 7).

1) SEOAISKELIRAD.
SYL bm ¥rnA “BRE
Kotoshino fuyuwa kyonenyori atatakai.
This year’s winter is warmer than last year’s.

2) FE-PE WNWROC FCC

MB I< LET E.
Ima hiitaao tsuketanode, suguni heyaga atatakaku narimasuyo.
(I’ve) just turned on the heater, so the room will soon warm up.

3) viva
BEASA
b
CS Nee HNLET ORD.
brz7z

2B
atatakai-nurui/ dHfz72PV>- Varo”
. ehh \
Hahaga andekureta seetaawa totemo atatakai. plate eae A ,
The sweater that my mother knit me is very warm. ( 0 ak | Sa )
te SNE (IO
4) RVAk.
xt U “ae Stet:
MPR DVSOMBRKRV.
re
SS AMIS
ey aan
|
Samui hiwa, nanika atatakai monoga tabetai. Ni 4 Hoe,
@)I) want to eat something
8 hot on cold days. |
: {ee
pie) }
5) ALAS CIORIFNE, FE Chifto TERRA <76972 0
Shit} ‘aU Da Dot dtet
Kitakazega fuiteitakeredo, hashitte kaettekitara karadaga atatakaku natta.
A (cold) north wind was blowing, but (I) warmed up by running home.

6) FA (A IRIET. VWAVATEAD DIDS CELE LITK 0

Dee FOSS de A fe }

Watashiwa tabisakide, iroirona hitokara atatakai motenashio uketa.

(1) was warmly treated by many people while on my trip.

7) Rott, Ft bop fer tmar< Afo WS.

man aa 5 ewes s Hk AED

Karerawa, kodomotachino seichoo-o atatakaku mimamotteiru.

They are keeping a kind eye on their children’s growth.

gs nurui
Ya 4 a a lukewarm A

BEVEMR DoDD, PFPA 7239 Bh aM YL EAS o729, Behe ah)

We
BH ¢
RoiKVYVEWDEDIC. BARU
% Tey
TUBE
haces
YCONS CWDS ARBRE
Sd
RIT CS
PwpPA BD
BEVEF CAB,
oy away
9,10). "BoeFAVy
a)
« BotmMppel
75
KM CHOENEREB5 ST
2k Spey

WO, EITCLEM EW IMHO RIF EORN TCH. P11, 1214, 79

FEU LEM + RE BRE SRORTT
This expresses an unpleasantly lukewarm temperature. At times it may mean
‘not hot enough’ (indicating the speaker expected something to be hotter),
and at other times it implies ‘not cold enough’ (although something was cold
before, it has become warm) (ex.8,9,10). It suggests a feeling of dissatisfac-
tion, therefore the meaning may be extended to include situations described in
Examples 11 and 12 in which something is not strict enough, not sufficient,
etc.

8) aS SEE VASE, DEKUSETE.

Nurui ofuroni hairuto, kazeo hikimasuyo.
You'll catch a cold if you take a bath in lukewarm water.

9) ZOE—Ivis, VASO CLI.

24
 5 Corp) ANd ee

Kono biiruwa, nurukute mazui.

This beer is not good because it’s lukewarm.

10) BETA ISP o125, HIME LTC IES.

Misoshiruga nurukattara, atatame naoshite kudasai.
If the miso soup is lukewarm, please reheat it.

M1) BRES
BUEIAE DeS Soh Be
FS VEC
EGET
to ARS
SE ROMDMF MAW CHALE.
ISI, oa OURA
Oyatachiwa, booryokuo furutta seitoni taisuru gakkoono shobunga tenuruito
hihanshita.
The parents criticized the school for being lenient with students who had
perpetrated violence.

12) BROF RV BEC. AEOMLK.

Keisatsuno tenurui soosade, hannin-o nogashita.
Because of their lax investigation, the police were unable to capture the
suspect.

BF SA M13 I< 1k STR KGp

it. FXVACEEN THD EL
feo ELTHA, HAI o TRE
Oe NOM 2 eMar A ELS
BU ReELSRASIEMHY
F. HOA, MHSAUFRE VS oTI ELK. PR. AN}
ASP
PRAM EIS CBVILE LA BLS A, HIRED
C. IES OMB CADRE Fo TOV TID CAPM
ROTC "bd, Wb CHASAIUEA ELK. CL OM,
Ck EMoAA DBE RCH SAIL, IES ELK. RESTS
BEOAVO MDSHA. TFRERICEV EO, RS CH
TINE 72 BRO
bb
PKI
Rvytit
SVE
Wy
Ie.

25
atari-hen, df) -NA

~ TCs id. ERAT

DN SYM
LE
PHL,
$5} b
T~ I lh, tASW
GETS
SpA? ANOS eK LST o
tit PS
e A ®
welt ETH

(ry ER INE CLR. CIT MIMS Ald, BEV YE 7s

eke
¥ eH Ve tb.

= ay cv =i kat
Gl OUPdine

Todor be’
Mr. Arai’s grandson, Daisuke, is a thirteen year old who was born
and raised in the United States, so although he can speak Japanese, he
is often prone to make mistakes. Last month he returned to Japan
with his family.
One day, Mr. Arai was given a puppy, and Daisuke immediately said
he wanted to build a doghouse for it, saying, “Grandfather, it’s cold
outside, so is that all right if I make a doghouse... boku no heya de'?”
Mr. Arai gave his permission, but was later surprised to find that the
completed doghouse was far too big to get through the door. Daisuke
defended himself by saying, “I thought it would be cruel to leave the
puppy outside in the cold.”
The preposition ~de indicates the site of an action an phenomenon,
while ~ni refers to the location where something exists or where
an action will occur in the future. Therefore, Daisuke should have
said, “Boku no heya ni...,” to which Mr. Arai would have probably re-
plied, “Niwa ni tsukurinasai.*”

| in my room
Make it in the yard.

HY SNA
g atari ghen

B atari
H Te y) aneighborhood ; around (here) Fai

ee TET OSE BEL CORE ELTHO AR Shoe ITED IIN

TERRI LABVES. CID IT VBS DiS SBPP RILEC, 2
26
 Ste -NA /atari-hen

V\ECA LIL. UHLRHRY + BDH) + ~SAHLVIIDEAIZ PRE TSIBS

fa] - SM
Dh
KEKRF
VE hb5b
PO EIZOT
= HE
CHEV
sey
EF Hill3,
nes
4).
Atari is used to indicate an approximate area, location or time, or when giv-
ing a person’s name as a possible candidate (to do something). When atari is
used independently or with a demonstrative pronoun such as kono and ano, it
refers to a specific place or location (ex.1,2). Atari is generally used with spe-
cific words like ashita atari (date), ano atari (place), or ~san atari (person)
(ex.3, 4).

1) AnsEDT, bt2 0% BET E. WE Thor.

XA +t ppv

Mega samete, atario miwatasuto, oe ginsekaidatta.

When (I) woke up and looked around, I found that everything was cov-
ered with snow.

2) Bh MEACW SHV, LYMBV.

ae ay

Watdshiga sundeiru atariwa, koojooga ooi.

In the vicinity where I live there are many factories.

3) A: LA4LABIERORMICT2.a7 2

Bisa Code K ib 71204% 5s Let ARE: Ds

1A) 2

A: Sorosoro ohanami,no jikidesune. *p.450

It’s almost the time for cherry blossom viewing, isn’t it?
B : Soodesune. Raishuuatariga, choodo migorodeshoo.
Yes, it is. I guess next week will be the best time to see them.

MD) Gaps ATS REIS A Biz OM ELWOCILIN NGL Rs.

Kamerano kotonara, Haradasan atariga kuwashiinodewa naideshooka.
If it has to do with cameras, I think if anyone, Mr. Harada will know
best.

when
NA [iw] warea ; neighborhood Fl

PTE UBB ha ia Ue "HRY LbBoTI AA LEO

BRIT CMB EEA. ED, BOIBEEW DL AIEWET Bi
= 6). 523 APF aig EUAD, LYVDATELCONLEDRMVE
DUBEV ILRI HEOBORICLOST (BIT,8).
Hen indicates an approximate place or location. Unlike arari, it is not used in-
dependently. It is generally used with a demonstrative pronoun such as kono,

27
ataru-butsukaru/ df= 4-3XOD4A

sono, or ano, as in the expressions, kono hen and sono hen (ex.5,6). Also un-
like atari, hen is generally not used when speaking of people or time, but it
can be used when the speaker wishes to bring something to an end (ex.7, 8).

on NO DID CHOLS A TED oT ?

Bian LOM AdTEpohkbo
A: Konohende watashino hasami minakatta?
Have you seen my scissors around here?
B: Saa, konohenniwa nakattayo.
Well, I haven’t seen them here.

6) COUN 2 OB SA 472% vet

SVIEIELATCH
ps

Sonohenga futarino ikenga, kuichigau tokorodesu.

Their opinions differ at that point.

7) SARE. FAs Ott SHLAA DIZLEL EID.

“A rir ie) Ee 3
Konohende, kyoono shigotowa owarini shimashoo.
Let’s stop work here for the day.

8) LOT, ITA MIZPHEAV,

Sonohende, moo kenkawa yamenasai!
That’s enough! Stop fighting!

bHleES/ ROMS
B ataru a butsukaru

eee B ataru
HTe 4 [Ak 4] ato hit ; to touch ; to win (a lottery) -]

DESBEOD.
(EPOWDICNS
S » MET SEAIAROEF (Hill,
2,3).
EYP RIOap DS SCRE RALT
Ataru means that something touches or makes contact with something else
(ex.1,2,3). It may imply that the object hits a target or goal.

QI HVC. RPABEILENSZLE
CH Child,
5, 6),
UPD pe Htetz ny

To be exposed to light, wind, warmth, etc. (ex.4, 5,6).

OB + P4YTSLVSEAEVET (Pa, 8,9).

28
 db S- ROMS /ataru-butsukaru

To be equal or equivalent to something else (ex.7,8,

9).

OPS BLEEP BATLEM IEAE CH OES BS UBEI EET SESE ae

st gino, ili),
It also indicates that one’s prediction or answer is correct, or that one wins
a prize in a public lottery, etc. (ex.10, 11).

i) El, DES 127 IDS. PRK SRoTLEsk.

Watashino nageta booruga, kodomoni atatteshimatta.
The ball I threw unfortunately hit a child.

KDORDBSCHC,
=e A B
POR
DrLHE
4Hok.
b

Kinomiga ochitekite, watashino atamani atatta.

A nut fell from the tree and hit me on the head.

BRO
wn
BMohk xRit, WHOFZA
vat ze
AIC Ea4
7a
Ror.
Kareno hanatta yawa, matono mannakani atatta.
The arrow he shot hit the bulls-eye.
Raya Ev Nt, DIRT BB Aiz>TSEF 0
cen alee sukoshi sotono kazeni atattekimasu.
(I) don’t feel good, so I will go out to get some fresh air.

COMBELSBIL. ££ EOBYRAD
U a
CED.
H7z7z

Kono heyawa, yoku higa atarunode atatakai.

This room gets lots of sun, so it’s very warm in here.

MILOEW RoR, AMSEREBICAD LET AL—Fie SRO Zo

%& [oes DEL 5x OR RY b
Sotowa hidoi yukidattanode, watashiwa heyani hairuto mazu sutoobuni
atatta.
It was snowing so hard outside that, as soon as I entered the room,
I stood by the heater.

A: Plt H EO BRVET D>

B: 56UCT.
A Karewa anatano nanini atarimasuka? What relation is he to you?
B Ojidesu. He’s my uncle.

KAMA <DEL OBIAL

Tatas AIRES
Bui 43509 *
Raigetsuno Spree kono kaishano sooritsukinenbini atarimasu.
The 15th of next month is the anniversary of the founding of this com-
pany.

29
ataru-butsukaru) df= A°-3O4S

9) LAYKIS, M4507 FAI SRVET.

Ichipondowa, yaku yonhyaku-gojuu-guramuni atarimasu.
One pound is equal to about 450 grams.

10) PslZO, RAD PSY RoC. Mico.

DOEUL abe) bh rare)

Yappari, kanojono yosooga atatte, ameni nattane.

Her prediction was right after all — it’s raining now.

11) BD EV» va, Ré Sire

Kanojono uranaiwa, yoku ataru.
Her fortune-telling often turns out to be true.

SOPSZ = butsukaru ' Fe)

mato hit (against) ; to run (into)

DADLDOAS, HERES HeMET OE SEV ES (fa12, 13). ZAE—FR, %

HICLYE FG BRC SNES. LEM oT, BLOM BL TALS ON

0 GIL), SA ABEAZEIH SORES GIS) BECYROET.
CEOS DA Vy WA meas Oe HOt

Butsukaru is used to indicate that something hits something else relatively

forcefully (ex.12,13). There is a feeling of speed and shock. Accordingly, bu-
tsukaru may also be used to mean to argue with others who have a different
opinion (ex.14), or to encounter hardship (ex.15).

DARPA BTLOCSEV EF CHI16).

Butsukaru may also indicate that there is a conflict in time (ex.16).

DHBBAP
MPL BLSLETH (Bill).
ean yd KTHOD cala

To arrive at a place or building (ex.17). ‘oe: Ees

BR - WY isi‘oO
12) “DFORRC PII OM IP SOM 20 “oe G
Kono sakino Eeeiade torakkuto baikuga butsukatta.
At the intersection up ahead a truck and a motorcycle collided.

13) HD TORO, APAFNIAB OMT TC ESPYs

ICL aye
Awateteitanode, garasudoni kigatsukanaide, butsukatte-shimatta.
(I) was in a hurry so I didn’t notice the glass door and banged into it.

14) Drel
FL ORE HiT) — etxCERI
LPSLE
oT LEK.
Watashino pear kotode chichito butsukatte-shimatta.
I ended up arguing with my father about where I should work.

30
 bo SYS OIE) -M 65% /assari-sappari-karatto

15) bdFAV DST 7 I BEIC SOT.

LATA
FST
PIE
DVRDIAA
B z
CLERK,
Omoigakenai konnanni butsukatte, watashiwa sukkari ochikonde-shimatta.
Up against unexpected hardship, I became very depressed.

16) MAOMMERY. AO AREA SOM CLE.

LAS Wo * pr EES)

Ses aecto OS, watashino shihoo-shikenga butsukatte-shimatta.

My close friend’s wedding fell on the same day as my Bar exams.

i?) CMe
AS
sos < {T9, AuA0ic SOpoK BAI Hino C< PERV.
Kono michio massugu itte fe en Suman migini magatte kudasai.
If (you) go straight down this road, you’ll hit a wide street. From there,
turn right.

Dox (SEV
(Pb oe
EB assari B sappari # karatto

B@assari =
bos) alight ; easy

OEE - We KS ereraGie ane FP MROIT A, ie S TES RCRD ESE

WET CPI,2,3).
Assari expresses a pleasant and refreshing feeling in the quality, shape, or
taste of something (ex.1, 2, 3).

ODATAI. EVOFRRCHEOET (Pil4,

5).
It is also used to express that something is done easily (ex.4, 5).

1) Ba VP SHST CIN, HOSOLIPERT CH

Kanojowa, iyana kotowa suguni wasureru, assarishita seikakudesu.
She easily forgets about unpleasant things. She is a very down-to-earth
person.

2) HX
Bla, HEH
ABZ ODLVHsAYULEMBOAMW
ZOE eK 55)
CT.
Asawa, aburakkoi monoyori assarishita washokuno hooga iidesu.
For breakfast, (1) prefer light Japanese food to oily food.

3) POEL
RAIL, SAO
ES)
ak
PZVSTV Ho LRELAR BW
=
S.
Kanojowa, kyoowa nanno kazarimonai assarishita doresuo kiteiru.

Bi
assari-sappari-karatto/soS)-SolY- Pb re

She is wearing a very simply styled dress with no accessories.

4) A, E14, Co 1 aver C HodSOE piGlumevee

beELAS aA 4
Watashitachiwa, daiichishiaide assari maketeshimatta.
We slid into defeat in our first match.

on ) Piz, UTHIiPHLV Be OleBa oS Of VWYCLEsk.

Meth

Karewa, totemo muzukashii hess 2) me mondaio, assari toiteshimatta.

He quickly solved a difficult mathematics problem.

2 @ sappari =
= 2, x Y urefreshing ; neat ; completely

DIOETHL DoD, VELBA CATED LUE (HIG), BRO

PBS TE «HR <TEER BT). EA OKIREO LONE IRELt
0. FW TCRHEBEDKUASTHUERTES (PB) HET.
Sappari is used to describe a carefree or easygoing personality (ex.6), a light,
unoily taste in food (ex.7), or a clean, refreshing feeling in one’s body or
clothes (ex.8).

Jee l< CPS). taizk, FSG (fil) DEK CB ERIS Bev 2a

1.may also be used in negative situations to mean ‘completely’ (ex.9), ‘entire-
ly’, or ‘(not) at all’ (ex. 10).

6) PAS sItY LAMERETZOTC, OC BK FIiz 6 DARED 755 CV Do

Karewa sapparishita seikakunanode, okottemo tsugino hiwa moo kigenga
naotteiru.
Since he is a very easygoing person, even if he gets mad, he gets over
it by the next day.

7) REDE
ISIV LOD, Salt Lever ADRATN«
DIS

Watashiwa amai kokoayorimo, sapparishita remonjuusuga nomitai.

Rather than sweet cocoa, I’d prefer to drink some refreshing lemon juice.

8) BBLEI As TS IE) Size

Ofuroni haitte sapparishita.
After taking a bath, (1) felt refreshed.

9) BARBLIZ, FNVSILVMNELI.
Anna otokotowa, kireisappari wakaremashita.

32
 HOES-¥EYLESZ/atsumaru-matomaru

(I) broke up with that jerk.

10) lt, SMa tS std Mbp 5iEV».

Watashiwa, gaikokugowa sappari wakaranai.
I don’t understand foreign languages at all.

8 karatto =~
Db Ore aclear ; crisp

thE < BSS eb PMvteds

VERS REE GBITLD) + KAGEOMY
SRE
Ui wah
S Fe EER at pin, 12,13). PBN, DALATOS, Fis
“rbot OND ké fenat.
Karatto expresses a pleasant and refreshing quality in things such as personali-
ty, crisp fried food, nice weather, etc. (ex.11, 12,13). Kararito has the same
meaning, but karatto is much more commonly used in modern Japanese.

1) Bas, Dost LTWHCU VADER LTETCICLERPEY

ADNLEB
C24.
Crstion karattoshiteite, kenkao shitemo suguni mata nakanaoridekiru.
She never bears a grudge against others, so even if we have an argue-
ment, we make up quickly.

12) “DF SdId, DbotipioC YCTHVWYLVY,

Kono tenpurawa, karatto agatteite oishii.
This tempura is tasty because it’s crispy and not oily.

13) Hen 12 TGe ZEA» bot Hat £45 af.

Tsuyuga owatte, soraga karatto oe
The rainy season has ended, and the sky has cleared up completely.

DD Dye Lo
B atsumaru B matomadaru

~ g atsumaru i)
HOE vs) SRE % | mto gather ; to assemble a

ZBAKVED)A-C HITEEDS, HbHLSobMbAUE LAI Bo CROCS (fil

WAC Ue 6D Bu < ny

33
atsumaru+matomaru HOES ELVES

1.2 SNe ii Ry LCI UMRIO BOA TALES PALS FAET SLX Ald, 5)
» $357k LIDS’ 37k SAN

(tet
This is used when three or more people or things come together in one place
(ex.1, 2,3). It is also used to indicate that a large number of similar objects
are concentrated in one place (ex.4, 5).

1) Zeakar kawtPOKES TRIES

Kaigio hajimemasunode atsumatte-kudasai.
We're starting the meeting, so everybody come together, please

2) BLA ahi OF, Wi46, URRA! iS $ZreICHoO TET.

Ashitano asa kuji, Shinjukueki minamiguchini atsumarukotoni natteimasu.
(We're) supposed to meet at the south entrance of Shinjuku Station to-
morrow morning at 9:00 am,

3) UR alata, VOY?e<2 SADE EAS hes a

WALES

Harajukuniwa, itsumo takusanno wakamonoga atsumattekuru.

Lots of young people always come to hang out together in Harajuku.

4) mruevis, xfSe ky Tee SA RE OCS CNET

Firipinwa, chiisana shimaga Reisen atsumatte dekiteimasu.
The Philippines are formed by many small islands grouped together.

5) Re
J a
aPlcata, BK OBIE
BH ray KO
6TVS,
Kyootoniwa, ookuno oteraga atsumatteiru.
A lot of temples are concentrated in Kyoto.

¥ ¥ ¥ 4 @ matomaru ©
mto be collected ; to be united

PHILHOAN US a DT WF PBALIEE SH& + CP, 7,8), XT

vA Ba Any peeoe
ae AS BRL TeDic BAM SECO 5 129 Byhas Ci
9, 10,11) (EVs tT.

Matomaru is used when a number of separate people or objects form a single

group or unit (ex.6,7,8). It may also be used when matters which have been
in conflict are resolved, or when ideas or thoughts reach agreement (ex.9, 10,
bs

RATTOUSIA, FEXS THM Tao.

 HOMS- £4 /atsumeru-yoseru

Dantai-ryokoono tokiwa, matomatte koodoo-shinakutewa-naranai.

On group tours you have to do things with the others.

7) FI,
aoe
SORBECEsREBEMEVCHRER,
anaes ma Sy.
Temotoni, aruteido matomatta okanega naito fuanda.
If (I) don’t have a certain amount of money on hand I feel insecure.

8) ZOKU. HOLERO (Enna 1 HOA EC Lok.

Konotabi, ano sakkano sakuhinga issatsuno honni matomatta.
The works of that author were recently compiled into a single book.

9) 10H proC, Pot MELE.

Jukkagetsu kakatte, yatto kooshooga matomatta.
It took ten months for the negotiations to finally be settled.

10) FRAT DHEA AS TeDPIEDECESTOV.

Ning) Die

Ryokoono soodanga, nakanaka matomaranai.

Our travel arrangements just won’t fall into place.

I) RECUR
BWwL
Pe BOT UETEETRV DIL, BAMECESELV
OE
BoC sd

Raishuumadeni repootoo kakanakereba-naranainoni, kangaega matomaranai-

node komatteimasu.
(I’m) really in a bind because I have to write up my report by next
week, and I just can’t get my ideas together.

HOMS “(ERS
m atsumeru B yoseru

B atsumeru
DHODMSA FED % | eto collect ; to gather %

(DBO HOR, ORES < DAI KOS WIZTALECH Bill, 2,

Se EDGE. to 20_LKAWADVET.
BB We dW OTH

To bring together many of the same kind of things in one place (ex.1, 2,3).
In many cases the speaker has a definite purpose for the objects in mind.

QEKOAROK A fa: ii¢ FEBS OS DIFSLETH (fil4, 5).

Bb OEUE KFUEF 5O5<

35
atsumeru-yoseru) HOWS: KS

To attract sympathy, attention or interest from many people (ex.4, 5).

1) FA MeO AIF e ROSLETT

dbrEL L Aa ~te Ee is?)

Watashino shumiwa kitteo atsumeru kotodesu.

My hobby is collecting postage stamps.
2) HE CAST REE BIG 7e AAOKI, SPERM I20| Sy,
CLA

Jishinde ookina higaio uketa hitobitono tameni, kifuo atsumeta.

(We) collected donations for the people who were severely affected by
the earthquake.

3) AWLSIL, [EDA VERY TL EAVELFS.

Mitsubachiwa, hanano mitsuo atsumete hachimitsuo tsukuru.
Honey bees collect nectar from flowers to make honey.

> BMC
ba
Hote Fit,
ay 2 7
BOAO
bb
Ue
tee 52RMr.
SMES

Jikoni atta kodomowa, ookuno hitono doojoo-o atsumeta.

The child who was involved in the accident received sympathy from
many people.

on TORR, ZEGECWILECHOMOR
De EM TS.
Aw oF ae ®p) x 2h» PALA HO

Kono eigawa, jitsuwadato yuu kotode yononakano kanshin-o atsumete-iru.

This movie has been attracting attention because it’s based on a true
story.

B yoseru
KES art %| eto draw near ; to collect |

DINAMOTFB + HIF TSK ETF CPl6,7,8,9, 10). 6

bids To ObDE— DMI bs CS . PPI EEO TBS, CVD EERO
Att.
To place or move something closer or something else (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). It also
means to gather scattered objects together in one place.

QHSZLEMBIZ, Pe BERK
EES PAA =i 3
OW SLECH CHIN, 12). nv

To pay special attention or to specially care for a certain thing (ex.11, 12).

6) BA. OSDLACAETILM
<DE
TNE AD. Bo OEY As hes

Kurumao, moosukoshi hidarini yosete tomete-kuremasenka?

36
 bTS- ROU 4 /ateru-butsukeru

Would (you) please park your car a little more to the left?

FTV
CHES DI BFEIUT, ADIL EASTLEG.
Teeburuo kabegiwani yosereba, heyaga sieoked tsukaerudeshoo.
If (you) place the table closer to the wall, you can use this room more
spaciously.

fia Feit. SO
BASES MAREE
BARE BFE 7c
ye
Senchoowa, funeo ganpekini yoseta.
\ oe
The captain moved the ship closer to the pier. i fa
ORK EABUA-FVE
Boh. 2¢ /
eA (Pos
Hidao takusan yoseta kaaten-o tsukutta. ; i a
(1) made a curtain with a lot of pleats. a= rie
10) RENDER
— DMCA. K*eKELE.
(zD 5 ve We Uae £ uU
Niwano ochibao ikkashoni yosete, takibio shita.
(I) collected fallen leaves in the garden and made a bonfire.

11) PIPER
ph mock ==% FCS.
Karewa kanojoni kokoroo yoseteiru.
He is falling in love with her.

12) LOBMICMT SER, TBR DBE AV.

Kono bangumini taisuru goiken, gokansoo-o oyosekudasai.
Please send in (your) opinions and impressions of this program.

HTE/ ROSS
g ateru a butsukeru

B ateru =)
HTS [44] mto hit ; touch ; to expose to ©

DEDEIDOOOIAR AS PELE TH. RPE IES (Pl,2) 1B,

Ust2Ne<sDFOeV5ee Pil3, 4,5) (CoPVdT
To allow an object to make contact with another object. This action may car-
ry with it shock or impact (ex.1,2), or be intended to closely join or attach
(ex.3,
4, 5):

Si!
ateru-butsukeru) ®>T4:S3OWS

DAV OH Ee CAI LIAAS POLE TH. Pb, 75 1SRERO

BYEILY. PIB IDLIIC
x
BMT » PAR BACH
.
PSESEM OEY ET
WAKA

E72, MODEFICBAS
SOIR TSERCO BOET
To directly hit the target or goal one is aiming at: In Examples 6 and 7 it is
used in a literal sense to show actual movement, and in Examples 8 and 9 it
is used figuratively to suggest that one’s judgment, prediction, or answer is
right on the mark. Also, as in Example 10, it may be used when someone
designates another person to answer a question.

3) Fail “pate: ME CWS [oeMT ai at CPL, VD

To expose something to wind, light, rain, etc. (ex.11, 12).

1) AL MMoesdx ote FEC =fOCs HOKF BALA TLEK.

Kadoo magaru toki chotto denchuuni atete, kurumano doaga hekondeshi-
matta.

When (I) turned the corner I just barely touched the power pole, but
the door of my car got dented.

2) HNEyF x~—ltt, *4 IDG TCZ Bw NINA VES Ce

Ano pitchaawa, kyoono shiaide nidomo battaani booruo ateta.
That pitcher hit two batters in today’s game.

3) EBLUL FEO
the eR
RICEE
ROTA
4 CC, BMHSREIDRAL.
H no

Hahaoyawa kodomono hitaini teo atete, netsuga aruka dookao mita.

The mother felt her child’s forehead with her hand to see if there was a
fever.

4) TaA CHM A (BEIT TCLE0KONC Mb6LEYAVE =MOE eS Liza

Tenisude kaoga hini yakete-shimattanode, nurashita taoruo atete hiyashita.
My face got sunburned while playing tennis, so (I) applied a wet towel
to cool it.

5) (EAE, PEW CIAL DEI BEE ACTH BA TI BA

TESS
Hontooni, yamashii tokorowa naika dooka muneni teo atete yoku kangaete-
gorannasai.
(You) should think hard, and (with your hand over your heart) ask
yourself if you really have nothing to feel guilty about.

6) RENATO, tet
AD Lv,

38
 STS: SOU 4 /ateru-butsukeru

Yao matoni aterunowa, muzukashii.

It is difficult to hit a target with an arrow.

FEIDEY VRC, UES 4 AVR ache

Kyoono dojji-boorude, bokuwa yoninni booruo atetayo.
I hit four people with the ball in today’s dodge-ball game!

A DINERO.
DEL 7RAz Tz
“CCIBA.
b
ad
cre wa
a BY

Watashiga yuube nanio tabetaka, atetegoran. Fs ae f Dike

Guess what I had for dinner last night: ree) 2 é. 1%
F melee ; ; os mat NO {Gp
BAIATLEDIIAG
DOCE
maT
BAVANEIA
e 4TELR.
B&B
S| Sagetat
=> <7!
li:
Kanojowa terebino kuizude, onsenryokoo-o atemashita.
She won a trip to a hot spring resort in a TV quiz show.

10) FZ Se PIFAPPYL TOR, AREA THINK.

CMF EF bMS AAV
Jugyoochuu bon-yarishiteitara, totsuzen senseini aterareta.
When (I) was daydreaming in class, the teacher suddenly picked on me
(to answer a question).

11) abe OERKE AIL, hod a A Ve CIN CHEAT LEWET.

Heyano hachiuewa, tamani hini atenaito karete-shimaimasu.
If you don’t move houseplants into the sun once in a while, they will
die.

12) HEM UD A WIEN Sg) ic Gay ae MOLE

LYLA Up) b <4

Shashinno fuirumuni hikario ateruto, kurokunaru.

If you expose photographic film to the light, it will turn black.

: w butsukeru 5
ra2IIF4 eto hit (against...) ; to crash (into) c

BDEISPOOD IE MS SLETH. Bueno, REET (Pi)

13, 14,15) 072, UPR ITE OBE EAC AISLE BEV +t
£3 ue
(BIL6, 17 ye
To cause something to make contact with something else. There is a sense of
accompanying force or impact (ex.13, 14,15). It is also used when strong emo-
tions, such as anger or dissatisfaction, are directed at a person (ex.16, 17).

13) HAC SOW CT, (BEET ADILKHEMB DDK.

Sao Se LiO3 wa

39
ato-mou/d®x%-% 5

Kurumao heini butsukete, shuurisurunoni okanega kakatta.

(I) crashed my car into a wall, and it cost a lot of money to repair it.

1d) BAR EDIC MET To

BEB IRIE FRAME Db, BR SOFT
Py 2355
A nites tenjooga hiteesibirnen atamao butsukenaiyooni kiotsukete.
The attic ceiling is low so be careful not to bump your head.

15) LDKiA, FHICAESWSNTIME IEA CIR

Kono inuwa, Bee ishio butsukerarete kegao shitandesu.
This dog was injured because it was hit by a stone thrown by a child.

16) Rls|tI AS DOANE SAT To

t: at p b.
Watashiwa kareni le fuman-o butsuketa.
I finally couldn’t help letting him know of my dissatisfaction with him.

17) FA VIx DEY EIS ASOUT TLV WO DADHILV

brL lad a dD

Watashiwa pide ikario, dareni butsuketara tinoka wakaranai.

I don’t know who I should vent my anger on.

HY dd
Bato BmouU

gato o
m3)a astill ; remaining ; later BS

A RICE SE CORD ONRP BEAT CME ET. (HE+ Bai] (A:

7X. «or aii PO BEDL bebrot, EOC ET (PIL, 2,3,

Ato specifies the number or amount remaining until an objective is attained.

It is used in structures such as ato+numeral (nin, hon, jikan...), and ato su-
koshi or ato chotto (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) HY 54 CBKATT.
pA VSRT

Ato gofunde hiruyasumidesu.

Five more minutes until lunchbreak.

2) “OH t 4 ARIK, HEI ARNT £.

40
 SY-% 5 /ato-mou

Kono kurumawa yoninnoridakara, ato hitori noremasuyo.

There is room for four in this car, so one more person can get in.

3) WESIAAHSm
EAAA 5, HLIAARHM
ZARA Ms, FACS.
61 5L100 Lele
Ima kyuujuuman-en arukara, ato juuman-en tamereba, choodo hyakuman-
enni naru.
(I) have ¥900,000 now, so if I can save ¥100,000 more, I’ll have
¥ 1,000,000.

4) HEDLTCH
ihe ROT
AAD.
5
Ato sukoshide natsuyasumimo owarida.
Summer vacation will be over soon.

% 4 @ mou Ie
ms more ; already =

O'S Sle ORK TOK REN]

“MMA. S$TIVES iz ERS USE ae
((II5,6,7),EBT
|DEORTHSLEBHOST (BIBI).
AGs

Mou is used when mentioning an amount or degree to be added to the pres-

ent situation (ex.5,6,7). It may also be used to mean ‘soon’ (ex.8, 9).

QT CitR 4d 2 TAK AEP. PRAISE LTHSEVGLERRLET Chilo

Te
It also indicates that something is already finished, or has reached the limit
(ex.10, 11, 12).
OR TRE GR < AT
LIA
OLSEN $4 (Pills, 14-15)-
It may Bist be used when strongly expressing emotions (ex.13, 14, 15).

5) AcaB wD LRRVDATT MD.

Bila. )RREST.
A: Koohii, moo ippai ikagadesuka? How about another cup of coffee?
B: Hai, itadakimasu. Yes, please. Thank you.

6) bIT FES BOCK.

Moo ichido, ittekudasai. Please say it again.

7) O918. BAELI.
Moo ichidai, kurumaga hoshii. (I) want to have one more car.

4]
ato de-nochihodo/ >¥YT-ObIKY

8) b9 SAFEST OE, Ans <NS.

DA

Moo san-jikanmo suruto, higa kureru.

In just three hours the sun will set.

9) SOT CHCT H=

Moo sugu asadesu. It will be morning soon.

10) D5 te AE AL Id. DIMA CLEsk.

XD FIM

Kinoo katta gyuunyuuwa, moo nondeshimatta.

(I’ve) already drunk the milk I bought yesterday.

1) Vre7EZ EE, OF! ENE.

Iyana kotowa, moo wasureyoo.
(It was an awful experience so) Let’s forget about it.

12) “DAFA IS BD LMDAASASBIV.

tEAME owe | i vay

Kono honbakoniwa, moo issatsumo honga hairanai.

Not even one more book will fit into this bookcase.

iS ih Oe kame Wek© akGy alxh eta ;

Moo, ureshikute ureshikute...! (1) am so very happy!

14) BIS CLEDATEV.

Moo itakute shooganai. It hurts so much I can’t stand it.

15) BO. Ves

Moo, iya! That’s enough! I can’t take anymore.

HYT/ODdDIEY
gato de gs nochihodo

- mato de
b IE alater ; after i

OL LRM
To Ti +UME
by
RR CVI RORTH (Pll,
LEF5W
2).
Ato de means ‘after a little while’, or ‘in the near future’ (ex.1, 2).
Dd SEP ODI EMME DO. KOLEMUS BLYTHE BLEERL
EF
(BiI3, 4).
|
42
 SHYT -DbIEY/ato de-nochihodo

It also indicates the occurence of another action or event right after a previ-
ous one has ceased (ex.3, 4).

1) EKKEDPATHEWOTC BALL y 2 SO cy erfn ls

Mada onakaga sukanainode, shokujiwa moo sukoshi atode itadakimasu.
(’'m) not hungry yet, so I’ll eat a little later.

Al, Dee (a HETHATET D6, ZNEPIZLTHW TKS,

Watashino heyawa atode katazukemasukara, sono mamani shiteoite kudasai.
V'll clean up my room later, so please leave everything as it is.

BHSeUbBIRALC
TALY
GD PSxeBFRNKLEKABOWK.
bt %

Denshao tobiorita atode, kasao okiwasureta kotoni kiga

tsuita. On. *B Re
After getting off the train, (I) realized that I had left .y, oe
an V /
my umbrella behind. if

Ait,
bib
RICE OWLER VsBSohbSUECKELZ.
mar WBA

Watashiwa, kareni kitsui kotoo itta atode hanseishita.

I felt bad after speaking to him so harshly.

> mnochihodo
D b%1% ‘A w later Ke

DURES oTH * HIVE, CURR CE ET Bib, 6,7). HE

CTILVSTUMAU TRE DLEUBCH. '~ROSIEL, ~DOSIIEIO
EDIRNE FELIU C, CORTATCE EF
Nochihodo means ‘after a little while’ or ‘in the near future’ (ex.5,6,7). It is a
more formal and polite expression than ato de. Nochihodo is only used by it-
self, therefore saying ~ta nochihodo or ~no nochihodo is incorrect.

5) PRIS LES HOT THVET OTC, MOL

EHP _BMToIG,
LIRAET
Kachoowa tadaima dekakete-orimasunode, nochihodo kochirakara denwasu-
ruyoo, mooshi-tsutaemasu.
The manager is out now, so (I'll) ask him to call you back later.

<OFPIL OSE Nae DAES cat BAY WEILER,

Kono kenni tsukimashitewa, nochihodo kuwashiku gosetsumei itashimasu.

43
afureru-Koboreru SHtS-ClENS

(Tl) explain this in more detail later.

7) Gti,
f OBlECELERKADVELEI.
a

Dewa, nochihodo mata omeni kakarimashoo.

Well then, let’s meet again later.

HHS ~ ClENS
mw afureru = Kkoboreru

mB afureru
HHL ) ato overflow cl

DU oIEUMCOTAD SETI, SPAN TLESIECH CHIL, 2,3,

4),

Afureru means that something is filled to the rim and a part of the contents
overflow (ex.1,2, 3,4).

DK fae <s ig 6 DEAT OE. LDIIILAR OVE AAA \>IFV FE

wet BLvosrect Bis, 6,7).
Afureru is also used to describe things such as emotions, feelings, or a mood
as being strong or overwhelming (ex.5,6, 7).

1) BS ACHBEANMAS HSN.
Ofuroni oyuo iresugite afureta.
(I) put too much water in the bathtub
so it overflowed.

2)BEAD
AN CTNOKPSSNT,
as
RATue may(8 act

The river overflowed its banks ae washed eae

some houses.

Oo) SEXOT INN Rl WY ERHSNT CWS,

RAO

Nenmatsuno depaatoniwa, heck aes afureteiru.

Department stores are overcrowded with shoppers at the end of year.

4) SOHO, MASSLNAIHSHL. £9 CRA EEO ZA LI».

Wwe R bPes &2 fit = iy

Imano yononaka, monoga afureruhodo aru kunito, soodenai kunitono saga

 bHdbNS- TENS /afureru- koboreru

hageshii.
In the present world, the gap between rich countries and poor countries
is great.

5) ZARLW RIDE RAO AIUISRMHSNTSR,

pre ¥ POCE ~ B nade
Kanashii shiraseni kanojono meniwa namidaga afuretekita.
Her eyes started to well up with tears when she heard the sad news.

6) PIO
Hx
Mi Lie
Wh b po x
Mi SNCS.
Asano ichibawa kakkini afureteiru.
In the morning, the open markets are bustling with activity.

7)DSHS
A FiXiRD
LWA
BBE REF OROBIL,
5m <dOU ES
Afar HSN.
Nyuugaku-shikenno Rae matsu kareno kaowa, jishinni afure-
leita.
His face looked full of confidence as he waited for the result of his col-
lege entrance exam.

- = koboreru =
ClENS ato spill ; to drop 5)

DANI hak OOD ESOS AASSh Oe ECT. (HENS AS

DRSF ICH TLESOIL, “LiEN} eT Bh FO
tI ORASBAUTE DE. AMOUR
OBA LSLEOHVEF (PB,
9,10, 11). Eh. TIENT RIB SSL IRROBALT
Koboreru means that a part or all of the contents of something flows or
spills out. Afureru suggests that something in a container overflows because
there is not enough space, while in the case of koboreru shaking, falling or
the opening of a hole in the container may also be the cause of the spillage.
The word implies that the spilled objects fall or flow down (ex.8,9, 10, 11).

OM Sas JR PEDIAEStF FLOR Te BS “EV 9 C2, 13 )3 =

Ox HLA Fifa RYOESIZAT DD BTR BOR, LOYOBARA 3
PE EtA.
Koboreru also means that physical expressions of emotion or feeling, such as
laughing or crying, are unexpectedly revealed (ex.12, 13).
However, koboreru is not used to describe the mood of a place or emotional
states, such as pleasure, sorrow, or confidence, which are not visible to the
eye.

45
amari~nai:taishite~nai/dEY~RO- EVM ULT~RUY

8) GN
wre
CHAR
Fo
OC NeIOKMIENA
Ao
Isoide hakondanode, baketsuno mizuga
koboreta. LD
Water spilled from the bucket I was Vi “i
carrying because I walked too fast. x AN Senate y
Y 4 See \v

9) SF Mi —-E- MIEN. fl SN

Ukezarani koohiiga koboreteiru.

There is coffee spilled onto the saucer.

10) ATI NRC. MBMIUEN

TLE DK
Pokettoni anaga aite, kozeniga koborete shimatta.
My spare change fell through a hole in my pocket.

8 ABN CHENIEN TLE oh.

Fukuroga yaburete shioga koborete-shimatta.
Unfortunately, the bag was torn and the salt spilled out.

H—AAZDHBWOD DW7g LCR KUT BDTRAMIINK.

alae ie)

Saakasu no doobutsuno yukaina shigusao mite, omowazu emiga koboreta.

The acts of the circus animals were so delightful that I couldn’t help
smiling.

13) EDUEVAE THERDII oO, ANSRDUENSDELDSLEMT

<2he) btey
kar
Sono eigawa totemo kandooteki-datta node, watashiwa namidaga koboreru-
noo tomeru kotoga dekinakatta.
I was so moved by the movie that I couldn’t stop crying.

HEYV~RO /ROLT~ RIO

B amari~nai g taishite~nai

bd ¥ 7)~ Tra PRA Le 7

mnot very... ; not so...

MeTIVESNPORIBE
PFS - BIEREM, Bb
BCR BK BOL GEST ERT EA
FT Pill,
Av
2,3,4). "HEOBSLACV
Id, ESSPEWIETBOLACH

46
 SEV ~KRY- EW LT~ HR / amari~nai-taishite~nai

Vy CIEEAL RD WIHVEA. PTEVY 4 BPLPDOI THIEME, i)

$0~TRVY | ERIICRBUNCT,
Amari ~nai indicates a condition in which an amount, level, or number of
times is not high or great (ex.1,2,3,4). There is almost no difference in mean-
ing between amari omoshiroku nai (not very interesting) and omoshiroku nai
(not interesting). Amari is often added to a ~nai sentence to slightly soften
the negative meaning.

1) DIATE BIC T, HEVIT EC LOHR ATEN »

Konogoro shigotoga isogashikute, amari terebio miru himaga nai.
(I’ve) been so busy at work these days that I haven’t been able to watch
much television.

2) SEDALH ENR.
= ecxs 3M xt

Kotoshino fuyuwa amari samukunai.

It isn’t very cold this winter.

3) hid. ABT CHEE TOOL

CHA 7zL
EOFS CAEN».
a eee hitomaede hanashio surunowa amari sukidewanai.
I don’t like speaking in front of people very much.

4) PULAEE EOI UEA TLD IT, BEDIKENMTD TEV

Karewa eee em asondebakariite, amari daigakue ikanai.
Although he is a university student, he just fools around and does not
go to school very often.

@ faishite~nai
eVectt~Ree mnot very... ; not much... JLI

Reve
a. ¢ THe
EINE < TEN + =< TEWEV GL ITERS CSE £T (Hilo, 6,
oR ey sp»BOB s FIED a» TaD eV LEO 721), Bch HADI
ex a SERIGE TUTE. bys SHYFIAT NE TRAD DE BART.
This indicates that the amount or level of something is not high or large
(ex.5,6,7). It includes a sense that the quantity or degree of something has
turned out to be not as great or high as one had thought or been led to ex-
pect.

5) STG On HOIST LTHS U7EN..

Baagento ittemo, ano misewa taishite yasukushinai.

47
BROLET

Even during bargain sales, that store isn’t very cheap.

6 COPBULTEV
BATES
UCRELS
Cty
Tat, 5 +AybdoAUs API
t
So
Kono mondaiwa taishite muzukashikunaikara, gofunmo areba tokeru.
This problem is not very difficult, so you should be able to solve it in
about five minutes.
~ i t7eVW UTA BS OFEWOIZ, WDD Nt5TlS.

Karewa taishite erakumo nainoni, itsumo ibatteiru.

Even though he isn’t so special, he always acts arrogant.

BHO LET
HA CBO ESIC,
TBR LE
Fi EMoTHSEETHORICUSS
Fo REAL 9D YHKRokS
AKER GAT SOP). BRL E
Te rel£ BntHotina
£ feel BR Fac >CAT
oT CBR LET CBA
iS Bh CHOIRS CNET. HMM ORILTT. it
HERI Cito (BRM LES 1 ts CRE. By
LV ODETELT. HOVILL VICK > CT 9 T (CLR
WLEF 1 CHAI, SDOAM MDDS TH, Wes ghia
Te ON ND VO OD ae) ea
PAPRAROT 7 v OBR DIT Tze SIC RRS AE BY
LEG) EWDE LAL. TRREL EL CSW ERS TL
Se een EATER BUSTIN L & CTH.
Clem <, TERN LET ik FAECAL EUS OVER
MOL EIETH

48
 b&ES-D74/amaru-nokoru

Please
Onegaishimasu is an expression that will prove to be very useful to
anyone spending time in Japan. For example, when you get into a
taxi, if you say “Akihabara (destination), onegaishimasu',” the taxi
will take you to Akihabara. Then, too, when you bring a package to
the post office, if you say “onegaishimasu’,” the package will be deliver-
ed to the designated address. You can take your laundry to the clean-
ers and leave it to be cleaned by saying “onegaishimasu®.’ When you
point out to a tore clerk an item you want to buy, or bring it to the
register, if you say “(kore ) onegaishimasu’*,” you'll be understood even
if you don’t know the object’s name in Japanese or the expression kore
o kudasai°*.
While making a phone call, a friend of mine named Allan once
made the mistake of asking for a person by the name of Sakuragi by
saying, “Sakuragi-san o kudasai®,’ instead of saying, “Sakuragi-san o
onegaishimasu’.” This isn’t really such a terrible mistake, but it does
sound a little odd.
Anyway, onegaishimasu is an expression that will be just as useful to
you as sumimasen.

Please take me to Akihabara.

I would like to send this package.
I would like to have this drycleaned, please.
I would like this one, please.
May I have this one, please.
May I have Mr. Sakuragi, please?
Nw
B-W
G@
@N— May I speak to Mr. Sakuragi, please?

HES/DES
s amaru a nokoru

Bwamaru Ss
HE 4 L&R ato be left over ; to be too much LS)

OM:AS RFT7ZE AS. WETBEESTHERHSLECH (Pl, 2, 3,

1), BET, MEL CMBS LECT (BSD.
Amaru indicates that after the required amount of something (objects, people,
time, etc.) is used, a portion still remains (ex.1,2,3,4). In mathematics, it is

49
amaru-nokoru) >EA-Do4A

used to show that a fraction remains after a calculation (ex.5).

DIES EPMTLE
DS, Aa Ope AVAL FBBE
MIVECwWUL Tw
CASE IRC
(Pil6,
my
7
It may be used to show that something (a responsibility, an honor, etc.) is
beyond one’s ability or capacity (ex.6, 7,8).

1) FERED Rs CHIR
OPOC TANNA oR
| ott4 17> 3 5 DA bh >

Shigotoga hayaku owatte jikanga amattanode, depaatoni itta.

(1) finished my work earlier than expected and had time to spare, so I
went to a department store.

in) (ROaSHEILA
Mtr be
A CARR
Soe Ue HE
CWOBEITCT «
Kareno kaishawa fukeikide hitoga amatteirusoodesu.
(1) heard that business at his company is slow, so now they have excess
workers.

3) BT LERS SANE fz 6 BAINT Ro TLE sh.

Osushio takusan tsukuttara, tabekirezuni oe

(EE
(I) made too much sushi, so I have lots of leftovers. _- LBS |
A = IP ELL yy
A) PokbBBT I, f¥5 Cho CHV WY CTE, les Ub By
bt » L % DA Pas igor
Amatta okashiwa, mottekaettemo tidesuyo. NIN
(You) may take the rest of the sweets home with you. wy
He O as CHS 1 RO.
Juuo sande waruto ichi amaru.
If you divide ten by three, you’ll get a remainder of one.

6) ZATHZTIESL He UES TE FICRONKCT

Z3AW

Konnani_ subarashii shdo itadakunante, mini amaru kooeidesu.

(I) feel very honored to receive such a wonderful award. It’s really much
more than I deserve.

7) BOTH, BOBECAICRS. IB ELAIIMUW SE.

Kareno ed, nae meni amaru. Chuukokushitahooga iiyo.
His behavior is selfish and unacceptable, so you should speak to him.

8) LAA PMEDS EBS, ETRLOFICRVETOC, BIRVLET.

PHILA Bd Ee DEL G aE tp

Konnani sekininno omoi shigotowa, totemo watashino teni amarimasunode,

okotowari-shimasu.

50
 b*ES°DO4/amaru-nokoru

I'm sorry, but a job like this that carries so much responsibility is more
than I can handle, so I (must) refuse.

D=aS Hasse. i
VPLEMD, AISED BOVIS MBAS, dhSEE OPHAS: a7KOE
TEC IIEFEES SLETH CH, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14), HAGE IEORES
Akt. : .
Nokoru is used to mean that someone or a part or the whole of something
still exists even after some time has passed (ex.9, 10, 11,12, 13,14). It implies
that the thing or person in question does not disappear or die.

9) Pit AEE ALT Ut Zo 281< FROIN By

AEWIL
ho
Karewa daigakuo sotsugyooshite, kenkyuushitsuni | " : MD Fe
nokotteiru. oan ney b
Even after graduating, he has remained ia ANIL)
at the university to continue his research. 2 i Pe Te u/ ee

10) FOR,
prL Bok
BAS ECAH
EVILS BE PLR
CRO
OS
CHEE
wee
ExcsAe
Watashino ottowa, mainichi osokumade kaishani nokotte shigotoo shiteiru.
My husband stays late working at the office everyday.

I) B (SEECH ALR, BOLbSeHeLr.

BLE cA rece 2 » Dr PQ BSLXA

Otootowa otoshidamade geemuo kai, nokotta okaneo chokinshita.

My younger brother bought a game with some of the money he had
been given as a New Year’s present, and saved the rest.

12) deed
MARAIS
& lee OF
RIL,
HE 712
MBSR
DX
Dork.
Tatsumakiga toorisugita-atoniwa, nanimo nokoranakatta.
Nothing was left after the tornado past.

13) 8 MEALRORD
AVVO
REALE D COMB MSFRS TEV.
Seiippai “Styoh setae kekkawa doodemo kuiwa nokoranai.
(I) tried my best, so no matter what the result is, I'll have no regrets.

14) Dn
ROB,
PB
BROGR
[ee =FHE
A DrRor.
Kareno kaoniwa, jikono kizuatoga nokotta.
He still has a scar on his face from the accident.

51
aratameru-kaeru-naosu!/ dH btzYDS°?2 A: hET

bbEDS/PAB/
REST
8 aratameru a kaeru @naosu

@ aratameru
» bEYD %) (oes S | mto change ; to revise ©

DESHAM5D CVS * RS 7g C HOT ClA7EV PUEDWNZER, TE Ut)

TEAK MICS KSICTSS Ley (Pl, Das)
Urtrvw

To alter something that is incorrect, bad, or unsuitable so that it is suitable

or correct (ex.]!, 2,3).

DEBNS TUMEUDE SD. HSV DDT

SEV IBACHE ET
(fil,5).
To check and confirm whether or not something is not wrong (ex.4, 5).

1) RRA» LHHX NWI

RUOR BES ZnD» BROET
creat el nee shuukanwa, ee aratamemasu.
(I'm) going to change my habit of staying up late and sleeping in morn-
ing.

2) REIS
Eh
ADT
&
RISOIES
500 HSE
DU, LOGEWBARDDS,
Jidaini awanai hooritsuwa aratameta hooga ii, to yuu ikenga aru.
Some people think that we should change outdated laws.

3) BEDACRET EAI,
APS tr
LENSER ES.
Meueno hitoto hanasu tokiniwa, stb aratamenasai.
Make sure (you) use proper language when speaking to your superiors.

4) GT HE MS OPEC SMEFAY DIEM.

Vahiion teishutsusuru shoruiga sorotteiruka dooka, mooichido aratameta.
(1) double-checked to see if the papers I’m going to submit to city hall
were in order.

5) COW359
BIS0OA
AAS CWEF, tz
FARA
PREM
HOok
TC RSV.
Kono fuutooni gojuuman-en haitteimasu. Nakao aratamete kudasai.
There should be 500,000 in this envelope. Please check to see that it’s
all there.

By
 HOEDWA->2ZS-kRT /aratameru-kaeru-naosu

DAS BAS m»
WAS HLS-KZS)
>» >» Te 2
Dbnz COTO |REBT C BINS SOIETFSELLCH CPI, Teck SEO).
USK

To alter the shape or status of something so that it is different from its pre-
vious shape or status (ex.6,7,8,9, 10).

QtNECHokz EDERUCMSETSMOEDERSEHRT O— SCH Cpl

IVA, th3}))
To replace something that has existed with something else that performs the
same function (ex.11, 12, 13).

Of POm ic, (EDOIO CHEE VM GDURYFSLECH Al

14) 15) eeQe: "BAS Ces, ORs FRAG 1, ELBA | CRIS Be
pa

(BISLEY, Bia HELITADIAES), LTO RAS 1 beaSSF3e6)5

To make do with or settle for something as a substitute for something else
(ex.14,15). In definition @) the kanji ZZ is used, in (2) #&2%4 or, especially
in cases which involve money or a spare part, 24 is used, and in (3) {{Z
A is written.

6) FeV Bro, Sit.ee et(CBRE eae

1h PA * 529 DAD TE

Nagai kamio is ryuukoono eis kaemashita.

(I’ve) cut my long hair and changed it to a more fashionable hairstyle.

7) REOMNHEBAID, WBA eof RUM S

ee narabe-katao kaetara, ee hirokunatta kanjiga suru.
(1) changed the arrangement of the furniture, and now the room feels
bigger.

8) HILFE LTD. EIR

D4
IEAKe.
ice

Karewa byookio «iledaras shokuseikatsuo kaeta.

He changed his eating habits after his illness.

9) aE AES [SSI Cx FFB DE OMM CHE 2A COA LEA M

eee) oy) d Wd 5 »

Tsugooga warukunattanode, machiawaseno bashoto jikan-o kaete morae-

masenka?
(I’m) afraid something has come up, so do (you) think you could possi-
bly change the time and place we will meet?

10) POE
BEA 7p 0s he ae Gy See LIAO. PithZ, @ AAIS

53
aratameru-kaeru-naosu SHTHMS‘DLAS REF

Kanejowa, saifuga nakunatteiru kotoni kizuite, kaoiroo kaeta.

Her face turned ashen when she realized her wallet was missing.

ll) CMe—¥—, Brot BHKIT FEN, BIDTE UPS

oth
OUR TK ESV 0
Kono seetaa, chotto ookisugirunode, moosukoshi chiisainoni kaete kudasai.
This sweater is a bit too big, so (I'd) like to exchange it for a little
smaller one.

12) pea) 7 te
& Ni SMERAELI 3.

Madoe akete, kuukio kaemashoo.

Let’s open up the window and get some fresh air in here.

13 ayTC. EPCRA.
Kiakeaiie en-o doruni kaeta. e [ hi |
(I) exchanged yen for dollars at the bank. H: ts |
Be ts co
\
1) Amit,
Rote
HBA
co
SNA. eee |
ey = ~ Faaays® 1
Hitono inochiwa, okaneniwa kaerarenai. qt eesi
balS
Seca
Money can not replace human life.

Saidon KRAOHL.
SorEsle
MedILERO
bAL
REF 5IC {LATCy FEENSTERR
ABO BAR
E720
BK
Sotsugyoo-shikino ato, eeereanriy eskanshano kimochini kaete, senseini
hanatabao okutta.
After the graduation ceremony, we gave a bouquet of flowers to our
teacher as a token of our appreciation.

7 Bnaosu
ket aS - mto repair ; to cure |

DIDNRVAMNAOILRYOK, ERTOR BPR BESET LE TH

CBYIG,
17,18,19). ER. RISES
TSE IGRARCOROET (Hl20, 21).
To restore something that is broken or is in disorder to its original state or
a better condition (ex.16,17, 18,19). It is also used to mean to correct a mis-
take (ex.20, 21).

DERTS -"RAT SRCOR REET (fAl22, 23).

To translate or convert something (ex.22, 23).

DAAC DEMT SLETT (P24, 25).

FE>=

DLO? WI LHe, Or ‘er Leeay.

To heal or cure a disease or injury (ex.24, 25).

34
 DboleDA:PZA-tkET
|aratameru-kaeru-naosu

In definitions 4) and @) the kanji (¥+ is written, and in @) 7+ is used.

16) Jiid, “DNB Sxk BT OAIE.

Aniwa, kowareta omochao naosunoga umai.
My older brother is good at fixing broken toys.

17) O
RBN TOT, BLTHEELI.
Tokeiga okureteitanode, naoshite okimashita.
The clock was running slow so (I) reset it.

18) feBOL. BATT LOIRE Lok.

Shokujiga sumuto, kanojowa keshoo-o naosutameni sekio tatta.
After eating, she left her seat to touch up her make-up.

19) ala Ae teOpi, BY CALM LANDER ELE.

Kinen-shashin-o toru maeni, kazede aiok ee naoshimashita.
Before the commemorative photograph was taken, (I) fixed my hair that
had been messed up by the wind.

20) BARAVBE BLT Hb ofzb, x£bps ‘ATz FIL AL TH—

oc? co ae)| 7.

Tooan-yooshio kaeshite-morattara, Wiadiieaee op a naoshiteokoo.

When (I) get the answer sheets back, I’ll correct my mistakes.

21) Bot FEE EMR CMLTBLELK. WAZ

Kakisokonatta jio shuuseiekide beiili naoshimashita.

(1) erased the words I had written wrong with retouching liquid, and re-
wrote them.

22) KOK EKA T» Regnaiatye A Bae L7Svy.

Tsugino nae yonde, basen ee ph bapa. naoshinasai.
Please read the following English passage, and translate the underlined
portions into Japanese.

4D 100F4i4, TORBEN
zs fF 1000 EM tiie’ Ho.
rh 4B ”

Toojino hyakuenwa, imano okaneni naosuto sen-en ijoono kachiga atta.

¥100 in those days would be worth over ¥1,000 if converted into
today’s money.

24) tr LIS wrESB LINED Do

Rasalan wie naoshita hooga ii.
(You) should have your cavities taken care of at once.

25) BX pRB bob, BELEWS.

55
aru-iru) HAYA

Hayaku kazeo naoshitakattara, otonashiku neteinasai.

If (you) want to get rid of your cold quickly, you should rest quietly.

paw were
Baru gw iru

Baru 7
HO mto be ; to exist

DOVLEMSEEDOELED, HEF RECOM BERLED

FVxh £45 bbb
Cfill, 2,3, 4,
5,87) RAMEE Oo HME LMG RUET. RA CS
Bs Fh) OBERT
CA BVOET (GB).
BOI LIEIT*

This verb indicates the existence of things or events, or expresses possession

or ownership of rights, property, etc. (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6,7). It is used for both
tangible and intangible objects. It is also used to state that one has a family
(husband, wife, children, etc.)(ex.8).

) DEL
OBIS,
MEL?
SABIK Py

Watashino peat a: aru. rrr

My company is in Ginza. Wow gv'

2) MICAH
sE3t Ch
ZADS. oe.
veyle ee =
Kyootoniwa oteraga takusan aru. Soe ee!
There are many temples in Kyoto. eae ws [

3) FOIEM ROU CKEMDVE LI.

Kinoo daasans ieno paialude kajiga arimashita.
There was a fire near my house yesterday.

4) DRLAF HOLS, DSILHM 3 Bok.

Watashiga kodomono koro, uchiniwa Pitas sandai atta.
When I was a child my family had three cars.

5) HATA
to 1A
TRUED
& WEES
AIL, HENS.
tAXEIWA

aitondaee editions hitoniwa, senkyokenga aru.

In Japan, people who are 20 years of age or older have the right to vote.

6) RiiX Beea ThENDS.

 5 S:\24/aru-iru

Karewa bunshoo-o kaku sainooga aru.

He has a gift for writing.

7) FxBLETHELWOT, Wo VERERTBSHV
LEA.
Kyoowa totemo isogashiinode, yukkuri ochao nomu himamo arimasen.
Today (I) am so busy that I don’t even have time for a cup of tea.

8) MVS
Ha
FEEDS 3IrABSA,
= Ey
Al
bil
FHE7EV.
= ey
Aneniwa kodomoga sannin aruga, watashiniwa kodomowa nai.
My (elder) sister has three children, but I don’t have any.

WZ a iru
ato be ; to exist

DOACHMDEDZ. EXE TWSAOOREALRLET (Pig, 10, 11, 12,

BE |FS w LAW HAD Aw
13).
Tru indicates the existence of human beings or animals (ex.9, 10,11, 12, 13).

QI7Y—PNATENLOBWET say
fll 4,15). “OR SiL, bea CE
vy VW DAG 2)

MEE
lpn
RIL
ie
CWSIUES HM
FEDEX CH. LRMoT RRC HD 1O0GV»
TA ULES? LAL® EV
vam CIS EU A.
Iru may also be used when speaking of vehicles, such as taxis or buses,
which have drivers operating them (ex.14, 15). However, iru cannot be used
for new cars on display in a car show. In other words, it is incorrect to
say ‘Tenjijoo ni shinsha ga hyaku-dai iru. (There are 100 new cars in the car
show.)

9) ZORA AD,
vet SD 7
Kono ikeniwa sakanaga iru.
There are fish in this pond.

10) ZDIFALET INLET AS FIVAN ECA»

Kono kurasuniwa Doitsujinwa imasuga, Furansujinwa imasen.
In this class there are German students, but no French students.

11) FAIL BB DWET.

bE BEY
Watashiniwa otootoga imasu.
I have a younger brother.

12) dDrL
A VaR KA IBfg
P<tw U EW
ies

=)//
areru-susamu/HNA-FLE

Watashiwa gakuseijidai, Hiroshimani imashita.

I lived in Hiroshima when I was a student.

13) FISH TEREWDECHV DLE. aN

brL TAX) : a =
Watashiwa anatato itsumademo isshoni itai. Ww ale
I want to be with you forever. | bgt gu
1) BRAWLOY, 2~3897Y—HVS,
AREER ca)
LATE SRAS \

Ekimaeniwa itsumo, nisandai takushiiga iru.

There are always two or three taxis in front of the station.

1s) FR EIFTH. bE CKNSH7E “Id 1 BBV

EM o7z.
Teo agetemo, tomattekureru takushiiwa ichidaimo inakatta.
Even though (I) had my hand raised no taxis would stop for me.

HNA/TSEE
Bareru B SUSAMU

HNS ma %| Site rough

DENLEVPA OWED FA TILE < ate0. BIOPNCES ote

DF S—ECTH Ml, 2). ADMBIAIS, DILN DARE FTOILEY A 7]
HYl<7£o729. IEBIS
£D
EEE LC 7g. LSTORLET.
LRRD

Areru indicates that a situation or a person’s mene state becomes unsettled

or disturbed (ex.1,2). Also, when a person is the subject, it suggests that he
or she becomes violent or out of control, and does not act within the norms
of society.

OR ins For), Ob DIzsIzbOM,. TOIZCIER oO. DBS

KEES IED, mv AR RCTS OL ETH ie
It also denotes that the surface of something which is normally flat or
smooth becomes rough, bumpy, or otherwise deteriorates in condition (ex.3, 4).

1) BBs FOV CERO HEA TAC D,

WBF

ey, ee ee umiga areteiru.

A typhoon is approaching, so the sea has become rough.

58
 HNS-F
Xt /areru-susamu

2) HNIAIL, ERA THINLY. ADELE, ive

PU RAPIER UCT.
d Popo
ee) st) <= @

Ano korowa, sakeo nonde abaretari, kenkao shitari, Re

zuibun areta seikatsuo shiteita. = | pese
In those days (I) led a wild lifestyle, with a lot ih tee >)
of drinking, fighting, and
:as
troublemaking. euler(Si

3) MIR V BUCHRSL, ER SVSAT HENS. mm ‘3

eae tsumetai kazeni ataruto, teya kuchibiruga sugu areru.
Whenever there is a cold wind, my hands and lips quickly become
chapped.

4) IE LS TLIZES FANE LED ohROT KensMAC LEsK-

Isogashikute shibaraku teireo shinakattanode, niwaga areteshimatta.
(I’ve) been too busy to care for my garden for some time now, so it has
become overgrown.

x B SusamU ~~
> = ts m=to become desolate

REMTUB NOC. HEBRICToOU

ADE ROUT. TEHIECa
TEXTESLETHT.. FHA“ VVMATEO LT, ee DD D\42 9 = 2ihe
KDCWILIGCTH. LMALK
ELV IBROEAEF (G5, 6,7).
To become full of dispair and be unable to lead a normal life because of re-
peated misfortune. There is a sense that one sulks and feels like withdrawing
from society. Susamu implies a feeling of loneliness or desolation (ex.5,6, 7).

5) PLE CRORIROA LESS AIVETSS Gs SOARES LT

1s
Nltex
Karewa sensoode iemo kazokumo ushinai, ikiru o Ye bigs -
kiryokuo nakushite, susanda seikatsuo shiteita. q cy
After losing his family and home in the war ML Oe
he led a desolate life, having lost all will to live. ae we
LG, a
6) MAOKO),
LAS 355%
PECBVIe AE, fone
Y ig
BOWILT SA C0720 Fd
Shin-yuuno uragiri, hasanto warui kotoga kasanari,
kareno kokorowa susandeitta.

59
angai-igai-omotta yori/dADBWO-VDAV-Bs0KLY

After a series of unfortunate events, including his close friend’s betrayal

and going bankrupt, he became desolate.

7) i be, etl t e7> TEMIVZy Ens ST SACU EMM IVI OA

=EF
Monoga afure, seikatsuwa yutakananoni, kokoroga Rider hitoga fue-
teiru.
The number of people who have many material possesions and wealthy
lifestyles, but poor hearts, is rising.

HABWO/OBWO/BDELY
Bangali @ igal gs omotta yori

> B angai
RI @ unexpectedly
bd

FEL RIECRREMESCWILITHRTEUSRVET
ED=\ br bbSd boy p
CP,
Avs
2,3,4,
5).

Angai indicates that the outcome of something is different from what one pre-
dicted or expected (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) HERDN CBE 727 — vd, A ICCB

BVULDS

Musumega hajimete yaita keekiwa, angai joozuni dekiteita.

My daughter did surprisingly well on her first attempt at baking a cake.

2) VWKRABRO CHAICHRE, INSENB D072.

Cp <Vles ae Se HABWXES

Ti tenkinanode sanponi detara, sotowa angai samukatta.

The weather was fine so (I) went out for a walk, but I found it unex-
pectedly cold outside.

3) ph
BlsREFRLEDIZ
%
ARS,
A
BUCASCRABSLAVAR.
a7 BAB ae
Karewa kimuzukashisooni mieruga, hanashitemiruto angai omoshiroi hitoda.
He looks like a difficult person, but once you speak to him you'll find
he is a surprisingly interesting man.

4) RAP RCALEMLMECV
CWS, REIS PONT.
Gps mee ates) HY HAD VD

Tenkiyohoode ashitawa amedato itteiruga, angai yukini narukamoshirenai.

The weather report says it will rain tomorrow, but maybe by some
chance it will turn to snow.

60
 HABWM-OBW-359 0% XY /angai-igai-omotta yori

R RPA e ATVCisiwg»
th
EOC TATIE, BER
LAPATA
CIT
8
a7 RA
BABE
ES

Tookyookara Sendaimadewa tooito omotteitakeredo, Shinkansende ittara an-

gai hayaku tsuita.
(1) thought that Sendai was far away from Tokyo, but when I went
there by Shinkansen, I arrived surprisingly quickly.

Aso Cee J Shoe LF

ee 72ZEPBo TWEE RROLE cms C= DLITERS

ae ET. BAM EDY, eS ODER S, Bob ieheote
SEORE GALT (PIG, 7, 8,9).
Igai is used when expressing that something is actually much different from
what was expected or anticipated. It implies a stronger feeling of surprise
than angai, as if the speaker had not considered the actual situation at all
(ex.6, 7, 8,9).

6) BR ARIEA CYTO, RE REENO AILEY 720.

RoeSoh en ih Rec yia) UE Woy, P<
Tookyooni sundeitemo, Tookyooumareno hitowa igaini sukunai.
Among people now living in Tokyo, the number of people actually born
in the city is surprisingly small.

Beis RadiansEERO, EOI To LEME CIS BATE.

Karewa eigoga joozunanoni, ichidomo kaigaie itta kotoga naitowa igaida.
It is truly amazing that he speaks English so well, even though he has
never been overseas.

HOWUID BO TBAIABV
Dv
7 DL, ATES CATV EDF
pies) 3

Ano eigano igaina ketsumatsuni Beier watashidakedewa naidaroo.

I’m sure I’m not the only one that was surprised by the unexpected end-
ing of that movie.

LICE IOC, BRIAToRb,

HE OF
RAMB BINCIACS
CH LLK.
BALA
Yuujinga ino shujutsuo shitato yuunode, omimaini ittara, igaini genkisoode
anshinshita.
When (1) went to the hospital to visit my friend who had had stomach
surgery, I was relieved to find him looking better than I had expected.

61
iikagen-tekitou/ omit A-TXY 5

> - somotta yori

45 % 2, fe de y) Litho ri4] # unexpectedly is

Aa DSi PG Ce OS ORE DD
2 “vy ILEEMASCEE
UC BA 5 Caz

Wet. ALNENDEMP HIRO TORT CAL, 11, 12), ae

BETAS BUSS,
} Vbthe
‘Bor eT aoe ox cli3).
Omotta yori is used sth saying that something turns out to be different
from what was expected; what is ‘expected’ is based on the speaker’s individu-
al standards or judgment (ex.10,11,12). When used in negative situations it
takes the form omotta hodo ~nai (ex.13).

0) HEOIL AB of kort.
CBE LOAN vw

Kurumano shuuridaiga omottayori takakatta.

It cost more than (I) expected to fix my car.

11) Az DTAbtd, Bok kYres Ldrof2.

Kyoono tesutowa, omottayori yasashikatta.
Today’s test was easier than (I) thought it would be.

12) MSI CAToR By FELBRLV ADD To igs

Hatsumoodeni ittara, kotoshiwa omottayori hitoga sukunakatta.
When (1) went to visit the shrine on New Year’s Day, I found that
there were a lot less people out than I had expected this year.

13) Fy BRANT CU ORERA TARA, Bohl2t bolas limok.

Ima, pile natteiru ee pai sa J potithee omoshirokunakatta.
Although I read the much talked-about book, it wasn’t as interesting as
I thought it would be.

WeamltA/ THEY
w iikagen w tekitou

> wiikagen =~
MMoDITA w irresponsible ; groundless ; limit

DINIEDVY TA, MBER * $UM CITED > #72 LVGLSTERL

ZF (GIL23). LMC. BARES, MOL LMRTER

62
 YWeODTA:> TX & 5 /iikagen-tekitou

DRATEOLES

This suggests that the manner in which one does something is irresponsible,
insincere, or sloppy (ex.1,2,3), leading to incomplete, groundless or undepen-
dable results.

@'Osz PAC, CONSC1 CV SIRE PIR AD ASE RLET CPil4,

5)o
It is also used to express feelings of limitation (ex.4, 5).

1) DOAISHIRE
OUR
FOR
Ey
WWDIPATSAR,
ve
Ano hitowa yakusokuo mamoranai, tikagenna hitoda.
He is an irresponsible person who never keeps his promises.

2) LORFAT LT IT ALY UITTE, DYMO AUITAT

Kono tokeiwa dezainwa iikeredo, tsukuriga iikagenda.
The design of this clock is nice, but it is poorly made.

3) ORIEL VoauPAra ofa Hi

I CSTE.
Kareno yuu kotowa peed Piha dekinai.
He talks a lot of nonsense so you can’t trust him.

4) WOE CORES TU TEVYCY Wr DIFANCY PIES.

Itsumademo okiteinaide, iikagenni nenasai.
How long are you going to stay up? Hurry up and go to bed.

5) AP ID SEIS, DAW DUP AVZReM TK FSV,

Hitono uwasabanashiwa, moo iikagenni yamete kudasai.
Please stop this silly gossip about other people!

< w tekitou >

= & y) (= J m suitable ; irresponsible

OvNItORE 7 “TK Berea, EO AMPH Ric tek <aSTU

LIT Ge Paeyetsy
BLIFERLET. rOeoteN78 « i 6072 Ls KD ByC6, hesHea
ECES -SPEOPRTE OLIN aa BORIC CPS,19) JPRae aeit.
ion indicates that the quantity, level, or condition of aeeiniee meets
what is asked for or required. In Examples 6 and 7 it means ‘just right’
or ‘perfect for’, and in Examples 8 and 9 it means ‘satisfactory’ or ‘not too
much or too little’.

63
ie-uchi/\Pe%-5b

DTBIEA, MAETESKRUTWBLIFERL
WvraiFAs CiHS PIC
BREET CAll0,11).
It may also be used in nearly the same manner as iikagen to mean ‘irresponsi-
ble’ (ex.10, 11).

6) bEeOBENITTS OS TSIRASTEN 0
Jooshino osooshikini ikunoni tekitoona fukuga nai.
I don’t have the proper clothes to wear to my boss’ funeral.

7) Pee IAF ROWERS LC NSM Y Te MARL CS.

Kanojowa kodomono sewao shitekureru tekitoona hitoo sagashiteiru.
She is looking for just the right person to take care of her child.

8) BEN 125. iB SK RB Ko TK TES

Tsukaretara, tekitooni kyuukeio totte kudasai.
If you get tired, please rest as often as you like.

9) A-FICANSHRi2, MYA
Yo CHOC HA.
Suupuni ireru yasaiwa, tekitoona ookisani kitteoite kudasai.
Please cut the vegetables for the soup as large as you like.

10) PRI fale VCH, BRR LD Ro CIHUALS

Kareni nanio kiitemo, tekitoona henjishika kaette kimasenyo.
No matter what you ask him, he only gives vague answers.

ll) MROFSAZAMDPORWOC,
LUA bey 3
H4ICOx
CHEF £412
kOU THK.
Shikenno kotaega wakaranainode, tekitooni maru-batsuo tsuketeoita.
I didn’t know the answers to the test questions so I just marked true or
false at random.

22/5
wie ag uchi

css wie
WA ra mhouse ; family d

DAMET ODEO ange CPi, PB.

64
 24-5 b/ie-uchi

A building built for the purpose of providing shelter for people (ex.1,
2, 3).

QR-CRFTECOADRE MOLORR. ERM th DSH2) CO SOTA

zRLET (Pl,5).
>> ae = VE LOIKA 2» TW €

A group consisting of a married couple and children, i.e., a family, or the

continuous connection between ancestors and descendants (ex.4, 5).

1) <DRILEIHOOC HSIbEBWKA CWS,

Kono iewa moo furuinode, achikochi itandeiru.
This house is quite old, so there are many places in need of repair.

2) BIL20LDAS CAD SOREETH

Karewa nijuudaino oak ae jibunno ieo tateta.
When he was a young man in his 20’s, he built his own house.

3) Hs(SBRERECE
| BoC Torzo
Walid kanojoo iemade okutteitta.
I accompanied her to her house.

4) PULA
>
LV AIL
ia 5
EN TAS, BIILTKP PAI TR oho
DRED)

Karewa mazushii ieni umaretaga, doryokushite daitooryooni natta.

Although he was born into a poor family, through great effort, he
became president.

5) AhDARlt,
WA
(LEB
SVP Eps
CT
Watashino iewa, daidai gakushadesu.
There have been scholars in my family for generations.

eg uchi ral
4 b a house ; home é

O'R elt, AIMED TOD EYOLECT CLIMEA TVS AE

As does ie, uchi refers to a building built as a dwelling for people, however
the people who live in the building are also included in the meaning (ex.6, 7).

@AA JORPRIRE RS CSIC oe Fac ae a PROCAHEC A DOE

$S7N— FILTH SERB pack Cla,10,11). 3% DIES
RIL OILROR, Si ieones.

65
itku-kuru/\%<-<4

It is also used to refer to one’s own house or family. It may also refer to a
group the speaker belongs to, for example a school or company (ex.8,9, 10, 11).
Uchi has a broader meaning than ie, and is more frequently used.

6) PDOUE
BAI, ARV BIROKSTRIBIMEA
aD cone A) BE r
CWS 0.
Kanojowa, akai yaneno ookina uchini sundeiru.
She lives in a big house with a red roof.

~ <DIID IIS, (SLASH CIE CH

Kono henno uchiwa, hotondoga tateuridesu.
Most of the houses in this area were ready-built.

8) BEN 126. Ag SEI TY.

hee
Tsukaretakara, hayaku uchini kaeritai.
I’m tired, so I'd like to go home early.

9) Abt 4 ARIECT
Uchiwa yoninkazokudesu.
There are four people in my family.

10) HLRIA— A PISILWET,

WHILE UDS

Ashitawa ichinichijuu uchini imasu.

I'll be home all day tomorrow.

ll) 2NAS, FODSHO

Dv» LP
HR CT
LATWOA

Korega, uchino kaishano shinseihindesu.

This is my company’s latest product.

<<
giku a kuru

WAY ele greles AS

PEE Ob, MOMICBSHTS, CCE CH Pill, 2,3, 4,5). fl 6 >
TJECUM
sat
sId. BOLCEMBELW
z Gs r
AMIEL
Vesete) ae
LV ABR.
Ww"
[KE
vas <
(FBO
PIA

W4TS
WW
SUIS, ny
PLA DED FT SLUG RRE, PIS DKFILIEZ TAM 2
DIAS WA a LAM < Ate

66
 2 <-< 4 /iku-kuru

QDEKMDIET.
To move or advance from a present position to another (ex.1,2,3,4,5). In Ex-
ample 6 it is used to indicate that something goes according to plan. In the
expression daigaku (gakkoo) ni iku ‘go to university (school)’, it can mean ei-
ther ‘commute’ (ex.4), or ‘attend’ (ex.5).

1) 2h pbs, RSX UWA RRRATTET.

prL ed cD Rea toy oe Vs

Korekara watashiwa, tomodachio mukaeni Tookyooekie ikimasu.

I’m going to Tokyo station to meet my friend now.

2) Fx HLRADWWOTC BARIATIIC RET.

Kyoowa tenkiga iinode, sanponi ikooto omoimasu.
Since it’s a nice day, I think I'll go for a walk.

3) RECA, OAV Y— HATE

Tamaniwa, watashimo konsaatoni ikitai.
I'd like to go to a concert once in a while, too.

4) Fa Bld, BEE CCKENG

DK CBSE»
Kyoowa nijimadeni daigakue ikanakutewa naranai.
(I) have to go to school by two o’clock today.

5) Bh ibid. RR ROKEIATERA SU Ns
Watashino musumewa, Tookyoono daigakuni ikitagatteiru.
My daughter wants to go to a university in Tokyo.

6) RSID=IA, TED IESE TIAA FL TV So

Aniwa konogoro, shigotoga umaku ikanakute irairashiteiru.
My (elder) brother is irritable these days because his job isn’t going so
well.

el
2She eee enenle:
rae ies WA Sf van 255) DECEALEWAT
rs AM HOMpMIK (29)
4 ee Bar id, 1S) Riz E LASHES
ptt COAT,8,9).
Ww dW WEE LA

This is an expression used by someone receiving or meeting a person or ob-

ject which is moving toward them. When someone has arrived someplace, the
arriving person may use kuru with respect to himself, as in (koko ni) kita

67
ikura~temo-donna ni~temo/\~(b~Td:-YARIC~TS

(‘’'m here’ or ‘I came here’) (ex.7, 8,9).

QE Co THY, MMT SBMICESLETH (Pil0, 11),

It is also used to show the coming of a season or the appropriate time for
doing something (ex.10, I1).

7) RB. BPN ALUM RES

Raigetsu, Chuugokukara penfurendoga kimasu.
My pen-pal from China is coming next month.

8) At dL ODSICREEAA
B: tiv, LZZAT.
A: Ashita, watashino uchini kimasenka?
Won’t you come over to my house tomorrow?
B: Hai, yorokonde. Oh, I’d be happy to.

9) BIOs Jor KO- IOYVKRokOW, HES TSO TH OATERV

cet uchini kuru tsumoridattanoni, ee gomennasai.
(I’m) sorry I’m late. I had planned to come while it was still light out.

10) #ASEK.
pes) =

Haruga kita. Spring has come.

11) “OE Felt, WODSoté SOND AD ROIZAI

Kono kenkyuuwa, itsuka ie mitomerareru higa kurudaroo.
The day when this research is recognized will certainly come.

2< b~ TD / LAGIC~TD
g ikura~temo =e donna ni~temo

wsikura~temo
a) < b~Tt % =™no matter how much (many...) LF

ery Hb)TO= EMbD, COIS SEMI OW, PRO FATEOEW

ag it. LDDs caonrs Pad DAVOS eI JAL Xe
HEVS ES $055
PHM
PWT F
DSBB XICMRR
WA»
AM VIEL EL 5 WwWBORER
A &5b
LED (Pill,
ny
2,3, 4,5).

68
 Wk b~TS YARIC~T 8 /ikura~temo-donna ni~temo

This expression carries the connotation that the event or state named after
ikura has no influence on the event or condition mentioned following ~te
mo. In this case, ikura is used for emphasis, and indicates that the amount,
volume, or number of times referred to is seemingly infinite (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) V\SbSATH. COPPA TEV.

Daa BABY &
Ikura kangaetemo, kono mondaiwa tokenai.
However much I think about this problem, I can’t solve it.

2) A, OSV KbB CH, Pls RiIsLePHLIL LIEV.

Watashiga ikura ittemo, karewa tabakoo yameyooto shinai.
He won’t even try to stop smoking, no matter how much I ask him to.

3) FH SIT LEIBA, WD COMPA ChikREED LIEV.

Rouoniotachive ve muchuude, Wied vases henjimo shinai.
The children are so absorbed in watching TV that no matter how much
I call them they don’t answer.

4) AIL. VS OBNTOAS URE.

ROACH 7z HE kWwlo

Kanojowa, ikura tabetemo futoranai taishitsuda.

She never gets fat, no matter how much she eats.

5) VS b#K TH, 3 BOP

DP ADP ee)
CHORE LEOKICECT.
1G) 2 aes ans

Tkura wakakutemo, mikkamo tsuzukete tetsuyao shitara karadani dokudesu.

No matter how young you are, going three days without sleep is bad for
you.

= a donna ni~temo
LCABIC~T % =no matter how LE

VK b~ THI CIEL SIC, [~ 1 OR a Ores eae BALET VELALY

FCB CEO ETO, SNGiE toe BE OSAERT ONL,
High sth, PEP EWE COMBOS SE, kOIRC RUT. Liztss
Ws Mba COM al 1 LTD o72 Ol, ey SHORT, PEATE
iG aes BACB 7D O PS LS BoD AIL BW Ca oh D
i ensDEORE EATOET CHA, 7,8, De
This expression is Pe in nearly the same way as ikura ~temo, 1.¢., to empha-
size a high degree or amount. However, donna ni denotes that a great variety
of different methods or means is used in attempting to do something, while

69
ijimeru-ibiru-gyakutai suru/\PCHS-VUS-¥e (LOFTS

ikura refers more to the large amount or high number of times. An example
of this difference may be ; ikura ittemo kikanai, which indicates that the
speaker has said the same thing many times without result, and donna ni
ittemo... which suggests that the speaker has tried various ways of speaking
(i.e., strongly, politely, etc.)(ex.6,
7,8, 9).

6) LATEICHEL
TD. RS LR MSI Tore
Donnani sagashitemo, nakushita kagiwa detekonakatta.
I couldn’t find the key I lost, no matter where I looked.

7) Fit, PAL ATCIC

LS Ch, PHORM LSE eHT.
bre Hx Vent LAA aR » eb

Watashiwa, asa donnani isogashikutemo, shinbunno midashiniwa meo toosu.

No matter how busy I am in the morning, I always at least read the
newspaper headlines.

8) Bh, MEA TIRE TB. TEM ODDTTLS NED 972 0

Watashiga donnani setsumeishitemo, daremo wakattewa kurenakatta.
No matter how I tried to explain it, nobody seemed to understand.

9) EATIZIIEO
TH. PAULAHILL Dok.
Donnani nadametemo, akanboowa nakiyamooto shinakatta.
No matter how I tried to soothe the baby, he wouldn’t stop crying.

MWUDS/VBS
/(¥& CKROFS
w ijimeru gw ibiru @ gyakutai suru

> B ijimeru 5
a) LHS mwto tease ; to pick on c

FPR BODEN SOILALT, IYPMNSZCeCZHSL EF SILC, Mw

OS 5 JERI
BO < TeV
Ss LOA
Bln
ARACHA
MC, FH
ee
SIFU SEWED
ys
CHIL,
Ay
2,3, 4).
To intentionally cause discomfort to a person in a weaker position. It has a
more simplistic meaning than ibiru or gyakutai suru, and is therefore used to
describe childish or mischievous actions (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

1) MOEVUHTIAVIEA.
pace the)

Doobutsuo ijimetewa ikemasen.

70
 WUDMS-VUWS-¥& ( OF 4 /ijimeru-ibiru-gyakutai suru

(You) must not tease animals.

2) BL COLED. &F LTH TOM.

aire ABB RS eA MV COPD
Oya : Dooshitano? Dooshite naiteiruno?
Parent : What’s wrong? Why are you crying?
Ko : Taroo-niichanga ijimetano.
Child : Taroo (older brother) was mean to me.

3) PRO“, Acid, RCM UObIN 2

Kodomono koro, kiminiwa, yoku ijimeraretayo.
When we were children, you used to pick on me a lot, you know.

4) FIP AW2 Ay BRWUMTE

AKL SNK.
DIEL Sis Bese yah

Watashiwa chiisaikoro, otooto-o ijimete yoku hahani shikarareta.

When I was a child, I was often scolded by my mother for teasing my
little brother.

W20X 4 a ibiru 5

ato be mean to ; to be hard on ©&

HBO K To TWIG, TWUHS 5AD Rise S ONS Ly BTEC Ete

BSW aE

RISER
DS
T OWEN
WV D>
ET. BI5D
ERIE T 1 DWP
ERY ClAHVELA CP,
nw
6,7).
This expression implies a stronger feeling of ill-will than ijimeru, and is used
when one uses words or actions of malice. It refers to frequent, recurring be-
havior, not to just a single instance (ex.5,6, 7).

5) VEL BOR AREVO.

LWA LAID LWA

Furui shainga shinnyuushain-o ibitta.

The older employee was being hard on the new employee.

6) tmpLoORis,
fa)
£< LOShh ew KvUbnkt9K.
Mukashino yomewa, yoku shuutomeni ibiraretasooda.
I’ve heard that, a long time ago, wives were often treated cruelly by
their mothers-in-law.

1) aes HAHA
LAIII~S LWA
USO IL, PMT SWE,
B: db, FLEE BA COOK L.
A: Shinnyuushain-o ibirunowa, yamenasaiyo.
Stop being mean to the new employees.

71
BRE
x A THE ?

B: Ara, reigio oshieteirudakeyo.

Huh? I’m only teaching them some manners.

KeChess yeasts) Ie” BI

5B LITHO ADBSL AIC (23.0
SRAe O- a7), ta RAP <7
SEK THC7 IF,
SLGSBAAMVTT. MGIC. LUNG DRSLEMS
tet if Ut dD Ue WLATE

Wer ES
Hwee
tRUE
How
LEWEV SRL
WwW A
EAE
><
(IB,
tvs
9,10).
This verb indicates that a person in a position of power uses violence against,
causes physical or psychological injuries, or in other ways causes suffering to
a weaker person. It usually describes action that occurs over a long period of
time, and implies improper or unconventional treatment (ex.8,9, 10).

) SREB
ET OLA, BAIT TA

Voojia gyakutaisurukotowa, juudaina tsumidesu.

It is a serious crime to mistreat young children.

9) ifs
HR, (RUSHEeHE AE
Wh FOC
FRLEFECS
oA
IL ON.
Sengo, karewa horyoo gyakutaishita tsumide sabakareta.
After the war, he was tried for torturing prisoners.

10) MMWLA, JINKS,

572 ¥O <7
WOETHLOGEL CRS.
fe * Dr

Osanai koro, gyakutaisareta kotowa, itsumademo kokorono kizutoshite no-

koru.
When one is abused as a child, the psychological injuries remain forever.

BIL? A Tie ?
=i KNORO BH ARS
WA exh

A-ROMEATET. TEA.
LOLA BS

TEAM
LOLA
RB.
S5ne
lOO Fy
xu SESRA
~ LTLORD KAD 5 RECT.
F= EF —KAIGRKASCESEBL
> UA by 4 LA

2
 SREY A THE ?

BN Ae LL ems CSE SRK MED = ne 2 Go?)

<P bIRK IS CMBVET. RRA LZ ARABIC
2hOTT. (FSDBLEA, HBR, Of Vt > CaN
eee EVEABE

WOE, BUWSRAITY Y EEN CBD. BRE»

AALS DT CBB AREOI, SIS DIC >,
bok OM IRLIE<
Cos BR
SA SZED BOW

DBRSAL. RRORRM CH iat

RLS CT.
IFTRL TWO Sls
ti) BOL BEER WATE

TCT. CENIKKADEASAMH BE? RADBEUW

> CA Vous BUD 5 AK Wy + CA

SA CWA lM
TzA XW
EC LE A?L A-FI-RAIMMEAL T
a CA LA 5A

eaae al co
5. HRCI, RRODCH
EL L
CS BE LORD
WhEAELLE

bRIMEO TC. ee es EV) Cig Casi "5

REA, BCH OBRE, EL TBUVE eA, BROS
= 5

BLE
BY
\ ELT I BRS PAL EKADK HDS PA HKORG
BEIIA

eipL ET. S7IP ONS DEDEFU RE MADE CT SO

BBPLOOTTA, BLU ADM CIE > CLES LEMS
VN Cuda

Who is oniichan'?
The Mori family lives next to Mrs. Gardner’s house. There are five
people in the family: Mr. and Mrs. Mori, Mr. Mori’s father, their eld-
est son who is 15 years old, and their younger son who is 10 years
old. Mrs. Gardner often chats with Mrs. Mori, but sometimes she gets
confused about whom Mrs. Mori is talking. For example, Mrs. Mori
may say, “Otoosan comes back late everyday because work and work re-
lated socializing keeps him late. Ojiichan goes to dance class. Oniichan
never studies although the high school entrance examination is coming
up soon.” The Mori family’s otoosan is Mr. Mori’s father, but sup-
posedly he has already retired. Is Mrs. Mori’s oniisan a junior high
school student? How old could Mrs. Mori’s ojiisan be?! All of this
leaves Mrs. Gardner completely confused.
In Japan, it is very common to address or refer to family members
from the point of view of the youngest member. Therefore, otoosan re-

13
isogashii- sewashii- awatadashii/W*24 LY XD LY SDOKELY
a

fers to Mr. Mori, her husband. Ojiichan refers to Mr. Mori’s father
and. Oniichan is their eldest son. Actually, it is a little awkward to use
this form of address in front of those outside of the family, but it is
often used when speaking to someone who is close to the speaker, like
a close friend or neighbor. :

older brother or son

MtALY/HDOLYV/HSDKELY
w isogashii @ sewashii a awatadashii

\e-E2 DME icl: gigs”

S Bi hii "~

L7eUd Uso BWR SAH ARENT WIECH CA, 2,3,

4),

Tsogashii indicates that there are so many things one must do that there is
no time to relax (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) Bh Ott SH. 3 He
reepiayy wef
ASFIZIC
eK wens
LV.
Watashino shigotowa, getsuyoobiga tokuni isogashii.
My job is especially busy on Mondays.

2) DLEOKAOHIE HELV.
ye ee) Li< wert

Ashitano ryokoono shitakude isogashii.

(I'm) busy preparing for tomorrow’s trip.

3) wan
PRISE ATICwens LS CORRENTE
oh DR
ATE.
A
Karewa donnani isogashikutemo tsukareta kaowa misenai.
No matter how busy he is, he never shows his exhaustion.

4) *xsDISBBAAEENLOOSK.
a zD Wwt7t

Kyoowa mega mawaruhodo isogashikatta.

(I) was so busy today, I felt as if my head was spinning. (I was as busy
as a bee today.)

74
 YMEBLO:#DLO- HDL LW /isogashii-sewashii-awatadashii

@ sewashii =
tt) Lie = busy ; restless

RRUWAWATZED oh 0. OOLZ CORE . ZAC L < ba

teWWLECH (Pls, 6, 7). aPLR TSUHH A TatdoL7evr 4 VICES
(EV ET (PI 8 ).
This expresses a condition of restlessness due to an occurrence of events one
after another, or a sudden change in things (ex.5,6,7). Sewashinai may be
used in the same way as sewashii, but is a slightly stronger expression (ex.8).

5) So*” SMB ok). Tere tae<tpl Ake

Sakkikara tattari suwattari, anatawa ee sewashii hitoda.
You’ve been standing up and sitting down constantly. You sure are a
fidgety person.

6) OBA UAAR DC Abd LV.

Toshino kurewa nanikato sewashii.
The end of the year is very busy in many respects.

7) (F< (LIL ABA OE add Cceray

Bokuniwa tokaino seikatsuwa sewashisugiru.
Life in the city is too hectic for me.

8) €A TRIAD LIES SSIES TL EN a WESCU RV Tas.

Sonnani sewashinaku ugokimawaranaide, sukoshi jitto shiteinasai.
Stop fidgeting around and be still for a while!

: tadashii ox
Die O hamiea
x Lik 3 1 CPB WCONSLIBICLSERLEF CPS, 10). £7 fal
a»et ATS LAE TADWAD AS BL < 7 58
BNEVLSTERL, Ea #
BRHVET (PIL,
12).
U5

Awatadashii expresses a hurried state due to pressing circumstances or feelings

of urgency (ex.9,10). It may also indicate that, because a serious event has oc-
cured, there is an unsettled situation in which people are frantically rushing
in and out (ex. 11, 12).

9) FAG ESDOT NEC ByOMIO MM bdrek Le Rl yee Lax.

75
isogu: awateru-aseru/\rt¢-dSDTS:- HS

Heiten-magiwano depaatode, tsutomegaerino hitoga awatadashiku kaimonoo

shiteiku.
Just before closing, the department store becores full of people who
have stopped on their way home from work to hurriedly shop.

10) Pla
d BIE KTS) POTOE, ZAPPER HODDEWsTHDK
riea

"fs L< hits TCh Coe

DR

Karewa uchini kite juugofunmo suruto, korekara arubaitoga arukarato itte

awatadashiku kaetteitta.
He came over to visit me, but after just 15 minutes he rushed out, say-
ing he had to do his part-time job.

11) s Ja ADE ENKOTC, Js Bemrnitdsdorere Lv ze Wan.

FOFULII vt Bs 7m» 254)

Kyuubyooninga hakobikomareta-node, byooinno nakawa siteadusii kuukini

tsutsumareta.
Because a seriously ill patient was brought in, the mood in the hospital
suddenly became very hectic.

12) RANTCT, SHROB IS HDI LV EE DAL.

Wh PH Lomas WA i H=

Ichiya akete, jikono genbawa awatadashii asao mukaeta.

When dawn broke, the scene of the accident became chaotic.

REC /LHDNTSE/HES
a isogu @ awateru Baseru

Ws < (ag on Bisogu c)

ato hurry

GUCEO GMOEELES, RR DOELIETSLABVET. HHT

Bi HUSA MBCT MA AC RB, OLY CESLEDL
HACHMT SLE BVEF BL, 2, 3).
=e oD
|
To try to finish something in a short period of time or quickly; awateru and
aseru are unconsciously done, but isogu is intentional (ex.1,2,3).

1) BIL,
we
RR BHC
EWULBSTAL®
CHS.
Isogeba, saishuudenshani maniau.
If (you) hurry, you’ll be able to catch the last train.

76
 Yt¢°dbDTS- HS /isogu-awateru-aseru

2) THD
E
DALY
a
BERDSOTC,
WASH
BUCH.
Wwe DA
Shichijikara mitai bangumiga arunode, isoide kaeroo.
The TV program (I) want to see starts at seven, so I guess I’ll hurry on
home.

3) BOI Ch “eaeHEI? BD 12 OC BV CBr.

poliahisabon yaohtiae eiineodba kitroni ee aa ae watatta.
The signal turned yellow while (I) was still in the crosswalk, so I hur-
ried across.

B awateru
DDT x) ato panic ; to get flustered ; to rush )

EV OE SILV TEAST LEV CA LLIDEIARA VIBES ERWT

{TENT SEV GES ET SSS 5 DVB EL LES ET (Pld, 5, 6, 7).
Awateru indicates that because something unexpected happened one is upset
and acts in confusion, wondering what he should do (ex.4, 5,6, 7).

4) RISE ENC HO CTHIIC Oeok.

a saifuo wasurete, awatete torini modotta.
(I) left my wallet at home, so I frantically hurried back to get it.

5) HHEEDES, HDT ROWS Od fe

GPR.
Pen. toki, awatete sotoni Lcihinien dps kikenda.
In an earthquake, it’s dangerous to frantically rush outside.

6) NARPEBELILEMS, ST PLHD
TK.
Pasupootoo otoshita tokiwa, sasugani awateta.
When (I) lost my passport, I of course started to panic.

7) BAIS. LATEESIZOHDD THC BoM TATMRBENSENTT «

Kanojowa, donna tokinimo awatenaide, ochitsuita koodooga toreru hitodesu.
She is a person who will act very calmly without panicking in any situa-
tion.

B aseru
HED eto hurry ; to fret 2

er DE AVC ODI CAEEXTLVS Mrz, ROVE O D3 1D. RL OLT

Ke Ab6Ed

77
itai-uzuku)/\ few: 5 F <

EB BYE FI GBS RUSE SEV te

ony
OX Rp seoe ee ies
<u Dyheal be se ei LVIREEEA CET (PIB, 9, 10).

To feel nervousness or pressure because things are not progressing as expected

or there is not enough time. Anxieties such as ‘What shall I do if I cannot
do this?’ and ‘What shall I do if things do not go smoothly?’ are included
(ex.8, 9, 10).

8) FARO, CACAMFE
AGES CU < DUC, FAB AHBIT 7 < Cabttok
Tesutono toki, dondon jikanga sugiteikunoni, mondaiga tokenakute asetta.
On the last test, (I) had to hurry because time was slipping by and
there were still some questions I hadn’t answered.

9) ## A\ VATED B, bt bi CAI HEAT HE AOIPTTES Vo

Mada wakaindakara, aseranaide ee ares susumitai aire mitsukenasai.
(You) are still young, so don’t rush. Find the course you really want to
take in life.

10) Zid “ENE DIK Iho Chott oT CULE, KBE EAT

Kaigini okuresooninatte asette ieo tobidashitara, ED hiner wasureta.
(1) rushed out of the house thinking that I might be late for the meet-
ing, and left some important documents behind.

We
/ AF <
8 itai Buzuku

YE oo witai K
m painful ; sore

DID + BASRA DORAC. BIASES ESTERS EMV

EF RU COME NCO TULA CLEDEGMRESICY, BUT CHIL ACY
HUET Gil, 2,3).
Itai expresses physical pain due to injury, sickness, or other causes. It may be
shouted involuntarily in moments of brief pain, or used to describe continu-
ing pain (ex.1, 2,3).

ORR
cea
RAD
tz
ee
<
LS@RUKY, Bote Glee
RT Ls 2hVET (Hild, 5).
DA Rae 3 bb5d cau

78
 Wfela- 5 F< /itai-uzuku

Pl 6 ld, LOR Alea aaa)TERT

AWHES

It is also used to express mental pain or feelings of difficulty (ex.4,5). The ex-
pression in Example 6 means ‘to have no influence or effect on’.
f
1) 7 xe WATS EAE SSL Ureok.
Itai! Doani yubio hasanjatta. 7 :" I & oes
Ouch! My finger got caught in the door! \ .

2) OINEWRRATEC, SBT.
Yuube osakeo nomisugite, kyoowa atamaga itai.
(I) had too much to drink yesterday, and today I have a headache.

3) HAYES Tote, TOUR

AIT ORISI MW.
Haga itakunattara, suguni haishani itta hooga ii.
If (you) get a toothache you should go to the dentist right away.

4) #8 BLE BIO 1 DOWIE.

xPFHVEIU EARA Liou
ey utes maeno ichiman-enno shuppiwa itai.
A 10,000 yen expense just before payday hurts.

5) 9B
ETH
2WSHYOAKWAS
Tit Agate
Soy)
LROIINLWINE, BAVAMC
Tem
Feed INS
FULTS TSW CID ES Bs ikae
Musumega ie ee Ri re ureshiikeredo, takai nyu-
ugakukin-o harawanakereba-naranaito omouto, atamaga itai.
I’m happy my daughter was accepted by a first-rate university, but it’s
painful to think of the expensive matriculation fee I'll have to pay.

CO) Cie 7S BAIWD< H7LV6

Sonna koto, itakumo kayukumo nai.
I’m not the least bit concerned about that.

ME fgets
DBS. BLEUCKLASTIC WOPRBT SEACH.
EEA T OLS CHEF ACL IT ERTEROET HN
FeHGEUCIABEU LA Cn, 8, 3
Uzuku is used to describe physical pain in a more detailed manner than itai,
as in sensations of throbbing or aching. It is not used for momentary pain

79
ichiichi-hitotsu hitotsu/rb-b-AL DAD

(ex.7, 8,9).

2A! LF GEVse eRLCLED abL Dok sete 7gX) asAe HiLT

(Sele L729 EL ZA BI TBR CK BRU BERT LAHEYat (ito).
It is also used when remembering feelings of regret over past actions, or
when feelings of sadness come over one once again (ex.10).

7) Heh, BMAP CL PEATE Dok.

UE $Ku> +t
Hitobanjuu, haga uzuite shikataga nakatta. sae Te
(My) tooth ached unbearably all night long. fie RS
( ee : )
8) xFUb
FOAMEMLESL<,
PDF
TSPSEITS. \
& \
aS ch
Kizuguchiga kanooshitarashiku, zukizukito uzuku. ve \ “
The wound aches terribly and appears to have festered. (See

9) MOBIcid, PRL ERS. 7

Amenohiniwa, mukashi ee ashiga uzuku.
The leg that (I) broke long ago aches on rainy days.

10) BAMBI ARBs TLETT, SULIT.

Annani ii hitoo uragitteshimatte, imamo kokoroga uzuku.
Even now, my heart aches when (I) think of how I betrayed that kind
person.

WEHMb/OLIOBLO
8 ichiichi ahitotsu hitotsu

B ichiichi
WHYS gone by one ; in detail i

ADPSLEPLEDEOANENI, SNE MIBLIED, EOHTOF

BLITERTLMBVET. HBC TOD +» 5326 CHBE, HUD
RUEEALT (Pll,2,3,4).
Ichiichi is used to denote a manner of doing something in detail or paying at-
tention to every individual thing or every single action that someone does. It
expresses a feeling on the part of the speaker of trouble or annoyance, or of
being inconvenienced or bothered (ex.1,2,3,4).

80
 YbYb-ALYDALI/ichiichi-hitotsu hitotsu

1) BEARS, AOTOLEL WEWEISIWA LM.

Okaasantara, watashino suru kotoni, ichiichi urusaindakara!
Mother! You always find fault with everything I do!

FRAT SIEM, Wb bE RL CUS CE67EV.

Kodomoga suru kotoni, ichiichi chuuishitemo hajimaranai.
Nagging children over everything they do is useless.

FRENTE
TBA ifs aoy
OSV bWEL RBIOUMADOELO
xaONG
TH THC.
» DALS »

Tegamio dasu tabini, ichiichi kitteo kaunowa mendoodakara matomete katteo-

koo.
It’s troublesome to buy a postage stamp each time (1) send a letter, so
Yl buy a bunch now (and keep them on hand).

IM YryTGIkORD,
ZIG
BMC,
S525.
H ERK
BODE
EES eat So)
bv ORAL.
WA =

Haijakku booshino tame, kuukoodewa, jookyakuno nimotsuo ichiichi kensa-

shita.
At the airport, each piece of the passengers’ luggage was inspected for
the purpose of preventing hijacking.

shitotsu hitotsu
AYDALD Eee op mone by one ; each is

WPCEMSDENE™HMUCIWT, COHF LORIE OF SLIT

KG EMA ET BS, 6, 7,8) ADU TUAW TEV GUE BAST
This expression denotes a manner of doing something in which one deals
with or refers to every individual thing or detail (ex.5,6,7,8). It includes a
sense of polite and careful attention to detail.

5) NSS
BW
7r3 4
Cl CINICA IS
EO the
OO
Ve
NOEne, GRE
Ve DA
AAs
2)

Chiisana koobadewa, dekita ningyoo-o hitotsuhitotsu, hitono tede kamini tsu-

tsundeita.
In the small factory, they were hand-wrapping the finished dolls individu-
ally in paper.

RBS, APe—O—ObDI
CR RACH Ek.
BAL Urs=. UE Be bs
F Ue
Kenjiwa, shookoo hitotsuhitotsu agete yoogishani sematta.
The prosecutor closed in on the suspect by presenting the evidence one
by one.

81
ichiou-toriaezu/ rbwe5-UV SRT

RAV,
7) POUCE HHS te LesOIT5e- —O_-IAbeT Beeseee
not es Ue Ue

Kanojowa, hakkutsusareta dokino kakerao hitotsuhitotsu awasete, moto doori-

ni shita. i
She restored a broken piece of pottery found during the excavation by
putting it back together piece by piece.

8) DYE Y CBS Lie EF IRO BeeAipks Sb Riveak Hz.

Londonde sugoshita gakuseijidaino ORME snot yoi omoideda.
Every little thing (I) experienced during my school days spent in London
is a fond memory.

2545
(LV SATF
g ichiou w foriaezu

Fd pe michiou
YWbds 5 [ye] mjust in case ; for the time being [A

DEOKO.
bh
HOORDEVIEREVET
ESA oh
(Hil
Ay
1).
Ichiou is used to indicate that one does something in case of an eventuality
or to be cautious (ex.1).

D+ 4
BP CET THE BEEZ (Line OE). VEERDVDEAED
FB GBLVGLABVET (Fl2, 3,4,5,6, 7).
UDIBA TH XEBA

It also indicates that, although it may not be enough, at least basic require-
ments or expectations will be fulfilled (ex.2,3,4,5,6,
7).

1) BOBS DED DDD HIV IINE, 559 REFS.

Amega furuka dooka wakaranaikeredo, ichioo hike motteikoo.
(I) don’t know whether it will rain or not, but I will take my umbrella
just in case.

2) BISTOE ae)PO SKIDHVELK.

Anatano ee ichioo wakarimashita.
(I) basically understand what you’re saying.

3) BIL, OBS FAVE.

Netsuwa, ichioo sagarimashita.

82
 264 5°Y 0 H2F /ichiou-toriaezu

(His) fever has come down for the time being.

4) W569 F SCIL THIELE, KA MBU LS 5, HLREIA Bele

UES KA
KTV.
Ichioo teatewa shiteokimashitaga, mada itamuyoonara, ashita mata byooinni
kitekudasai.
(We’ve) given the wound temporary treatment, but if it continues to
hurt, please come back to the hospital tomorrow.

5) LALO HATE KES DPDSD, Wb Dal A UtAs ls

Kondono ryokooni ikuragurai kakaruka, ichioo keisan-shitemimashita.
(I’ve) figured out about how much I think we will need for this trip.

<p) MLW
i265
Rb. WEBIOBIL
WR PIS
Ce CAEL
Atarashii iemo, ichioono katachiwa dekitekimashita.
You can tell more or less how the new house will look.

~“N AMES dA T5124 thal 7h o72 DIZ». WbBIDAVW SDL, LT

BMNECH.
Kareniwa, annani osewani nattanodakara, ichioono aisatsuwa, shiteokubeki-
desu.
Since he took care of you so well, you should at least express your ap-
preciation to him.

» 3s mB foriaezu
z Y HAT efor the time being LA

AL ACULHSIINE, TV OCHRIE ES L THK

WMA + SE WTeICE
SORES CIF SBR THESE IES, VEDIZPSZLILHSO
SONG
TVGNE, FONSLE + FOCEBLEE
FITS CW DRO ES ES
F Cis,9,10).
This is used to indicate that, because of a lack of time, the speaker will per-
form only the most important tasks at hand or provide only what resources
are available at present, leaving the rest to be completed later (ex.8,9, 10).

8) ze
BAZAK. VUMAdsTLEskk.
vous
LVHATT—-TF
Cho THIF.
Madogarasuni, hibiga haitteshimatta. Toriaezu teepude hatteokoo.
The window pane has a crack. (I’ll) tape it up for the time being.

ACEBEC BCOV
LDEC-V PATI MD.
AF
9) BBO
83
ichiji- hitotoki-ikkoku/PbU-O¥ YR 9 CK

Shokujino shitakuga dekirumade, toriaezu biirudemo ikagadesuka?

Would (you) like to have some beer while you are waiting for the meal?

10) ¥x WIEATEICB BE OCU TEVUIHNY, COHATF 2 AE RLT

Alt onNET.

Kyoowa sonnani okaneo motteinaikeredo, toriaezu niman-ennara kashite-age-

raremasu.

Although (I) don’t have that much money with me today, I can lend
you ¥20,000 for now.

MEU/OA¥YYR /r97¢
B ichiji w hitotoki w ikkoku

at Ee 8 ichiji
V5 U Le wa brief period ; once

(SA DD LORS PLOMERLET. BO)td peesOrgs

CODE
TROBE
TINA
CHRIS
WtUA
(BViF Ca, 2,3, 4). 5, it, LOBED. wes)
DA

Risa AT f °
ne

Ichiji represents a short period of time. The time referred to may range from
a few minutes to several years when referring to the past (ex.1,2,3,4). In Ex-
amples 5 and 6, it means ‘at that time’, or ‘at that place’.

LOS x DORR
&5
TIOK AUS, Ue, JSEECT.
5 185

Kyoono Kantoochihoono tenkiwa, Aino Ade

The weather today in the Kanto plain will be cloudy
with periods of rain.

2) WRIBIRE
CK SEAS). AGAR
RAZ
TSBRS
xp
ICTR 72.
Bicakande kajiga ari, ichiji taihenna sawagini natta.
A fire broke out in the movie theater, and there was a brief moment of
panic.

3) wurieeVEGF WAC L725, BOR At Bc Alc Th SiCS OA,

Tana aren stonieeteintge Sheri Prenee hinihini yokunattekiteiru.
We were briefly worried about his illness, but his condition is improving
day by day.

84
 WHUC-AYYR W157 ¢ /ichiji- hitotoki-ikkoku

4) A,
br
anes FS yy VANCE oh.
1ond tine ichiji, ere muchuudatta.
I was once very enthusiastic about soccer.

Hh bd. HOESGOR K LCA BM CTLESKIE eS COREL

TWH.
Watashiwa, ano toki ichijino kanjoode kaishao yameteshimatta kotoo, ima-
demo kookaishiteiru.
Even now I regret that I quit my job on an impulse.

IAEA aA BRE SOIT OLY SARB, COUT OAECNRAD.

Musukoga shihooshiken-o ukeruto yuundaga, doose ichijino kimaguredaroo.
My son says he wants to take the Bar exam, but I’m sure this will turn
out to be another of his momentary whims.

w hitotoki
Ax e S wa brief time u

OR FATE LEF ISCALOIR RLV TEEDZ ELE BILE,

Hitotoki points out a certain short period of time. In most cases, it is used to-
gether with words like tanoshii to describe a relaxed or quiet period (ex.7, 8,9).

7) BBOVEESIL, We
F aoe Fer), a= Paes YL GES ane

Shokugono hitotokiwa, zasshio mitari, rekoodoo kiitarishite sugosu.

After eating, (1) spend time doing things like reading magazines or listen-
ing to music.

Wan, PER ANORAC RSE Liam by EV Hiepelt. 7AR SNe EL

VION
SI SCs
Yuube, gakuseijidaino yuujinto shokujio shinagara, omoidebanashio shita.
Hontooni tanoshii hitotokidatta.
Last night (1) had dinner with an old school friend and talked about
old times. It was a really enjoyable time.
BADE EI Bente\ Aza.: DECEDBSTE Bp epee
ROT Dit cavay
RIPEL) 7
Dv» thpo on

ESAS
Tokaino seikatsuni tsukareta hitobitoga, hitotokino yasuragio motomete, kono
onsenbani yattekuru.

85
ickidente-issen-hitekiwa > EAL -> SF -AL ID

People who are tired of life im the city often come to this hot-spring
resort to calen their perves.

ne = ~ emikkokau
27 _— < [i wa short time fa

ee (S= nap BAObFHMORTRLIT. (SCALAR AEN

Se 22>
Fs. ST WCF ¢ #10, 11,12).
This word refers to an aiesae short peried in time that is singled out
from the flew of ume. It is eezerally ued in Miomatic expressions found in
written Ianguage (ex.1Q_ 11, 12)

® <M-—=-—Z2R HS SX RHIC SSR.

2—< 2 > =< a

Komp mypuusue, Xkokuwe hoyetu kacokuni shirasetai.

() went to kt my family know of this news as or as possibk.

1) KBOBABR.
> = L233 2083
—BeP5.
wottSe

aiimp staske--betendonnn, kkekue araweu.

Fighting fires 5 a race against time.

2 “NR ==
EFS= TRNAS.
= KANBICPwore PHS.
SSK 85—HOBTLES
wart 063 2
zy.

Kore jee meteze okuretera. bpeoninne imockini kakawaru. Moo ikkekune

VRRP wmaronD.
If we wait any longer the patient will die. We cannot delay even a
second.

MERAY /PM2ED/BAULED
8 ichidanio Bisson a hitokiwa

> - — Wickidente ,
WEREAL [Be] m(e step) farther: gravee

5 2 Nell TE PUR Sxx PITTI, SRE 1 ROSSIIICBEAF <

2 =2> st

HHT, St ShiTHSHIUS BOSE et CBN, 2, 3,4, 5).

 MEKAY 995 -A% &d/ichidanto-issou:hitokiwa

This expression is used to indicate that the degree or state of something

undergoes a sudden and great change, which makes it as noticeably different
from its preceding state as stepping up one step of a stairway. Thus, it is not
used to refer to gradual change (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) Peis, peu
VEEP SIMOSRALU LIF itl.
Karewa, ae pianoga ichidanto joozuni natta.
Recently, his piano playing has improved a lot.

2) PH LW A-YRBRRLV
SEA LIT IRIZAAK.
AS * ma nh2 iz A

Atarashii suutsuo kita karewa ichidanto rippani mieta.

He looked all the more splendid in his new suit.

3) ABD SDRAMOW BC = dl
io)
WERALBALADIU
LS 1S. Uv

Tairikukarano a wiper eikyoode, ichidanto hiekomiga kibishikunaru.

Due to the effects of the cold front (moving in) from the continent, it
will become much colder.

4) SHMRE
SAV bHA EBRD OV,
hey ee Ba AU

Kondo deta biiruwa ichidanto ajiga ii.

The new beer that has just come out (on the market) tastes much better
(than the others).

5) PUL RMOEPC. WOKACREVDITT.

PA xz yo) ez AR

Karewa enzetsuno tochuude, ichidanto koeo hariageta.

In the middle of his speech he suddenly raised his voice a notch.

. B@issoUu a
Wo t 9 [a] wall the more Un

72e zis. TK Re LCRA RS 18. : Basel on TA Sheet TS awe

Stk EAN 3729, Spagna Ee SO fai atts
LIES SCMEOST (PIG, 7,8). "WBRAE I DLIIA rae KB
Z, ava SATIRIC Eyer. both 3 B | vraiҤ Ee pnt
ce CED 3£5 (3 | HALT AEN Ret HI).
Issou denotes that there is an increase or change in the degree of something
above and beyond its current state, which is brought about by some addition-
al circumstance or by (natural) progression, as for example, ‘it will taste bet-
ter (if you improve the recipe)’, or ‘it gets warmer (as the days pass)’ (ex.6,
7,8). The point is not that there is suddenly a great change, but instead

87
ichidanto-issou-hitokiwa/\Pb EAL P7t5-AL XD

that there is a gradual and continuing increase in degree. Yori issou is the
emphatic form of issou (ex.9).

) Rid PEI 75> TC. Vo tDRLS KIEL Ko

Amewa yoruni natte, issoo hageshisao mashita.

After nightfall, the rain became even more violent.

7) TVrArts, BOT EV sEIBWLS 1890

Suikawa, hiyasuto issoo oishiku naru.
Watermelon tastes that much better when it’s chilled.

8) ZDOUV ASTeS. AKAN EILV 3 COR AYTSTAVAC TS 720

Kono hidoi atsusade, Srasciun issoo PAS ON: mondaito natta.
Because of this terrible heat, the water shortage has become an even
more serious problem.

9) LO IN ARIKSIRETZM tas LOW 3 CI BALTUIMUETES TN

ws 5 Ww g

Ichiryuuno geijutsukani naru tameniwa, yoriissoo doryoku-shinakereba

naranal.
If (you) want to be a first-class artist, you must work harder.

a hitokiwa
Axe & D mespecially ; remarkably LA

FIBRO
YALMSW
R LOH by ICAU ISEDE CV HIFSELSE a9 3 Vo
TEAS eee DKF 1 ROHAtt Seah RIO CLDVEEA
(fij10, 11, 12, 13).
Hitokiwa is used when singling out something or someone as being special
from among a group of things or people of the same kind. It does not sug-
gest any degree of change (ex.10, 11, 12, 13).

10) BSFEDLA
tvs
DG, Pisce
Pan
eh DR
BLOKE
thw
K ok.
Gakuseino korokara, karewa hitokiwa medatsu sonzaidatta.
Ever since he was a student he has been the center of attention.

11) BO ahi
jee OLSOT NWS. Sl oer
Forts ar ae hitokiwa sugureteiru.
His paper is exceptionally good. fe
af 2BOW AQ) — -
Nal Gear

AAV. SNE
12) MOET, YOFHATVALOCAD sy ee
oH Sse [2 eS 5

83
 WEYIC-M NAIC /ichido ni-ippen ni

Kujirano nakademo, shironagasu-kujirawa hitokiwa ookii.

Even among whales, the blue whale is exceptionally large.

13) FOUTS, AMBELEBALMOLEDLW.

Akino yamadewa, kooyooshita momijiga hitokiwa utsukushii.
In autumn, the changing maple leaves in the mountains are exceptionally
beautiful.

WEYITC /RDNAI
wichido ni gippen ni

Ob Vic pe ere
WAWATREZUER, KEHT1 ECS ELIF ERLET (Pall, 2,3, 4).
eles 1 Ics DICK
S aEA PALTWET.
PWT

Ichido ni is used when eas ie that one performs several actions at once
(ex.1, 2,3,4). It emphasizes that the action occurs only once.

1) LOBE PBI a TA HS 208 HA De

Kono Somaeaae ae waishatsuga nijuumai araeru.
This washing machine can wash 20 dress shirts at once.

ZATEIETZS SA OTIS, SPICE NTIVO DD. BT CHE «

Konnani takusanno nimotsuwa, ichidoni hakobenaikara, wakete hakoboo.
(We) can’t carry all of this stuff at once, so let’s carry it a little at a
time.

Ela 2ODLEK LEST SLAMG S.

Ichidoni futatsunokotoo shiyooto suruto shippaisuru.
If (you) try to do two things at once, you'll fail.

fibit. 3 AF RAO SALE RHEL T. EEK 3 ADF ROR CTE572.

4 ve ae i re DoS Wt

Anewa, san-nin kodomoga iru hitoto Lene ichidoni san-ninno kodo-

mono hahaoyani natta.
My (elder) sister got married to a man with three children, so she
became a mother of three all at once.

89
ichiban-mottomo/“dlziA-s0%

MonAle gippen ni
mat once

TLS SRI OAGLIUIE TC CIT BUACT Gil, 6). PO

EWE OIMRE ULAR, BSR MICESLITERLAT (PT,8).
HAD

Ippen ni is a more ical way of saying ichido ni and ea ni (ex.5, 6).

It may also indicate that an intermediate stage or process is skipped and a
new condition is suddenly created (ex.7, 8).

5) AATEDS WoNAI Bo TUAD DIL DD, LATOR WIEN.

Minnaga ippenni ittemo wakaranaikara, hitorizutsu iinasai.
(1) can’t understand you if you all talk at once, so speak one at a time.

6) POCE
PIA izbk5
AMERU I, 1 DIPA
TI
i LA OREER ONAN LTLED.
Kanojowa isa isshuukan-bunno ryoorio ippenni shite shimau.
She does all of her cooking for the week on Sundays.

7) PoERES oR KEM OCR Tob, RNAM PanteohkO \W

OSAMA HIST Us
Zutto sukidatta hitoto hajimete shokujini ittara, tabekataga gehindattanode,
ippenni kimochiga sameteshimatta.
When (I) went out to eat for the first time with the boy I had liked for
so long, I saw his awful eating habits, and my ardor suddenly cooled.

8) Rid.
Pn
PMOTHLRER
[pales if
RC
LYLALOIS
VoNAL
BA Crok.
WP 9 vs

Karewa, hajimete dashita shashinshuude, ippenni yuumeini natta.

With the first publication of a collection of his photos, he immediately
became famous.

Mb6IA/bDOUYD
g ichiban & mottomo

w ichiban
WbILZA be # | = number one ; the most ; best i(Jai
blth

OM & - LRBAW
UMAIA
IFKLDHSHOO, MODS DEEL TIE VET (Pill, Bn 8« te

90
 YbdblEA-% 5% d/ichiban-mottomo

Bicowcea, |WA BE DITEDISUT. WW BIEARRUY WW BIEAK FV

VAUD a RE meee SO FEIATEV * SNES TEN 3 EVD el Ss,
(IA5). UBI
st LOL
EA DSA. )
Ichiban is used when pointing out the first thing of an ordered collection of
things (ex.1,2,3). Even when referring to degree an order is assumed, as in
ichiban samui (the coldest), or ichiban ookii (the biggest), because it is implied
that ‘there is nothing more than or beyond this’ (ex.4,5). There is never
more than one ichiban.

OPIS, Mt, HIAVBWO EWI RRET

In Examples 6 and 7 it is used to mean ‘better than anything else’.

1) SECO BIELEMBV OERHIE, ZEAL.

ep Boy

The tallest member of my family is my (older)

brother, and the next tallest is my father. re a,

2) ahKiSSHOFART
LAP)
1ABH. peegen/
SS Y FR\
Karewa konkaino tesutode ichiban datta. i f G
He had the best score on the last test. t /

3) 2DEBO, WbItTAAI
SoC AZOM ER CT.
LeLA OTA Behe) WIL

Kono shashinno, ichiban hidarini utsutteirunoga imootodesu.

In this picture, the person on the far left is my younger sister.

4) FERN,
Oe pe ws
BACUDIEA
WEA
KE CT. bE AFIA

Biwakowa, Nihonde ichiban ookii mizuumidesu.

Lake Biwa is the largest lake in Japan.

5) PHC SILA BAVA MOIS, < DEBBIE.

Uchide ichiban hiatariga iinowa, kono heyada.
The room that gets more sunlight than any other room in the house is
this one.

6) BOLE,
XH7n
Rice*
Dan
O—BK.
Woltr
Sakanano kotonara, kareni kikunoga ichibanda.
If (you) want to know about fish, the best thing you could do is ask
him.

7) BROBLSIL, FEV a COLE CS

WELE5 32¢ WbeItA

Hoshizorano OATES nanto ittemo fuyuga ichibandesu.

91
ichiban-mottomo/dl~zA*d2eD

By far the best time to view the beauty of the night sky is in the winter.

= mottomo
% aie % Jeb | m=most ; extremely Es

VK IDDODIEKENEKE FI, HELE PAR ROBIE A en £

DEOMEIMEC LEE I EMEOEF (fl8, 9, 10,11). Tv5itA sj
£Y%
KEKE Bugs. penx: He -Db DEH FOCI, DIED ED
HOw BUT BLS BOR CHES
BY
SZeWbET.
Mottomo is used when the degree or condition of something is unsurpassed
when compared to several other things (ex.8,9, 10,11). As in Example 12, it
may be used to refer to a number of things that belong to a rather high
class or category, instead of a single ‘best’ or ‘number one’. It is a more for-
mal expression than ichiban.

8) EDID BAC OREDA

‘Ke pohkOis, FSF Feya FECT.
DEAUALACWBA

Kinoono taifuude mottomo higaiga ookikattanowa, Boosoohantoo-seigandesu.

The place most damaged in yesterday’s typhoon was the west coast of
the Boso Peninsula.

9) BOVS.
pile)
AMCLCTROIT
LAA Boe
AAA.
Ss

Uragiriwa, ningentoshite mottomo hazubeki kooida.

Betrayal is the most shameful act a human being can commit.

10) <ORar BOBS CAC Bld, BR IETH.

Kono roe mottomo sugureteiru tenwa, karui kotodesu.
The best thing about this product is that it’s light.

ll) <OPERIA, F7 bie Bend.

iyz)
Fl
oe 3)

Kono bys eileima mottomo chuumoku sareteiru.

This writer is attracting the most attention these days.

12) FL* TA RS + FOS, PEL I<BLS AMEN DERORN

cs
Sushi, tenpura, sukiyakiwa, gaikokujinni mottomo yoku shirareteiru Nihonno
tabemonodesu.
Sushi, tempura, and sukiyaki are among the Japanese dishes most known
to foreigners.

92
 Wao BICOL
IC /ikkini-hitoiki ni

SIC /OALWMRI
g ikkini w hitoiki ni

> wikkini =
D IS Lx J wat a breath

UDILE, BP RATE
OREPRE EBL LEO LET. BEIDOR
ECE PLTRDHETLESLITERUET, BUDE ch NABRUON
4 GIl,2,3,4.
This indicates the state of having completed something without taking a
break or slowing down ; it imparts a feeling of energy or concentration (ex.
1,253.4)

1) H-ANRBHBAsTERO™
TAL tiv
ROMER
REMWRA
oeIZLOUtbIK.
Hoomuni denshaga haittekitanode, ekino kaidan-o ikkini kakeorita.
The train had pulled up to the platform, so (I) dashed down the stairs.

2) 2M). weld jiASBOLADokROG WoSltA TLE sr.

BES
Kono hookuout sujiga omoshirokatta-node, ikkini yondeshimatta.
The plot of this novel was very interesting, so (I) read it all in one sitting.

iSe)sae A tebid, | BOR

ry hal DAE
OBA
BAY
CV a SIE RRAIE
2)
LEC
Watashitachiwa, ‘kanpai’ no ondode ikkini biiruo nomihoshita.
After saying ‘cheers!’, we all downed our glasses of beer.

> aa Hhpe
= CEMA ran <TNBSONE rz.
a aie tatemonoga ikkini kuzureochirunoo mita.
(We) saw the building crash down all at once in the earthquake.

gphitoiki ni =~
UAeYwnk Sp bose
HK wat a breath ; at once

VOIER, PCR, OU & SCMCP > CLALIT ER

LET (PI5,
hy
6,7). “WoklZ lt, LiD5
BH 5d
PLCSHANES
ACONLERBRDSEORV
ee Wa5
DETER, (WEWSIC
ld, BOLER PoC LETH OBSERLEF
Hitoiki ni is used when one finishes up something in a very short time with-

93
TFREBA

out taking a break (ex.5,6,7). /kkini focuses on the concentration involved,

while the focus of hitoiki ni is on the shortness of time spent.

5) DEBArdDWwWHOTC, Ty TORKEDEWEICRA TLE SK «

Nodoga kawaiteitanode, koppuno mizuo hitoikini nondeshimatta.
(1) was very thirsty, so I drank the cup of water in one gulp.

POLES,
eK H
BVI
vy
LePHOCW SIL DEI
VW
MUSTLG TLV».
Hayakuchi-kotobawa, iinikui kotobao hitoikini iwanakereba naranai.
(You) have to say something hard to say all at once to make a tongue
twister.

~ TR ELF
BEAEES
CHLOE SZ,
Choojoomade ato hitoikida.
There’s just a bit more to go until (we) reach the summit.

> ey
HAO TASES I ET
BBR CHRDN ET.
ES Tho TO MATES et. 3)
DS EBD LTH LRDY Ee
As HEEMSE
SD, LORE
AFOOT ISU Bee ol Ol ee a aS
DMEF OMIT O TSE EI GALLET) EWS BORCHE
WEF.
ELT Sr ERT HEM La DEEL DS
BELMU MII. [be EBME LAA THA LE
WILERIFALEAL LBL DUET.
EN. LS RHUME SOLVE HECBLERS ny

94
 VatFA-ALD-eb~N29 /ikken-hitome-ichibetsu

ERY THEA s ARDNET. VOCOEASA—V

Lig
|
VIF 4—-OL ECF. UNE. MoPbe "tREGA,
CHEUCLEDTIC, AOC ld CDA Sl, BAT
rE
BERUE TTA.
HOME G1 BSSALHASEVU oT
|

Sumimasen
The Japanese word sumimasen is used in a lot of different situations.
For example, in instances when you apologize for being late, causing |
trouble, stepping on someone’s foot, or lightly bumping into someone, |
sumimasen is used to mean ‘I’m sorry’. |
It may also be used to mean ‘excuse me’ when you ask another per-
son to come, call out to see if anybody is at home, or when you want
| to ask a question.
Also, when expressing gratitude to someone it may be used to mean
‘thank you’. As you can see, sumimasen is a very useful word. How-
ever, instead of relying on it in all situations, you should also learn |
how to use the more conventional words—gomennasai to apologize, |
and arigatoo to express gratitude.

RotA/(ALHn /rbnod
gs ikken a hitome g ichibetsu

E — wsikken
Vere) tA [Fi] a (at) a glance

5 EBS —BRSLVGLER, Sx ok BASLVILABVST (HM,

& Kats
2,3, 4,5) on —RoimIEeS)
c= -—BLT~bs- —
art BLSEL died PERAD:
DEN RE AIEEE EMBWCT.
Ikken is used when one looks over something roughly, takes a brief look at
something, or has a first impression (ex.1,2,3,4,5). Most of the time, ikken is
used in fixed expressions like ikken ni atai suru (~no kachi ga aru) (worth
taking a look at), ikken shite ~to wakaru (to be able to understand / recog-
nize ~at a glance), and ikken ~no youdaga (it looks like ~at first glance).

95
ikken-hitome:-ichibetsu/rPottA-OAL YD Vbnd

1) HORA, — ROUEN HS.

VoltA

Ano tenrankaiwa, ikkenno Pepice aru.

That exhibition is worth taking a look at.

2) ee BRS — Pei L ts CPU EROS Cb St BS ORS.

‘Hyakubunwa ikkenni shikazw’ to onaji imino kotowazawa ookuno kunini
aru.
There are many countries which have proverbs similar to ‘Seeing is
believing’.

3) LORIE. LTE AI OfERED

MS.
Kono ewa, ikkenshite Pikasono sakuhindato wakaru.
At one glance, you can tell this painting is Picasso’s work.

A "OPA WottBPS LEICT AN PoTHOEELFTHLV.

Kono geemuwa ae yasashisoodesuga, yattemiruto muzukashii.
This game at first looks easy, but if (you) try it, you'll find it’s difficult.

5) BOR RIA RIEL EGE,

1 vs Woh
LBA SLESA SWS.
» is

Kareno ikenwa ikken tadashiiyoodaga, yoku kangaeruto machigatteiru.

His opinion sounds right, but if you think about it carefully, it’s really
wrong.

a hitome
ArH Feist mat a glance ; at first sight

OB fo CROWES CAN6, 7, 8, 9, 10) 'OEHCHMS = OeDBV 7

Ws OE Fu7zV DEAE
Hitome is used when one just glances at something; it is used in idiomatic ex-
pressions such as hitome de wakaru (to be clear at a glance), hitome aitai
(want to see someone even just for a short time), and hitome mitai (want to
take one look) (ex.6,7,8,9, 10).

QTRICRASBREIES CSE ET CHILL).

Hitome is also used when one is able to see an entire area at a glance (ex.11).

6) BRAS it Ha72 CN ZEIZ,

Fe3p
Sis fe
OLM CODA,
Kareraga kyoodaidato yuu kotowa, hitomede wakaru.
You can easily see that they are brothers.

D) Bid, LDIF AVEVEDNZE

VOR EY, DEM CHDK.

96
 YRotA-ALH- 2bN9/ikken: hitome:-ichibetsu

Karewa, sono daiyamondoga nisemonodato, hitomede wakatta.

He knew at one look that the diamond was fake.

8) yaBUSES
2B
Ze] PUICO CMAd
WESUA
ET, LOSI
ba
AAI DA
RA
THK.
Karewa toshioita ryooshinni hitome aitakute, juunenburini Nihonni kaettekita.
He came back to Japan for the first time in ten years in order to see
his aging parents.

9) ARIE VYRR OEM RISE,

WA 4
FLEMORINC
ey eR
Ir RKROHMAITK.
BEE

Ninkitarentoo hitome miyooto, terebikyokuno maeni fanga oozei tsumekaketa.

A large crowd gathered outside the TV studio, hoping to get a glimpse
of the popular TV personality.

10) PAvSHRIZ, DEMIENLTL $5.

diz wn

Watashiwa kareni, hitomebore shiteshimatta.

I fell in love with him at first sight.

ll) COEVOBR bob, HAOCHCH DRS.

BLEED Fas) 4

Kono biruno okujookara, machiga hitomede miwataseru.

You can see the entire town from the top of this building.

MHN9 @ ichibetsu
m(at) a glance

PREM IDE, BSS DERSESEV

TAS CPill2, 13,14), sic
BUSOU DUE EM DER, ROR SE BAL Be leit Cpr
Boas
Like hitome, ichibetsu means to take a quick look (ex.12, 13,14), however it im-
plies that the speaker is not interested in the matter very much, or that he
feels contempt for it. It is not used in spoken language and is rather formal.

12) SMEAR
z
AUEBMA USN’NGF, BASS
COLES
oS CIC RI LA
{BE OD
jee
Machikamaeta kishadanniwa ichibetsumo kurezu, shushoowa sassato kuru-
mani norikonda.
The Prime Minister quickly got into the car, without even a glance at
the group of reporters that was waiting for him.

13) PEACE. PADDR ZO CHSRTERWENOLERNUCE, THOMEFIED

POCE oy
en Bemrepneirs) B< Wa7a

Wdtepok.

97
isseini+doujini/Pro#WIT-Y 5 UIT

Kanojowa, watashiga kokoroo komete okutta hanao ichibetsu-shitadakede,

‘Arigatoo’ tomo iwanakatta.
She just glanced at the flowers I had sent with all my heart, and didn’t
even say “thank you”.

14) BR(PALO ESFee FIX FEBS

9 IC, p72V
| ACs i
Sy)
byKartelpWele Re
Karewa watashino iken-o Uhodione sezuni, tsumetai mede ichibetsushita-
dakedatta.
He didn’t even try to listen to my opinion, and just gave me a cold look.

rote ¥5 Ie
g isseini a doujini

a @ isseini
wothele (Fr)
Wot
wat once ; all together Ln

EROS DO. falCRF <45 Thal CiTHeiRoS kD FERLEF (Pll,

2,3, 46
Isseini indicates a situation in which many things begin performing the same
action at the same time (ex.1, 2, 3,4).

1) AV-bOBRC. VIVYDEBFER
BIA oe CEVE LK.
byw FF tA LY WEL

Sutaatono aizude, marasonno senshutachiwa isseini hashiridashita.

When the start signal was given, all of the marathon runners began run-
ning together.

2) KK
Nene
PAD| ATRIM IRD SE, Voth ICTR AS SZ ore.
Daitooryoono enzetsuga owaruto, isseini hakushuga wakiokotta.
When the President’s speech ended, the entire audience broke into ap-
plause.

3) 12AILA SL, ARIE oe CRAABEO

MLE RDS
ee) liv LED TAA ZWEDES 3 z= Wee

Juunigatsuni hairuto, shootengaiwa isseini saimatsu-oouridashio hajimeru.

When December comes around, all the shops in the shopping center
begin end-of-the-year sales at the same time.

4) SLR, BU AKEOAAD SE
WoW (IL
eV IGTDNS.
Ashita, kokuritsu-daigakuno vee zenkoku isseini okonawareru.

98
 Bote: Y 5 UlC/isseini-doujini

All of the national universities will hold their entrance examinations to-
morrow.

> ° = a w doujini
ee 4 UIc LTDRFC J wat the same time Fad

HS EMOMEC SKE KIOCOR, a ES (Bis, 6,

70 w725 22UL Eo uy Bik Rens GLC GLC KLIFERTES
WBOVET (BIB,9,10).
Doujini denotes a time simultaneous to or concurrent with an action or event
(ex.5,6,7). It may also indicate that two or more actions or conditions -prog-
ress in a parallel manner (ex.8,9, 10).

5) $RAT
¥AIF
OIE HAY Cae al 9 Pep OPS FRE [ea] BI 5NS.
LESHA
Ginkoono shoomen-iriguchiwa gozen kujino odes doojini akerareru.
The main doors of the bank are opened as soon as the nine o’clock
chime sounds.

BOE TLAIAFETEEIRGC
FE N17.
Diy

Kareno kaita honwa hatsubaito doojini urikireta.

His book sold out as soon as it was released.

wsah ULI} ASAERC SEGA Je BEN CIE ore

ER keganin-o noseruto sind Nebiateas mukkata.
The ambulance headed for the hospital the minute the injured person
was put inside.

IE AENE LIZ C, AAG

Ea SEI ERE CB 972.
Gakuseikekkon-shitanode, watashiwa A Spee aruto doojini shufudemo
atta.
I married while still in school, so I was a housewife and a student at
the same time.

OAS AARC INIT CBF “BURSA

Ch S0
Kono bangumiwa Nihonto Hawaide Hee hoosoo sareteiru.
This program is being simultaneously broadcast in Japan and Hawaii.

10) BEA EAL a[DFeC —WVOF—-F¥ Jot.

POCE dDreL
Kanojoto artes sinddoojini gooruno teepuo kitta.
She and I broke the tape at the finish line at the same time.

99
isso-omoitkitte/\Ro t-BOV XT

Yo t/lEOVKIDT
g isso 8 omoikitte

ty L WARY?) al
wot = (I) would rather Ls

HEY RTL FeO tkfed» BHR S P2wi<, Wot DARIK UND ERSTE
IK fe
EES HH Y, 1 ERBSEDEVIZEN rah, EBCHMIIR
ULB
REei
ATEVEDDS SLBE 5 HIF O CHR AB B75 PM Fev EO SREY
(Bill, 2,3). "VVbaig bm RoTAHES, 23 U ER CH A Bic RL ADE
TORESD G4) RLET.
In this expression, what is said after isso indicates the choice the speaker
would make in order to get away from undesirable circumstances. /sso im-
plies two meanings ; a rash or emotional desire to escape a situation by
choosing a completely different one, even if it is worse (ex.1,2,3), and a posi-
tive ‘work things out’ or ‘give it a try’ attitude (ex.4).

1) CATE OWN ERIESODIED Vs CHEATED AS

SRLS:
Konnani tsurai jinseio i isso shinda hooga mashida.
If (1) must live such a hard life as this, I’d rather die.

2) DOI BSEWUALEY
HRB, Wot bSDBVIESA,
Kokorono komoranai purezentonara, isso morawanai hooga ii.
If the heart isn’t in the gift, (I’d) rather not receive it.

3) HATEVY OTEKE ERP BIE TIT IULTES TLV Mtb, V5 CB

EROCLEBIM.
Anna iyana shachoono yuukotoo kikanakereba-naranainonara, isso kaishao
yameteshimaooka.
If (1) have to listen to such an annoying president, I wonder if I
shouldn’t quit working for this company.

4) SOT VEILS T. ESAT Vo CAL DE BolEF BU.

Kono terebiwa furukute, yoku koshoosuru. Isso atarashiinoo kattahooga ii.
This TV is old and always breaking down, which is all the more reason
to buy a new one.

100
 YWokA: AL $F /ittan-hitomazu

8 omoikitte
ds % wk Duk Lest oT] ato finally decide to is

EVOL DEW EET RUM RICES Ce CHAR LCi AICS

BLER, DBRFOVLI FLY Tec SPADE ABV i Gb, 5 7,8).
BUY Cs ORC (Oe vidids PPRMVREL EAT +t.
This expression is used when one decides to stop hesitating and act positively,
hoping for a better outcome or to make a new start (ex.5,6,7,8). Omoikitte is
usually followed by words expressing a hope or firm decision.

5) TD pojnEeg Do CKi< FROIAA 1D HDSSeatp 7

Kowakattakeredo an tae mizuni bieouiie ieee uita.
Although (I) was scared, I made up my mind and jumped into the
water ; and I found that I floated.

6) VC, VOTE Wete ChomEn Poxo LA,

Sp iiae iranai monoo sutetara heyaga sukkirishita.
(I) forced myself to throw away everything I didn’t need, and now my
room looks very neat.

~“es BV
Bd
Wo
=
CAHERO
DW EL? Ae
CT, Sys
BIT SIE LELK.
Omoikitte kaishao yamete, dokuritsusuru kotoni shimashita.
(I) decided to up and quit the company and become independent.

x VAWABAAMINE EN Do CREB IZLE.

Iroiro kangaetakeredo omoikitte ieo kau kotoni shita.
After thinking everything over, (I) decided to go all the way and buy a
house.

YMokA/OLEF
B ittan w hitomazu

MokA Ti of

DBECSE POI Ree RAVI

et 55
BLT. ETC KOMP OTe
aah
he
10

HBL EAB i (Bil, 2,3 :

101
ittan-hitomazu/\eofzA-OL EF

Ittan is used to indicate the temporary interruption of an action or state,

which will begin again almost immediately (ex.1, 2, 3).

2 HOoIK REI Tok bE DVE DRA BNI EV SEMA ES PA, 5).

It may also indicate that once a certain condition is reached there can be no
further change (ex.4, 5). 5:

1) Hi(SPIO F BTCV PYha MMPIELT. KEE HEE LILI UATE OIL

LAX)

Kurumawa fumikirino temaede ittan AbheLae anzen-o kakunin shinake-

reba naranai.
You must briefly stop the car at railroad crossings to make sure it’s safe
to cross.

bo ROU
ETEU SHOOT WohkADSIs THLE «
Yakusokuno jikanmade daibu arunode, ittan uchini kaette denaoshimasu.
There is still some time before my appointment, so (Ill) return home for
a bit and then go out again.

3) BRE
Ye LIMA
CHORAL,
uD IZA
MARDI
Ag b
COEDS
=x WA
RSV oRAKS
DA
TE
€ Tt 7Eb67eV.

Toshokande karita honwa, yomiowatte-inakutemo kigenga kitara ittan

kaesanakutewa_ naranai.
(You) have to briefly return the books you’ve checked out of the library
when they’re due, even if you haven’t finished reading them yet.

4) itv oRARMORILIL, BTRATTS.

Watashiwa ittan kimeta kotowa, PE Jikkoosuru.
Once I’ve made up my mind to do something, I always follow it through.

5) PlLBALTC V ohRABY ELIS OTE.

Karewa gankode, ittan tidashitara kikanai.
He’s stubborn. Once he’s said something, he doesn’t listen to anyone else.

> whitomazu
Ake Ee afor the time being

wel CU SEPT ee BScky 0 ce BIT SUSIE ST CHG, y Ae

Lige<Lt, SP RIUM PIRfe SES BREE Yuan +t. Poe
ZAI reOmAT DESI, LOHAANTLLETSRURBBET.

102
 31K 5 - DEE 5 /ippou-katahou

Hitomazu is used when a continuing action or condition is interrupted at a

suitable point (ex.6,7,8). It is implied that the action or condition will resume
after a short time. Hitomazu may also suggest that something is sufficient
for the time being, in the same way as the expressions ima no tokoro wa and
toriaezu.

6) FA PORBII,
SHASOS LL
OCEFIOUICKRDYICLTREILES.
A 8 LEE
Gozenchuuno shigotowa, hitomazu konohende owarini shite shokujini shiyoo.
Let’s take a break from the work (we’ve) been doing all morning and
get something to eat.

7) BCOCETAILPRoKUNE,
ASS
EKO.
Nees
Kusuride hitomazu netsuwa sagattakeredo, mada karadaga darui.
The medicine has brought my fever down for the moment, but (I) still
feel weak.

8) UTP IOLEHVT
E T,BETCOMALEA
Muzukashii hanashiwa hitomazu oitoite, ochademo nomimasenka?
Why don’t (we) set aside this serious talk for a moment and have some
tea?

YWolK9 “PIES
@ ippou = katahou

olkS (of) ela FF WoHEs

D2I0HSEEODDNISEO | DeHF ESV ET Hl, 2).

Ippou is used when referring to one of two things (ex.1, 2).

QHS1 DOHMH MIT CAV ET. [~F SOF iit LOMA

ESHA
WHwre Ro
£
CWSLEERL
Hod
(PIB,
nv
D. "~FS—F,
WwolEts
~ FSA
Woks
Cilth, Ae
721

LISAOEL EDICT ERT BEV ICSE SET (Pils, 6).

It may also be used to point out a certain direction or area. ~suru ippou da
means that something keeps happening with a certain tendency (ex.3,4), while
~suru ippou or ~suru ippou de is used when doing two or more things at
the same time (ex.5, 6).

103
ippou- katahou/\ ol 5 -*7e1E5

) 5 iy al iw:
2ADFb, EBD FAP
yors x*
AS TUITE IFA MAH 3
BTL 0
Karera futarino uchi, dochiraka ippooga sakini ayamaranakereba, kenkawa
owaranai.
If one of those two doesn’t apologize first, the argument will never end.

2) FRAC FRRBISSMUC IAN, SHIRE, BITTY

Gakugeikaide, kodomotachiwa futakumini wakarete, ippoowa utao utai, moo

ippoowa dansuo odotta.
For the school drama, the children were divided into groups; one group
sang and the other danced.

3) FIA Pee
AS RAR DS eeSES —“Fitz
Amega A ee: ee viel es masu ippooda.
It keeps on raining and raining and the rivers just get fuller and fuller.

4) RNOIEA COTE OT “DRS UNS —“ACT o

Daremo sundeinainode, kono iewa areru roe

Nobody lives in it, so this house is getting more and more run down.

5)% MIA REET

TVrAzyy
O—JTC
3
wh
aed Er’ ClD.
Chichiwa hon-yao keieisuru ippoode shoosetsumo kaiteiru.
At the same time as that he’s running the book store, my father is also
writing a novel.

6) Aisa eeec lLChe tie ToT. ACS

2 ADF EOL
Watashiwa kangofutoshite kanjano sewao suru ippoo, iedewa futarino kodo-
mono hahaoyada.
I’m not only a nurse who looks after patients, but also a mother of two.

a katahou
DEANE 4 Lh} mone side ; one of two Fa

HIT
WANDS
TI DOOR, vile 2ITWSHDDISEO i Deteg cet
5G Bal’, 8, 9,10). "aesLEE CAPT rstF9 4 Ud»tole REEBSZLY
bOET.
Katahou is used when referring to one part of a pair or set (ex.7,8,9, 10). Ka-
taippou and katappo are colloquial expressions of the same word.

104
 Y9H-9TH-LE 9 bw 9 /itsumo-itsu demo-shotchuu

7) RAR BHOPC, FLT VUY IRR AEC LCL.

= TAL? 7a DL WTAED

Konda denshano nakade, watashiwa iyaringuo katahoo nakushiteshimatta.

I lost one of my earrings on a crowded train.

8) FEOMOEI2,
oka ae
HANSBAVA CIHAMRE
DIES pris ¥AWA
CT.
Uchino nekono mewa, katahooga kin-irode moo katahooga gin-irodesu.
One of my cat’s eyes is gold, and the other is silver.

9) ADFLOME DRWdIEICDA
TV 9 TLEDK.
Inuga watashino kutsuo, kataippoo kuwaete-itteshimatta. "
(My) dog grabbed one of my shoes Wy a
in his mouth and ran off with it. pon
/1 NY} | \
10) FAA.
THA
polFRS
A
EDIE. GE
@) .
Tebukuroga, katappo miataranai. ih, SZ, =
(1) can’t find one of my gloves. Coren ata

MDD /(MIDTH /Livbs 9

g itsumo Bitsu demo a shotchuu

M9% @ itsumo
@ always

DTH IK BEA. BROR ROS SIC oC CRD LITE K

LEF (Pill, 2,3). Leo TOO EOHBOZSVR
LET
This indicates that a behavior or condition is routine ; it also indicates fre-
quent occurrence (ex.1, 2, 3).

Ol ROSDYA DEI, HBL TSLITFPLEMBGERLEF (il

4,5,6).
Like the expression futsuu no baai, it expresses a certain established or regu-
lar action or state (ex.4, 5,6).

1) Rid, WODZDECHV METS.

DIE At » LD

Watashiwa, itsumo kono misede kaimonoo suru.

I always shop at this store.

105
itsumo-itsu demo-shotchuu/P9O%- 9TH: Livnbw 9

2) COREL,
(lb
WODSMVICFANMLTHS.
Kono niwawa, itsumo kireini teirega shitearu.
This garden is always well maintained.

3) rr
Hela, WO DAM
US
RA
4
Re
TE A
OW CET >
ND.
Karewa, itsumo hitono yoiten-o mitsukete homete kureru.
He always praises people for their good points.

So eas a : i
Kotoshino sakurawa, itsumono toshiyori sakunoga osoi.
This year, the cherry blossoms are blooming later than they do in ordi-
nary years.

on EOD NEES WOBIt AA PTEV OI, FEWLTO SAKA.

Rota Aah itsumowa hitoga sukunainoni, kyoowa zuibun hitoga irune.
We usually don’t see many people in this park, but it’s crowded today.

6) WOYDNLLAT FOTN. £T,

Itsumono tokorode matteimasu.
(Vl) wait for (you) at our usual meeting place.

MOTD Bitsu demo

malways ; at any time

DITCH Pea. CATECESACED SIN EITERLEF (fil7, 8,

9). LDBBIs Od 4PURER CHOSE TERT M, gene ED8D
LEBUBUATT.
Itsu demo indicates that a behavior or state always remains unchanged
(ex.7,8,9,10). In this case, itsumo and itsu demo can be used interchangeably,
however itsu demo sounds a little stronger.

QIRFEPCI. PUELDNGFILENIENTRBE Lea SHEETS

C2He~LOW s ~ PED, 7ZE 7)" BYRE - Pay ae, BAG — eld
ras xk D> IESE Se)
EVs LEIESLEMABWCH
2 BE
CHill0,
cas
11), CALECE
tx
1 a BID
7A AWA
te <
CVA) BORCT 5
It is also used when something occurs at any time, always, without exception,
or without being controlled by time and circumstance. /tsu demo is often
used with words or phrases such as ~dekiru, ~shite ii, and ~kamawanai,

106
 19%-99TD-LE 2 H~ 9 /itsumo-itsu demo-shotchuu

which express ability, approval, and permission respectively (ex.11).

7) Bld,
pa
WOCOFER
Ee egy
DE ORI
UPA
GEN
BK
TRS.
é
Karewa, itsudemo machiawaseno jikanni okuretekuru.
He always comes late to appointments.

8) BRAILVOTHT IRS a
ee itsudemo suguni okoru. 4
She gets mad very easily. eA 6
we °

9) Bh lV OCBE YS Y IETF ORCS. ea ¥y:

@é
Watashiwa itsudemo eis in. ev
I always have my vitamin pills with me. / \
10) BAT
satu — vid, WITHATFSDDHIVW.
A
Okunai-puuruwa, itsudemo oyogerukara ii.
Indoor pools are nice because you can swim anytime.

11) Blo7chyit. VO CORRS WbsLels.

Komatta tokiwa, esac ‘Seas irasshai.
You may come to talk to (me) anytime you’re in trouble.

0 woticnfa
B shotch |

PUREFt -VAIZAIE HED EDIZ, LEAS LD PWT

BROS
F BB
SALES
aod.
(Pl
12,
13, 14, iO) MVaD% » WOH 4 £Y%, ND a SEE A:

bat. BLL, kins.

a

This indicates frequent occurrence in the same way as nando mo and hinpan
ni (ex.12, 13, 14,15). Compared to itsumo and itsu demo, the focus of shotchuu
is on frequency. It is often used in spoken language.

12) Fuld, fEEECL

25 97KEIMTS «
Aniwa, shigotode shotchuu gaikokue iku.
My (elder) brother goes abroad on business quite often.

13) “BAER ICIS Lesbo

tKiEe MS Cie LEOOK.
BK tw U Kv

Gakusei-jidainiwa, shotchuu Modachit asamade katariakashita monoda.

When (I) was a student, I often stayed up until morning talking to my
friends.

107
ibusu-kusuburu-kemuru/eST-<¢ TRAWTS

I) BFla, poe, Lisbo

DRE MILT
Musukowa, chiisai koro, shotchuu netsuo dashiteita.
My son often had fevers when he was little.

15) AL 2 Ox. AE LATEM ORT LEoIK ko

B it<ttAd ZAR ZeEL Es bH9S,

A: Yuube, hon-o yominagara neteshimattayo.
Last night, (I) fell asleep while reading a book.
B : Bokunanka, sonna koto shotchuusa.
That happens to me quite a lot.

Mat’ <TRSZ/GES
w ibusu we kusuburu me kemuru

> gsibusu 5
Vast ato smoke (something) |

HL,
Won res
WICHTIY. BATEOG SEMEWET «9CORE CBP Ee
BV ELot:9 (BNL,2), WHE Beer OLET (PIB,4,5). Fa. HEREC.
POP BolE< BASE SLSH WEF EGEVEF G6 ).
To smoke something, or to envelope something in smoke in order to chase
away insects or animals (ex.1,2), or to change the quality of something with
smoke (ex.3,4, 5).
To darken metals such as silver and copper with sulfur (ex.6).

1) Hid,
GPL
MEORMBOPBCORLT
> GAS Eh
WHIBV
> BB
OR.
Ws
Mukashiwa, katorisenkoono kemuride ibushite, kao oiharatta.
We used to keep mosquitoes away (by smoking them out) with smoke
from a mosquito incense coil. Ay Pe

2) MIMBRANT. FOMEWRLUET.
Suni kemurio irete, kitsuneo ibushidasu.
We force a fox out by smoking its den. \)ene ;{
ne) Seca |
3) MEWOELTC SALW TS, Yama we f
Sakanao ibushite, kunseini suru. SY
Fish is smoked by hanging it over a fire.

108
 WAT? <FASA-teS /ibusu- kusuburu-kemuru

4) BDF IT OOELEN AILS BVLV).

Sakurano chippude ibushita hamuwa, oishii.
Ham smoked with chips of cherry wood is delicious.

on AAR
aoe
SUCRE,
sex WL5
LOROKBMTCT.
rpyeales
Woy & CEA

Marutao ibushite tsukutta hashirawa, watashino ieno jimandesu.

A pillar made from a burnished log is our family’s pride and joy.

1S Ps VaR OBE EAI. WELRDAI

IT EVERSVELK.
BIE SSE RACED XA

Watashiwa chichino tanjoobini, ibushiginno nekutaipin-o okurimashita.

I gave an oxidized silver tie pin to my father on his birthday.

° a kusuburu =
< TAS = to smolder

OFA HN EO CAT) BOL RATE DoT, SIMA

SoTLEDES TEMTTNS (GIB) LVILABUET.
Kusuburu indicates that a fire does not start right away (ex.7), is not burn-
ing vigorously, or is smoking without completely catching fire (ex.8).

OQAOICECIBsTLP IT. BLK TELAT CBI) %O. PSV

E COMPA LISV TIEN ClO SIK RICO ET CHILO).
It may be used to describe a person who always stays at home, having no en-
joyment or activities (ex.9). It also describes a problematic situation which lin-
gers on without being solved (ex.10).

7) HDs, TEITEDRRA TENTS ison Ne

Makiga, nakanaka moenaide kusubutteiru.
. LU) —_
\\4
> . . . . ) ar (i
The wood won’t catch fire, and is just smoldering. aa ae a,
AE cai
ee DINOKBORIL, $726 T SoC Sys

Yuubeno kajino genbawa, mada kusubutteiru.

Things are still smoldering at the scene of last night’s fire.

RDOECF
Bo TMT KECILMoLaEK, BRI
a
CY{T— FL.
Teno nakade kusubutte-inaide, tamaniwa isshoni, eiganidemo ikooyo.
Don’t just stay cooped up in the house. Let’s go do something like see a
movie together once in a while.

10) TOPE, 2 ARCO ILOHY<TSo CWS,

DATO = oma aA

109
ima-genzai-tadaima/W¥EWFASV- REEVE

Kono mondaiwa, nikokukande moo juunenmo kusubutteiru.

This issue has been smoldering between the two countries for ten years.

= wekemuru =~
tS RES J sto smoke ; to be hazy »

1 HEA << SAHWTY BLITERTLE (fil) », dbO7E HOSME Cl oaa

we Bex (faln2) alba +t.
Kemuru indicates that a great amount of smoke is coming out from some-
where (ex.11), or that a certain area or space becomes full of smoke (ex.12).

2 EV FD] IPs FTLETIEAPUPTATHABES CAL3) ae a ge

ea

Also, kemuru is used to describe a distant view that looks roe or clouded
because of fog, mist, etc. (ex.13).

LOFStL. who Cl CHE TE AV Wests

Kono makiwa, shimetteite kemuttebakariiru.
This firewood is damp and just smokes.

12) PER
RAALD
ASTRV Lp
oe} Bee Bs
Cla, KER
v
epES BOHay ASHES
We
CLES.
Entotsuga nai yamagoyadewa, hio takuto koyano nakaga kemutteshimau.
If (you) make a fire in a mountain hut without a chimney, the hut will
fill with smoke.

13) HXFH
FASEB\t
Cl SEROMA
Lm PL
LV.
37K

Asagirini kemutteiru shirakabano hayashiga utsukushii.

The forest of white birch trees in the hazy morning mist is beautiful.

ME /LTFASVO/REOE
ima @ genzai = fadaima

Tee Sl a
DIRERT IEE. WB CORR COTE (CO Bt Po°-IOT4H, Be
{Ci £TC
CHEZrs< BEVet pall, 0.3.4,5).

110
 WE-WAXO- EEE /ima: genzai:tadaima

Ima is used to refer to the present moment or period in time. It refers to

neither the future nor the past, but instead is used in different situations
with various meanings from ‘this moment’, to ‘nowadays’, to ‘the present age’
(xa
3 e455)

OOM iFEORRERLEF
bm ot ee A OW H5b
Chil,
ny
7).
It may be used to refer to the very recent past or near future (ex.6, 7).

1) A: Sfmt
WEA UE
Ct D>.
B: 48 1047¢
U RA
A: Ima nanjidesuka? What time is it?
B: Yojijuppundesu. It’s 4:10.

2) Bid. BOLI HABA THD,

Watashiwa ima, jibunno seetaao andeiru.
I am now knitting my own sweater.

3) BRIS.
BSED WE
SRP CT.
Dv» HDF
Buchoowa ima, kaigichuudesu.
The manager is in a meeting now.

4) ahha BRILTE OC Bote aE 51 o#EL 72M.

Ima sundeiru iewa semainode, motto coy tokoroni hikkoshitai.
The house I’m living in now is very small, so I’d like to move to a
larger one.

5) #. ZOeae OI, Site veo.

CHL AA Dito Wes

Mukashi, konohenwa noharadattanoni, imawa birudarakeda.

This area was once all field, but now there is nothing but buildings.

6) BASAL, AIMHSEVoTSHVELEL
Aokisanwa, yooga aruto itte ima kaerimashitayo.
Mr. Aoki has just left, saying he has something to do.

7) bz othe aes Db.

Chotto matte, ima ikukara.

Wait a minite, (I’ll) be right there.

> . B genzai
FAX w [Bate | athe present time i

111
ima-genzai-tadaima/¥-FASO-LEVE

Pe ASL al a Gs ROL ETHARROKM UCOHVYVECA BIS, 9,10),

HOD

PS ae TS OW PL EV 5 BOIL te EOE LTOS COR,

Lot RUST Tite
WAX
tS Urea 5
=, BILE CSS tp
net. Ek, PIM, LOLI, PERT SLILABNC OUT, DOE
ORF RE UDNO ESE ET
This word is used to indicate time, however it does not refer to either the
past or future (ex.8,9,10). Unlike ima, it does not emphasize the present mo-
ment, but instead refers more to ‘this time in which we exist’. It is more of-
ten used in formal situations and in writing than is ima. As in Examples 11
and 12, when a time or date occurs before it, genzai marks that specific point
in time.

) WAY
Sifey dil
PAE. ie EACH a
%&35%

Genzai, , aes Tookyooni sundeiru.

I’m currently living in Tokyo.

9) RORo7MNs,
war 2) +t
BET VEY HxPLAID
PAW &
o CW ET
Kareno notta funewa, genzai Firipin-okini mukatteimasu.
The ship he is on is presently headed for the seas off the Philippines.

10) <OHoOAAIS PEERN2A ATH «

Kono shino jinkoowa, genzai yaku juunimannin-desu.
The population of this city is currently around 120,000 people.

I) BBS. OH
SE
TBE.
DUIGS VAIO
RORGAIZIMWULS
BERD
ie be — Site
ItiCid
>THEA CHET
TenaNE: kyoo shoogo genzai, Okinawano one. ee mukatte
susundeimasu.
As of noon today, the typhoon was in the sea south of Okinawa, and
moving north.

12) DFID F
x, aes ae 3 31H BEC, LOD KEBARKEITCT
Kono gakkoono sotsugyooseiwa, kotoshi sangatsu sanjuuichinichi genzaide,
Juumannin-o koetasoodesu.
It appears that as of March 31 of this year, the number of graduates
from this school has exceeded 100,000.

> w fadaima
Te Teo Ed a just now Fi

ZIPs TWA THE DLEUACH (Pill3, 14,15). "Fs eigen

112
 WEDb-onD>b/ima kara-korekara

CAUBRCTA, THOS DEIR Hx ILOR Kok HSV

THC + RABI DEF, FFM OMS HR PAL TOET. TERED
OBE CePVYEDS 5 AA DEFIBBICE DOES HEV Fi Leth.
Tadaima is a more formal way of saying ima (ex.13, 14,15). Although it has
nearly the same meaning as ima, it places more emphasis on the shortness of
time, as in, ‘this very instant’ or ‘immediately’. It may not be used in expres-
sions such as tadaima kara go-nen mae to refer to past passage of time.

OA doHPohLEDHWSWOMLLIETH (Hills).
It is also used as a greeting by one who is returning from outside (ex.16).

13) RIED, Ree

LAAZALIDW
BEV LET.
Dixy

Tadaimakara, shimin-undookaio kaisai-itashimasu.

The Citizens Athletic Meet will now begin.

14 ae aes RIN EHONS THIET

Chichiwa, tadaima dekaketeorimasu.
My father is out right now.

15 eer, RRWEBREBH5SLET «
Tadaima ochao omochishimasu.
(I) will bring you some tea right away.

16) F: BPA, KE.

Be [b. BHADEAV.
veld

Ko: Okaasan, tadaima. Child: Mom. I’m home!

Haha: A, okaerinasai. Mother: Ah! You’re back (welcome back).

WEP
b/ CNP
gima kara 8 korekara

wima kara
WEDS [ri 6 | astarting from now i

FERIA S «APE CHE ROR ET. ARI TH (BIL2,

3). BEIMTH (Pld,
5) HEF.
LODWIOTA WE

113
ima kara-korekara/\ PED b-CUNDb

Ima kara indicates that the present time is being used as a reference point
when referring to events in the future (ex.1,2,3), or the past (ex.4, 5).

1) FIrby\ e771 Rice rah,

bD

Imakara 2 ittekimasu.
(I'm) going out to do some shopping now.

Neee 5104DRI BR Ca Sa ae e
are juppungoni ekide aimashoo.
Let’s meet at the station ten minutes from now.

3) RAOBUARTO
bywWwo KRARWH EIS
PH,
pha
FOOCHHILAWETD.
Wes ES %

Raigetsuno dantai-ryokoono yoyakuwa, imakarademo maniaimasuka?

Can (I) still make a reservation for next month’s group tour?

4) ULSI» 3 FM OSUECT
Arewa Serna sannenmaeno jikendesu.
That is an incident that occurred three years ago.

5) BBTIYVICAELE
rn WEDS
DIZ, SPo20FROLE
WE DAEA
THT.
Karega Burajiruni ijuushitanowa, imakara nijuunenmaeno kotodesu.
It was 20 years ago that he emigrated to Brazil.

= korekara
CUD b astarting now ; from now (on) fe

O! Sob, ERCLSIC BE
EHH RE LT. AROLLEMASLEfH
ET GED.
Korekara is used in the same way as imakara to express that the present time
is being used as a starting point when speaking about the future (ex.6, 7).

AE RIL EVES VST (GIB, 9). LN S~AHL

EV Sawer eh
xe Fle Leth.
It may also be used when speaking generally about the future (ex.8,9). How-
ever, unlike imakara, it cannot be used in expressions like korekara ~nen mae
to refer to past events.

6) ZN A» br! RERALET OC Bnbelz DY TRCC HEV.

Korekara oie 0 annai- tess watashino atoni tsuitekite kudasai.

114
 YS-P>DS-ODL 5 /iru-kakaru:hitsuyou

I will now show you around the factory, so please follow me.

7) LMS RREROET. CM WO AISA

7 mU Libor We Pw ¥
BILE REICH AV.
UD Eee)

Korekara kaigio hajimemasu. Goshussekino katawa kaigi-shitsuni oatsumari

kudasai.
The meeting will now begin. Those who are attending, please gather in
the conference room.

8) eG?
= UR
NDdoiE ASNSAHF
SDS Y<
RISC
ES55 UWA RA
D.
ae: Pott, UY EI aa Oe 6
BK Le BD

Kisya : Korekara chuumokusareru kootsuu-shudanwa nandesuka?

Reporter : What modes of transportation are being looked at for the
future?
Gakusha : Korekarawa, rinia-mootaakaadato omoimasu.
Scholar : I think (one of them is) linear motor cars.

9) Xt BILE LA TIER LUAU TEE

ut

BF: apo
Re vet.
Chichi : Moo nidoto konna kotoo shitewa ikenaiyo.
Father : (You) must never do this kind of thing again!
Musuko : Korekara kio tsukemasu.
Son : (Ill) be more careful from now on.

YMZ/PP4S/ODELS
8 iru w kakaru w hitsuyou

1 giru =
er) [RS] «to need ; to require

HOLLETSOI, PLC TAD EUWGDERTLAIMOET, HY

FYI OV CAH EVR SA (PAL, 2,3, 4,5).
Iru indicates that something, such as money, is required in order to do a cer-
tain task. It is generally not used when referring to time (ex.1,
2, 3,4, 5).

1) WEAR
TET SESS, KAK—bAVOET
Kaigai-ryokoo-o suru tokiwa, pasupootoga irimasu.
(You) must have a passport when you travel to foreign countries.

115
iru-kakaru-hitsuyou/\~4->D>S°ODE 45

2) EVREBES, FRE LTO ET.

Bizao toru toki, tesuuryootoshite gosen-en irimasu.
(You) must pay a ¥5,000 handling charge when getting a visa.

3) RAT HCH S EV - CVD, ARIE TEV CEN +7,

A, £3 +t

Tenkiyohoode hareruto itteitakara, kasawa iranaito omoimasu.

I don’t think (we'll) need to have an umbrella because the weather fore-
cast said that it would clear up later.

4) {DRL IERILUDSICIL, BANS.

Nanika atarashii kotoo hajimeruniwa, yuukiga iru.
Whenever (you) start something new, you must have courage.

5) FUE RIDLEL. BIOMLISVVEGA.

LOeUMD tHr5 LAIEvs

Shujutsuwa seikoo-shimashita. Moo shinpaiwa irimasen.

The surgery was a success. There’s no need to worry any longer.

PpsF a kakaru ;
mto take ; to require

HOLLET EONAR EIS AUS TEU MESEI + Se FTICE RG CSE

tT. 2 <A GINIE SCA £TAS, BOIL HIG, 7,8,9,10).
Kakaru is used when referring to something (time, money, or labor, etc.) that
is required to perform an action. Kakaru is primarily used when speaking of
time, and not of things (ex.6,7,8,9, 10).

CHET 3 RO DvET.
6) DARE

Tookyookara Oosakamade Shinkansende sanjikan kakarimasu.

It takes three hours to go from Tokyo to Osaka on the Shinkansen.

7) RRez ks
PARE CHEE
x XY =363UA tHm
CLO pMVET.
Tookyookara Pekinmade kookuubinde tooka kakarimasu.
It takes ten days for air mail to arrive in Beijing from Tokyo.

8) WED OH PEF SB, BEDDPDD.

Imano yononaka, nanio surunimo, okanega kakaru.
In today’s world, everything costs money.

9) fe]Cpe ONC.
Br
3k bD
BY Fl bo, DPOB BUDDVET
Onajimonoo okurunodemo okurikatani yotte kakaru ryookinga kawarimasu.

116
 WS:PPS-OOE 5 /iru-kakaru-hitsuyou

The cost of sending an object changes depending on how you send it.

1) FREED IVOT. EROPVET.

Kodomoga mada chiisainode, tega kakarimasu.
Our children are still young, so (f) must spend a lot of time taking care
of them.

y a hitsuyou 7
ODE 5 [Wee | ato nee : to require
i

live, DSS CSCI AN, Varo EDGES IVS 1 TRAMETENS 4

CFUFUFES LED SFE EVD BOR CHET Cll, 12,135,142 Sse
VOLS

ENED ESL, ALBEE AP. Pa EDI ots, AA

BLO FBR < ue
2 &BRAM LECT.
This is a more formal written equivalent of iru, however, it is stronger and
suggests that ‘something is absolutely needed’, ‘cannot be omitted’ or ‘cannot
be done without’ (ex.11, 12,13, 14). Hitsuyou is often used when speaking of
rules or responsibilities that are required by society.

11) AVR ESIIS, WAVY DIS BMLECT

Hgipy nde) G5)

Karee,o tsukuruniwa, iroirona kooshinryooga hitsuyoodesu.*p./02

Various kinds of spices are needed to make curry.

12) NAK-bRLSLS, FHUE R BAEC, PLA EWSAAVES Utd

Pasupootoo torutoki, shashinto juuminhyooga hitsuyoodesu.

It is necessary to have a photo and a certificate of resident registration
in order to obtain a passport (in Japan).

3) A: BEARS, RECHT.
B: CODELLA.
A: Okanega hitsuyoonara, ginkoode karimasuga...
If I need money, I'll borrow it from the bank.
B.: Sono hitsuyoowa arimasen. There is no need to do that.

1d) ee
ERT
OM
Olid SATAMAXELER
Min eat aksVOECT.
Kurumao untensuruniwa unten-menkyoshooga hitsuyoodesu.
You are required to have a driver’s license in order to drive a car.

117
ALOR + BUR

ALD AK + BUR FAMILY TREE

a XY
: : y
=== indicates a spousal relationship
—— indicates a brother/sister relationship
{ indicates a parent/child relationship HAL AIL RE
cd *

(BEWSA) (BIFH SA)

Ri}:
tit bit
(bBrASA) (BIFSA]} (BLEA)

(BEM Lae) (BEM )Z-Lap 7k

ED t
f epee . (Nt
(BPASA)

(FEED Viti
Exe
(BRz8A)

Ip
oth
Is AS es
bo ttsts
* *

In this diagram, ( Jindicates the form of address

‘I? would use in relation to an immediate family
member or close relative, * indicates that the rela-
tive’s first name or nickname is the common way
that ‘I? would address the person.

118
 2NdOD-59bD-£ 5% /iremono-utsuwa-youki

MNhbD /JS90D ERX

@ iremono = utsuwa @ youki

IBD Any = iremono &

8 container

SEODDX LeIear, Ge OH EDK,

SS DH HAv.yO*M
frla>RANE

bs BRUA BLOB HHOVDET, UBS fbn sz LiSTH CHIL, 2, 3).

Iremono is an object that is used to put inet in. The word iremono refers
to various kinds of container, from soft vinyl or paper bags to hard boxes or
bottles (ex.1, 2,3).

i) ASA
A as BicbiTos.
B : fil AI parE D725
A: Kore, kimini ageruyo. This is for you. (I give this to you.)
B Nanika iremono naikanaa? Do you have something to put it in?

2) F- Fi BRIA, MHONKALIU
mv
Sse:
Ko
cLANES,
: Otoosan, sakanaga tsuretandakedo... Za
acer 4 grenneegee
IN z
Child : Dad, I caught a fish. t $3 ry
Chichi : Kono iremononi irenasai. Ye,
Father : Put it in this container. re he

3) A: SAW RANCHA. Si
BAA, (HE MA STIRA TTL
WLEIDA vas

A: Kireina iremonodesune. That’s a pretty case, isn’t it!

B: Ee, keshoohinga haitteitandesuyo. Yes, it had cosmetics in it.

n g@ utsuwa
) ro) Lar J scontainer ; receptacle &

MEME SDLVIBRCLANPLICTHDS,MMOHIA +BIR +7

fie BUbODEMBVIT. SOS. MBERIF CGM,5).
1a fe TP ARLE BALE AMIEL COKE xB, HED SUBIC

119
iremono-utsuwa-youki PNYD-5OD-KI*

POW, BXDLWPEDAEE ERT EMC BEV Sach CPG, Ds

Utsuwa is similar to iremono, however the bec the container is made of
is hard, such as glass, china, or wood. In many cases, it refers to a container
for food (ex.4,5). In addition, utsuwa may be used to denote the overall stat-
ure, competence, character, etc., of a person, or the suitability of someone to
occupy a position of responsibility (ex.6, 7).

4 IVIF—-EZDLAIYCls~D BNI att PCA oi ghe

hey p)

Serufu-saabisuno resutorandewa, tabeta utsuwawa jibunde katazukemasu.

At a self-service restaurant, you have to clear away your own dishes.

5) RE AFANGILANDE,
CTEUD 47D
HARAMTS. Pia
Cor

Kudamonoo garasuno utsuwani ireruto, mibaega suru.

Fruit looks very attractive in a glass container. K wy

6) PSA A
OBIE.
372Dp
\ ay! 4
ier daijinno utsuwadewa nai. SSS
He doesn’t have the caliber to be a minister (of state).

7) HOMSAAIE L CAPA VD SV
ohek 9) By

Ano hitowa ningentoshite utsuwaga chiisai.

He is a man of low caliber.

A g youki
kos Rey J = container a

fila EANSKOIA feonte ie ASM RE.W ET. BK DGG

HED BES Ata UThoT, POSOMPCHENASICAD CHE
3. py ECT CHB, 9, 10).
Youki is used when the purpose of the container is clear. In most cases the
material of a youki is hard, and it has a lid or cover to seal things inside.
Youki is more commonly used in formal language (ex.8,9, 10).

8) BRRLIE I<HAAN BA <<Aoteie

7) ADSIEA CUD
EFA 726
Ree ee garasuno yookini haitta hyoohonga narandeiru.
The specimens are lined up in glass containers in the science laboratory.

9) VOI oh FIAF IIRC, BRAD

LL ER EK.
Tranakunatta DBs neh sootiae natsuyasumino koosakuo tsukutta.

120
 WAWn4-x¥X¥ /iroiro-samazama

(1) made my summer craft project out of plastic

containers that no one wanted any more.

10) ADE ax —— OB eet TF 4 Hs aun

LECUA

Ano Pe PENS oreyookiwa dezainga ii. —

The designs of the containers of that food processing | ie
company are very good. ae

WAZ4/S ESE
@ /roiro @ samazama

MWAWsA @ troiro
GeaLe
@ various

SUVBMH
12< SA DMB HE LY
GLITFERLET. WAViS SEP
Wwolth
FESS OY
DHEA PON, ELAL
TX
ELEM CHE
ORD ET E
(Uap Fyn

Fo WAWATE :KALICIE
TW AABICOEWET (Pll,
2,3,4,5).
Iroiro expresses the existence of many kinds of things. Although it is inter-
changeable with samazama in most cases, iroiro is the more generally used ex-
pression. In daily conversation iroiro na may be shortened to ironna (ex.1, 2,3,
4,5).

1) XD97F INF, DVATEODER WE ree

Kinoo depaatode, iroirona monoo kaimashita.
(I) bought many different things at the department store yesterday.

2) BAIT,
to HEA *
WAWAEAL
OS
REC RV ELK.
e725)

Nihonni kite, iroirona hitoto tomodachini narimashita.

Since I came to Japan, I’ve made friends with all kinds of people.

3) VWAVABATATUINEG, fifhe at2 HZ.

Troiro kangaete-mitakeredo, ketsuronga denai.
(I’ve) tried thinking about it a lot of
different ways, but I can’t make a decision.

4) APRERIIL, VAATED CELI.

TV KPA
—

121
iroiro:samazama/WAWA-S¥EXE

Suizokukanniwa, ironna sakanaga ite tanoshii.

Aquariums are fun because they have so many kinds of fish.

5) WAWALH thal 729. HYMBLATIWELES

Iroiroto osewani nari, arigatoo gozaimashita.
Thank you for doing so much for me.

x . = samazama — a
rs fares = m various ; diverse ; all kinds Ls

SA DEED HOLIFTERLET A PyWyAVy»A | LYOD LATEWEWA

oa, MISTS SA UW SOCATEC 6 DEF HA = Ai Abt 2.=7"
AT, ADE PUREEV OP, enenics BUD BV Capt
ERAS SEB
BENT VBE ths (SELES Hable BASALIE © BON (29). ~HAe ES
KEDESI| HSE SEA CONG,7,8,9).
This expression also indicates the existence of many things, but is a more for-
mal style of speaking than iroiro. It does not simply mean ‘many’, but at-
tempts to point out the individual differences of each thing involved, as for
example in Example 6, a Japanese kimono, a Vietnamese ao dai, an Indian
sari, etc. It may not be used in expressions such as samazama osewa ni nari-
mashita (I’m indebted to you), samazama arigatou (thank you for everything),
or samazama monku o iu (complain a lot). In these cases iroiro must be used
(ex.6, 7, 8,9).

) BEASTS ERR. AWS.

OE Ate samazamana ele es Gaiden sankashita.
The athletes each wore the native costumes of their various countries at
the closing ceremony.

7) HUA AYBITILKBWLEDPIELER LzEDEDA

we OY 77 2)
CVS.
Setonaikainiwa daishoo samazamana shimaga ukandeiru.
There are all kinds of islands, large and small, in the Seto Inland Sea.

8) FID SEISOW TOAROR IBA SFaeis (Ree:

DI

Konkaino jikenni tsuiteno hitobitono hannoowa, samazamadatta.

People’s reactions to this incident were varied.

9) atata Lea Cth, SESE ES HS 0

122
 5 <:- 938 /uku-eukabu

Hanashiaidewa, samazamana ikenga dasareta.

All kinds of opinions were expressed at the discussion.

<7 IOS
gs uku ge ukabu

ne euku
5 < LH < J ato float dal]

DPD ATE CRO FeTE

Mlcq7< le cs. Eh, FRE BEN CBO Hee
of, HTN 2 IEA C28© lcLLESZ ay (Pall, 2364).
To float on the Here isea liquid (such as water) or to be suspended in a
liquid or the air (ex.1,
2,3,4).

QMBNEE SRIF RELLIFERLET G5).

Ww % SH > BATH H5dD nv

Uku also expresses an unstable condition where the location of an object is

not fixed (ex.5).

1) YH
ASS
VaAKIIES.
AF 5

Aburawa mizuni uku. |

Oil floats on water.
\) shes
2) EB AK fETIS, pi tii FS 0 } ei\ }
EUOS HE ULIF
Vi atoem onan mer te chuuni uku. x
In zero-gravity, the body will float in the air. \ \ )

3) OF fis EDO PVE TOOT FY ThYISER

‘ake 3A (7/0 3

RNS.
Higekujirawa, umino nakani uiteiru purankuton-nadoo taberu.
Whalebone whales eat plankton and other organisms which live in the
sea.

4) PAV FOIE POA EO LIEBER

by Pa
TOS
3 LF Ly OES
Chiisai hakoga uitari shizundari shinagara kawao nagareteiku.
A small box is bobbing up and down as it drifts down the river.

123
uku-ukabu/ 5 ¢-5 as

) BRIE OYA. POR GPE AS IE LY ee ERT OMT, PIADP CE

PDL OA Libbi5 aD 3

rene
Y

Kanojowa itsumo jibunno ikendakega tadashiito shuchoosurunode, kurasuno

nakade uiteiru. :
She doesn’t get along well with the other students because she always in-
sists that she is right.

4
Dads (BP)? Sohba |
oy
‘dd

DIVE AitKOK HE Gur EBLECT (fil 6, 7 3.9)e

LIMA <35)5

Ukabu indicates that something exists on the surface of a liquid, in the air,
CLOm(CXO, oo)»

DYNO
E MBSR TA FN ecg (fil10). hehe Ge HOVE LE
DESHA HSt SRST)

HHSTESNSEV
AM
32%, Eh Me
» 2
AEls eee eet xd Pil
A ZA De

It may also signify that something appears on or rises to the surface (ex.10).
Ukabu is also used to express that something (such as an idea) comes to
mind, a feeling ‘arises within one’, or an emotion is expressed on one’s face
(exe E2515))

6) FICE BAIEDA CVS.

25
Sorani shiroi kumoga ukandeiru.
A white cloud is drifting across the sky.

)# FEYZ RAED IS o> te aisSAVECWD,

ee Aj ==
phat Ee pokkarito ukandeiru.
A hot-air balloon is floating across the blue sky. s
s ee
8) REIKI AM, PoMVLBDA TOS. (
= aN
5
Yozorani ookina tsukiga, pokkarito ukandeiru. cawyas4
The big moon is ‘rising’ in the evening sky.

9) PBB,
DB toys A 3
MAAR
we OY TVA e)
SECT.
es
eae:
:

Shoodo-shimawa, Setonaikaini ukabu shimadesu.

Shoodo-shima is an island in the Seto Inland Sea.

124
 5O-fe ie < /utsu-tataku

10) BCU
AaELP Oak BDd,
& BOBRA CLD SAC EeTe3
Sei aes ne shoogenkara, ek yoogishatoshite ukandekita.
Because of the testimony of the witness, he became a suspect.

11) BAVC BEML, TEIVTEI RUB ADF INE TEN 0

Tsukareteiru tokiwa, nakanaka yoi kangaega ukabanai.
When one is tired, it is difficult to come up with good ideas.

12) OMSL
L
EM
ss
REAORAOES
POCE LAI
SPAMS
ME
BlUIEORLEIK.
a) 2)

Sono shiraseo kiita tokino kanojono yorokobu kaoga meni ukabuyooda.

I can imagine how happy she will be when she hears the news (the
image of her happy face is floating in front of my eyes).

13) AGRo CWDS FER

San)
LOMDRERORAIC.
A hth DB
(ZIIZADIEDAK.
3

Nemutteiru kodomoo mitsumeru hahaoyano kaoni, hohoemiga ukanda.

As the mother looked at her sleeping child, a smile appeared on her
face.

59
/ Tele <
B utsu g tataku

Bultsu 5
9 2) Eaben ato hit ; to strike ©

EY ee MONIC. BTHLETH. ELT. BEMIS

+WERT EL
DEBAELEEBUt> FOLTOET. Fe. TOU eS
u< TX
LYOR NBD
TSEBLY 6 7 HOES (Pl, 2 tos Pl 4 (a, BOUWREEDS AAT
ve 13 Eso Aes. Bah AD Lic SERSIRE
kx
Fes DIzAOEZC EV
2 (Bib,
6).
To strike something forcefully with a hand or instrument. A relatively clear
objective to the action, for example to make a sound or to send something
flying, is implied. Utsu suggests more of a momentary force or impact than
does tataku (ex.1,2,3). As in Example 4, utsu may be used to refer to a re-
sultant blow or hit. In addition, it may be used to indicate that one is deep-
ly impressed by something (ex.5, 6).

125
utsu-tataku) 5O-TzTte <

1) ROR vis, RCH CIR Ne

an

Kareno booruwa, hayakute utenai.

His pitches are so fast that (1) can’t hit them.

2) ls |yt Har bb Cee Gay WA Lr.

Ve
Wesdtis, kanazuchide kugio utteite, kegao shita. \ f ca ay é
I hurt myself when I was driving in a nail NT ay Serpe
with a hammer. / Ys a, ars

3) (Bl ats 7H 2 Aer — ADVE o12 0 wey es :

Pet { Fi ‘

Karewa, os nihon hoomuran-o utta. i i

He hit two homeruns today. ‘Pa

4) KM, 27h
CHA CHET ot. RS
Taroowa, sukeetojoode koronde atamao utta.
Taro fell and hit his head at the skating rink.

5) 7 Zl(EUITH IC Bios ES CVs ayHORA

Ui3*
EO THe
BVAUCUEeRIL)SeUedT te Ase
Byookini makezuni akaruku Plat shoonenno sugatani Leone kokoroo
utareta.
People’s hearts were touched by the sight of the boy, who was cheerfully
getting on with his life without giving in to his illness.

6) POPUL
OBORIB Fors.
LOA pr xe

Kanojono netsuenwa watashino muneo tsuyoku utta.

Her stirring performance moved me.

@ tataku ‘a
fe Te < mto hit ; to knock ; to beat ©

EYECE MMIC SIFSEKDIEATSELETCH. COEF RID IELT

WSBRUAHVET. £2, COM CRE AALCEBEELKY. flare
Roh DT SEV GRRE EAET CPil7, 8,9, 10, 11,12),
To strike something with a hand or instrument. There is a feeling that the ac-
tion is repeated, and it may be implied that one uses the impact or sound cre-
ated to raise attention, search for something, etc. (ex.7,8,9,10,1i, 12).

7) mee OVAeS APU a EVR Ke

Warukuchio iwarete, Meariiwa Jon-o omoikiri tataita.
Mary hit John as hard as she could for saying bad things about her.

126
 592) -9/ukkari-tsui

8) KADMET ERICA Bayo.

Darekaga doao tataku otode, mega sameta.
I awoke to the sound of someone knocking at the door.

9) FICHE LV ODER DCPS ED es FREER CHAT.

Nandemo hoshii monoo katteyaruto yuuto, kodomowa

teo tataite yorokonda.
My child clapped his hands with joy when (I) told
him I’d buy him anything he wants.

10) HASCIL AELS 1 [elR 7) CARER K a

DEFRLAILTV “5
Sofuwa nenni ikkai, matsuride taikoo mie
tatakunoo tanoshimini shiteiru. FR
main
My grandfather looks forward to playing the \ ce

aN
taiko (Japanese drum) at the festival each year. au)

11) Als ik PB BES AIK HE Crete TRO Rete eae

Watashiwa nikuo yaku maeni, boode tataite yawarakakushita.
J pounded the meat with a cudgel to tenderize it before cooking.

12) Svaavay ECRRW CEERIIE RACAMDAVET.

Suikawa, tede tataite otoo kikeba, tabegoroga wakarimasu.
You can tell if a watermelon is ripe by listening to the sound it makes
when you thump it.

A5oRPY LOM
a ukkari a fsul

e ukkari Z
5) 2 a y) & careless

WEAPON 72) . AES Cela» EUCLESLS EV ae B ECAP

ViPS (Pill, 2,3, 4).
Ukkari is used when one does something absent-mindedly or carelessly. It is
often used when an unexpected or uncharacteristic mistake is made (ex.1,
23y4)s

127
ukkari+tsui) 5 o2>)-Ow
ae SL a Aa ie ag re rae eae ae es

1) S8Ods JoPYLTROD SEAM ODE TNE.

Kinoo, ukkarishite ieno kagio kakerunoo wasureta.
Yesterday, (I) carelessly forgot to lock the door to my home.

2) FaDPYAb—TiisthHo, PIERLE.
Ukkari sutoobuni sawatte, yakedoo shita.
(1) carelessly touched the heater and burned myself.

3) 72\ OTE 9 OO L eo CLE5k.

Taisetsuna himitsuo ukkari shabette-shimatta.

(1) carelessly blurted out an important secret.

4) JomYL Vy Citic ea al
al SIP 0SENCODE STW?
3A LDA

Ukkarishiteite UTE GsIGOne ee HI AND wasureteita.

(1) carelessly forgot that my driver’s license had expired.

Bfsui Zz
NA wiby habie without chiaehie

VEAL DVE UTR EDI WIZ ER. PHEARCS

GIVE CU s72). 3728 fh
€ Plehra
CW ALEAS ECCLES ¢ TLS | EVID EIT EAGT CURVE
> (fil5, 6,7, 8).
Tsui is used when one is unable to prevent himself from doing something
which should not be done, or to express doing something that has become a
habit or tendency (ex.5,6,7,8).

5) CWALALOONT, Om BAKE Rs CLEoK.

Seerusumanni susumerarete, tsui takai koosuio katteshimatta.
Pressured by the salesman, (I) ended up buying the expensive perfume.

6) Ov, DotTh3T Hs RISC TCTssa.

Tsui, kattonatte otootoo nagutteshimatta.

(1) just blew up and hit my brother.

7) VOOR BIDE BoC SOI,

KEAN LOW Bom L& uel re
aor
Itsumo hayaku neyooto omotteirunoni, hon-o yomidasuto tsui yofukashio shi-
teshimau.
(I) always intend to go to bed early, but once I start reading I end up
staying up late.

128
 5 EM- BOL’ /umai-oi Shii

8) BAIT EEMILDD oT TH, BREE TSE Fl fal 525.

Karega usotsukinanowa wakatteitemo, hanashio kiiteiruto tsui doojooshichau.
Although (I) know all along that he’s a liar, when I listen to him I end
up sympathizing with him.

FED /ERLUK
B umai B Oishii

= umai
5 Fw # good ; skilled K

ORMNWUWUCWOSRRC,
AU WwW
Bit
BS RAY
BHEAMEVET
iy
CHI,
Faun
2).
Umai means that a food is tasty, and is used predominately in male speech
(Cx):

QEEREVIRRTHOET (HIB,4).
It may also mean that one is skillful or good at doing something (ex.3, 4).

OHA pie En TIT IM EK EA RilgeOdd S EVs ORsRAD DET (Pil 5).

ae may also describe something as convenient or profitable (ex.5).

i EAD
ia se Roe AN at
HOL

Fea ae?
Eases)

Atsushi : Kono raamen,,, umaine. This ramen is delicious, isn’t it?

Masaru : Un, umai. Yeah, good!
« Raamen is a popular meal in Japan, consisting of Chinese style
noodles served in a soup broth and topped with meat and vegetables.

a Sialee
Kono kissatenno koohiiwa sugoku umaiyo.
The coffee at this shop is extremely good, you know. nae
= 5 Sues i)
FAME
IS AGB OBA BOIL.
Te TepetA ty rh
ne an
NY, rt VV

Tanakasenseiwa Nihil iho oshiekataga umai. s \ e,

Mr. Tanaka is very good at teaching Japanese. os yey) Vavuiuae
i) re 1G; ) CA

4)A Kise
oe V
eOo— Bipods
=saeaee
SANK
GAS) |;Sania

129
uramu:-nikumu) 5 bte-\O <4

B: 3s), STAB.
TEDMIZL SA

A: Tsugiwa Takahashikun,no saabudayo. +*p.411

It’s Takahashi’s turn to serve next.
B: Umai. Sasugawa Takahashikunda.
Great serve! That’s Takahashi!

EER sn) HADI ATEN.

AAS 10HC100 4 Flic SEL GRE ol
1 EAARA
Ichiman-enga tookade hyakuman-enni narunante, sonna umai hanashiga aru
wakega nai.
How can you make ¥1,000,000 out of ¥10,000 in ten days? That’s too
good to be true.

- gw oishii
ds LW = delicious Al

BRASUUIEV SEARCH (Bil6, 7,8). (FEV DPB, ADLII HARMS

WLW EP BAB LY 15E, | EE ORREA»
Oishii means that a food is tasty and delicious (ex.6,7,8). Oishii cannot be
used in such cases as those in Examples 3 and 4 to refer to skillfulness.

) 40F : 2N7-+HWLW
DA.
BBA? 691, BWLOyA.
Mariko : Kono keeki oishiiwane. This cake is very tasty!
Naomi : Soone, oishiiwane. Ves; It 1ssusm bent
= i SK6
COPA OAKLEY LV, Sore \,
51S AF Fire.
Kono chihoono mizuwa oishii. AL AYAd
The water in this area is delicious. ‘ KR
lee D
IMIR ECG. BY LV 28 AE HV EVRY Elke or
Z si
%E SI5UES DSSS

Yamano choojoode, Lip eo muneippai suimashita.

We breathed fresh clean air on the mountain top.

IORI GS
B uramu Bg nikumu

130
 5 Stele < te/uramu-nikumu

B uramu
5) bt ee] sto hold a grudge (against) °

HA 05Aapie LHEZER,Y DEW eRLI9, tk A Aas ZA TEV PPT

BM UTIL SOUBEO CUE oan ieeeZU CF.
it, 2,3, 4,5, 6)-

To hold a permanent grudge or feelings of ill-will against someone who has

done something terrible to oneself, or is responsible for a bad experience one
is now undergoing (ex.1,2,3,4, 5,6).

1) Rid. FROLAZBAEOUH WLM

YF xOI
EDLEESTHIBA TUS.
Karewa, kodomono as Jibun-o ijimeteita dookyuuseino ae imademo
urandeiru.
Even to this day, he still thinks ill of that kid in his class that used to
bully him as a child.

2) BRILVObBLDohINE, Aa Dist ap
Pe IDA ILS or.
Kanojowa itsumo srr cate ei haat unmeio uranda kotowa na-
katta.
She has always been poor, but she has never felt bitter about her fate.

3) NLT VEBO RELY FIT. PUA

IHF RIDAHINE, FCS
ALTOS.
ba?
Bareeboorubuno kibishii tokkunde, zuibun koochio urandakeredo, imadewa
kanshashiteiru.
(I) used to resent my coach for her strict training regimen in the vol-
leyball club, but now I appreciate her.

4) PIKE BoC eC ISAO CODEINE asics

Shinsetsudato omotte shitanoni, yorokobarenaide uramarete-shimatta.
(I) did it out of kindness, but they weren’t pleased at all; I ended up
being resented.

5) BANC
(ZEA
(a! Due
PEER 4 ie WY Me 8 TRE FEAT DEKE IOAT
WASEFIFGH RL

BALIN BEN Dado Oo

Nihonniwa ‘Yotsuya Kaidan’,Banchoo Sarayashiki nado, shinda atomo
hitoo urande obakeni naruto yuu hanashiga aru.
In Japan there are tales such as Yotsuya Kaidan and Bancho Sarayashiki
in which a dead person returns as a ghost to haunt someone.

131
uru-baikyaku suru-uriharau) 5 4-\2O Xe 6 FS-5 VIS)

6) SHENSOW OKAY AKISEDILBsEU

PL,
Uramarerunomo iyadaga, hitoo uramunowa motto iyada.
(1) don’t like having someone hold a grudge against me, but I dislike
even more holding a grudge against someone else.

= : , enikumu
C< tt tet ato hate a

PRUE CU SREFSEM LSU SLETH. PEM ICMLELSO, 2

fey EXUBERANT. TE + Hebe bHORT (BAIT, 8,9,
10)
To feel a violent dislike toward someone, whether that person has done some-
thing, or for no particular reason (ex.7,8,9, 10).

7) BRIA, RPE CCRMELEBIY, CGSULBEBA

TOK.
Kanojowa, kazokuo sutete iedeo shita hahayori, soosaseta otokoo nikundeita.
She hated, not her mother, who had abandoned her family and left
home, but the man who made her do it.

8) AHSAN C COREL
CIs EMD 7E0.
Hitoni nikumaretedemo shusseshitai-towa omowanai.
(1) don’t want to get ahead in the world if it means being hated by
others.

9) BlSP RO RED6 Pibe bets ACS aar/BRD 70

Karewa i ee tokikara, Wien, —— ee tsuyokatta.
Ever since he was a child he has had strong feelings of hatred against
injustice.

10) PA,
POCE
KOS RR
ERtSPel
Bat RAPA
5 RASS IC
COS.
Kanojowa, taisetsuna kazokuo ubatta sensoo-o nikundeiru.
She hates the war that robbed her of her precious family.

DO/EMESCFS/
5 VIESS
B Uru g baikyaku suru @ uriharau

132
 DSM eS 6 F4S-5 V1E65 /uru-baikyaku suru-uriharau

ae mUurU
5% nt % J ato sell S

MERLT. BRESSINTH. MAMEYAD (Ml, 2), OAD

SiEERE OA OBVET (Gil3,4,5).
To give something to somebody in exchange for money. Uru may be used for
sales made on a personal basis (ex.1,2), or by someone working in a shop
(xen 459i) =

1) hid RIS Tot AE hueEl<1000PF Cat oz

Watashiwa, ono tirnireate eet ahora een utta.

I sold the bicycle I don’t ride anymore to my friend for ¥1,000.

2) liso
par WE D
CV SHE
<bE
HIM
3
CWS,
Karewa ima notteiru kurumao uritagatteiru.
He wants to sell the car he’s driving now.

3) BPR
ean
e TONE
5 At
e/VP BLVD.
BR
Yasaio urumiseo yaoyato yuu.
A shop that sells vegetables is called a yaoya (green-grocer).

4) dO ies
AL. Ale ok A LpAa POPE TSE»
Ano putt Kiniita hitonishika Wenn sakuhin-o uranai.
That artist only sells his works to people he likes.

5) FNC, fT CIC Cl Oe
Depaatodewa, nandemo utteiru.
They sell everything at a department store.

FQ REC FS [ae ENF 3 apie ie uM Pe

7S 4 ePICK Ic WEBEL. Beeb PERCE S PER tk zt 1 7s.

» beeen taBOBO: eine on ieLa»TRE Roy (Gil6,78).
UPS TX DKA

As does uru, this means to transfer cei of an ee to another person

in exchange for money. However, baikyaku suru is a slightly more formal ex-
pression, and refers to the sale of relatively high priced items, i.e., property,
stock, or a company (ex.6, 7, 8).

133
uru- baikyaku suru-uriharau, 5 SEO RS FSH VIED

) AREER 7ccalFOE Bien DDD.

Fudoosan-o baikyakusuruto zeikinga kakaru.
When (you) sell a piece of real estate, you must pay taxes.

PLATE BERTH Mle, Bt Se 70 AIL

LF i ch oid Y INA DR DS 3 $

Karewa bakudaina shakkin-o ee: tameni, noojoo-o baikyakushita.

He sold his farm to pay back his enormous debt.

BREIL. TS
POUL tk
thors S55
ORASbo BAO
TIEW
Ait.
ws 2
LRN
£3
FC ADLeo
WRK

Kanojowa, nakunatta chichioyaga atsumeta suumaino meigao, gashooni bai-

kyakushita.
After her father died, she sold several of the famous paintings he had
collected to an art dealer.

ee @ uriharau
y. y) lib 4 (76)
5 Hh9 J ato sell off ; to dispose of ©

AUC BA
BOI TCNWOOF RT = 5c ey DEN CHEV acy Pil 9,10, 11).
To entirely sell off all of something one owns (ex.9, 10,11).

) LORNA. ROW ALIVIT. —RIPCBELT.

beh WALA

Watashino yuujinwa, eabihiaanits urtharatte, tkkade kaigaini ijuushita.

My friend sold off all of the household goods he had, and emigrated
overseas with his family.

10) PALE
POCE ELOCS oP LADMRET
Be STEVI
5 186 TC, COBB
a UtARAWREACH2%
WU
Kanojowa joyuudatta korono fukuo subete uriharatte, sono okaneo jizendan-
taini kifushita.
She sold all of the clothes she had accumulated during her days as an
actress, and donated the money to a charitable organization.

11) BACAIEID
RDM EM, BALT CEVA
NE of.
Hoosekidoroboono ichimiga tsukamattaga, hoosekiwa sudeni uriharawareta
atodatta.
They caught the gang of jewel thieves, but not before all of the jewels
they had stolen had been disposed of.

134
 5 BEO- SYA LW 1C ¥PM/urusai-sawagashii-nigiyaka

DESO /SDBL’O NCEP

a urusai ® sawagashii w nigiyaka

4 AXW BmUurusal
= noisy ; bothersome

OF173ic Cedi RCOLIDOFREKITERLET (Pill, 2, 3).

This word is used when expressing displeasure or discomfort when a sound is
annoying to one’s ears (ex.1,
2, 3).

Qi re 7 EAS DELATONRY, LOZSNKY LIEMIRCOLIT CH

BINFTZIT CIR, FILLS BOLE ME VE DNIZUT SEI, Rat CHT
PULWSODIWTHBIUTH (Pil4,
5).
Urusai also expresses annoyance when an unpleasant event occurs persistently
and repeatedly. It is used not only with reference to actions, but also when
one is repeatedly told something that is unnecessary and annoying (ex.4, 5).

Of] DOMLEMRSO. MDWCLALCEOABIODIL2IVELKAAEY

STHOELETT CHIE).
It may also be used to indicate that one has his own definite ideas about
small matters or details, i.e., picky, fussy, or particular (ex.6).

1) fh DASH 47 Sal TV)\DTC, BDI.

apa iewa aooeeut chikainode, otoga urusai.
My house is near an airport so the noise is loud (it is noisy).

2) BEIEOM
oie a)
7D EDBISS< CHR
Boosoozoku,no baikuno otoga urusakute nemurenai.
The noise of the bikers is so loud (I) can’t sleep.
* Boosoozoku are bands of young people that drive cars and motor-
cycles recklessly and loudly late at night without regard for traffic laws.

3) EDUBISIVOTC BaD
CAD CR:
ABICATLV.
*
Nay
Mawariga urusainode, denwano koega kikoenai.
There is so much noise (I) can’t hear YA
the voice on the telephone. A
Be S)
A) ijPelt. TES RR LOC IOS< BD
urusai-sawagashii-nigiyaka) 5} S82: SDB LW ANCE PD

Ryooshinwa, hayaku kekkonshiroto urusaku yuu.

My parents are pestering me to get married.

5) FR 72 bt OSES
IU Hie Ba]SEI L Te
apee = ,
Kodomotachini urusaku segamarete, nekoo kau kotoni shita.
(1) was bugged so much by my kids that I decided to get them a cat.

6) Rit. BRIZISSVO.
mean HU

Karewa, ajini urusai.

He’s particular about flavor.

Xx DR Lia Beet LO @ sawagashii

mnoisy ; boisterous S

Diba 7: BPNR& =F ESTER LISP AILA CK OLIT ERG

> CPI7, 8, 9)
This word refers to random sounds or voices which disturb a peaceful atmos-
phere (ex.7,8,9).

DER, ADDRESSEE
LEREO RI, HORNE SBME
FSF ILYEVEF (P10),
It is used also to refer to an unsettled state in the world arising from mind-
troubling events (ex.10).

7) QEASBRASLYMITHLE, GES CREE THH oLOKAIM.

Sotoga sawagashiikeredo, chikakude kajidemo attanodarooka.
It’s noisy outside—I wonder if there’s been a fire or something nearby.

8) BES LIEDAASITCT. BRD TART VICI E DIOR

Sawagashii tokaio sakete, shizukana hoteruni tomarinikita.
I came to get away from the noisy city and stay at a quiet hotel.

9) AL PURBLTERLWUO
CTs TAKS, SES 2295)
ok.
Hitodakariga shite sawagashiinode ittemitara, kootsuujikodatta.
There were crowds and a hullabaloo, so I went to look and found there
had been a traffic accident.

10) AY 7K, giiate CBR Lito,

Haijakkuda, yuukaidato sawagashii yononakada.
Hijacks and kidnappings—what a troubled world!

136
 5 SEO- SDB NC ¥ OM /urusai-sawagashii-nigiyaka

> mnigiyaka pH
lckesPB = bustling

AINE < REST, RDN SLIT ERLE. Pyare . BPE

RCI, RTE RRL EAU ECGRK HY HATA CPi11, 12,13). TWP ATE
Kath,
14)
KELeAshk0RoRILC.
ps
4OYGCHUOFEDADLETCH
va HK tA Ut
Hil
ny

14),
Nigiyaka expresses the liveliness created by a large number of people. It in-
cludes a sense of cheer and activity, and does not imply unpleasant feelings
(exe 2 318)
Nigiyaka na hito is a person who laughs and is talkative, and stands out in a
crowd (ex.14).

ll) 2MHPeYL, BRNLAI

SS < CIO PEM, RICTRSLIOLW,
VEE ELH Bs EB
Kono atariwa, hirumawa hitodooriga ookute nigiyakadaga, yoruni naruto
sabishii.
This area is bustling with many people passing through in the daytime,
but at night it’s rather deserted.

12) 02 2 BRAT
55
RAI PPT.
-B—OBRRORRWSATCTE.
pp Lo ey =
Chichi : Nikaiwa zuibun nigiyakadane.
Father : They’re a bit boisterous upstairs, aren’t they?
Haha : Yuujino otomodachiga kiteirundesuyo.
Mother : That’s because Yuji’s friends are here.

13) SKOMHBENT. DHILRCICS

PMC TERK.
Futagoga umarete, uchiwa kyuuni nigiyakani natta.
When the twins were born, it suddenly got lively around our house.

14) WHS A. VID DISDA TIE RePROIZ, FEDIPFWORABERLW

(CURA OIA: Oe
Yamadasan, itsumowa annani nigiyakananoni, kyoowa zuibun otonashiide-
sune. Dooshitandeshoo?
Ms. Yamada is usually so cheery, but today she’s really subdued. I won-
der what is the matter.

LB?
ureshii-tanoshii-yukai/ 52 L2-EOLW- WD

INLAY /ROLYX Dw
w ureshii w tanoshii a yukai

g ureshii
a 41 LY a happy ; glad bd

BA CORI OCHRE L TV EAE U DIC Tho 72 CSP AGE LIED

v5

az tS, BUPEMS DAW * 5d

LEWES. BID HEAP D TEE TO AE WF
Ey: (fll, 2,3, 4,5).
Ureshii is used to express the pleasure of being moved or excited when some-
thing good happens, or when things go as the speaker wished them to. It im-
plies a cheerful and happy feeling (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).

1) 5 Alomar, aug Sho gaOa

Omeni kakarete, totemo ureshii.
(I’m) so glad to see you!

2) A:ltv, MEADS
YI.
KAUESU
B: DH, ONLY, HIMLI.
A: Hai, tanjoobino purezento.
Here is a birthday present for you.
B: Waa, ureshii. Arigatoo.
Wow, I’m so happy! Thank you!

3) A, PROM. KEMMSLTCNTETHINLI
2 Os
SK.eer

Watashiga byookino toki, tomodachiga hagemashite-kurete totemo ureshi-

katta.
My friend gave me moral support while I was sick, and it made me very
happy.

4) AOC BRR He BC hbk A, DLS CHRD 57

aE ETAL? w ve at
Hajimete jitenshao kattemoratta hi, ureshikute nemurenakatta.
On the day (I) received my first bicycle I was so happy I couldn’t sleep.

5) ORE PNEENEENS, SALOU ARO.

Sono toki, magoga umaretato yuu, ureshii shirasega todoita.
At that moment, (we) heard the good news that our grandchild had
been born.

138
 SNL EOL: A> /ureshii-tanoshii- yukai

eK x @ fanoshii
72D Lh La Lb i efun ; cheerful °

VSR NZD ID VN ayy Ve BAS UU AR ARLES CPG, 58h

Oye Sa ers ORRIN DESI. SUIT — elon
THs aK \t CRW CX Be Ve

DOW TERIIIISL
ES WhF
TEV
bey/D
ETDs, ELV
rad?)
it, CORLAMAMCLE. ATVs Se
DARN
DAW & ba oO)
RLTISKLIFLERLEF.,
Hb6D
“Hts (LHI
‘ 72D Goml
CH CPO).
ny

Tanoshii expresses a casual and light mood, void of unpleasantness or bore-

dom (ex.6,7,8,9). Unlike ureshii, which suggests a reaction to a specific
event, as in the example Nyuugakushiken ni ukatte ureshii (?m so happy that
I passed the school entrance examination), tanoshii describes the overall atmos-
phere. Tanoshimu is the verb form (ex.10).

6) BRADY
FDR
Tid, MBE TPO ORULTE TOR Loh.
Natsuyasumino Patients ryoorio tsukuttari lA
sakanao tsuttarishite totemo tanoshikatta. (i ar as
Summer camp was a lot of fun because BANA ana
3 , : caer TNS Ge
(we) did things such as cooking and fishing. 8 re <

7) ATE
FLISRIRCEBR
EK VITR
COV BAMBI,
SIEALOD
S| OS
Watashiwa kazokuto hanashio shiteiru tokiga ichiban tanoshii.
To me, the time I spend talking with my family is the most enjoyable.

8) Hh, Dik Fis, FEO Ahte A i ibebalHh <411 DERLAIL TIS.

D WIAA el

Watashino ee oe nichiyoobini yuuenchini ikunoo tanoshimini

shiteiru.
My son is looking forward to going to the amusement park this Sunday.

9) Hh,\LESES, RL Don FH Dex DEEEo

Watashiwa tokidoki, ‘aia kikaitin ‘léniono koroo omoidasu.
Sometimes, I recall the happy days of my childhood.

10) BEDS
FB Wa, AB-VRLEVRATRLENLC,
WES
FERIERRLA
BLVD KO
CWS.
Otootowa, supootsuo shitari ryokoo-o shitarishite, gakusei-seikatsuo tano-
shindeiru.
My (younger) brother is enjoying his school life, because he is able to
do things such as travel and play sports.

gwyukai
Wp samusing ; fun ; cheerful °

139
ou-oikakeru/5°BODIIS

BHO< THBLAV, BrLWeCWAkEITH LET BDTKITLEDE

5 BRR xh RLY A EOe TOD nA OFM BoETL ae
wR
Sof: BLSse Vy hsYL CARY oRHA etySOWET “Call, 12,13, 14),
Yukai expresses a cheerful, interesting, or Panny state. The mood is so lively
that one may unintentionally burst out laughing. A person described as a yu-
kaina hito has an even more cheerful personality than a tanoshii hito; he jokes
around and makes people laugh more (ex.11, 12, 13, 14).

ll) F-AADETUMLY Stdv DET HIDI es Be

(ot @,
Saakasuno pierono shigusawa itsumitemo yukaida. ay?
com
It’s always fun to watch the clown acts at the circus.; | ¢a

12) BiLWDEDMCL IFC AA Bee BD RAD ER.

Karewa monomanega joozude, minnao warawaseru yukaina otokonokoda.
He is a funny boy who is good at mimicry and making people laugh.

13) FOAORRBILE TODD Rok, KTS CHEDDAR ho bozo

Kinoono eigawa totemo yukaidatta. Waraisugite onakaga itaku natchatta.
The movie (I) saw yesterday was very funny. I laughed so much that my
stomach hurt.

14) WPL MHorKeEXCH, Pax TER CARE LT BERA TEAC

eouGGK

Iyana kotoga atta tokidemo, yookina kareto hanashio shiteiruto dandan yu-
kaini nattekuru.
Even when something bad happens, if (I) talk to him, his sunny person-
ality has a way of making me gradually begin to feel cheery.

439 / BDI S
B OU 8 oikakeru

= sie 5 B OU 5
Ps) 4 ED ato follow ; to chase ©&

fijiVAD, FCAT 9 LS OMMICS -SOL VCATSI ASS area

An, 8), i & ffs Be RDSES TO BEV BEGy ¥h Ald, Sts iV tz
SOI LIFTS << Tx

140
 455-0 4 /ou-oikakeru

COURIC IMIMESEVIRRCT
To move closer to or behind something that is in front or has gone ahead
(ex.1,2,3). It may also be used when one looks for something abstract. In Ex-
amples 4 and 5 it means to drive away or repulse.

1) BinsaT AikBo CHE Chor.

ene nezumio otte chewed
The cat ran after the mouse.

2) AVY HIT EDEL BohRITNES IVD LEIA CSTE OK.

Wasilsenibme iSaoliois chichio Shaibiern oitsuku kotowa dekinakatta.
(1) chased after my father to give him something he had forgotten, but I
couldn’t catch up with him.

3) Plt, PATRIAOTT Fk IBs TS.

Sis a Die

Kesar. es Cee otteiru.

The police are on the trail of the bank robber.

4) WIRES
Wee AARit, ree)Bo CBF5.
Mie om it dee otte idoosuru.
‘ - ; \
Nomads migrate, driving their sheep ahead of tigen
Ve
5) PO LIET. EA kage Xs M

Ushiga shippode, haeo otteiru. Be as

The cows are driving away flies with their tails.

x ikak
$BwYDItS GEO DY % | oe ee (in order to catch) |

BUF TVS LOPSDI UK OD * HIF BOK OMERSLO. &

WEESWTUK LECH (fil6,
7,8).
To move quickly after something that is escaping, or moving away or ahead,
in order to catch it (ex.6, 7,8).

6) SEAL A VY ENS LIAS SB, ILA D BEBaVDIth.

Patokaawa sairen-o er eaten hanninno eae oikaketa.
The police car chased after the suspect’s car with its siren wailing.

7) FL DAA eT oT Fei aMoAIthiIne, RRoTLEsr.

br xh
widbbarth saifuo sutta he) oikaketakeredo, miushinatte-shimatta.

141
BENMTT SL

(1) chased after the man that stole my wallet, but I lost sight of him.

8) RIB
Var 4) Bb
AwsSNT. RFE CHEIS Ze 0
> =

Inuni oikakerarete, hisshide nigeta.

(1) ran like crazy to get away from the dog that was chasing me.

Banyec i as
DF APF OVINA “Pee
FEIT BE SAMERE EN
Ch ELK. EF 4 BAT
=a < BV OIF E Lo < LeCAe
CHE Lt. HREBER
NeLRE BASAL BILE SCRLITHO ELAN ES
ADL LAR PIGNwIES
CIAYS BRR OTL 23h. LOBSIA BEN
MCT ‘IP “FRERENTT ES.ED EFI. Ckjrky
ARMEPUESAK
LNELS THES Eee EN
MIOWCHIAM,
Y Fa AD, Beer a
OES BOE ION Cth
ae ogee

BOA CA, AME EMO CWOSLIGRERLEF.

Misi
eva 176 NOD Olas BORROW icapus
*% VZE, Fle RU ONSOTT. BES AD BBL de
ad Oa ay SGUROR Toe
SDL CEMoRIT 41k, KOR, BCHEBO TORA
WERE IEC LCR ohkee. BbELKLI LBS
CH > CHIP ELK.

Owasure mono desu yo

A customer left her gloves behind when she was leaving the restau-

142
 BO fe XA 1E/00i1-takusan-ippa
i
rant that Eddie works at. Eddie noticed the gloves and quickly went
out after her, shouting, “Anata wa tebukuro o wasure mashita yo.'” The
customer took the gloves and thanked Eddie, but she seemed to be
somewhat displeased.
So, how should Eddie have called out to the customer? In this case
he should have said something like “Owasure mono desu yo?” or “Tebu-
kuro o owasure desu yo,’ which are ways of speaking that are more
appropriate for the situation because they come across as softer and
more polite. It is not really all that bad to say, “Tebukuro o wasure
mashita yo*” ; but the way Eddie said it with the words anata wa...
connotes that he is reproaching the customer for her mistake.
When someone says “Anata wa ~shita®,” it is often interpreted by
the listener in a negative way, and this was the reason for the cus-
tomer’s displeasure.
The next day, after Eddie had become aware of this fact, a person
walking ahead of him dropped his address book. Eddie saw this, said,
“Ochimashita yo,°’ and handed it over to him.

You forgot your gloves.

(This) is something forgotten (by you).
You forgot your gloves (polite expression).
(You) forgot your gloves.
You did...
RB
HM
co
=WH(This) is something dropped (by you).

BR
B O01
/ 6 EA /OolkO
w takusan B ippai

an ies ey 800i a
ds ds> Bu J a many ; much ; a lot of is

= ae ‘ 3 4 Z fh i we EN
BRC. HEMAS WCE CH. IEDDBDEUNREIOM BOK
*S ERLEF Cpl, 2,3)4). DIN ITI LET
Ooi expresses that the amount of something is large, or the frequency of
events is high. The amount of something described as ooi is considered to be
large when compared to something else (ex.1,2,3,4). The opposite of ooi is
sukunai, which means ‘few’.

143
ooi-takusan:-ippai/ dss\-fe ¢ SAE

1) BR (ay KORA.
5 a73
phased jinkooga oot. a
The population of Tokyo is very large. ( Sy,
: 8 \ y
2) ) LEWIS,
Wield EXSYBOSS CHS Ne Aa ; Sefern

Remonniwa, bitaminsiiga ooi. ors

There is a lot of vitamin C in lemons. eau
(SEs)
3) BA,
IZ IEA
WRAS WRK. re")
GC
Nihonwa, isthe ooi kunida. =
Japan has a lot of earthquakes.

4) HOH
<BE
ASCASDAILAV
BATA UE Bb
UNE, ART
OR
ROPE
bis
MEAS CHSAILD
£5 EMS DE v<
TEV.
Kurumano untenga dekiru hitowa ooikeredo, hikookino soojuuga dekiru hi-
towa sukunai.
Many people can drive cars, but few can pilot airplanes.

g takusan a
a < SA m=many ; much ; a lot of ie

ORDiao)
BMSas WLITERLET
bhp
CBs, 6) J
This denotes a large quantity or volume (ex.5, 6,7).

@ 7 ORVERE CT aT, SMA LIS REEVES LEY a CAIB,

WED" chs ¥5 UWoEs

oD arGIS FIODEDI=, LATED eA exetles SO BORIC BEL

Ee
It also denotes that the present amount or degree is considered to be enough,
and no more is needed (ex.8,9). It may also be used, as in Example 10, to in-
dicate refusal because one is ‘unable to withstand anymore’.

5) DHDKET Wh eB 2 Cees We,

Uchino niwade, ichigoga takusan toremashita. ye
We were able to get a lot of strawberries from our garden. Ay’
Y,cen

6) Byes,
WIE 5D
VOB SADE AD ANS.
Nikkooniwa, itsumo takusanno Snes Se otozureru.
There are always many tourists visiting Nikko.

7) FAVRE SAK SAWS.

diz ey

Watashiniwa tomodachiga takusan iru.

144
 isdso-fe¢ SA“ 51E0/ 001+ takusan:ippai

I have many friends.

8) FHUTIATC ON, SS RLV RE 7 < CO, BTA IE CIR EH

ie
Kyanpuni ikunoni, wazawaza atarashii fukuo kawanakutemo, fudangide ta-
kusanda.
You don’t have to buy new clothes just to go camping—ordinary clothes
will be sufficient.

9) A: TBR. OD 1B PAs cTm,

WeA th

Be UMN OIG. SACU

A : Gohan, moo ichizen ikagadesuka?
How about another bowl of rice?
B: Tie, moo takusandesu.
No, thank you. I’ve had more than enough.

10) % IB OS SEEM SNSOls, HES VOTES

Moo kimino guchio kikasarerunowa, takusanda.
[ve had enough of listening to your complaints.

° B ippai
ve) 9) lav wa lot of;- full is

MBMSULSTERLEF Pill, 12,13). WRK SA CURSE

HEL
9-9) OED,

ETA. Mooi sid, SITES

& TEMES, CITE ETH. CHO
BAPE FolE< BUBNSLLBHVET. Thy a a 4)pii72 UTS
Bi DBVIL OSM LAGAN LVIBORVRLET Bld, 15).
DYED TED oh

WEED o) \W pe) Wy

Ippai has nearly the same meaning as takusan, indicating a large amount or
volume (ex.11, 12,13). However, ippai is more commonly used in conversation
and has a more casual feel, so it may occasionally sound childish. It may
also indicate that something is full, or that there is no room for more (ex.
14, 15).

1) BTL, OD IFA DVS.

VALID < oe
Shinjukuniwa, itsumo ippai hitoga iru.
Shinjuku is always full of people.

12) FAD, BRT ODVrold As Ty ae

w= tah

Hakono nakani, okashiga ippai haitteiru.

145
okage: sei-tame/ AIF te

This box is full of sweets.

13) HHH ld, VP CTEEASV ISVS.

r tI» Rs

Yononakaniwa, iyana kotoga ippai aru.

There are many terrible things in the world.

14) AALS CHA SIFVUCTAO, DB ATEPOK.

tn aa be Wy

Ureshisade munega ippaini nari, nanimo ienakatta.

(1) was so full of happiness that I couldn’t say anything. (I was too hap-
py for words.)

15) BEA sIFVUCTE}ALK, HRS 75.2.0

Onakaga ippaini naruto, nemuku naru.
I get sleepy when I have a full stomach.

BP /EO/ EMD
= okage B sei w tame

z > mokage
SAF mwthanks to ; owe~ (to~) hd

BODIED RUBRIC o72 ESIC, CORBET of2 5 EM BPATLEIER

MOR SEAT USE ST CP, 2,3). Lue BRE BRC 7572 ES
= Ke BY} Wo >

12%, EDIRC ERED SU Be CHET (Pld, 5). TREAT SET

(2, tse
ROR CHERI
tb
CT of DEAICO
PALS
RGB
SB
ERASER
D
ABET.
oh
Fh BiAW
CDLAC, KR thal 7 LRAT CSET ME, RUDI TOMREMS
HT SREPO. RUE RIC of LUOBUE ABI
TeX PAL? £ Wo AYERS WAXE D
NSL AV ET yi

Okage is used when expressing gratitude to someone or something that has

helped bring about a positive result (ex.1,2,3). It may also be used in the op-
posite situation; that is, to lay blame on someone or something for a bad re-
sult (ex.4,5). The expression okagesama de is used to show gratitude to some-
one who has performed a service for or taken care of the speaker in some
way. However, as in Example 6, it may be used when the person has not
actually done anything, but the speaker wishes to thank him for his concern,
or to modestly express happiness that something has turned out well.

146
 BDU 9-7 /okage- sei-tame

1) BX
aAch
Buh As5
FE ELKbD WTC, CHASER LP SARIS teote.
Denkiseihinga ii plis leas okagede, mukashito kuraberuto ee zuibun
rakuni natta.
Thanks to the development of electrical appliances, housework is much
easier now than it was in the old days.

2) LOABEE RCSD,
bdbrl Kwa 4o¥}5 i MOBMCH.
WX5LA

Watashiga daigakuo sotsugyoo dekirunomo, ryooshinno okagedesu.

I owe it to my parents to graduate from. college.

3) Bl, DPRLIZO 14, WAWATEAM BINT TSMR BITTE

Watashiga seikooshitanowa, iroirona hitoga tasuketekureta okageda.
It was due to the help of many people that I was able to succeed.

4) FA AAU frokBaltTC RDIRAT AT NSD» 0?%2.

pepe byookini natta okagede, Faas AES ok ikarenakatta.
My child became ill, so we weren’t able to take our family trip.

5) REDE SI EOD C, BEI TET UE SiZ.

Yonakano machigaidenwano okagede, nebusokuni natteshimatta.
Somebody misdialed my number in the middle of the night, so I didn’t
get enough sleep.

6) As LMA, i ed Naka
Se Oo Bee© EES 8 OTE aKCOM ERS
SOF ASIE &lDia
A: Konogoro, okaasanno guaiwa ikagadesuka?
How is your mother doing these days?
B: Ee, okagesamade, daibu yokunarimashita.
She’s become much better, thank you (for asking).

Seavey @ sei
= blame

HAR
Wt o>
DS Does , CORAL oie EM BOKSHET CHET itt
BORE Kili OBIS IRS Bs
SACU, SETI tt “pi, 8). 4
Pz ~O+tV) 1“FB itty RELAMORBIC Atte BI CHILO SETH
(PIS, 10).

147
okage:sei-tame SDF EE Y

Sei is used when pointing out the person or thing that is the cause of an un-
satisfactory result. Feelings of dissatisfaction are included and it is often used
in spoken Japanese when criticizing or complaining about something (ex.7,8).
~no sei ni suru is an expression that is used when someone transfers the
blame from the true cause to another person or thing (ex.9, 10).

7) eas iE CORRE TC, EP RAM EAYLTV%,

Tufte tsuz unekira seide, yasaiga es, Tele,
Because a series of typhoons have passed through, the price of vegetables
has been going up.

8) DISMAT ERE Cy BAAN».

Yuube nomisugita seide, atamaga itai.
My head hurts because (I) drank too much last night.

9) HO NILAZBO?EWCH, ADEWNT So
lean

Ano hitowa bth shippaidemo, hitono seinisuru.

Even when something is his own fault, he blames other people.

10) F: COL THES LERCNE Dok. HAIL Se 5d.

BET UeADEV
bdtt
CLINT, BaP
CBA
CRATES
3

Ko: Dooshite okoshite kurenakattano? Chikokushichauyo.

Child: Why didn’t you wake me? I’m going to be late.
Haha: Hitono seini shinaide, jibunde okinasai.
Mother: Don’t blame me. Get yourself out of bed.

@ fame g
fa a) mreason ?; Cause ”

DEDLEMEESTAO, vx
FRAPPHEA
v
EIN SESE ET. RV RICORE
Ww 4 v2) an oO >

VARGA
2 >
OPEV
oy
ED C11,
caw
12, 13,14), PLREoR
Fo HSt
VU teACT,
Tame is used when referring to the reason or cause of an event. It may be
used when speaking about both good and bad outcomes (ex.11, 12, 13, 14).
It is a slightly formal expression.

QAMeMXN<S esc BLE Sa 5 CALS, 16%

%< T=

It is also used when one is explaining an objective or purpose (ex.15, 16).

) 545
SOOCbE 27pv
HEset ERE
TAXA
Teoh, GloBT Lelcteore.

148
 BIC CLIC/oki ni-goto ni

Chichiga Hokkaidooni tenkinni natta tameni, hikkosu kotoni natta.

Because my father is being transferred to Hokkaido, my family is going
to move.

12) FEILER ORD, VWOODELY

EK HED TEAR 72
RALD male VES gaCS) HACE =

Kotoshiwa dantoono tameni, itsumono toshiyori hayaku umeno hanaga saita.

It was a warm winter this year, so the plum trees blossomed earlier than
usual.

13) Zk TEMULEM Trew, Kee < PRBS

Sutoobuo keshiwasureta tameni, kajini natta.
The fire started because (I) forgot to turn off the heater.

14) KREORDOI, BEAN.

BOX ae eS

Ooyukino tameni, denshaga okureta.

The trains were delayed because of the heavy snowfall.

15) Bois FkLOTS ROTI, fe AUT BL WS.

Karerawa — shooraino ee corey chokinshiteiru.
They are saving some money each month for their child’s future.

16) Hs (LEECS SE. BUMETS ERE AN SRO BETES

cea asa are shinsenna kuukio ireru tameni madoo akemasu.
When I wake up in the morning I open the window to let in fresh air.

SIC CRIC
B oki ni a goto ni

‘ ki ni
ds SIT Eevee omen al

Mie AH
+ BSC 1 DIET AICS EDs brik Beas 6 Di Lite DLED,
TIHMVEIVEIWA
wae AT US AEN 3Fie ae avedal ere eV) SE 18 Beis
DpAD< &b6D
KOA, ER1 HHodlan a peut 9 BBR ES A Te
BESI Et i, 27 O35)
Oki ni is used after numbers or counters to indicate the interval between a
repetition of events, actions, or conditions. For instance, ichinichi oki ni
means ‘with an interval of one day’ (namely, every other day) and futsuka
oki ni-goto nij/XC- Tele

oki ni means ‘once every three days’ (ex.1,

2, 3,4).

1) 54PBSINZMS.
Gofun-okini basuga deru.
A bus leaves every five minutes.

wo
Ait. 1 ABSICHELET.
Watashiwa, ichinichiokini sentakushimasu.
I do laundry every other day.

3) OHS 4 1]
6 HPAI SCBRETEIFIUE TESTE.
U » ”

Kono kusuriwa, rokujikan-okini nomanakereba-naranai.

You must take this medicine every six hours.

4) iB
3 eal < tt, 50%—-bV B14 LT MILo CS.

Dooroniwa, gojuumeetoruokini gaitooga tatteiru.

On the street, there are street lights (standing) every 50 meters.

: = goto ni
ce ¥ iC mevery ; each Fa

BS OME
HY
EE BRET CEI IOIC
FIYVLFIVIIWA
ET (Pils, 6, 7,8). —MBaM
ies dvs

# ke eC
FIHEF
LDELEO— eae -SIOWT, bn
Dz CK REDS
ft < DBT estE tT. LEMSTE 1 ae Bass 1EWGEN Ss
Biren v9 HIEIII3 2 Cees: arseSPRITES.
In most cases, this is used after numbers and counters as seen in the exam-
ples (ex.5,6,7,8). The number designated by goto ni is treated as one group,
which is then used when referring to repetitive things and conditions. Accord-
ingly, ichinichi goto ni means ‘everyday’ and futsuka goto ni means ‘every two
days’.

5) BADE
(LEA Dwe
CS, DIE LE NS H—+AaS HH.
Nihonno kaishadewa, rai sbilo diesen sonasuke deru.
Japanese companies usually pay bonuses every six months.

6) AUveEyAs 4 ECCI
EAD NS.
£ nA US
Orinpikkuwa yonengotoni hirakareru.
The Olympics are held every four years.

TS OWVAEG
ZO FESS 1 3 PIC UIC BS,
5 ao

150
 (~TD8L- (2T)HS4/(~1te) oku-(~te) aru

Kono resutoranno menyuuwa, isshuukangotoni kawaru.

The menu at this restaurant changes every week.

8) ZMIitaOis 5 PP LIENS AREY BWC Bo

Kono hakariwa goguramugotoni memoriga tsuiteiru.
This scale is marked in units of five grams.

CNG ds a) a
= (~te) oku mw (~te) aru

os a (~te) oku
mG) 4 < ato leave ; to keep ©

DHS AACE OR OIK, BS o TDS LLUABST SES, ft) a

CCH) +B OFETHVET (Pll, 2,3, 4).
(~te) oku is used in the form ‘transitive verb-te oku’ to indicate that the ac-
tion of the verb is done beforehand, as preparation or for some special pur-
pose (ex.1,2,3,4).

QEDEEICF BEV IESVEF (Bis, 6,7).

EPH AMICI Hes - Bot< Fev. YC TEDEDIZ TW te
ae Cai REDRVILA Bet.

It is also used to mean ‘leave something as is’ (ex.5,6,7). In casual speech

among friends the sound /e/ in (~te) oku is dropped, resulting in the fre-
quently used forms kattoku, ittoku, kiitoku, etc.

1) KEDRON, WBE CIULTHSST

Tomodachiga kurunode, heyao soojishite-okimasu.
Friends are coming so (I’m) going to clean up the room.

2) HEATICATS
UF ei)
BI,
Vereen:
ATIVE PWLTEHS.
#

Ryokooni ikumaeni, hoteruo yoyakushiteoku.

(I’m) going to get hotel reservations before I leave for my trip.

3) HABE Lb, SRILD OUR TRV IEDM.

Ashitawa isogashiikara, konyawa yukkuri neteoita hooga ii.
Tommorrow will be a busy day, so (you’d) better get a good night’s

151
(~te) oku-(~te) aru) (~T) B+ (~ TS

sleep tonight.

4) Hx G@suleK Rig” BAe Fo CBW CSV

Asattemadeni, kaigino shoruio tsukutteoite kudasai.

Please get the documents for the conference made up by the day after to-
morrow.

5) Bivpb, BEDS CHV MGQ/ERUs

ho ue r

Atsuikara, madoo aketeoite kudasai.

It’s hot, so please leave the windows open.

6) BORWAIIS SDE THILO.

litai hitoniwa iwaseteokeba ii.
We should just let whoever wants to say something speak.

ARES (ERs CH Omb, DEED @ds€

n

Yoku nemutteirukara, konomama nekaseteokoo.

Let’s just let her sleep, since (she’s) sleeping so soundly.

a(~te) aru (
Care") HA sto remain ; to keep

BIS oT UIs Scum FbCOEEOKE ETHOS, fe A CCE) 2°

$B) DIET
Mb
oS
DH
+T. DENTAL : Sires Ven ee GD) AseKeELT
DIK FETT (PIB,9,10, 11, 12, 13).
This expression is used in the form ‘transitive verb ~tfe aru’ to indicate that
the action of the verb has been done in advance and that the resultant state
is still continuing (ex.8,9, 10,11, 12,13).

8) RK, OPBBlL, SICLCTHVET.

pypalb ws oS

Watashino heyawa, soojishitearimasu.

My room has been cleaned up.

9) 3 URE = CROOA BOLTHVET.

Reizookoni, pn anit hiyashitearimasu.
There is some fruit chilling in the refrigerator.

10) Z4MHZe tS, SIRI CHEF.

Sono kotowa, moo kareni ittearimasu.
(I) have already told him about that.

152
 35 < -D#*4-Dte-m> X14 /oku-noseru-tsumu-kasaneru

11) ABIES, {EMEA THE.

Hodooniwa, hanaga uetearu.
Some flowers have been planted along the sidewalk.

12) SA TEES ANCTESTEIME TTHOL.

Konna tokoroni akikanga sutetearuyo.
Someone has thrown empty cans even here!

13) ie
& REVI,
Re ADS 726 SATE iGioe
Toshokanniwa, es nee oitearu.
There are lots of books in the library.

a < (DEG LOD /PSIS

woku @ noseru a fsumu w kasaneru

* a oku
Po) < LieL < ] ato put ; to set (down) 2

OWNED SBF O7RC2 Alz ALIS OE SHEL zt CPi, 2)e

To place something on a relatively flat surface (ex.1, 2).

DQDKEBO 12D. S72 (ARE fat EIOMPT< WSEKDIFSLECT PI

35
To hire someone or place them in position for an assigned role (ex.3).

(3)Besfi*PBB Be CeBIFE LECH (Pia, Do

To leave an interval of time or distance (ex.4, 5). Ne
ois
>>
1) F—-F VO Ed ACHE & TELS 0 —
DA N 3

Teeburuno ueni kabin-o oku.

(I’ll) put the flower vase on the table. j

2) SUR,BEIT
APREECE WA
2 72
2<¢
reBe
Cutie, niwani ookina ishiya tooroo-o oite nihonteien-o tsukutta.
My father created a Japanese garden by placing things such as large
rocks and stone lanterns in our yard.

5S
oku-noseru-tsumu:kasaneru) 3 ¢-O#4-Ote- MSS

) Bufo
KAS, We N= bO WG Aw ES
At ;
CEILI
Raigetsukara, miseni paatono ten-in-o oku kotonishita.
(We) decided to hire a part-time clerk for the store, starting next
month.

4) an ee d £0 IBY% tetCLEC ESTRWZEMHS

ee amari i okuto matomaranai kotoga aru.

There are times business negotiations fail because there is too much time
between meetings.

5) Wyld, BHO 1 ritRVC OCHS.

» = 3A

Pan-yawa, koobanno ee oita tonarini arimasu.

The bakery is located two doors down from the police box.

DEA MAES + HS] Senn) Sone

DIME MAO LMHS tSLeTH (Hil6, 7,8).
To place an object on top of something (ex.6,
7, 8).

De
LASA
+Hess
“hee.
-AIMEE
SBT LECH (Pil9).
To publish an article, etc., in a newspaper, magazine, or book (ex.9).

3 AVOEDILCERIIOPICANS—
LD 1xh
aca (710, il).
To carry people or things in a vehicle (ex.10, 11).

DOW MES CBS, OL RUS D CBILT.

;
For definitions @, @) the kanji #K++4 is used, while #+4 is used for @).

6) BHORHN.
eA. HAT
teeth.
ae ee)

Denshano amidanani, nimotsuo noseru.

People put their baggage on the luggage rack of the train.

7) BREBBICOUTHT.
Ochao obonni nosete dasu.
We serve tea on a tray.

8) Rid, Me AMV TEEIRWIZ, BRED LICOUK. TEV DAR

Karewa, kutsuo migaitemorau tameni, ashio daino ueni noseta.

He put his foot up on the stand in order to get his shoes polished.

154
 B46 D*4-Dt-® X21 /oku-noseru-tsumu-kasaneru

9) Fs
DL
OBA
WL
CHTz UT ADHERE.
Si
BELO’)Le Rope,MERE
D
VOTCT Be,
Watashino kaishade dashiteiru zasshini, anatano shoosetsuo nosetainodesu-
ga...
I would like to print your novel in the magazine which my company
publishes.

10) SEAN TRS RLERET BEAT SE We.

Bebiikaani akachan-o nosete, kooenni ikimashita.
(We) put the baby in the baby carriage and went to the park.

ll) PH LBA okKATCH HOT. Sie SOE Gee

Bre <b > Se gle
Atarashii kurumao kattandesutte? Kondo, nosete kudasai.
Did (you) say you bought a new car? Give me a ride in it sometime,
please.

@fsumu
i)
tp Biv | ato pile up ; to load S

DIO Lib OB PAGS ey (Pill2, 3)e COI A CALA <

7g> CV xt,
To place something on another thing, and as a result, a pile is formed (ex.
i213),
QD EL, WOLRIWOPIEANSLETH Cl.
To place something in a vehicle like a pickup truck (ex.14).

ACV BESCE S Diksei cele ZzEDN < 75 CV KUEN DELAY

ay (BIS).
(Feta

Tsumu also denotes that the level of something (skill, knowledge, etc.) be-
comes higher through repetitive practice or experience (ex.15).

Sookono nakaniwa, ookina hakoga ikutsumo tsundearu.

Many big boxes are piled up in the warehouse.

13) BOPLM EMId, ADMUOLGIABIA THO.

GE DR

Kareno tsukueno ueniwa, es yamanoyooni tsundearu.

There’s a mountain of books piled on his desk.

I) bay 72, Fit Lope hits.

155
oku-noseru+tsumu-kasaneru/ 33 ¢ -D#A-Ote-PSIS

Torakkuni, hikkoshino nimotsuo tsumu.

(We) are going to load the things we are moving onto the van.

5) Petit, BRAHAM ROT. (MCEET.

Kanojowa, keiken-o tsunda ishinanode, shinrai dekimasu.
She is a very experienced doctor, so you can trust her.

er 5 mkasaneru 5
D»X14 Hid 3 wto pile on ; to layer ©

Die] CAS SXPIBFAD DD? Hce i OP a Ga (P16, 17).

Lupa

To pile up things of the same size or weed (ex.16, 17).

DOM
+EH «ER -RR MBCA BMYsy WItA NAL
BS <OUTSET
HF (P18, 19, 20)
It also denotes repetition or re-occurrence of one thing, e.g., failure, hard-
ship, warning, experience, or practice (ex.18, 19, 20).

) FCASSObMS, Bac heashic LEo TRAV.

Onaji ookisano osarawa, kasanete shokkidanani shimatte kudasai. ,—
Please stack the plates in piles of the same size and i aE \
put them in the cupboard. ah
eka
17) ROO, BRS 2 BATA THAUELZ. aa
zt <aibiz Ep = age So

Samuinode, kutsushitao nimai kasanete haite dekakemashita.

(1) went out wearing double a layer of socks because it was cold.

18) LAVAS, (ATEN

Hida CP2k BE FEWIT SLIP
Ejisonwa, nankaimo shippaio kasanete yatto denkyuuo hatsumeisuru kotoni
seikooshita.
Thomas Edison finally succeeded in inventing the electric light bulb after
a succession of failures.

19 — Pela. BER P=
BDAC
LIZ, CSLV PER ro Clk,
Dar eau tty ¢

Karewa, toshio kasanerugotoni, yasashii seikakuni natteitta.

He became kinder as he got older.

20) id. Ce Fe BAA, JRE-DLTA EL TLE nk.

Karewa, kurooni kuroo-o kasaneta sueni, karadao kowashite nyuuin-shite-
shimatta.

156
 450 4-L>4/okoru-shikaru

Because he went through so many hardships, he ended up getting sick

and being hospitalized.

SCB/ULMS
w okoru g shikaru

as w okoru
43 G 4 fe)
Lik S mto be angry ; to scold ©

DMBIRIZ. BUCA STE ANiti7e BRASIL DILCOR HEE DEA TEI IC

x iie Hrs Let (Pil, 2, 3,reDate
To 1a such feelings as displeasure, dissatisfaction, or anger because of ina-
bility to tolerate something (ex.1,2,3,4, 5,6).

@AEDAM BROAP REVERT be We EC. BERS FR

& Te AJ's557
BPSIECH (BIT,8).
BAR Ure

To reprimand or rebuke someone in anger. Okoru may not be used to denote

censure of someone who is older or of superior social standing (ex.7, 8).

1) ies AATOI US TESTE EF IES.

Karewa, ee een naranaito suguni okoru. ‘ in aC
: a . 4 . Zp AF
He gets mad very easily if things don’t go his way. { ne |

2) tk
WHI
it. Wit
BhicaEKALEIU
Ee None BeRo WS. re,
ee”
YN
S
Imootowa, hahani A Serpe wasureraretato okotteiru. ‘ee
My younger sister is angry because our mother eS
forgot about her birthday.

3) PULL OL ARMASESTC. Bo TLDS.

Karewa konogoro kigenga Asien ri okottebakariiru.
He has been in a bad mood recently and is always angry.

4) ORIOLE Rit, Peat SOBs 5.

Kono machino juuminwa, zeikinga es okotteiru.
The people of this town are angry because taxes are too high.

5) tA daha oT ADDO. bd ROILC TH LarGls 9.5

157
okoru:shikaru/3C4-LH4%

Konnani ayamatte-irunodakara, moo okoranakutemo iideshoo.

I have already apologized this much. Why do you have to be so angry?

6) RADE
2 TA CHE TH, fefot ATEN»
Tenkiga waruinante okottemo, shikataganai.
It’s no use getting angry about bad weather. (You) can’t do anything
about it.

ie! Alt, LOKUTEANE ELTON Ko

DIL Pas fTvto WEA if

Watashiwa, chichino ‘taste honni -aiealelb shite okorareta.

I was scolded by my father because I scribbled in his valuable book.

8) BRESAMC O BAK LTR HN 1

Okaasanni kuchigotaeo shite okorareta.
(1) talked back to my mother, so she got angry with me.

w shikaru
LS ato scold |

BEDAAS BOAR
bol yo mes Lr VE
BORE AY (APL, SVAN =
LS
LAER ERT S x eaeot, oe SOO RBPEAITEIRUT, USE ONES

Shikaru is similar to definition @) of okoru, however it is more intentional

and rational, as in scolding a person with the intention of correcting wrong
behavior, while okoru is more emotional and spontaneous. Use of shikaru ne-
cessitates the existence of another person who is the object of the speaker’s
concern (ex.9, 10,11, 12).

9) FEI, that
WSR LIVER LOK,
AED DY tvs b,
Bee

Senseiwa, benkyoo-o shinai gakuseio shikatta. ce 4

The teacher scolded the student who didn’t study. mc

10) brzL
Ftd. FBeVUCMTCRNZL
Bese vibe
DONA.
Watashiwa, otootoo ijimete hahani shikarareta.
My mother scolded me because I harassed
my younger brother.

11) Zuid, < OFF] IL bN TH, ROPE ES OEIC.

Aniwa, konoaida chichini shikararetekara, ieno tetsudaio suruyooni natta.
After my older brother had been scolded by my dad, he started to help
with household chores.

158
 4L2Z4-L6*4/oshieru-shiraseru

12) HOF IS, CATEIEL DEN TOURT SELDEN.

Ano kowa, donnani shikararetemo itazurao yamenai.
The child never stops getting into mischief, no matter how much he is
scolded.

sLAS/Lb6S
@ oshieru g shiraseru

7 > ee 8 oshieru 5
43 GAS [Ax S| ato teach ; to tell ©
BL

HAF OEMS INLE * DpPbR

Ze FILO WB LEBER, DD
BASITSLAB BeGl BABHANWIN db, BAK oR Uh or
£5 DBE vw Bur

WO US tie LOM elsNes SEUES evs FERC< I, 2,3,0.

To make another person understand something, or to explain unknown or un-
familiar things to him. Oshieru may also be used when speaking of inanimate
or abstract things, such as society or nature. In such cases, the verb means
‘to learn from’ (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) TE. < Of 7s A DbSISWA

TF . BAC ISN 0
Sensei, ond GEE wakaranaindesu. Oshiete kudasai.
Teacher, (I) don’t understand this problem. Please explain it to me.

2) SBARSAIL. BAR THARR

EBA
SRS}
TIS.
SI tiated, kookoode Nihonshio oshieteiru.
Mr. Suzuki is teaching Japanese history at a high school.

3) AL (296 > B He 8
brEL BAUBS 1bE5
Te ee AiR
E TAL®
ORY TTEBALL.
Watashiwa senshuuno anpobt kodomoni jitenshano norikatao oshie-
mashita.
I taught my child how to ride a bicycle last Sunday.

4) Aillt,
DPE
LISLIFBROKZALSERBAS.
LA BL

Fuyuyamawa, shibashiba shizenno osoroshisao oshieru.

A mountain in winter often teaches us how terrifying Mother Nature
can be.

159
osu-osaeru/ét-EXARSD

= . @ shiraseru
is be A6 E% ato let ~know ; to tell %

FAR +Beak + MD OGRIERIL OBE C. WSR fimA.

7sCSI ICTS BS EDD

Erect (IB, 6, 7,8). Fen aes dow CBS ARIMRRBES

BalBele iB or

Shiraseru means to convey information to somebody orally or by letter, tele-

phone, or other means at a time that it is required (ex.5,6,7,8).It can also be
used in situations in which the general public is informed of something by
public media, such as television and newspapers.

) Fs |teeag F< WETOC WAS A205Ke BAECS 12S

Watashiwa kaigishitsuni onreesst Yamadasanga kitara shirasete kudasai.
I'll be in the conference room, so please let me know when Mr. Yamada
arrives.

6) HIS DRMTS CB, Bak CMO¢SF

Anatano iee ikutokiwa, denwade shirasemasu.
I'll call you to let you know when I’m coming over.

7) KP RSESERBOAUA, RERMBOTE LI2.FV =

Kajio shiraseru keihookino beruga, totsuzen naridashita. NY

The fire alarm suddenly started to ring. (The alarm bell rence |
Ea...
which warns us about fire suddenly started to ring.)

8) Hh,05 |oi Beane EREMOMSE CECA»

Watashiga hikkoshita kotowa, mada darenimo shiraseteimasen.
I haven’t told anybody that I moved yet.

ST /sSKA
B OSU B osderu

Se ae
SOLA
Woes
POAKME
BY5
ASMA SETH (Pll, 2,3, 4). ARH,
HEX
BOK

160
 at -dsXZ%4/osu-osaeru

Hotlevboss.
To apply pressure or force to one side of an object. As a result, the object
may be moved (ex.1, 2, 3,4).

1) FERS eH e, TUN-9IHIEZVET.
Hijoobotan-o osuto, erebeetaawa tomarimasu.
If (you) push the emergency button, the elevator will stop.

2) BAIARAOWV Alt, SEBEL TANTS.

am =D Ae

Kanojowa tenkino ii ee ubagurumao oshite kooen-e iku.

On nice days she pushes the baby carriage to the park.

3) BEUCROES, OEICFISN CLAVE FCT ok

Denshani norutoki, hitoni osarete korobisooninatta. __
When (1) was getting on the train, I got by Gui
pushed by someone and just about fell. io
4) <M iBS, FELON YTHHDIEV.
Kono tobirawa, oshitemo hiitemo akanai. -_
This door won’t open, whether (I) push it or pull it.

Sea a ‘ : : @ osaeru 5
,see as) (FHS 2% 5
Ze SaoPNM ; to suppress |

DAEMAT. SOOHSSIDLSEFS“ETH Hills, 6,7, 8,9).

To attempt to stop the movement of something by applying force to it
(CX,
Oo 8.29) 5

ORK Tar YOr ED \ €n KS < Test VBho129 LiRlikola. a bz

AED 9) 355

FeO. CUYEHKOTFTSLETH (Plo, 11, 12).

To suppress things such as emotions so they do not become any greater or
worse (ex.10, 11,12).

Dis EAS LBS, Oid MAS iEBSIT.

In definition @, osaeru is written ##*Z4, and in @) H#JZF is used.

5) iz 5a Babu 72OC. BMAD CALI LETSA Lo

55 rape

Kyuuni tsuyoi kazega fuitanode, ee awatete booshio osaeta.

A strong wind came up suddenly so she quickly grabbed on to her hat.

161
osoi-norol, BER-DAW

6) DINDUBOLX, ALAA ABT E DICTISA TK 0

Pia T= L WEAKEN th b

Yuubeno jishinno toki, watashiwa hondanaga taorenaiyooni osaeteita.

During last night’s earthquake, I held on to the bookcase so it wouldn't
topple over.

~ KP PARDESI, broupeacicnteAm, SATS

J. cy Nes
Doaga shimaranaiyooni, chotto osaeteite kuremasenka? ee N@Y s
Could (you) hold on to this door so it doesn’t close? Uh
‘eb es \ ‘
8) BAIL. REN
Vista
DOL
pa
trAti
~
AFCEOCHRAL.
ws
3
>
Lif
ioe
/
i J
SA i
ASS,
{

Kanojowa, namidao hankachide sotto osaeta.

She quietly kept her tears in check with her handkerchief.

9) is Boe IA CHEAT Jes belo torz.

Karewa, kizuguchio taorude osaete, byooinni itta.
He pressed a towel against the wound and went to the hospital.

10) Rect, BWCEOMALMAT. AAICH Blk.

MOCL <tho BL Wz Bs L dy LOS

Kanojowa, kusuride ashino itamio osaete, shiaini shutsujooshita.

She controlled the pain in her leg with medication and played in the
match.

ll) wr
RISROSMAT.
va» Be
GHPICELEGpt 7e BILL.
Avvttvy ra)

Karewa ikario osaete, reiseini hanashiaooto shita.

He suppressed his anger and tried to talk with them calmly.

12) 2O3ralls,
RIDA
SBOB(Ce
XA. XA
MA SHAD
BE RES
HS.
Kono yakuhinniwa, kinzokuno sankao osaeru hatarakiga aru.
This chemical has a quality that suppresses oxidation in metal.

BEV /ODAWM
8 OSOI 8 nOrol

=u TE ly « B OSOI =~
dst Let J aslow ; late

DELFT
abc
SOCEM
>
DDS, HOVILCOH
yes
ABC
S QWIETH Clnv
4
1,2, 33

162
 $\2-D4W>/ osoi-noroi

Osoi indicates that something or someone takes a long time to do something,

or is slow in movement (ex.1,
2,3,4).

OMAR UEP, fPDET SOILS FE LURPRPOMBDGEST L

Kote, EVILS OET (GIS, 6,7).
Osoi also indicates that the time is late, or that something is late in terms of
timing (ex.5,
6, 7).

1) Facet ron
2 BVHLIEU.
ae nore soi.
The bicycle is slower than the automobile.

AOKI CBs, HRIPBV AAW?

Ey Fe a RS Bt

Ano shitateyawa, shigotowa osoiga teineida.

That tailor is slow, but he does a good job.

A |(ADDY Ait Bots Site & 15 a CHT D> ae

tonnes viii pai tohPO Jootatsuga osoinode hazukashii.
I am learning French, but my progress is embarrassingly slow.

ipl shai es DE PohOC FB LIFE BS ibe bees

Anewa dekakeru shitakuga osokattanode, denshani nori-okuremashita.
My sister was so slow in getting ready that she missed the train.

| DS Ae Ob 00) IE
DE 6s EBDR
Watashino chichiwa, itsumo yoru kaeriga osoi.
My father always comes home late.

LATE BOERS. LEDRE MIIOOLAE | ABTS0

Konnani yoru osoku, yosono ieo tazunerunowa HijobShikidé
Visiting someone’s house this late at night is very thoughtless.

Sx bHoTH. BIE.
HEE Be
Imasara ayamattemo, moo osoi.
It’s too late now to apologize.

DAW B norol
a slow

fala> RTADIC FFI DYD\DS . #) S DSSEWEV BEM adn CPS, 95 105

11). TRC 74> : POOLE RIEREL EDIE WZ LDF OREDES BATU =a

163
“BHSUBSE, & RARELELE.

Noroi is used when something or someone is slow in doing something or

moving (ex.8,9, 10,11). It is usually used in a negative sense, i.e., when mak-
ing fun of or criticizing slowness.
ae big =
8)HILEHMOAY.
wn Whe tA
JESSE S
Lp
f
Karewa keisanga noroi.
He is slow at calculating.
Te?
= )
: Wee ;
Gos, : Jan

9) fkitiEMMA
br
I bie HzMLO 72 ee of SCA ee
“

ee ashiga Re he undookaiwa kiraida.

I hate (school) athletic meets because I am a slow runner.

10) <DANAILDAW P5ABV 72 HANS SAS o

HD £3 =e)

Kono basuwa noroikara aruita hooga hayaku tsuku.

This bus is going so slowly that (we) could get there faster by walking.

Il) FAMBOAWDH, IE RSEOF-AILAUI TAK.

Kimiga noroikara, bokutachino chiimuwa maketanda.
It’s because you’re such a slow-poke that our team lost the game.

Bf Oe ee ul BPRELELKS
PURE febaat Cle 27s. PIR OFFAL 5 3)
PEN C
LEDE Lis, ABOME HS iO Mis BAD LBS t,
alg Cie.

As
RE iis. (big e LE LR ERA CA BIA 5
CREA -WVO= LE BUHLE Lie BEBE BS £, af
DR CEDNE ORME LTH CORES HES, REAM
BPbSAMF ERI HPS EBS Ey eeu enn SA ass
HCMIFSL EFL EWIEFOKIIK, BEOMAMA ROA
(BEV EF HS VET LIE OMRIO & &x AYS 2) ke
BRC HSL BSE EBSD.

164
 RESUESE,
LY RELCLEL Te

2e7e Big LS rerrnts9 fF

2OWTS RSW CRAKS CI
LC, "itict Cm 725 io T
i272
am OD Yo Soi g

CMDR
SE BA CRO ET. Ce
TPHYr7OA-WOENROE
EAS Id, UB < fe THie) LERS
pit

DEA, LBINS TH.

Omachidoosama and omatase shimashita
Jeff was five minutes late for his appointment with his professor, so
as soon as he saw the professor’s face, he said, “Omachidoosama'.”
This caused the professor to recall the time when, coming into the
classroom late, another student named Carl said, “Omatase shimashita’.”
Omachidoosama is used when someone has been waiting for you in or-
der to do something. For instance, a mother may say to a child who
has been waiting for her to get ready to go out, “Omachidoosama, 'm
ready; let’s go.” As in this example, omachidoosama is used when
speaking to a person who is lower in rank or position, or who is
younger. It is also used by a person who delivers something like food,
in which case omachidoosama is similar in meaning to hai, doozo (here
you are).
On the other hand, omatase shimashita is said to show your apprecia-
tion to someone when you have returned after having asked them to
wait for you.
Both Jeff and Carl should have said, “Osokunatte, mooshiwakeari-
masen®” to apologize for being late.

1 I am (something is) ready. Thank you for waiting.

2 I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
3. I am really sorry for being late.

165
osoroshii-kowai/#44LV-Cy)M

BEAL CHW
8 osoroshii a kowai

4 8 osoroshii
4 LW Bote) Li] a frightening ; terrible Nd

SOICILBZ
SN TEV iis scare. 6KARTE HD + RIF OOE
An

VbOwe bere NBL Oieyz PEIMUSLITT arto OD ayone 3

ae SRAM LDA DAKE RET. th Baipa - ANBTED eA Biz 8

Wt (Pill, 2,3, 4,5).
Osoroshii expresses fear arising from something so out of the ordinary as to
be unthinkable, or from seeing or coming in contact with something eerie or
unpleasant. It also expresses apprehension toward a future, unknown event
when one doesn’t know what is going to happen. It is also used to mean
cruel, heartless, or tragic (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

) KE ADRRLEGIZA LYS HOVTEV

DE UWE

Hitoto hitoga noarettty rer aghade osoroshii monowa ndi.

There is nothing so terrible as people killing each other in war.

2) LHL. EADPLTHNK SADA DBE EI BAN RECT

C We 2

Korewa, honno ee takusanno hitono inochio

ubau osoroshii kusuridesu.
This is a fearful drug, of which only a small
amount would take the lives of many people.

3) [LPH Rlt. JoPVRMW ARSE

ZONE TEES LV EERIE
Kokokara sakiwa, bis Pend Bin nidoto dete korarenaito yuu osoro-
shii mitsurinda.
From here on is a frighteningly dense jungle, from which if (you) make
the least mistake and get lost, you will never be able to get out.

4) STB, BAW
KB EOSHILIS
Chiisana ae osbroshil saigaio hikiokoshita.
A small snowslide brought about a terrible disaster.

5) Crest
are bein V AOS ae ONS iee

166
 B£4L”- 2 h)W/ osoroshii- kowai

Shoojotachio yuukaishita osoroshii hanninga, yatto tsukamatta.

The terrible criminal who was kidnapping young girls was finally caught.

Wet a kowai
cp Hii J mscary ; fearful °

FoR CE PASC CDK EDTILEWAD “LUCA (EEA RED

SUA BVEV SRB BIG, 7,8,9). Lov
selesk, Ae
= ATs BL

HELIO
LV WEEE
»
- a CesT.
.
Om>A Raiinbaot
WY xX
Anta)id Bo“5
EEDA als Acta L-e5 Lo aoe AED OIA TN
ROEDER
AW &
CCES, Fae CHEB
ae § OEE
SACU
7 Ue
IIRUTCT.
DA

Kowai expresses fear or anxiety that some dangerous or troublesome event

will take place, or that some harm is going to befall oneself (ex.6,7,8,9).
An example of usage may be: a kowai teacher is one who may really be a
good teacher, but who is known to be strict or stern and quick to repri-
mand, while an osoroshii person is someone who can readily depart from the
ways of humanity, i.e., cruel and heartless.

6) Fla KDI dV>,

bE Oe
Watashiwa inuga kowai.
I’m afraid of dogs.

7) BRIS IRIE EOD AGF S70

aoe Pra eigao mirunoga sukida.
She likes to see scary movies.

8) HATES WNKAT, Abltz DX ChE

Soiree

Hikookiga yuretanode, watashiwa kowakute tamaranakatta.

I was scared out of my wits because the plane was pitching and rolling.

9) Bh,DHHEDAHEIA,
AWA
BAI ELUNE, RATRSLE TOLD.
ae tanninno senseiwa, fudanwa pasashitenet, honlblde okoruto to-
temo kowai.
My homeroom teacher is usually nice, but when he gets truly angry, he’s
quite terrifying.

167
osowaru-narau-manabu-benkyou/#stD4-:ih 55+ ERS NA® kD

BtDS/bi/ERE/NABE SATS
@ Osowaru gm narau = manabu me benkyou suru

oy r B® OSOWwarUu
Bteps>S fd %| ato learn (from) |

RS TEVS Pep MTZ COR HOO TEFA Rip pbts NETO ee D

wre IMZUCYH, BH SEIEOMII CH»Ley Fat A Cl, ZN3, AY.
To receive knowledge or information one did not previously know from some-
one. Osowaru may refer to knowledge gained on the spot, or over a long peri-
od of time (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

)K bAASAORKTC. BILE BD SLE E era

Raishuukara Aokisanno iede, ohana o osowaru kotoni narimashita.
(I’ve) decided that I’m going to learn flower arrangement at the Aokis’
house starting next week.

2) FlAQicBeohkBVOwMUHC MeOMEAT.
ot: 5 St De ad

Watashiwa chichini osowatta toorino yarikatade,

sakanao tsukamaeta.
I was able to catch a fish by fishing the way
my father taught me.

3) BEL
fh (LEE
2959
OLS ies Arty
Hee BEEBD
oom<
of
Watashiwa ee hor toki, Yoshidasenseini
suugakuo osowatta.
When I was a high school student, I learned
mathematics from Mr. Yoshida.

4) ZA Abr bis, ERIKS ANA BD ote titFIAT > CRE LK

Sengetsu watashitachiwa, at a osowatta onsenni itte kimashita.
Last month, we went to the hot-spring (resort) about which we had
learned from Mr. Sasaki.

s Bmnarau
ree b 4 LAO | mto learn ; to study ; to take lessons |

WOZ EDA MTP O FTE. EVERIO ADS Ye ce k< Alo Ty

PAB

168
 BEDS -h59-¥ERS-NAX & 4 /Osowaru-narau-manabu-benkyou

BLIMATHEILETH. HSBEOMME
OU SLVIRURHIET
(GIS,6,7,8).
To learn a skill, technique, or method of doing something from a teacher or
expert. It is implied that a certain amount of time is required (ex.5, 6,7, 8).

5) Cpr
RAAF ED LANL ER “aBs WW ELK.
Reet)
(Oy
rey al
KE
Watashiwa kodomono koro bareeo narattéimashita. ay ies AN)
I took classical ballet lessons when I was a child. A} a Kc
TINS
6) Fis
@
Bor elsweviine, FY—AGBITS.
fae) a
4); “aN
\
UJ
Watashiwa naratta kotowa naikeredo, gitaaga hikeru. &
(on celiac Peintel
Although I’ve never taken lessons, I can play the guitar. 29 2 ‘4

7) Als(tie WAM Vit avNERD ELK.

ei saikin pid ns narai hajimemashita.
I’ve recently begun learning (studying) Spanish.

8) BtFEISAT} BDIS< CB, TRALIUEC SIT ICED

ET Eo
Ryoorinante a serene narereba joozuni narimasuyo.
Even if you don’t take cooking lessons you’ll become good if you do it
enough (get used to it).

> a B manabu
eo. ess | ato learn ; to study ©

ABA THHoKRYD, Ey BATOLDIEC

TO. PRLEVALILT. &
PORK «RMS CPO OL EE RIC DIF TINS LETH CPil9, 10, 11, 12).
To acquire useful learning, knowledge, technique, etc., through experiencing
or watching, with or without a teacher (ex.9, 10,11, 12).

9) NBS ACH S. ILAE CETUS Brcaes

Katoosanto ‘tte onaji daigakude manabimashita.
Mr. Kato and I studied at the same university.

10) RiARE CHALK CeEDLT RRA CH RLS.

A
Dar Kw P< HL wee

Karewa daigakude mananda kotoo ikashite, seiyakugaishade kenkyuuo shi-

teiru.
He’s putting to work what he learned at the university by doing research
at a pharmaceutical company.

169
osowaru-narau-manabu:-benkyou/%tD4:%h 55 ERS: NAR kD

11) Fee jie YT EYED. BKOX CHER

ato peo

ioatreamueiina kyanpu-seikatsukara, ae kotoo mananda.

The children learned a lot from their time at (summer) camp.

12) FORBADE. KOBE.

Konkaino keikenkara rare yuujoono tootosao mananda.
I learned the true value of friendship from this experience.

NA k 54 IRF eit Fe)

FROM AEE FI DIFSKMOIBASELETH, EbomeV dE Hh

EDS RAMYES CIB VES (fl, 14,15, 16). PITS, Heit
BRE LI eV SEORCT.
ieMTA

To strive to acquire learning, knowledge, etc. It is generally used to refer to

scholarly matters and not technique or skill (ex.13,14, 15,16). In Example 17
it is used to indicate that the speaker feels that an experience proved to be a
useful one.

13) Hid 1 ELI 3 RSD BEF 2.

UE PARA¥ES
Watashiwa ichinichini sanjikan benkyoosuru.
I study three hours every day.

14) Bh D Bs 139FEF SDAAB

TT b"a of
Watashino otootowa ote Siam ae daikiraidesu. }
My (little) brother hates studying. If

BURNIE Ab, boLMRAZEDIBLTEAV. Gt J*\

me

LBA Sm
Shikenga chikaindakara, motto benkyoo-shinasai. “ey ys an c.
\
The test is coming up soon, so study harder. a |

16) WAG. KE CRFE HM SALW.

Dlx WE TEV a <
WAL AAXESR

Aniwa ima, daigakude igakuo benkyoo-shiteiru.

My (elder) brother is studying medicine at the university.

17) EDR, RIC oC GH FRI Toke,

Laid DOCEE ESieee)

Sono shippaiwa, kanojoni totte ii benkyooni natta.

That failure was a good lesson for her.

170
 BETS: BRIEF 4 /odateru-chiyahoya suru

ETE /bPIEPTS
@ odateru a chiyahoya suru

eps @ odateru
a3 72°C 4 sto flatter (someone into) °

en feld>- eeeeeies %<

Bye ieAbn VE ae UC, bet bP
Tx *

<<
To eagerly praise a person in order to make him happy, to get him to do
something, or to curry his favor (ex.1,2, 3).

1) A: As CHARS
HIE ns
TC. BUC.
LAt7
BEB CALI
eeKbEY
ARN.
Ve

|S ANG 2)2)kal @ kao OS BRILAS TL,

A : Kimitte atamaga yokute, shinsetsude, tomodachiomoide hontooni iihi-
todane.
You are truly a fine person; you’re smart, kind, and caring toward
your friends.
B : lkura odatetatte, okanewa kasanaiyo.
I don’t care how much you flatter me, I won’t lend you money.

2) HAZVBETHNKROTCT, DV EDA 152 CROA DE Cia EOS vt

Ob Sy
Anmari odateraretanode, tsui sonokini natte kareno bunmade shukudaio hi-
kiukete shimatta.
He flattered me so much that (1) ended up doing his homework.

ise)ae PltBPETHN
SL AAT CHE Cf CHT 4.
DH esol: D Tt

Karewa odaterareruto chooshini notte nandemo suru.

He’ll do anything, if you flatter him.

wschiyahoya suru
VEAL OEDto pamibet 2
DDWWAb, RES72 Dh, Aa)DF ling ZOO AD ILC ORB,
APL DRUECAMICE OM OBST BLL. Hem FES
171
otosu-suteru/set-FTS

ER Eo
<A, bBOIPCIANS|LE
58 THOME CORD. WW uN ices
POLEt (Gila,5, 6)
To pay too much attention to or care for someone more than is necessary be-
cause the person is cute, lovable, or useful to one. It implies pampering;
therefore by being chiyahoya sareru (flattered and spoiled) one may become
selfish or conceited (ex.4, 5,6).

4) BREIL pS LAMPboPIEPIN TH oO DPE Chor.

POUL

Kanojowa, chiisai korokara chiyahoyasarete sodattanode, wagamamani natta.

She has become selfish because she has been spoiled ever since she was a
child.

5) HOt RORSA VE, BATHS PUEPPSNAODM BEET»

Ano see okusanwa, minnani ie pti sukida.

That president’s wife loves having everyone make a fuss over her.

6) ADVADF ERD bsT, BPIEPT

SO ELIEV.
Eraihitono kodomodakaratte, chiyahoyasuru kotowa nai.
Just because the child is that of a high-ranking person, you don’t have
to fuss over him.

SUT /(FTTS
B OLOSU @ suteru

bs 7 @ otosu
Bus Egeanyl ato drop ; to lose ©

Owe Loo Piefpuslecs. BRAY Cll,

2). ARB NES.
(AI3,4) DESLOYAI EWS.
To move an object ae a higher position to a lower one. The action may be
intentional (ex.1,2), or unintentional (ex.3, 4).

@fa Hi - arti - BUNT7LE, ro ODP DEES DEE LIKED, &

AULTWROFTSELLCS. bMEA TESTE FERODHVET (Pils, 6,
1,808
To lose or omit something important, such as a college credit, reputation, or

172
 BUT-F+TS/otosu-suteru

a person’s trust. Also, to lose an object outside (ex.5,6, 7,8).

DENIEORBE + VALD
un'H - Bala» FI7SC% (KS L20n Pu e0s-oceey
(BIO, 10,11,12,13), L& +1829 + PERLE ELVIS ESOS.
KAD

To reduce or lower the power, quality, degree, rank, etc. of something

(ex.9, 10,11, 12,13). Also, to remove dirt, stains, mud, etc.

1) $id.
ar
HRCA RBELT. KMHSHLIMEEEDW?.
ASS ale WL B AF Teale

Karewa, furuidoni ishio otoshite, mizuga aruka dookao tashikameta.

He checked to see if there was water in
the old well by dropping a stone in it. Zein Sk
2) FRR EMN, BCOHHOREBLEIE LTO.
Rea)
>

2 S
he

3
vw >
fil 1° oe
7

Kw
7 {

ye

Kodomotachiga, boode kakinomio otosooto shiteita. CUPS

The children were attempting to knock down \ ae’
the persimmons from the tree with a stick. LP Cc
{

3) RENTED FRO LETREO Us< YLT

foc No PRBLLTLB OT.
Totsuzen nekoga tobidashite kitanode, bikkurishite motteita bagguo otoshite
shimatta.
Because the cat suddenly jumped out, I dropped the bag I was carrying
in surprise.

4) Watt, BELLVSEOIKY LEVEE OIE.

Tokeiwa, otoshitari butsuketari shinaiyooni kio tsukenasai.
Be careful in handling the clock so that you don’t drop it or bang it
around.

5) HOSHIL. SHOCALE
CH aN AR BeCLE.
PV LO TAD Vs LAYS B

Ano kaishawa, konkaino dekigotode sukkari shin-yoo-o otoshita.

That company has lost a lot of credibility because of its recent actions.

6) Bis CMe Be LZ.

Dn PE WOH 5

Karewa yamade inochio otoshita.

He lost his life in the mountains.

7) RRO,
LUA
RIED
TAT
oe LORE: IRR
RAY | 8
eROP
Shikenno tensuuga warukattanode, tan-io otoshita.
My exam score was low, so I flunked the course (I lost the credits).

8) SW RRE LAY CRE bc Ceres

173
otosu-suteru; BY T-FTTS

Saifuo dokokade otoshite-shimatta.

(1) lost my wallet somewhere.

9) PERI, BRICUES<
noLle
CAE KEBLE.
Sy ;

Resshawa, ekini chikazukuto supiidoo otoshita.

The train slowed down as it neared the station.

10) Ad 1 Bewecth Hz, BAY aty7e LT Hides

Watashing taijuuo otosu tameni, maiasa joginguo shiteimasu.
I am jogging every morning in order to lose weight.

11) HOR Sth LEAT MDTSS CU Biante STEN

Ano ea favie Seen sukunakutemo, seihinno shitsuwa otosanai.
Even if that company is not making much money, it has not lowered
the quality of its products.

12) KODE EK BEL THA ST HAV.

Kutsuno doroo yoku otoshitekara haitte kudasai.
Please clean the mud off your shoes well before you come in.

13) MPAA IBSET OER ALT

Anewa ieni kaeruto suguni keshoo-o otosu.
My elder sister removes her make-up as soon as she comes home.

= @ suteru i)
£EG a) HET oe sto discard ; to throw away ©

DUBE K KEOOOEFMG - MAT SELLCT. BUS OOIF Cf14,

15516 aCe Heir « ASE re TET RMKLEMS cay, 18)
SAG Tt.
To dispose of something which is no longer needed (ex.14, 15,16). It may also
be used for abstract concepts such as ‘position’, ‘family’, ‘fortune’, etc.
(ex.17, 18). \J

Ob EDDS » OHSELVI BARE EF (Hil19, 20, 21). (Aaa

~
os

It is used also to mean ‘to give up’ (ex.19, 20,21).

aes €
14) dL
#L,(se HadFABieAlSeats
V< ate CT.
n

EWLOSTOES U
i)

Watashiwa maishuu getsuyoobini, gomio sutemasu. i Ni |

I put out my trash every Monday. NJ

174
 BRU AL LW/onaji-hitoshii

15) Stsven ROIS HE TTS RS

Gomiwa, kimerareta bashoni sutetekudasai.
Please put your garbage in the designated area.

16) Alt,
dr
F7E<
<S
oP aARRIa
¢ cn
THC, AIBIPSZEIZL
Ue
CWS,
Watashiwa, kinakunatta fukuo sutenaide, hitoni ageru kotoni shiteiru.
I’ve decided to give away clothes I don’t wear anymore instead of throw-
ing them away.

17) elt, OSCE WDE CS LER

Karewa, furusatoo sute, tokaide kurashi-hajimeta.
He left his hometown and started a new life in the city.

18) EFld,
Be
HLS
BW
B SOEtr CCRECORI
oy f POCE Raa
Cate.
Oojiwa, chiimo meiyomo sutete kanojotono koini kaketa.
The prince gave up his social status and fame for his love for her.

19) DOCEE
Reid, RE CLOMSLIET
Pee ie)L dy i
CLERK.
Kanojowa, tochuude sono shiaio suteteshimatta.
She gave up in the middle of the match.

20) LAIBLE, BUBBLE THD.

Donnani kurushii tokinimo, kanojowa kiboo-o sutenakatta.
No matter how hard her life got, she never gave up hope.

21) ZATHVW
HE
SALE a CIES.
PAM

Sonna amai kangaewa sutenasai.

Forget such Pollyanna notions.

skU/AX
LW
B onaji w hitoshii

UAC) Ione Ee
D 2 OSV» way ENED, ZERSDAWKIZ, SRNWMNABWS
tae ‘pbHO OWT LI:6 ey (Bill, Dis Sadlly.
Onaji means that there is no difference or change between two or more items

175
onaji-hitoshii/ B7%&U-AY LY

(ex.1,
2,3,4).
MA AOE CSLYON SAN WL TH, AA LCORBRIC 5 DUDE
(+ FETHS + MTHS SLUGERV ET (PIS),
th SS “pO o =) gALD Wav»

It is also used to indicate that, although there may be some differences in

their essential nature, two or more items do not differ in type, share a com-
mon feature, or belong together in some way (ex.5).

VEOH”, ENA AEST ESRWOET CPil6, 7).

Onaji may also be used to mean ‘the very same thing or person’ (ex.6, 7).

iD) Wr OA) LIMERNBOIS, W»DTEVCES TLV o

Itsumo onaji monoo taberunowa, karadani yokunai.
It’s not good for one’s health to eat
the same thing all the time.

2) SNEILYDEPES TKS.
Koreto onaji monoo tsukutte kudasai.
Please make one just like this.

3) uRSLe
BRE CI5 Cb, BHCC),
TAL? WS
PMORRISAIUTT.
UrA ba
Jidooshade ittemo, denshade ittemo, kakaru jikanwa onajidesu.
It takes the same amount of time whether you go by car or by train.

4) PUP TOR ERE OTH, KK LTLEST. ENEBUWWER

oe Ges
Tsukaiyasui jishoga attanodesuga, nakushite-shimatte, soreto onaji monoo
kaimashita.
(1) had a dictionary that was very easy to use, but I lost it, so I bought
another one just like it.

5) FIC Ba XLIEW
COMB AES.
VA < br

Onaji kyoodaidemo seikakuga chigau.

Even though they are brothers, they have different personalities.

6) Se DAC BAA 3 BDI BERK.

BA PAR Dv. UEFA *

Kyoowa onaji kanjaga sankaimo byooinni kita.

The same patient came to the hospital three times today!

7) Rit, WH RICABLE LEK.

daDrEL LL seas akeZVI < fee kl el

Watashiwa, shushooto onaji daigakuo sotsugyoo-shimashita.

176
 a7 C-AX LW /onaji-hitoshii

I graduated from the same university as the Prime Minister.

a hitoshii
Ar Lia Peed Bate nee

2 DEMOS HO, HB PERIC a N—t y h 3 47% | MIE 0° 4

eee) SMU Cuaren | UReX

Bev TEEN aos (ZEAE,

27)
AF CRI CEMCESS
5 Fae al ro
ail ; Ay
PENAbey
DA
EA. Antiizowtie
ORE eae
POEL
ORE
EU 5CAITIB
sAVTVS 2p
ace CANS, OOM a3))a

This expression is used when the quantity or quality of two or more things
are 100% equal. In most cases, the equality can be indicated by numerals. It
is not used for time and place when referring to human behavior, the pattern
~ni hitoshii is used (ex.8,9, 10,11, 12, 13).

8) WZ== fais,
EFAASAD SII
233 BeasELVISSUASAICT.
DO

Nitoohen-sankakkeiwa, nihenno nagasaga hitoshii sankakkeidesu.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two equal sides.

9) 5xDVD 442 DNS

x10OMBAUELVW,
ce Ue

Go kakeru yonto ni kakeru juuno kotaewa hitoshii.

The totals of 5x4 and 2x10 are the same.

10) LY esas = CRLET

Hitoshii tokino kigoowa ap arawashimasu.
‘ 5)
The sign for equivalency is ‘=’.

I) AV7+AV=PC AADPULTE SL.

aH, :

Kariforuniato Mowe mensekiwa hobo hitoshii.

The land area of California and that of Japan are roughly the same.

12) eae ae MOL EAT. BT asl<8

TEL.
DED VN

ie ne umini tobikomunante, jisatsukooini hitoshii.

Jumping into the sea in the middle of winter is tantamount to commit-
ting suicide.

13) BOBO DLEWECA

CH ANEae LV.
SEFC

Kareno itteiru kotowa hotondo kyoohakuni hitoshii.

What he is saying is virtually the same as a threat.

177
omoidasu:oboeru/ BYOYTT: BIEZS

BYeOKETF/ BERS
= omoidasu w oboeru

> r 8 omoidasu
BYES UE HJ ato recall ;; to remember @

ENTRIEP MEDORA, BUDICLAMNASLETH (Bill, 2,3, 4).ita

To remember or recall something that had been previously forgotten, or that

was experienced in the past (ex.1,2, 3,4).

EPS SBER TEEPE eg vated » s s ARN

Kinoo hahani kaimonoo tanomaretanoo, ima odie: (sf
(1) just remembered that I was asked by my mother
to do some shopping for her yesterday. V3
omy,
2) FOZ
+ ADR ETE, FCT D> Boia Liat
Rodorene korono enaiee, bee te imademo hazukashikunaru.
Even now, whenever (I) recall the mistakes | made when I was a child,
I feel ashamed of myself.

ics) ZO LBV RIE HAWINE, a) BEV HMAt TEV

Kono leppeute kiitakotowa Pie kyolianara omoidasenai.
(1) know I’ve heard this song before, but I can’t recall the title.

ney ) 38S
té
ETUC ED LTS, ALDe Ceenes env > LTS 72S %0
7%

Tooku ee relnearpily watashino Pee tokidoki omoidashite kudasai.

Even when we are living far apart, please think of me sometimes.

BIEZA (231 @ oboeru ©

= to memorize ; to remember

ObNrere CH LCRA LY CU Wn eC i CBs, Syl gv:

To fix something in one’s memory and try not to forget it (ex.5,6,7, 8).

DTCC EIN BERETS CE Lop VERO SLE CT Aly, 10).

To fully acquire knowledge, a technique, or a skill (ex.9, 10).

OPUS. RULE DRC,

Me >A, We
GBA + HddF 1 LIYE OES.
Wt st sy

178
 &d9-PAAZAS/omou-kangaeru

In Example 11, it means ‘felt’, and may also be used to mean ‘to feel pain or
uneasiness’.

5) Abd. ZPEWZAIMEA
CUT DOLEX EPEAT,
DIE Bw > £5 Bie

Watashiwa, chiisai koroni sundeita machino kotoo mada oboeteiru.

I still remember the town where I lived as a child.

fl,
przL
DLERRBRCWET
BIE
DY.
Watashino kotoo oboeteimasuka?
Do you remember me? LN ify
‘ (CRAG } ne
OS
Rid, EREMA SOIR. posze yf
Pai ahiineys nengoo-o oboerunoga tokuida. mE (D0 )
He is good at remembering the names of the eras roe Se eae
in history. Cp. s J so
ie Ser \
BORO
EGa SIL, MACH. | eae |
Kareno ieno ah oboeyasui.
His home telephone number is easy to remember.

Rl td)
DRL
PRE OUS, bE
LEDCts
TERRA.
BIE

Watashiwa shoogakuseino toki, oyogio oboeta.

I learned how to swim when I was an elementary school student.

10) Al. VALOREM

OIE TOS, Te Teovte ZANTE).
diz 2% py ars mre BIE

Watashiwa kono kikaino tsukaikataga, nakanaka oboerarenai.

I’m having a hard time learning how to use this machine.

11) Al, td, BO AlN e AK.

pL ta7zLL Wa

Watashiwa, kareno hanashini ikario oboeta.

I was very angry when I heard his story.

Sb 9 /DABAS
= omou a kangaeru

- = = omou
3% 9 Lies9 edpatiinted

RBPICBNS BLS CECH. (FAS LVS Arenal

AICHE ELD
MACS.
SL Ce
HE =A 2 Racal
omou:kangaeru) 3 5-PADKRS

RX ta-O EeieRte KeSITA

PACES
BALAN. AER > Ar
54 ee
B+ DAD
RAE + EL
WA
IRC. WAWATELER
WNBERBET he + esBDV IWIT, PHOIFTERRELT
Tete 5 KAWA

cg LAS Bh (pill, O: 3.4,5, 6).

To Seer or emotionally sense something. Omou is much more intuitive
and emotional than kangaeru. It is used to express one’s emotion, will, etc.,
or to state an opinion. Omou is often used at the end of a sentence express-
ing conjecture, hope, opinion, or argument in order to make one’s statement
softer: (€xal; 2es4.0, 0):

1) OCH IRE, HATAREVORDIE 5%Bon.

Hajimete Tookyooni kita toki, nante hitoga ooinodarooto omotta.
When (1) came to Tokyo for the first time, I was amazed by the large
number of people.

Dan WOOP aR ais) 5ATWIHNE, FB HEvale JOVEIEA LEDILHSADK

AID.
Itsumo fushigidato omoundakeredo, choonooryokuto yuunowa hontooni aru-
nodarooka.
(1) always think it’s incredible... I wonder if there’s really such a thing
as superhuman power.

3) Riad
1 PRICY 1S NVB AD EIB 0
Renkyuuni inakae Paes omou. gies
(1) think I'll go to my hometown for the long i i oN \ ;
holiday. NT ae}
4); BOARB oHIELIES Todos. ~/9.
bg @y/ ‘s
©
Shinagawano suizokukanwa Penne hirokunakatta. (ar
The aquarium in Shinagawa wasn’t as big as I had SA
thought. a

5) DIBA CWRROELRELOWRBAT. Bib Bbitpor.

DA DEL AW vpo> Be
Akogareteita karemo watashio aishiteitanante, yumenimo omowanakatta.
(1) didn’t even dream that the guy I’ve been in love with loved me too.

6) BLFEDEFT TK fen»LT. ZDOEWD 3 A FE PRL ARSE CIV ET.

WAXY BAS Le Dils BOARS

Genzaino Aone Heenan mite, kono biruno sangatsu gare muridato

omoimasu.
Looking at the current state of progress, (I) think it will be impossible
to finish this building by March.

180
 3% 5 “AAAS /omou-kangaeru

+S > w kangaeru
DAB RK 4 Lex S| ato think about ; to consider ©

Alle?PRRPETECH BEI, BOLEDF CA SER THY AUF OH BIE FAD

a 5. fe aaah, cee Ole +4, LBotHE
RIL ARSTae go Bcc ©9 Ca7e< hee ee zo (Bl, 8,
9,10).
Kangaeru refers to the intellectual mental process of making judgments or
forming logical ideas based on reason or sense. There is a clear sense of at-
tempting to reach a conclusion. Thus, when referring to academic matters
such as mathematical calculations, kangaeru is used rather than omou (ex.7,8,
9,10).

QE 9 ZAPrCS ALILC RET3 SILTY,

MKD fee
FERPPLART
(tos
La So)
SES ypEVET Chill,12).
ny

To construct a hypothesis or theory, or to invent or devise something (ex.11,

12).

7) PRI
LWA
BBE Lig oh OC OPEL <ESA CODD DIR.
se ao shinakattanode, — mondaiwa
ikura kangaetemo wakaranai. “SO. N@ICK
Se > Ww
(1) didn’t study for the exam, so I can’t POY = P
ce
figure out this question no matter how much oe i
I think about it. “ Seat?
katie
RADE MDA Te MTP,
8) PWUEALS 2m bis SSB AT ihn Sec
ASI li JA
mh IRN.
Sy AO}

Seijinshiki,o mukaetanodakara, korekarawa yoku kangaete koodooshinasai.

You’ve just had your coming-of-age ceremony, so from now on think
carefully before you act.
« Seijinshiki (coming-of-age ceremony)
The seijinshiki is a ceremony that is held on January 1Sth of each year,
in which 20 year-olds throughout the nation are recognized as adults.

9) #05, "Hes ene e AOE SHLbotsLA.

iexto nee

Kinoo, ‘Kankyoo-mondaio eto kai’ ni shussekishita.

Yesterday (1) attended a meeting for the ‘Consideration of the Environ-
mental Problems’.

10) BSAMBbDokRb6,
DAM pe
TRC
nA
SV.
B¢<

Okangaega kawattara, gorenrakukudasai.

181
omoshiroi-okashii-hen-kawatte iru/3% L40-BHPULY- NA PDD THS

If (you) change your mind, please contact (me).

ll) PUFLFAMABHHDS
ric UP IVEXT ADR EE Mg
Be, aca iEAnil tA
>
7
Vy
(SEL

Arukimedesuga nyuuyoku-chuuni ‘Arukimedesuno genri o kangaetsuita

hanashiwa yuumeida.
The story that Archimedes thought up the “Archimedes’ Principle” while
bathing is famous.

0 HAIN HA AAS ek HO Gea

HI HEA LCA MA

Anpanwa Nihonjinga kangaeta monodesu.

Sweetbean-filled rolls were invented by the Japanese.

SOLAN /EAPLY NAL PODTTHS

8 omoshiroi g okashii gw hen a kawatte iru

~ 8 omoshiroi
Ps) b LAW g interesting ; amusing °

Sete GeOey
Ras)
ee a BELUEV DEAT ERLET« z
. “BRT. AUP UWS STRELWBAET Cpl, De Becbibn 5). LO Id,
—HOR PatTa ROTTS ADE RLU zt.
Onna is used in situations in which one is interested in or amused by
something. It may suggest a pleasant feeling in which one wants to burst out
laughing (ex.1,2,3,4,5). In Example 6, it indicates feelings of dissatisfaction
or unpleasantness because something didn’t turn out the way one wished.

1) COPEBY) Bt, UTHBDLAW,

tw bLEGtO

Kono suirishoosetsuwa, totemo omoshiroi.

This detective story is very interesting.

2) ROW RI—Vit,
pH ASS
aR MPBSLAW.
Kareno kenkyuuteemawa, nakanaka omoshiroi.
His research topic is quite interesting.

3) RIBSRAT. BOLAV ACI A.

= ME =m7a

Kini noborunante, omoshiroi sakanadesune.

A fish climb trees !? That’s interesting.

182
 Bd LAW-EHLYO-NA- PD) TS /omoshiroi- okashii-hen-kawatte iru

4) xD) FET WX, HLVBbLA<Tepok.

Kinoo mita eigawa, amari omoshiroku-nakatta.
The movie (I) saw yesterday wasn’t much fun.

BRIA, BRLAVEERLTAR RDS.

Kanojowa itsumo, omoshiroi hanashio shite hitoo warawaseru.
She always makes people laugh by telling funny stories.

Pelt BallaTEBSNKORBOLACEC TT BLE AOC LEor.

Karewa, jooshini chuuisaretanoga omoshirokunakute, kaishao yamete shi-
matta.
He disliked being reprimanded by his boss, so he quit the company.

a @ okashii
ds a> Lie mamusing ; strange ; odd °

DBR ORV DIFF SIO LTE BL FREE RLEF (Bi

7,8).
Okashii expresses a feeling in which one wants to laugh because a situation is
pleasurable or amusing (ex.7, 8).

OE May + KOSLEHANG, ELShWy RSMOS, EIS, FH

BBPCV
IRORCIEL ET (Pil9, 10, 11).
It may also mean that something is not normal, is incorrect or mistaken, or
is a mystery (ex.9, 10,11).

7) BONEN BOLST, AKau Bice

Kareno monomanega retin an oowaraishita.
His impersonations were so funny that (I) roared with laughter.

BBNSA SODAS CO, BCU SEBDLS TRESIEN.

POE 3H

Kanojowa miburiga oogesade, miteiruto okashikute tamaranai.

Her gestures are so exaggerated that, watching her, (I) can’t help laugh-
ing.

DTYVYYOBF
Bao
REY LWOC, HeISHICH
<SELODY 7k
LK.
Enjinno chooshiga okashiinode, kurumao shuurini dashita.
There was something wrong with my car’s engine, so (I) took it in to be
repaired.

183
omoshiroi-okashii-hen-kawatte iru/$%LAV:ERLY NA PY THSH

10) 148 RADATICHIL

A FARMER RD RORAT. BHLV.
LYIAMDA eR f: TMA )

Isshuukanmo maeni dashita tegamiga mada tsukanainante, okashii.

It’s odd that the letter (1) sent a week ago hasn’t got there arrived yet.

ll) BATFROC BRBOLV.

Tabesugitanode, iga okashii.
(1) ate too much, so now I have an upset stomach.

~~ hen
NA [28] astrange ; odd °

OPUS EAI RBG ST ERT CET. ELC. COLIMVWDOLE

(IS ORB ERE. AREER EA TOES CPill2, 13, 14, 15).
This is used to express that something is not normal or is different from
what is usual, and therefore the speaker feels suspicious, uneasy, or dissatis-
fied with it (ex.12, 13, 14, 15).

12) BUBROVC,
; FMB
Pa orz.
Kazeo hiite, koega henni natta. ar.
My voice sounds strange because (I) have a cold. / ae
We)
13) LO BL.BUNTSE. <SoT BALI. GQ i)
Kono gyuunyuu, henna ajiga suruyo. Kusatteirunjanai? ny
This milk tastes funny. Are you sure it hasn’t gone bad? fan ‘S
i

YW) REIATCERMERLEDC
bum £2 Af yone
Ub<URnihor,
at
&7 |
Yonakani sotode henna monootoga shitanode, kowakute nemurenakatta.
During the night (I) heard some strange noises outside, and I was so
scared that I couldn’t sleep.

15 ~~ Ss IDOBRIS, brot LIT MAC FIP BoklemboOMoln

EGLE
Kyoono kanojowa, chotto yoosuga hendesu. Nanika komatta kotoga aruno-
kamo shiremasen.
She seems a bit strange today. (1) wonder if something is bothering her.

- P a kawatte iru =
?D DB) Th yay [28% 2 TWH] sunusual ; different

184
 BOOT VOB /omowazu-omoigakenai

SIDES AE BM9 THB LIFERLEF (P16, 17, 18, 19). Be

Vy + fBIHERS72 CV 72 RAV RURIC %, aa ERIC EV aadne ZO BI
OK x4 "Bote PRB LvbYST.
This describes something as being slightly unusual (ex.16,17, 18,19). It is used
when referring to a rare or peculiar characteristic of something, and may be
good or bad in meaning. When placed in front of a noun, kawatte iru may
change in form to kawatta.

16) BOAAMLB oC ADpb, BATNITS BEA TOAD.

TSR »

Kareno namaewa kawatteirukara, minnani sugu oboetemoraeru.

His name is a bit unusual, so everybody remembers it right away.

17) LDA PIAT FAY BBD IW Be

Kono burausuwa dezainga kawatteiru.
The design of this blouse sure is different.

18) JHE, US DDFS SBD 31D Se aCits

Uchiniwa, oyogunoga sukina kawatta nekoga imasu.
(We) have an unusual cat that likes swimming.

19) itRp.WWOPb,
par ~»
TAO
xAUCE
AM
Ve
HWSOBL7E>.
Karewa kawatteirukara, kinjono hitoni aisatsumo shinai.
He is a strange man. He never even says ‘hello’ to his neighbors.

BdODTF/BSVBTERY
B® omowaZzuU a omoigakenai

2 > sy momowazu MG
43 DT eT | B unconsciously

AA CL EDT SODI GLE Ol, fraDx 5H It CHAR ot

CSA
fle bT LEDLITERLET (Bll,2,34).
Omowazu indicates that one does something unintentionally or reflexively and
without prior thought or planning (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

) warPROZZEMAE ICBY Loko DTS thUt s7e.

vs7ab

185
omowazu:-omoigakenai/EdOYNF -BIVBUTRO

Kareno hanashiga amarini okashikattanode, omowazu fukidashite-shimatta.

His story was so funny that (I) suddenly burst out laughing.

2) RELEAOVa—e riCte, MOF 7 dics18 Hi"Gludvostee,

Gookana hoosekino shoo-o miteitara, omowazu ee deteshimatta.
(1) couldn’t help but gasp when I saw the fabulous gem show.

3) FRAUD SHACOMLORKOC, Bot Ape EP CLE ok.

Kuragarikara nekoga tobidashite-kitanode, omowazu oogoeo ageteshimatta.
(1) instinctively screamed because a cat suddenly jumped out from the
dark.

4) BEOALV HD Ea C. MOT HOV» We LI.

Kanojono kanashii minouebanashio kiite, omowazu morainakishita.
While listening to her sad life’s story, (1) couldn’t help but to cry.

M < = momoigakenadi py
BPD EO DEUT TEUY J = unexpected

tore (BA
PAn
ChAT Pot ae LtTWtA> RI Cw SCS oe
BHC IE RC Edy (Pils, Cae 8). BORE Boe HIGTEV a Cx
vy Divs

ae eo EDESIZ ras SUEY +t,

This is used when speaking of something unexpected, i.e., without prior
thought or anticipation (ex.5,6,7,8). In most cases, omoigakenai is used to-
gether with a noun, as in omoigakenai hanashi (a surprising story), omoigake-
nai dekigoto (an unexpected incident), or omoigakenai tokoro (an unexpected
place).

) AIO CB Tess BEDS. enV» DP TES Bea t< MOL EV TLok.

LEjt2

Hajimete kaita ehaoeeioe: ppcieanes zasshini noru kotoni natta.

Amazingly, (my) first novel was printed in a magazine.

6) Fx FH PROP CEVA » TO Tat

Rotd. KNEES. SERIO
FFOAI
t=
SH.
DK tA

Kyoo chikatetsuno nakade omoigakenai hitoni attayo. Daredato omou? Yoo-

chienno tokino Wada-sensei.
Guess who (I) met on the subway today! Ms. Wada, our old kindergar-
ten teacher.

7) BenA BELEWS DUP TEV Ae eA, Abit CC IE

186
 $Y 4-< €4/oriru-kudaru
24.
W4F or.
“i
Karega nyuuinshitato yuu omoigakenai shiraseo kiite, watashiwa awatete
omimaini itta.
When I heard the surprising news about his hospitalization, I rushed
over to visit him.

8) EN ODT TIN BS VOD, ESOHVIMES.

Omoigakenai okurimono, doomoarigatoo.
Thank you for this unexpected gift.

SUS/ KS
B oriru @ kudaru

43 Y 4 Pia alk ie 9 S| Tel ghtsine ; to go down 2

OACUMEWE CBMOEWECEBOLT, HOW -Go has

ae 180.Bieta 2BOLTO BHEVY, LLOKZ Meee ee 5
RaswOEt (Pl,
2,3,4).
(Of a person or thing) To move from a higher to a lower place and reach a
certain location or position. Emphasis is on arriving somewhere rather than
on the place where motion takes place (ex.1,2, 3,4).

QROWPoOMMCMS
LL, BOVIS Ro C70 AK PEI TLSLET
aE (fills, 6,7).
To get out or off of a vehicle (ex.5,
6, 7).

OF Lid Alo xt LCEe ST ISEO GATE HERO HOC“ADD, § heey

(x He Was

We: EREDAR ONBLETH (PB, 9).

TUL

To be granted permission, a budget, a decision, etc., in response to an appli-

cation to a public agency or authority (ex.8,9).

CH Hl HB - WARE EQ Oo Rp CLHSLAICHOET GI
Exe tes tee LEDS USA eBDS

To quit or drop out of a role, job, plan, match, etc. of one’s own volition
(ex.10, 11).

187
ortru-kudaru SV 4+ KS
eT

D, @, Ors hiNS) Rx Oi! FOS ) ewes

ds
ET OOPCP 4 OLG
ir, 6 OE HASEARKOBO, pi 8MKD IS FINN F< ( Faso) &
SEM, TENS LM
In definitions D, 2, and WD the kanji KO% is written, while in (3) 0% is
used. However, under definition (D) there are cases in which U4 is written,
including sentences like those in Example 4, to show that an object itself
moves downward, and Example 8, to indicate that something goes (down) to-
ward its destination,

BP PA RO Sea, Reh at LP ULTTMeELTLEsZ.

DNA hi bs
Kaidan-o oriru toki, ashio fumihazushite kegao shiteshimatta,
(1) missed a step when | was going down
P 2 (\pi@ay
the stairs and hurt myself, cM,
a sae: d
©) Bae RED KS Doo ee He Re * tai “yee Me -
- RP AERO CR CME E LI. WN / § TA)
Ae See OF DASE HELD Ry Woh yy
Aashuwa Kyakusekini orite Kankyakuto akushuo shita, eh { ih ,
The singer came down from the stage and shook hands i % L a
with the audience, oe

3) CMHC \ AR? SSLATE RYT

ws
fe
<
ASL» ee C< Se
Kone ataridewa, haruni naruto esao motomete ee yamakara oritekuru.
Around these parts, bears come down from the mountains looking for
food when gt comes,

1) HROOTIPGELV <Heas
. Ro Ch sa FAsMy 0? ETD o7e6
dmarino eaeetibe ensoont make oritemo hakushuga nariyamanakatta.
Even atter the curtain descended, applause for the splendid performance
didn’t come to an end,

5) Sa DSRS 7LokROTC BBE CHL MLE BRD Ze,

¥ SA ‘ EROS CALY hi

Kibunge penuh unattanode, tochuude denshao orita.

L got off the train midway because (1) started feeling ill.
6) me : RcaeANSFT IA NAOT Ahrens :
HSS s \

RA: we TAR “CARUTRGI CBOTC FES VN.

SOMA *

Aveku : Tokye Doomuni shlasialan ide

Passenger : (I'd) like to go to Tokyo Dome.
Ektin > Ano denshani notte Suidoobashiekide orite kudasai,
Station employee ; Take that train and get off at Suidobashi station.

I88
 339 4-< €4/oriru-kudaru

7) FecHiO 2 ARNIS JETEV. Db, (2°0C BED IES V.

Jitenshano Tans abunaikara, hayaku orinasai.
It’s dangerous to ride double on a bicycle—get off now.

8) Hane
LAY
UCP ORE
(EWAXA B
PUSEC 1 aAESDP OK.
Shinseio shitekara hokenkinga orirumade ichinenmo kakatta.
After submitting the claim it took a whole year for the insurance money
to come.

9) PY
RIEBARE Dovryt
LAS, EA BORAT ARES PUTO,
rt
EERO
TBI
SHES
CVS beyBA TEV.
Kooganzaio kaihatsushitaga, Kooseishoono ninkaga mada oriteinainode,
Jissaino chiryooniwa tsukaenai.
(They’ve) developed an anti-cancer drug, but it still can’t be used for ac-
tual treatment because approval has not yet been granted by the Ministry
of Health and Welfare.

10= itt C ER asap, +fpete Ba Uts7.

Karewa kantokuto ikenga awazu, nt ae oriteshimatta.
He dropped out of the leading role because he and the director had a
difference of opinion.

ll Se aes KOEI LARS O71IZ, TLE OH BeBEY fe

Tee
Karewa, tsugino senkyoni rikkoohosuru tameni, serepehs ease orita.
He resigned from the TV program to run as a candidate in the next elec-
tion.

5 + ekudaru
« fa va) [ ae % | ato descend ; to issue i)

DLs ; HK : JINTSEAB O a S Pea tes IVC LAD bIR CLAN BH)

FELABOTT. HON Odo, FARA TE CSI. BHO
a2 (CH as
A pet gine,13, 14),
This expression is used when there is movement down an incline such gs a
mountain road, slope or river (i.e., from a high place to a low place). It is
used in situations in which the speaker wishes to emphasize the movement
process, and when a relatively long period of time is required or the distance
is long (ex.12, 13, 14).

B PEO LHR DA CHEE

WA Ve
- teADHS co 4Db, ane
van
FIR -Wot
RE
WxAIt2

189
oriru-kudaru/33) 4-< 74

TED is
ENS EAICEWET,
27)
—HANCHENS,
VoIF3 T* yes
SPATE DER My

pa.
se
Ea:
*¥k >
PTLEIILE
gE xA 7p
EEA AIS,
Vs
16).
It is also used when a command, judgment, decision, etc., is issued or handed
down by a public agency or someone, such as a government official, in a po-
sition of authority or power. A sense that the decision is unilaterally imposed
and unopposable is strong ; thus it is not used in cases in which one grants
permission, authorizes a budget, etc. (ex.15, 16).

PLIDLGVE ~ BE HE) % Rbrgvs strani, rabok Bt LOY, HES

BV. (BKB) LV Sle
Ri MBL OBE Het.
TIH0E5

¥LGb6L5

The expression ~ (quantity) 0 kudaranai (ex.17) emphasizes that a quantity is

undeniably greater than estimated.

) SikAl< a05*) eA R— C Rear me We Ch Stas

Wome <

Natsuyasumini pie eae: kanuude kudaru keikakuo tateteimasu.

(We’re) making plans to go down the Colorado River by canoe during
our summer vacation.

13) 2MWBR 5 FOCHVy RokUZAI

UV) BAHS. we
as oH Bee eae —
Kono michio gokirogurai kudatta tokoroni yama- en
goyaga aru. 8)
There’s a mountain hut about five kilometers Lowe /
down this road.

14) 2 PN a et a ee SCARF Hid.

Kono kawao zutto kudatteikuto Taiheiyooni deru.
If (you) keep going down this river you’ll reach the Pacific Ocean.

15) BEA OBE CBee Ic

“AFP HR AShoke
Kinoono saibande hikokuni yuuzai-hanketsuga kudatta.
A judgment of ‘guilty’ was passed on the accused at yesterday’s trial.

16) PIESSah
BLIRRL.
ek abe:
AbITERATOWE
Bares)
DA Fmdoft.
Lys

Rooshi-kooshoowa ketsuretsushi, sutoraikijikkoono shireiga kudatta.

Labor-management negotiations broke down, and the order was given to
go ahead with the strike.

17) WILES#A
BeIi BKC AI
=
Blt,
AEP K
45 ZAIAAe|ESRWEAS.
¢H
Yuushoosenni kita kankyakuwa, yonmannin-o kudaranaidaroo.
There must have been no less than 40,000 spectators who came to see
the championship tournament.

190
 FAS

FHS
FU S+ FSi EW cL FMS, MHVEF. BD
Dh kro FACIE MOBS ERLE TA, ENLI %
“Am GETS - BS Oolts ene EV 5 BORD
= D7ENs

2k 3 PEED) Ba. FS, UB RAPS ° OSH

LODKA

Linvss EUS LECT IFAS, EDGY SENT 9

EE UT AEACSoe
BOF IYAT REAR ET. CAROMBIC) Faso
EEA =

Ae Sn acin OOMR PSEAE ee ot

MRL TKR Apb) FUCHS CRS 61S, Db
Vinee aaices
agucdalie

Sagaru
A word similar in meaning to the words oriru and kudaru is
sagaru. All three indicate vertical movement from a high to a low posi-
tion, however sagaru may also be used to mean ‘to move back’ or ‘to
withdraw’. For instance, when speaking of an actor on a stage, saying
oriru would mean that the person goes down from the stage (that is
retires from acting ), while sagaru would simply mean that the person
moves from the stage to the backstage area.
When at a train station you may have heard the announcement “The
train is approaching, sagatte omachikudasai' (inside the white safety
line ).” Imagine what would happen if the announcement said “orite
omachikudasai (from the platform ) .”

1 Please step back.

2 Please step down.

191
owaru-yameru-sumu/DYS°PYOS- FE

BDS/(PH4E/ TE
B@owdaru @ yameru @sumu

DFA LHD % | piste ter ace ‘eal

pitt

HARROD TE 2 T. WOIEAE FACIE L Tee SAE ST AN, 2,3,4).

THY U DA LIT i) Sh “
Owaru indicates that something reaches the final stage or objective after a cer-
tain period of time (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

1) S2eKld4 RICH DS.

is ¥ cat be 5

Kaigiwa yojini owaru.

The meeting will end at four o’clock.

ins) Pot tes AMR 572.

Yatto shigotoga owatta.

Finally, (I’ve) finished my work.

w LEFEL O
Ur Ub¥ES B
DRDSL, thas ct.
et OA
Ichijikanmeno jugyooga owaruto, yasumi jikandesu.
When the first class ends, it will be break time.

i HAEWODE Hitt
CH CPb, HDTpPLON IEE C— EMRDS,
TASS 6SLEES OF EB > wolEs 5B
Semito yuu konchuuwa chijooni detekara, wazuka tookahodode isshooga
owaru.
The cicada’s life ends within about ten short days after it comes out of
the ground.

POS LEDS - HHS) aie

mato quit ; to stop e

DilT TFC Cex PUES BESET CAs, 6, se

To stop what one is doing (ex.5, 6,7).

QLNPHPAIEF SLEL IEF SESW EF Al 8).

To decide not to do what one had intended (ex.8).

OM PHT EBTSES (9) fo¥4-.

192
 BYS-PWS-Ftr/owaru-yameru-sumu

To retire or resign (ex.9).

OLOls LHS CBS, Old HOS iCB LET. x» »

The kanji for definitions @ and @) is 1k&4, while in @) HHS is used.

5) (RLS A Db, TE IES.

Bokuwa kyookara, tabakoo yameru.
I’m quitting smoking as of today.

6) BIA OILED TS).

Moo nakunowa yamenasai.
Stop crying! (That’s enough!)

1) F-Lisawwes Pe CHIT kL.

Geemuwa yamete, sotode asobooyo.
Let’s quit this game and play outside.

8) BUBLOW POT. HICK

OR bv.
Kazeo hiitanode, ryokooni ikunoo yameta.
(I) decided not to go on the trip because I caught a cold.

9) pia, 208 EUSP OTAMADE

ALE BEC, BBL < Fiore.
reals)

Karewa, ee tsutometa kaishao yamete, kokyooni kaetta.

He quit the company where he had worked for twenty years and
returned to his hometown.

: Bssumu
tt Lat eto end ; to finish ; to be over

DDS 3
1 CUR ARO ESET
37k Vs 7”
(P10, 11)
Vy

Sumu is used like owaru to indicate that something reaches the final stage
and finishes (ex.10, 11).

QRBE IO 7A LADO walFSEVIES CPll2, 13, 14) VET

fiom
atts EVAOs, A fie - Ait. REO REEDTS BIO EEae.
DSM KV MIRG O-E are (gins),
It is also used when one is somehow able to find his way out of a troubling
situation (ex.12, 13,14). The expression ki ga sumu means feelings of discom-
fort or dissatisfaction are dispelled due to the passage of time or settlement
of a problem (ex.15).

193
kaette-mushiro/p>Z0T:RLA

10) A SBAST ATS, HOITZI.

Benkyooga sundara, asobini ikoo.
Let’s go out and have some fun when (we) finish studying.

I) AAISRMATEL, WOOT
REE AVES.
Watashiwa shokujiga sumuto, itsumo sugu shokkio araimasu.
I always wash my dishes as soon as I finish eating.
mis as
12) SCtEeoreoHct r
Yn aft DATA

Kanede sumunonara hanashiwa kantandesuga...

It would be easy if money could solve the problem, but...

13) REFS CTOR OC RAMI SON CHINO

TTA TL.
Kasao motte ittanode, totsuzen ameni furaretemo nurenaide sunda.
Even though (I) was caught in a sudden downpour, I didn’t get wet
because I had my umbrella.

i) BAM CLEMEINIA, Foss Cot.

Denwade kotoga tarireba, ikanakutemo sumu.
If a telephone call resolves the matter, (1) won’t have to go.

1) NAIA EMM TAR CLE.

Koredake naitara kiga sundadeshoo.
V’ll bet you feel much better now that you’ve cried it all out.

PADT/BLA
8 kaette a mushiro

~ a kaette
>» i é al
v4 2 acontrary (to one’s expectation) LA

FRC RMOBRICG
29) ttAtevy
KES ET. WO BUIfe RKLEIEFO
ite,
> mo
BULOR<
ees rey)
ohke& pil,
cau
2,3). Eretz,
P<
RVRWE S72.REAR
De
REL
Wo >»

TRUK Glcp oret& (4) OPOET.

This suggests that the outcome of something was contrary to one’s expecta-
tion. It is also used when a favorable situation turns bad (ex.1,2,3), or a bad
situation ends up well (ex.4).

194
 D»Z7TC-teUl4/kaette-mushiro

DPA T2SSF ETC E IER torkb, brs TBM > TLE ok.
Zubonni tsuita penkio otosooto kosuttara, kaette ied simi
(I) tried to rub out the paint stain on my pants, and it got worse in-
stead.

2) AR FE
Z
REN
ge
CUN OREM, GRAD As TED
Sc
LDA.
) re)

Her Tookyoo-o hanarete yamani kitaga, kotoshiwa kaette kochirano hooga

atsul.
(I) left the heat of Tokyo and came to the mountains, but this year it’s
hotter here (than there).

3) AE VAINVEBDATICI ECLR BURRIS, Laven hs Li

PASTA LY AATEC TS>
A *> =2

Whe
Sukyandaruo momikesootoshita seijikawa, kaette maeyori furina tachibani
natta.
The politician, who tried to hush up his scandal, just ended up getting
into more trouble.

4) RAMP Ac TRUGREEULLODS.
Shippaiga kaette yoi eee umu kotomo aru.
There are times when failure turns out for the better.

a mushiro
BLA s rather (than...) is

TA (£0) OLS Bi OBC AB2Z0MLEMSELNSL, B ODMR

WEY EVE Sie $F. AN SEED IR geP I sanspetite KBE <i beiW TX PAM

mexe
BE
Bictd, ALEORAMSET
wr TAR
(BiI5,
AV
6, 7,8).
When used in the pattern ‘A (yori) mushiro B’ it means that, after compari-
son, one thinks, ‘B is better than A’. A usually refers to the present state or
a conventional idea, while B is the speaker’s own idea (ex.5,6, 7,8).

5) wn
Ria, PHEW DK
MK EVs
LARtoxbsh
RR.
Karewa, gakuseito yuuyori mushiro jitsugyookada.
He’s not just a student; if anything, you’d have to call him a business-
man.

6) SBE
BE SHEL
EMIKW
TW SeSld, BORAMELARV.
HD £5 wr

Kurumaga juutaishiteiru tokiwa, aruita hooga mushiro hayai.

195
kaeru-modoru/2>%4-%¥%4

When there’s a traffic jam, it’s actually faster if you walk.

~ PLOBV A JAE. we RL LL LARK Harz TAN WY,

i ym CTH a) bt-e A a]

Sukoshiguraino kazewa, kusurio nomuyori mushiro hayaku neta hooga ii.

If it’s not a severe cold, just going to bed early is better than taking
medicine.

8) BEE < Be
ENTSFlCHASE, te LAW ERS CHAK Je Wo,
~~ DAM An

Yoru osoku eubeatl atamade kangaeruyori, mushiro asa hayaku okite

kangaeta hooga ii.
Rather than thinking late at night when your brain is tired, it is better
to get up early and do your thinking then.

DROSS}
a kaeru a modoru

» a 1 w kaeru 5
DPA iS fit | ; to go home
ato return |

DEDVLEDRDA, BULOE LS + BRHSNSBMICBHST SECC

T CII, 2,3). UMDAD + RICPAS ITLEDLG TH EVIL EID
BNET
This verb indicates that a thing or matter moves back to its original or prop-
er position (ex.1,2,3). Kaeru may be used in abstract situations, for example
shoshin ni kaeru (return to one’s original intention) and ware ni kaeru (come
back to oneself, get one’s thoughts back in order).

QISOOLALEIAFMRIGT SLETH (Pid,

5).
It may indicate that something one does causes a reply or reaction from
one’s partner (ex.4, 5).

OABPCH
(AIPA Te
MA, TOCIS:
we
KRDHSENSGMICBHS O— aaes
EAL ORIN BO ET Con, 758)e
Kaeru is also when a person or animal moves back to its original place,
or the place it belongs. In this sense it may also be used with buses, trains,
or other similar vehicles (ex.6,7, 8).

DLO ROjCBX Old WHS iCHTET.

196
 DZA+%Y4/Kaeru-modoru

In definitions @) and (2), the kanji 3&4 is written, and in definition @) J#4S
is used.

1 MUA,
Bh
WINCH SEAB OW CK.
Teikiyokinwa, maneit naruto ETE tsuite kaettekuru.
When (your) time deposit account reaches maturity, you will receive in-
terest.

6 PHY Hil Cys RAZA DD, S19 C8.

Li~t 0

Shuurini dashitetia kameraga, kyoo kaettekita.

The camera that (1) sent in to be repaired came back today.

HOAICBLRAA, ERIK CIT.

Ve > \iA DRA

Ano hitoni kashita honga, mada kaettekonai.

That person hasn’t returned the book (I) lent him. (The book I lent him
hasn’t come back yet.)

TWTWDZ ESBS SFIS, HUME 7S EAS Ro TK Bo

Taiteino kotowa kareni kikeba, aelcae ane rae FS kaettekuru.
He’ll give you a precise answer for almost anything you ask him.

ee]
ee Semi a SA:
ack-aN OMAaN FEET
Dei
DOHA » OV CR
<P a
ARRh oC Sh
“Ohayoo” to koeo kaketara, seitotachikara akarui koede henjiga kaettekita.
When (I) said “Good morning!”, my students responded with cheerful
voices.

BEAN LID 1, ‘Itoh AM ware

Tsukareteiru-yoodakara, moo kaetta hooga iiyo.
(You) look tired so maybe you should go home.

RADIA DD bis poIzAM, SOFA CAT 0

Sengetsukara yukueno wakaranakatta inuga, kinoo kaettekita.
The dog (we) lost last month came home yesterday.

ROK
6b D
HNL.
Bel
BLA7278 WER
AW B
Cito
DA
CXS.
Chichino notta funewa, ashita nagai kookaio oete kaettekuru.
The ship my father is on will return from its long voyage tomorrow.

Be Dee aasent
O—-BRH
wee WES
Lieb DORIELI
RR
SOA, TOMCRRY,
Leb Re aie
TOK
$e 7a
BICES
ty CHS, INGO), Hil; 12s, SS)

197
kaeru-modoru)>2Z4-oe4

Modoru indicates that something that has moved or undergone change re-
turns to its original location or condition (ex.9, 10, 11, 12, 13).

Doe, SORKAMICCLECH CPill4, 15). PASS NEES

wh & xb

PONHD—ACOPEV th.
cea, oe) TA

To move oe to a place one has already passed (ex.14,15). The point of

turning back may be anywhere along the original path of movement.

Ko) BEC LA FAM, FETT Co CA.

Ototoi dashita tegamiga, atesakifumeide modottekita.
The letter (1) sent two days ago came back because the forwarding ad-
dress was unclear.

10) wednre Fath ARSEN BENE

Ror.
eee meigawa, buji Peep ites modotta.
The stolen painting was safely returned to the art museum.

MW) LARRY AL BRI, KAR oF.

Raiasnone nierties polo egaoga modotta.
She has gotten over her sadness, and a smile has returned to her face.

12) BLDHDT Cn < OEE IB

SHIT SDS Fo Ci.
Naveed owatte, kono ee gpa, modottekita.
Summer is over, and peace and quiet has even returned to this beach.

13) GFREOW KS CRONRARDAROECC, RVEARDDSRAI.

Ae PED U 3% ALY bY 727 AAW

Kondono yamakajide ushinawareta midoriga modorumadeni, nagai nenge-

tsuga kakarudaroo.
After this last forest fire, (I’m) sure it will take years for the greenery
to return.

14) ip FF, BH2 BB) IkaC KOE DoCS.

Man-indenshao orisokonatte, tsugino xan modottekita.
(1) was unable to get off the crowded train (at my station), so I had to
come back from the next station.

15) BeLree
5 TOWN
Me
Ay
Aa LiaMb, RECRoK.
R= Hr
Otoshita teikiken,o sagashinagara, ekimade modotta.
(1) came back to the station, looking for the
commuter pass I had dropped.
* Japanese commuters often use a pre-paid pass (je HH*: teikiken)
when riding on trains or buses to and from work. The passes are popu-
lar because they are sold at a slightly discounted rate compared to the
regular fare.

198
 ~PDS-~DI4-~£5 F/~kakaru-~kakeru-~sou da

~PP
AS ~INS 4 /~€5 le
a ~kakaru a ~kakeru a ~sou da

we kakaru “>
~PDS ato be about to ~ ; almost

EMPOC
EMS DAE T,BPTH
SOR MBLRLET. COLE MOAI
LCs TOIPLCE
DIS TLED, EVI BRE RALT Pill, 2,3,4). il
47) FRY Dao 7h Wi, BOI EER T LEokROC EP CVMSDIT I<
IRDTLVIEV RTT
~kakaru expresses a condition in which an action has started and is now in
progress. It suggests that the action will reach completion shortly (ex.1, 2, 3,4).
In Example 4, the expression norikakatta fune refers to the idea that since
one has started something, it would not be proper to stop midway.

1) RO LAO
Bot 3b
REN DDT. wi,

Ottono uwagino botanga torekakatteiru. Vig

y
The button on my husband’s jacket is AY
about to come off. - Se

2) Spl,
LISEROIA,
MRE
WOHNPmohz
wit BIE
lie cas‘ha-
As
tmpns. yi 3)
Watashiwa kodomono koro, ikede oborekakatta kotoga aru.
There was a time when I was a child that I almost drowned in a pond.

3) FL,DELONAS
ho THM TS,
Watashino kutsuhimoga furukunatte kirekakatteiru.
My shoestrings have become old and are about to break.

4) RUdDoADD. BARE CHROST.

Norikakatta funedakara, saigomade tetsudaimasu.
I’ve helped you this far, so I'll help you until the end.

~PIGZ a kakeru , .
uto start to ~ ; to be about to ~

199
~kakaru-~kakeru»~sou da/~?>4-~DW4°~t 59

HOOP LEMS LARD TC. COBPTHSEWILEW, SICSTSC

eat, pelaecceel T~PpH lLIZLAL! ~AITS 1 ChMAS
EF. T~MWIS IIE ~ DHS EB, PIEA TEIKFECS ey te
HVET inne
~kakeru indicates that one has begun an action and is currently involved
with it. In almost all cases ~kakeru may be used in place of ~kakaru, al-
though it expresses a slightly more advanced state (ex.5,
6, 7, 8).

5) PAIS
Al SDT GRP CPIM «
Kanojowa nanika iikakete tochuude yameta.
She started to say something but stopped.

6) SCILATET
2b A DUTTEE LICL. east ioiGus oes

Gbtia shinbun-o yomikaketa-mamanishite, dokokae itteshimatta.

My father went somewhere, leaving the newspaper open at the place he
was reading.

~ Poe BUPAIBY DTT E Bozby LACUS DAES lie Gee

Yatto kazega naorikaketato omottara, kondowa haga itakunattekita.
Just when I thought I was finally over my cold, my tooth began to hurt.

8) BULIBY DT TAS, Fst 8SW MELEZBLS, $FCER RCS

Karewa EN yoojio "sd thashhc ds age sugu mata modottekita.
He had just left, but soon came back, as if he had remembered some-
thing he had to do.

ie IAA
salmost ; appear as if :
HODEREBOITC TIE 2T We ay Payee EWGLCERLET.
RAED TAU DS Cz abeaclb ar, abs < EDEAIRAS : FRCDEW
GORI 4ERES (Bil, {Ow 112 2183
~SsOUu e is er to express that an action or condition is about to reach frui-
tion. It strongly suggests that, although an event may not actually occur, it
looks or feels to the speaker as if it will (ex.9, 10,11, 12, 13).

9) BUCA 9%< DKA TOA CICS

Kazede roosokuno higa, imanimo kiesoodesu.

200
 DI 4-lEU4/kakeru-hashiru

The candle’s flame looks as if it will be blown out by the wind any mo-
ment.

10) aar5is, LOOELA HIRE CONT HAN C9 RIERA CU

Karerawa, hyakunen-ijoo maeni taterareta kuzuresoona ieni sundeita.
They were living in a house built over 100 years earlier that looked like
it would fall down any minute.

11) Hl (SPREE COLT VT, LAUER Tor.

Watashiwa kaidande tsumazuite, korobisooni. natta.
I stumbled on the stairs and almost fell.

12) BEDATVYT, FEIT 0

Onakaga suite, shinisooda.
I’m so hungry I feel as if I’m going to die.

13) PRAISES
PACE tt
SIOPBAC.
DB
Alcor.
bE bee
Kanojowa nakisoona kaode, watashini ayamatta.
She looked like she was going to cry when she apologized to me.

DIFS/lELS
a kakeru g hashiru

DUS (HIS) IS e
AP BIEED BEBE < BOL CRC ik Selo BOGhe Pil EAS IFS
sbiSlate BI riabY, Ta WEDS - - WPDEZ + et +2 veeees AAR
LOE iaa ee ce zt (Pl, Does Je
To move bitlakd quickly by moving the legs rapidly — used for humans or
animals such as horses. There are moments when both feet leave the ground
at the same time. Kakeru is often used in compound verbs, e.g., kakemawaru
(to run around), kakemeguru (to run about), and kakenukeru (to run through)
(Excl 2) 3r4r):

1) FtEDIE LEDS BORAT Wf.

paises emer eiiod umino hooe kaketeitta.
The children merrily ran to the beach.

201
kakeru-hashiru/>W4:\kL4

2) i 1K Bae IT S10 SiC ay

wW<l

Umaga bokujoo-o kakemawatteiru.

Horses are galloping around in the pasture.

Rid, lOOteh EOP

3) pn eee
AICA
oe
NFOILor.
Karewa, hyakudanmono kaidan-o ikkini kakenobotta.
He ran up a stairway of 100 or more steps without resting.

1) PAIMOIFIC AT ARM Cok.

Kanojowa kazenoyooni hitogomio kakenuketeitta.
She ran like the wind through the crowd.

5) aNd DART ROALD BY 5 ikem UCP.

Kanojowa koronda kodomono sobani kakeyori, okoshiteyatta.
She ran up to the child who had fallen down and helped him to his
feet.

LS Wesienne e
BIT 1CIAIU KR Et EET ON AVRMEIT TLE. B
<n at CONG, 7, 8).
Hashiru, like kakeru, means to move forward quickly, but is used not only
for animals and people, but also for trains, cars, etc. (ex.6,7, 8).

DAK te Bcf ote), ECV LEEBA BN OWS FAN ATS EME ET

(Bia, LODE
To become emotional or go in a direction considered to be undesirable
(ex.9, 10).

DEC DB, EV DRS fE\ Sack (PILL).

It is ane used to indicate that a street runs through something (such as a
town) (ex.11).

6) BAILED OI, BALOFOESILICL

POEL WAZ
CES,
Kanojowa kenkoono tameni, maiasa jukkiro hashirukotoni shiteimasu.
She makes it her daily routine to run ten kilometers every morning for
the sake of her health.

oe aT RRR
CLGADLAMAR
A S~ SOE peesR2TSFO CEE.

202
 Det ¥%Y ¥ < /kakomu-torimaku

Jooetsu-Shinkansen ‘Suupaa- Asahi’ wa saikoojisoku nihyaku-nanajuugoki-

rode hashirimasu.
The Jooetsu Shinkansen ‘Super- Asahi’ runs at a top speed of 275kilome-
ters per hour.

feoonisl ICBDohkehRA, HL ote ED HH(oie

Shiveooed aoni kawattatotan, kurumawa isseini hashiridashita.
The moment the traffic light changed to green, all the cars started mov-
ing at once.

Be ve)Fe talc > THD Pe RAIDS, SADE CoCo

Suguni eat recs ae oun’ wy a ‘As warul tokorodesu.
Your failing is you readily let your emotions run and you lose hold of
yourself.

10) it, Bufheicetont, OE abcRo CLéh.

Dar DS ty

Karewa, warui nakamani sasowarete, sites michini hashitteshimatta.

He was enticed by his corrupt friends and ended up on the road to
crime.

11) ORI (ACPI 1 ARS 7 17)Holo

erin toozaini ippon cen ae ath hashitteiru.
There is one large boulevard that runs through the town from east to
west.

PCE LUE <

a kakomu g torimaku

a kakomu 5
DT tp BAe J sto surround ; to encircle ©

EME ial ast (Ee ODDIE So) EDDEDOMEET ELECT

(Pll, 2, 3,
4). fe-REII< EAE hayCOEN 28
woReaaas. AIHILT
BEERS, EDIEao Bhan a Lt joey 7a FEV BORe
5ET (fil5 ).
Kakomu indicates the existence of something completely around an object,
making it the center (ex.1,2,3,4). As a result, it is implied that the inside
and outside are separated. When referring to people, it is often used to mean

203
kakomu:torimaku) Pot LY ES

to spend a pleasant time with one person as the center of conversation (ex.5).

1) at atiOH iis | ie 7—-PVEHA TH D370

Libor LX

Tooronkaino shussekishawa, teeburuo kakonde suwatta.

The participants in the debate sat around the table.

2) A®BOF5, IELVPNEOTHATES
Eeka biino uchi, tadashii monoo marude kakominasai.
Please circle A or B, depending on which is correct.
NN
; ft ne Ss
3) fil(trol “PEN AAIAEA TVS. SY
i al p= WA 7 \

Karewa kodaghind kakomareta ieni sundeiru. T } }

He lives in a house surrounded by a grove of trees. pe ,
SE. ee ea:
4) HALDU Ae el HEN CVS.
(2 HEA eds el 5A yp =
es
WW

Nihonwa shihoo-o umini kakomareteiru.

Japan is surrounded on all sides by the ocean.

5) ls fzHILKI LH beAE HAT » BLWUCESE MC LK

Watashitachiwa obaachan-o kakonde, tanoshii hitotokio sugoshita.
We gathered around grandma and had a pleasant time together.

8 torimaku
eS E SKS ato surround ; to gather around co

O7sic mer LN LT, ZDENVDIEC SO ClEMDO’OMEET SLET

TF. er LDe DEES & DICK LT OE AR ONS < . ASS TEN |
EU SIRLA DET (filo, 7, 8).
Torimaku indicates the existence of something around an object, making it
the center. The level of attention paid to the central object is higher with tfo-
rimaku than with kakomu, and there is a sense that the central object is not
allowed to escape (ex.6, 7,8).

QARLVES
KE DKEOSSAD€EMIOT, RTAEE
DEO UT,
RBERLSCT SLL TH la, MOD S725 CON DAD Ate | a) a
reudt. :
To associate with and make efforts to please someone with more money or
authority than oneself in order to get personal gain (ex.9,10). A person who
does such things is referred to with the noun torimaki.

204
 DUCS-mts/kajiruekamu

6) ARC
LOPWAWyA
OV CODAD
SARHx IIL, ack
ee
bls MEEVEE.
LYLED

Kokkai-kaisannitsuiteno kangaeo kikooto, kishatachiwa shushoo-o torimaita.

The reporters encircled the Prime Minister in order to ask about his
thoughts on the dissolution of Parliament.

ZO URAL
OEVY TVS,
GH PERE

Sono murao yamayamaga torimaiteiru.

That town is surrounded by mountains. [ se \
(Mountains surround that town.) PQ?
(ats
Rl, Fob CVESHESIZOWTHAZLGI.
brEL LRA phos
Watashitachio torimaku shakainitsuite kangaeyoo.
Let’s think about the society of which we are a part.

HORMBIL,
> LW
VWODBWCOF
py» BAR =
KR EICLEVEDNTWS,
Ano kashuwa, itsumo wakai onnanokotachini torimakareteiru.
That singer is always surrounded by young girls.

10) ALIS BURR Id, RV COLMA TUTE.

Rippana seijikaniwa, warui torimakiwa tsuiteinai.
An admirable politician is not associated with sycophants.

PCE /Pt
g kajiru ae kamu

. w kajiru
a BR) ato bite ; to gnaw 2

DEVIoz, PLPORWS XS, DAROLECH (Pil, 2,3).

To bite on something hard little by little and from the edge (ex.1, 2,3).

OPMOBE ALE, DUET ILTHS + PoTHBLVILABVET

(Al 4).
Sm GRE

When referring to studying, learning a language, etc., it means to do so on a

trial basis and for a short while (ex.4).

1) HELCIALED
CSTW SEDIS, ALD
HB CF
Asokode ringoo kajitteirunowa, watashino otootodesu.

205
kajiru-kamu/>U4-mt

The one who is munching on an apple over there is my younger brother.

bo ER bILK Rw MATE, DYNVERERTC

PEL BY? 2) 3

BLANWeDUdk.
Watashitachiwa ochao nominagara, baribarito
otoo tatete, osenbei,o kajitta.
We noisily munched on hard senbei while drinking tea.
——* Osenbei is cracker made of rice that is toasted over an open
flame and seasoned with soy sauce, salt, etc.

8) 4a eee. HEE D> CbN Kk.

Nezumini, kabeo kajirareta.
We had our wall chewed up by rats (and it upset me).

4) BL id, AM Yi Rb poeUMUCoRIeCMHS.
Watashiwa, Supeingoo chotto kajitta kotoga aru.
I studied Spanish only for a short while.

a kamu
>t mto bite ; to chew |

LOWS
AK i
ROBES GOES (igDamed
ip ECR Ae — nS leevins
a; Se PO LET (5, G1. 8)s
To forcefully bring the upper teeth and lower teeth together. Kamu may
mean to chew in order to break food down into smaller pieces or to bite
hard (ex.5,
6, 7, 8).

5) BRIE, WOWALEDA TS,

Kanojowa, itsumo gamuo kandeiru.
She is always chewing gum.

6) IES IAS CATE.

Kono nikuwa, katakute kamenai.
This meat is too tough to chew.

7) QHEDUDILEW Se,
Tsumeo kamunowa warui kuseda.
Biting your nails is a bad habit.

) FREMIGL Lieb, BACDENK.

206
 BoPY-LOESF4S-% B43 /gakkari-shitsubou suru-ki o otosu

Koinuo dakootoshitara, oyainuni kamareta.

(I) tried to pick up a puppy, but I was bitten by its mother.

2D) /LIOIKIF4/RXERET
Bee a shitsubou suru aki o otosu

> 8 gakkari
D7 m>Y ato be disappointed °

BONIEM, HGS 3H) (< Rb teporey, oC TE FTE BV fea <teOoteas

BY[ AON ox BatSF OSD)Fz DIE. CFR
CSRS CT pa 2,BH, xe)
Fee HAIR DAATED, AnsBB thote N32 Lypyet.
To feel ails oie or aisithisioned because something did not turn out well
or as one had expected (ex.1,2,3,4). As a result, one may feel depressed or
withdrawn.

1) (E< Dee ad C Uae Ale Vb

b LES wR
TEVY Hep Ose by He Oil & V\ZBoDOL
DESUA
Nes
Bokuga denwade “Shoogatsuniwa kaeranai’ to ittara, inakano ryooshinwa
gakkarishiteita.
When I called my parents to tell them that I wasn’t going home for the
New Year’s holidays, they were disappointed.

RohkiZPUOM
MET ONTLEW, RiLMoMVLTW4S.
Kattabakarino saifuo surareteshimai, karewa gakkarishiteiru.
He’s depressed because the wallet he’d just bought was stolen.

VC BERAEILOA, AR-FAREE
LOS SEVIS CBD UK.
Ikura spinor ie, boonasuga kyonenyori zutto sukunakute gakkarida.
I don’t care how bad business is—I’m disappointed that this year’s bonus
is so much less than last year’s.

LAC LW fea yt— has ane TSC. Sistom LTA.

~dIe

Tanoshimini shiteita rate sh Se imootowa gakkarishiteiru.

My (younger) sister is disappointed that the concert she was looking
forward to was cancelled.

207
gakkari-shitsubou suru-ki o otosu/#omY-LOKIFS- ®EBEF

. 3 a shitsubou suru
Bie) fs 5 $4 LAST | sto despair ; to lose hope °

WDIEITSADOR PME BBECMRP So kee, en

ECHO TUE CONE BML ITS oTLESLETH ({iI5, 6, 7).
1.00), KREWE, BOLEAYZUDI
IE «(BEECE TV TEER
LBLLOHVET
To be disappointed because something is actually different than the way one
had thought or expected. It is implied that one’s wish or hope has been da-
shed (ex.5,6,7). Shitsubou suru is a stronger expression than gakkari, and sug-
gests a sense that something is unbelievable or unreliable.

wo Fe ADS ate » ALD DITO NIEV aie. Kel.

LA = WA rn Los

Shinsainga Te watashino eo wakattekurenainode, shitsubooshita.

Not even one of the judges understood my painting. I was so disappoint-
ed.

6) Rit. DIL
BASLOIA
as
Bee I<CRED
ULIWA ve
LER AST ABLES.
WED

Geta watashiga chichino byooin-o tsugu ishino nai kotoo shitte, shitsu-
boo-shitarashii.
My father seemed disappointed when he found out that I have no inten-
tion of succeeding him in his clinic (hospital).

“\) DHretee{ECT OTE BE EDE SALADS, ALE RESET CK RIV

LA ype Lats

Anatao shinjite kono shigotoo makaserundakara, watashio shitsuboo sasena-

idekudasai.
I’m counting on you for this job, so don’t let me down (disappoint
me).

SERUM sd tenet
BM Ree oe Cee Z& Cx 75K BaeJE MLAUSI,
EEDA OE UA Boke eas CH AIS, 9,10). “Hom ED%,
Lith< OFF], en EV SD RRL ASNET. 275 | ALISA BE LT
Capea ee ABO CEI CLV EEA.
Ki o otosu denotes sadness or despair due to unforeseen bad luck or being
faced with an undesirable situation (ex.8,9,10). Compared to gakkari, ki o

208
 (RK Tere, EU RTMMU KN, ?

otosu suggests more of a sense that one will not recover for a while. Because
it is an objective expression, it may not be used in sentences such as watashi
wa ki o otoshita to refer to oneself.

8)
BULA
O75<CoE RECS lem, Kis F oP REBEL US.
Tan-iga aha ene -dekinaito wakari, karewa sukkari kio otoshiteiru.
He’s thoroughly discouraged because he knows he doesn’t have enough
credits to move up (to the next class).

So KCRG CLE ORINE, RRS AMM PARI. tA

PNR BETTER 4
Kajide iewa yaketeshimatta-keredo, kazoku zen-inga bujidattandakara, son-
nani kio otosanaide kudasai.
Please don’t be so depressed. Although (you) lost your house in the fire,
your family is safe.

= BASF
ee PACES L. Sod REBELTLIEOK.
Kanojowa kodomoo jikode nakushi, sukkari kio otoshiteshimatta.
She just completely lost heart when she lost her child in the accident.

THRE 6 Tut UL RETIRE?

HF ILI OI ALBMCL < CAE CT. SEO AMA I<,
PRO RVY 7 a F1 3 = totese i tres BASILE A TLIC
727

tC,LS C8 RRO] MLFERIO8Y LISS CE ere

51 Aopiae l. t— 7SBWeLK. BT. ALP iec4T"

GCeY 72h

Chey Bie Toy AMER TRF » EL

Rbi ok—
Fis, APO LO
eMC HREAE THIEL
eo /9ba | la » Bas 2AF J FED D>»
Sis Crore

b. ITESTH OA THE, EB
iicamaDvnds
Clade cul) CO
tO vy

209
kado-sumi/ > -tHA

ETC
A Typ RSC SORT ae OVE OC haem as
aoCT AS, KIS < a 5 lair 6 PVAre ‘KS
ay VEVUT TEV CWO RACT ea Ys ne, Ober ie
t, HL Tle dmb, REE LILWYC< 72 V4a5 CD
DINU © 4

Does konakute ii' mean ‘you must not come’ ?

Noriko has been extremely busy at work lately. This coming Sunday,
her friend Maria is going to be moving, and Noriko had been plan-
ning to help no matter how busy she is. However, another friend of
hers named Sara said, “Noriko, I'll go and help, so anata wa konakute
ii*.” Noriko was offended when she heard this. Sara knew that Noriko
was busy, so with kind intentions she meant to say, “You’re busy, aren’t
you? I'll help her for the both of us, so it’s all right if you don’t
come.” In this type of situation we need to pay attention to the fact
that while konakute mo ii means ‘It doesn’t matter whether you come
or not’ (We'll be fine even if you can’t make it), konakute ii comes
very close to meaning ‘don’t come’ or ‘you must not come’. In this sit-
uation it would be better to say, “I know you are busy, so muri shinai
de kudasai ne®*.” By saying it this way you can avoid a big misunder-
standing.

| Its OK for you not to come.

2 You should not come.
3 Don’t go through too much trouble, OK?

DESK FA
a kado Bsumi

ea: ne eee
DMA Co CCE EMo KET, VOM PHIL9TH LEM
AIL ET (Bl,2,3). HOMASER> (Hild,
5). ;

210
 De -F4./kado-sumi

Kado refers to the outside of a corner, such as a corner of a desk, box or

SLECCI aCxellanandes))s

On@alran HERS : RIE MBBIOP MTHS. CUPEIP_LI CEP ED AOR AR

oa
Ws (GF ABNER RABIES CPG, 7, 8) Bis.
It also expresses harshness or rigidness of personality or language, or an un-
friendly atmosphere (ex.6, 7, 8).

1) UL ORIOLE
unin rv
SOUT HEBSCEK.
Tsukueno kadoni hijio butsukete, azaga dekita. (&,i
I hit my elbow against a corner of the desk ees ire
and got a bruise. ~ |
a
2) BAZVESMUMBVOT, BE
WlaALoAM
\t Dl
~ | =

AS AOR 6S rhet
Anmari machigaiga ooinode, keshigomuno kadoga maruku natteshimatta.
I made so many mistakes that I wore down the corner of my eraser.

3) BCLCHOAMOSNTLEsK.
Otoshite hakono kadoga tsuburete-shimatta.
A corner of the box was smashed because I dropped it.

4) Fl,
reypalee
ORS.
Me «
2O8OAe
DL
AI: HA soz saree Es
UEY

Watashino iewa, futatsumeno me hidarini magatta tokorodesu.

You'll see my house right after you turn left at the second corner.

5) HHDSO
z
FRIAR AILFs
pe UESLE
CWS.
Magarikadoni hyooshikiga tatteiru.
There is a sign at the street corner.

6) LARBOHSEVHI,
WE Wy Tz
BEDOK BUSS.
ayy T ==4% =F

Sonna kadono aru tikatawa, aiteno kokoroo kizutsukeruyo.

If you speak in such a harsh way, you'll hurt other people’s feelings,
you know.

rb PULFEEBICARENT. HERB ASE SDS Thor

Karewa toshito tomoni kadoga torete, seikakuga maruku natta.
He has become more relaxed and kinder as he has gotten older.

8) SOYBWES CHAMII,
Monomo tiyoode kadoga tatsu.
Whether or not you sound harsh depends on the way you speak.

211
kado-sumi/ pȴY- tA

Satie! ctsner
DTA HHA’ te a (Ht PH EA 7s ELH] SMAI eo a0) Pam EP a>b be
CIDA

a De
tA
tel
8
=
TEV
or)
£+CfA, 10). (LSSO RIB
ILE TE TH, OF
| Herp
eae LCEEEAL . MRO AoTLEAI, [HSE OBE bbdoo CH,
REO fH (SHVEHA.

Sumi refers to the inside of a corner, such as a corner of a drawer, box or

room. There is no kado inside a room, box or drawer (ex.9, 10). Accordingly,
it is possible to write in a sumi of a postcard, but not possible to write in a
kado of it.

DEBI PH EISELE, Sat b DDS} Ohi D Fy EV DEARA CHE

an

Wr (pina, 12) = Dies

Lae
. BILLA
BUBBLE
4
© MRT ELAEW DRL
CF LDESHELDM b, FV
Bb
DEAL ANI CATED © Beemer
Vy phys
so CH
BET EWOFRARC, PRICE
TE CVD AOLEF (Bli3,14)
Sometimes, sumi is used figuratively to refer to a section ‘that is not in the
central part’ (ex.11,12). With this meaning it is used in expression sumi ni
okenai to mean ‘cannot be overlooked’ or ‘not unimportant’ (ex.13, 14).

fF AOERI CB S a
Perna
CHS. eae,
ioe g\

Sheoraaiets sumini ree kaitearu. oo 1 "a

A number is written in the corner of the x ee \
invitation card. \5 SS - pe
10) oe
ABB OBIS
AN CAFES
Naat S Neel
‘ ae : 5

Heyano sumini chiisai gomibakoga aru.

There is a small trash can in the corner of the room.

lesMLE HEAT SFR bSE, FILA SEI ORE C7805 CV 720

Tanoshisooni asondeiru Paniiner itAe kooenno sumide nagame-
teita.
I was watching children playing joyfully from a corner of the park.

12) BEC (LALIT CWT H\ fOr etd. L705 < UWE INOS TER
Tooku hanareteitemo, watashino ei kokorono sumini tometeoite kuda-
Sal.
Even though we are far apart, please save a place in your heart for
me.

212
 Pil: XWUW/kanashii-sabishii

13) Hl Cote KEI, WSTEYT PE HLIAU EAT. BORIC BU EO

42.
Hajimete atta joseini, ikinari deetoo mooshikomu-nante, kimimo sumini
okenaine.
Abruptly asking for a date with a woman whom you’ve just met for the
first time—boy, you sure are something.

Md) BOBS CEHO RIA TT. ROTEDTEDEICBIS

TEV.
Ano wakasade kaishano shachoodanante, karemo nakanaka sumini okenai.
He is the president of a company?! At his age?! Wow, he is quite a guy!

DPaLW/ SALW
w kanashii a sabishii

pT Lh Lis LU J Seer °

WS fzCTEDS OWN DDN ALTE 9 RATERS BIR OOF SLIT

HTX CP, he 5) e, BICC ICOFOLITERT ES (PI,
Ty ABV ES.
HOD ADA

Kanashii is used to indicate feelings of depression or heartbreak (ex.1,2,3,4,

5).
It may also be used to show sadness or sorrow due to a disappointing or re-
grettable situation (ex.6, 7).

1) DOW AS TWRRMFEAROC
ETHELY.
Kawaigatteita inuga shindanode, totemo kanashii.
(I’m) so sad because the dog I love has died.

2) BUA OBARLV BOK. yes |

\

5 ee
\
Wakarewa itsumo kanashii monoda. whe: ~~
It’s always sad to part with someone. Lie; ie
3 ww
3) JEL WRB Rb.
7k rs
BALES Mor. Leg
meh Sal ess -

Kanashii eigao mitara, Neidede tomaranakatta.

(1) couldn’t stop crying after seeing that sad movie.

4) At ESLEO, ALEGRELT

213
kanashii-sabishii/ >? LY-XAOLWM

Bi eae TeoT2 Be Gi UASANOGs

Dooshitano? Kanashisoona kaoo shite...
What’s the matter? You look sad.
B: Kyonen nakunatta hahao omoidashitandesu.
I was just thinking about my mother who died last year.

on EATEINEDTENY
EBLE TABLE OMB
Sonnani nakanaide, watashimade kanashiku narukara...
Please don’t cry so much—you’ll make me sad, too.

6) Bidens ATSIC TY OMI, (PS LCHIF SNTEV HayOAELVY,

LA ay A D7

Shin-yuuga annani komatteirunoni, nanimo shiteagerarenai ie kanashii.

I feel bad that I can’t help my best friend, even though he is in so
much trouble.

7) Nefe UbiN7E\s TEA CABLY 42.6

Hitoo Sbieiiabcnanane kanashiine.
It’s a sad thing not to be able to believe in anybody.

SAL BLO] iy
DAVIE Cob Dial Fo SVE. RECSe Aln-G
MRF SE RLEF (Bis, 9,10).
This is used when speaking of emotions of solitude or ieee as well as
helplessness due to uncertainty (ex.8,9, 10).

DPD
OT. OU + (FPAVTALY = HORS EOMEWLIFERTE
SfVET CHILI, 12, 18,14).
It may also be used to show that something is missing, lacking in liveliness
or is unsatisfactory in some way (ex.11, 12,13, 14).

) TER LO ERT
feagens FIoELEOTCRLV.
Nakayoshino Se hikkoshitanode sabishii.
(I’m) feeling lonely because my good friend moved away.

9) VEU TCHOL TSE, LXLEHL<

13,
Hitoride kurashiteiruto, tokidoki sabishiku naru.
Since (I) have been living alone, I occasionally feel lonely.

10) HO FIN IWOEVIE 55 CHA COT, BALE II.

214
 Pik bF-%o¥-* Fo T-HoeW/kanaraz-kitto-kimatte:zettai

Ano kowa itsumo hitoribotchide asondeite,

sabishisoodane.
That girl is always playing by herself, Sy, PY
and sure seems lonely. ee te oe we

11) <v DEBRA TEA TEES ‘

AYER LV 42.6 tee CO Bo 725.
- U
Why heres)
—~

Se = rm Ned a
Kono heyawa nandaka sabishiine. Edemo kazattara?
This room seems a bit drab. Maybe yeu should hang ¢
a painting or something.

12) ABS
(56
CRRLV
xU
FRG,
zk AS
THOT
ts
UEADVOV,
Kurakute sabishii yomichiwa, tooranai hooga ii.
You shouldn’t walk on dark and empty streets at night.

13) Bb
BOKVE
MAN{TOTLEW, LOM ORLY Thor.
Ookuno hitoga tokaie itteshimai, kono muramo sabishikunatta.
Since so many people have moved to the city, this village has become a
lonely place.

14) #8 BLA BIS. VOOBEIADRLV>.

SI HEFIU ER ri

Kyuuryoobimaewa, itsumo futokoroga sabishii.

My pockets are always empty just before payday.

DSO mo aoe 2 U7 Bo lev

a kanarazu a kitto a kimatte B Zettai

a kanarazu a
2> 7x.bt LBs | = by all means ; without fail is

OBIS < +RAE + BN— ey tt 5S CFS) CV ILERRS ESV

z+ (Bll,2,3).
DVD vs

Kanarazu is used when expressing that someone or something will become

(do) something with 100% certainty and without exception (ex.1, 2,3).

DEBMWUES €CDTFS LV DSR UVR EEF

FEIEE AS USE EF (PA, Dio
It is also used when expressing strong conviction ae one will do something
without fail (ex.4, 5).

21S
kanarazu-kitto-kimatte:-zettai/Pkebt- koe *X EDT HOKMY

AOS EK TROL MF KILA So

Penn ore kanarazu hiwa kieru.
When the oxygen is gone, the fire will certainly go out.

Da NGTES THAI HONTC + BF LOREE Ch KC Fe ZV,

Ashita, totemo taisetsuna kaigiga AEN kanarazu juujimadeni kiteku-
dasai.
There is an important meeting tomorrow, so please be absolutely sure
you are here by ten o’clock.

3) BE BT SEAS,
HUA LY
BP IHETL—F RUM THUY
Vie ay
CC HSU.
Chuushasuru tokiwa, kanarazu saidobureekio hiiteoitekudasai.
When parking your car, be sure to set the hand brake.

4) Fait, ORNL
ETRE ABEES,
Watashiwa, neru maeniwa kanarazu hao migakimasu.
I always make sure to brush my teeth before going to bed.

oO) BNALP ERRATIC

Dre
Ro THURS
Watashivls pence uchuuhikooshini nattemisemasu.
I will definitely become an astronaut someday—you’ll see.

% > ¥ a kitto ; @
a (almost) certainly

PUI EVHBTTEE AS, LEMOS EDEERBDIEWS LIFTERS

CAPEUEF CPG, 7,8). eG (ECT VEER CH EIU ET,
Kitto is used when expressing confidence that something will turn out the
way one predicts. It is used in situations requiring an expression not quite as
strong as kanarazu (ex.6,7,8).

DS ETB, Soniye eFI< te Ati AZ,

UksnA
Ano shoonennara, kitto an ae narerudaroo.
Knowing him, that boy will almost certainly be an Olympic athlete some-
day.

7) BMDIUMENED WROD, HOZa—VIVW, XoUBDLAVWE

BAW TEV,

Karega arehodo homete-itanodakara, ano myuujikaruwa, kitto omoshiroini

216
 PREF ¥oU-*X® FO T- Ho /Kanaraz:kitto- kimatte-zettai

chigainai.
He said all those good things about that musical, so it must be good.

8) DBM IBEITE. BLASS UMN SL

Nishing soraga yuuyakeda. eee kitto hareruyo.
There is a glowing sunset in the western sky, so tomorrow is sure to be
a nice day too.

w kimatte a
red Scare winvariably ; without fail i.

HOREEDALEDEIIS, BUGME (WD H TOLEMHISEVFESEOET CA

G)5 lO), al WW)
This is used to indicate that, under a certain condition, a specific action will
definitely occur (ex.9, 10,11, 12).

9) ROEM Pid, AUCBSLSSTH BPP CSS.

WA bm APIA 3 Ww bLS
Teno chikakuno mizuuminiwa, fuyuni naruto kimatte hakuchooga yattekuru.
Swans always come to the lake near my home when winter arrives.

10) BD NES Bie Gt OCS Eo CTIA MENS.

Ano futariwa, ka0o awaseruto kimatte kenkao hajimeru.
Those two invariably start fighting whenever they meet.

ll) POR.
brL 6S
HH Bi.
SEIUES
FEoTRECHE RAE.
re
Watashino chichiwa, chooshokuni, kimatte tamagoo tabemasu.
My father always has eggs for breakfast.

12) FyhE FLERE e, Sho THEM FS

7S. 0
Watashiwa gyuunyuuo nomuto, kimatte onakaga itakunaru.
I get a stomachache whenever I drink milk.

Fo Te\> [iH STibsoluterly)

OtiZEENZOO ASTE<K. EMEITWNTFNTREV DEARCT (Pil13,14).
(im <6
Zettai means that a specific something is all there is, and without comparison
(ex.13, 14).

OM a5) Bist Saale ae NA <a RA fiWo Sa PO Gla dines

217
kanarazu-kitto-kimatte:zettai/Dimbt xX ov xX FoT- HokvY

(P15, 16,17). BRBOCHA

WoL THF IeVIER CH CBS,
ty U Terttys

19, 20). HEXa! ey Ay

CEG LEOHVET o FBVSHEEP RARERLET A, “nN
>»

(32986 AF CH HE Bae COE sein i.

Zettai is also used when saying that something will occur without fail or con-
dition (ex.15,16,17). When used in a negative sentence, it has a meaning simi-
lar to kesshite~nai (never) (ex.18,19,20). The expression zettai ni may be used
both to strongly emphasize one’s will or intention, or in a weaker conversa-
tional style.

) BL DA Cit LOE Fal\ZHEXTC. RNOIDHALTA.,

PEL WA t WHA OTs

Watashino iedewa chichino ikenwa zettaide, daremo sakaraemasen.

In my family, my father’s word is law, so nobody can disobey him.

14) Bl (Eo CH SHEXTTH

Watashini totte kamiwa zettaidesu.
To me, God is absolute.

9)ARI. BARC. 6\\

Watashiwa sensooniwa, zettai hantaidesu. (Gara
I am totally opposed to war. \ Ps vam

16) PRIS. EXT FRR.

scale)dl
: v)
Karewa, zettaini mujitsuda.
He is completely innocent.

11) PREIAIBAAEES .HEXTECEE

CH
eis byookiga omoku, zettai anseidesu.
Her illness is serious, so she needs absolute rest.

18) Wls—ES oe AOZANS. RHUL.

Watashiwa ‘ae atta hon namaewa, zettai wasurendi.
I never forget the names of people I meet.

9 Re. BRET.
Karewa, zettai yakusokuo yaburanai.
He never breaks his promises.

20) AV VERT TEA HEMT E EASA TEV SESE Z SVs

Gasorinto tooyuwa, zettaini machigaenai-yooni shite kudasai.
Be sure to never mistake gasoline for kerosene.

218
 DEY -f2\0.38/kanari-daibu

DIRVY / ASS
g kanari a daibu

w kanari 5
B75. y) mBquite ; extremely ; very is

DOF CORE fezTEE OKS SVB SsAe¥I5%

oR BAT SESE seep (Pil,
2, 3,4, 5, 6). PRA SKES thot eS BICENBE RAR eicnot
ye cel, BAD IVE O E< Teor td, BRIA IOV Th BLCERL
£T.
Kanari is used to stress the greatness of a degree, level, quantity, quality, etc.
(ex.1, 2,3,4,5,6). To say of an illness that it has daibu yoku natta implies
that it has become better than it was previously, while kanari yoku natta
implies that one is close to complete recovery.

1) FEB DIEVEVOC RDbI7Y—CISEF

Nimotsuga kanari ooinode, ekikara takushiide ikimasu.
(I’ve) got quite a lot of luggage, so I’m going to take a taxi from the
station.

2) LORIEES ESC RRL 7g 0teT Lv.

Kono i SEN ae. Jissaiwa kanari muzukashii.
This question seems simple, but actually it’s quite difficult.

3) FRCHAL. Rispreowwt2ar.
Lea A Dar

Shashinde miruto, karewa kanari hansamuda. COMwv ek

oy ea 5
Looking at his photograph, he’s quite handsome. \ ue } oF
Regs

4) ROBAlL, MV Uo TVS. Bax {li

Kareno kangaewa, Lanai katayotteiru. ray!

His ideas are very biased. a Ai\\
U

5) LOIEOMBTSL. AVIV
PERM LA TEIOVWO CF
Kono miseno itamaewa, wakaikeredomo udemaewa kanarino monodesu.
The chef at this restaurant is young, but his skill is quite something.

6) FEDTEKKAILP TLIO AM PEIN CS.

Ah ke va7e U Zee

Kotoshino hanabitaikaiwa kanarino res yosoosareteiru.

219
Kabuseru-oou) >t 4-EE YD

They're expecting a considerable crowd for this year’s fireworks display.

KY a daibu 5
vod |[X | m=much ; very LE

BOIL, (EMPNIDOVLHNDAMOAK
MECHEL T. BH FILED
BALD ES UMAEWO CERT ESET C(AIT, 8,9, 10, 11).
Daibu is used to indicate that the rate or extent of change in degree, quality,
quantity, etc., of something is great compared to a prior state or with anoth-
er object (ex.7, 8,9, 10, 11).

7) BHFISE KAORI.
oT = ae yore
BSB AMAT:at 2)

Musukowa natsuyasumino aidani, daibu sega nobita.

My son grew considerably taller over the summer vacation.

8) RA Wa, ZEW aH Aaa BopokDNAIM Ais

Kanojowa, daibu Nihongoga wakaruyooni narimashita.
She has come to understand Japanese quite a bit.

9) FxBld, FOSEVAW SED.

Kyoowa, kinooyori daibu atatakai.
Today is considerably warmer than yesterday.

10) ZMH, KSLA CWS.

Kono kutsuwa, daibu itandeiru.
These shoes are very worn.

11) EIRP BAS, ZURLOT

Silote.
Kootsuujikono kensuuga, kyonenyori daibu hetta.
The number of traffic accidents (this year) is much less than last year.

Dd
S/ d845 9
a kabuseru 8 00U

PES
aio cover 2
> kab

220
 DASE A+354 9 /Kabuseru-oou

® Le ENED We LD oR T. Ges Ae DY< FCS eS

Bill, 2,3).
To cover an object with something bigger in order to hide it completely or
partially (ex.1,
2, 3).

OLAS iwtT LED CSO ES (Pld)

To hang or lay something on top of something else (ex.4).

DREPEECE PAD EME T SEMEOET (Pls, 6).

To place blame or responsibility on someone else (ex.5, 6).

1) UAS LARVA
2p
id, FRIUZS
Sy
LED SET. *»
{ a qu>
Hizashiga tsuyoi hiniwa, kodomoni booshio kabusemasu. Va 0
(I) put a hat on my child on days 1, ce ee %
when the sun’s rays are strong. Je ah

Seoshs s > aie se

2) DA
BRC VALCMESCHAMOMPRWEFRIC,
GL
a
% .

OE DUE ORO S DRPIAtET

Nookadewa, ringoga naruto mushiga tsukanaiyooni, hitotsuhitotsu kamino
fukuroo kabusemasu.
As soon as fruit forms on the apple trees, farmers cover each apple with
a paper bag so that insects won’t get to it.

wo<o, batFEI oh, FTES LPI CGO CIEL 5

Ryooriga nokottara, napukin-o kabuseteoite kudasai.
If there is any food left over, please cover it with a napkin.

4) Ses l)}WA 7 OER REHEAT. LPOLED STE res

Chuurippuno kyuukon-o uete, uekara tsuchio kabusemashita.

(I) planted tulip bulbs and covered them with soil.

5) BATE CPot LEON, Fh 1AIEEE

PSE OIEA THA EICS
Minnade yatta kotonanoni, watashihitorini sekinin-o kabuserunante anma-
ridesu.
We all did it, but they placed all the responsibility for it on me alone.
That’s not fair!

ae
Rid ObAF DORIAN DETANC, *XHbdONTWS.
Karewa itsumo Srann shippaio taninni kabuserunode, kirawareteiru.
He always puts the blame for his own mistakes on others, so no one
likes him.

221
kabuseru-oou, >NXtA-BED

A Ty = BOOU he)
ds 33 9 LB J sto wrap ; to cover ©&

WO DS Lang PEI RAGUVE DICT SESE, OTe IE*

zeme DATSE DAR EBL BORE Bast cg, 8; 910,11) ee
TK
eee FEERLT C(. 'BRDNS >eas Zama DIECIKS Ray TAS
af yaad
C )eUN' AP BCHEHI, TAI CAS) BtHHEpDNS1 CMEVET 6 aye
Al 8 DLAI “SRE CIS Wj ERG LEBHYET.
To hide all of something or to make it invisible; includes a strong sense of
protecting the object from light, air or heat (ex.7,8,9,10,11). It is often used
in the passive forms : oowareru (to be covered) and oowarete iru (to have
been covered). In this case the particle de is used, e.g., A o B de oou (to coy-
er A with B) or A wa (ga) B de oowareru (A is covered with B). However,
as in Example 8, ni may also be used in passive sentences.

) RHA CA, SBCHMML ETE EFI— VY bh

CBB
Samui chihoodewa, yukide sakumotsuga itamanaiyooni hatakeo biniirushii-
tode oou.
In places where it’s cold, they cover the ground with vinyl tarps so the
crops in the fields aren’t ruined by snow.

8) BsUE! HCH tc KKONK.

Machiwa hitobande yukini oowareta.
In one night the whole town was blanketed in snow.

9) C& dLio72 #95his, HROAECHCH

Bours wt AD
PV 7A4 \
}

BHONTWOK. :
ae
wo Mae
;
=a

Dekiagatta zoowa, happyoono himade nunode Za ie ay (

Supporito oowareteita. as I \ 5
The finished statue was completely covered A VEZ _A|
with a cloth until the day of its presentation. Wes y= U
| rey, iy
10) ABAL By t—WoldHer KEETHBDNU Bo
VEG EGED

Honyuu-doobutsuwa ippanni, karadao kede oowareteiru.

Most mammals are covered completely with fur.

11) RT RBAORYi2, FBV

WE) es WAL »
HSLSTOLUAR AEH. EES 7zvs

Hikookijikono genbawa, meo ooitakunaruyoona hidoi jootaida.

The site of the plane crash is so terrible that (you'll) want to cover your
eyes.

222
 DVO HUTHX-VAU/kari-ichijiteki-rinji

PYU/SOBUTEYVVAL
w kari 8 ichijiteki Brinji

a kari
> Y [be] Been Fl

OAK DIA OLOL MES LAV ET CHIL, 2,3). ICBM

AbD

eis SHOReer,
AAET. EEL
a< Co
> FAV
WOES
+ REE
AX
ALG) +DW
DYOLERA
PRK
its? <¢

ages SDEDI, FMC LTR IIEMB CH.

Kari is used when one temporarily substitutes something for the real thing.
That the something is makeshift is included in the meaning. It is used most
often in compounds, as in kari-zumai (temporary residence), kari-barai (provi-
sional payment), kari-menkyo (temporary permit), kari-shobun (provisional dis-
position), and kari-keiyaku (provisional agreement) (ex.1,
2, 3).

OABOIE CLV IINE, WLE3KokRb KeAlY: Ee te

zd (Hila).
It is also used to introduce a hypothetical or subjunctive idea, and is often
used with a subjunctive or conditional clause (ex.4).

1) HORS ECHA
TSX LALO CTIS, OBC
Ano kaishawa, tatekaeteiru tokoronanode imawa, karino tatemonodesu.
The company is in a temporary building because they’re rebuilding.

2) ARAMET 2) =
OT, MIC X RELELEIF.
Honmyooga dasenainode, karini it eer shimashoo.
Since (I) cannot reveal his real name, let’s call him
Mr. X for the time being.

3) ZIIROTFEEV Ebb, KBAYTEV..

wy > » < t<

Kokowa karino sumaidakara, kaguga sukunai.

Since this is my temporary residence, (1) don’t
have much furniture.

4) % LUI < e1 RAS 72572 5E 4 sears.

Moshi karini takarakujide ichiokuenga atattara dooshimasuka?
If (you) won ¥100,000,000 in the lottery, what would you do?

223
kari-ichijiteki-rinji/ >) -ebUTX VAL

OB UTH (temporary
> a a a ichiji ki

LORGETNS - 2a¥yWROD EIR CEES LILY va poe eo CAs, 6,7,

Ln

8). "Ri
yh
Dk xfbosorefent “ESOC vet7in a SSARRIICIR 3 TLS
LIAILCE AMBHAVET.
UWS TA

This expression is used to indicate that something is ‘for the moment’ or

‘this time only’ and will not continue for very long (ex.5,6,7,8).It is not used
in the same way as kari to denote using something as a substitute; the em-
phasis is on the short duration of time.

5) fA PEnOTC, BRIS yy ANGI Te

Nimotsuga jamananode, ichijitekini koinrokkaani azuketa.
My luggage is cumbersome, so (I) stored it in a coin-operated locker for
a while.

6) SDS, ARO C—O IRL ABET.

Kinoowa, taifuuno depbeile ieee tsuyoi amega futta.
Yesterday, heavy rain fell for a short time because of a nearby typhoon.

7) Git. {la TLE an Bett LTV.

en sph monode, nagatsuzuki shinai.
Fashions are only temporary; they do not last long.

8) LOMA, SRE LORDS DAC B7LV

Kono itamiwa, ichijitekina ed.anit. shinpaiiranai.
It’s only temporary pain so (you) don’t have to worry.

D AAD Mel eteoecial+ota extra ; temporary £

BPR CDV DWMVIOLELYN, LOYLOHOWBIIG CTR
DHTISPSRMESDIOLERLET (Pil9, 10,11, 12,13). Fok
HE BOTs
BYEA. waa NIRS + ~ i GRAB + ~BI Re DL
<Fhae CLE Zetec ese,
bb

Rintee. to a temporary decision or action which is made according to the

necessity of a given moment, regardless of plans which were made in advance
(ex.9, 10,11, 12,13). It is not used for matters that continue for a long time.

224
 ~BS+~3S-5) &FS/~garu-~buru-furi o suru

It is often used in compounds such as : rinji-nyuusu (special news bulletin),

rinji-kyuugyoo (special holiday), rinji-bin (special flight), and rinji-kokkai (spe-
cial session of the National Diet).

9) ERA, Bae Yl 47< Banya AAS.

Natsuyasumino aida, ekikara umini iku rinjino basuga deru.
During summer vacation, special shuttles run between the station and
the beach.

10) *x HLE OAL AS Hor ChE BB25120

DA EX5=5

Kyoowa aaa sutoga attanode rinji-kyuukoodatta.

There was a train strike today, so classes were temporarily suspended.

Il) TLE OBRRFS

WAL
2 — ADE
PAX LE CED
BATS.
ar

Terebino rinjinyuusuga senkyosokuhoo-o tsutaeteiru.

A special news broadcast has been covering the election returns.

12) PIVINT ECHR VAIL

And
FS
12 OC BOT
FI RZE Boh.
Arubaitode rinjishuunyuuga attanode, haruno burausuo katta.
Since (I) got some extra money from my part-time job, I bought a
blouse for spring.

eee eo RODE ALS. mae AS 5X5

Kyoo, tonarino Be, On rinji-kyuugyoodesu.

The barbershop next door is temporarily closed today.

SB /~RB/ VETS
= ~garu ew ~buru a furi o suru

~2BBB @~garu

ato want ; to seem

T~ LIC) EHBK Bo THBKITM,. MLV=;RLV + SHY + K

V4 UR HORE PILI REE ICBNO. BExsev ace CAL, Deeds
er aea coeaeBEAD LIF es Ais~ a B ——-
BD)? HTERAL~DE LIEBE Bas
~garu is used to describe a third person’s wants, desires, emotions, or physi-

225
~garu-~buru-furi 0 suru)~234-~SS°
HV EFS

cal sensations, which have been expressed either verbally or by his behavior
(ex.1,2,3,4,5). It is not used in first or second person situations.

1) HE It. ELDEST SOOKE TORLBS.

Imootowa, watashino motteiru monoo nandemo hoshigaru.
My (younger) sister wants (to have) everything I have.

2) ADVYPOPMSAZLIER LTV UITEV.

Hitono iyagaru kotoo shitewa ikenai.
(You) shouldn’t do things that people dislike. yee! 0A y

3) FES
=~ 4% by
COIECHOR
4 He
AS. e y
mene
2s a Z
Kodomowa amedemo sotode asobitagaru. { he4
Children want to play outside, even on rainy days. wisKe
ys SS
4) Pi
Dt
ssc
(OPW FA
ITS
vy
DoT De oe Z
Karewa Hokkaidooni ikitagatteiru.
He wants to go to Hokkaido. Dall 7

5) BARE AoT.
Otootowa inuo kaitagatteiru.
My (younger) brother wants to have a dog.

> we ~buru =~
~d&aS mto pretend ; to pose as

MAIC RR CEDNKST, AAOARITE PE DES ERR D bis < Fett by

FELIMELETSLLCT (BIG,7,8,9,10), LOLITA
Rete AACE
SLLIETT. AMEDD ky HOT SRR BATURT.
BIL TMMEO LEA. Harli \LOSETA.
This is used to describe the behavior of someone who is trying to give a
false impression of himself, as if he were much better or more sophisticated
than he actually is (ex.6,7,8,9,10). It suggests a feeling of criticism on the
part of the speaker. It is not used when speaking of oneself or with verbs.

6) BN FILEKAWETHIEDVLTHIADIZ, EOE CLV VF SD

Ano kowa fudan itazurabakari shiteirunoni, senseino maedewa iikoburu.
That child is always doing naughty things, but he pretends to be good
in front of his teachers.

226
 ~BS-~RS:50 &FS4/~garu-~buru-furi o suru

7) BRIAR
DOCE ice
SSS AITNE, HUGILAZEB
TAA
LV.
Kanojowa Lao tehatode seikatsuwa taihenrashii.
She acts like a rich woman, but it seems that her life is hard.

8) BRAILLE
?
LOLA FABD TOI, VOOBHSA
QA
SS
Kanojowa watashito eae toshiga chigawanainoni, itsumo oneesan-
buru.
She is only one year older than I am, but she always acts like a big sis-
ter.

9) V<b Ebmo CWTH, BOT

ILD DS.,
de Oa: rere b
Tkura joohinbutteitemo, sodachiwa suguni wakaru.
No matter how much one tries to act elegantly, (you) can always tell
the person’s upbringing.

10) BROBUSAIL. POs Chae KE OTH LOT HDL.

Tonarino ojisanwa, shinsetsubutte sewao yakunode sukoshi wazurawashii.
The man next door is always doing things for me under the guise of
kindness—he’s a bit of a pain-in-the-neck.

a furi o suru
or Y eS sto pretend ©

SZ} DALY y 7A FltCH Size, Be COME EYVINT IN 7ZE OBB C

Cy
RROD LABS LIT PRESET S— Let (fil11, 12, 13, 14), fills,
A

16MESI2. Biesae)AsROE ICI ~D30EF, eV mV Te Re eer

T~ SA 12S3 PIRI BLSSLEDSWADIZ XL, SMEG less SO
7s GHLBAC TARA OD
SDETS. ¥ GEIS TEBOIT
BS tvs SSRN

fev.RORTB, LEER AA} ORE 2 RS EOE SIA oe 29

This expression means to pave in such a way as to make one’s own posi-
tion more advantageous by pretending to be or do something different (ex.
11,12,13,14). As seen in Examples 15 and 16, ~no furi o suru is attached
to the end of nouns. While ~buru means that one tries to show oneself as
better than what he actually is, furi o suru may be used when one tries to
present himself as lower in status because he feels it is to his advantage. Ex-
amples might be a university student that pretends to be a high school stu-
dent, or one who is smart that pretends not to be.

227
~garu-~buru-furi o suru) ~2*34-~SS°
HSV EFS

11) FL (SERA RROTEVOT, REMOLRLRE VETS.

DAtLV.

Watashiwa osakega nomenainode, kanpaino tokiwa nomu furio suru.

I can’t drink alcohol, so I only pretend to drink when there is a toast.

12) F= HEV SRL SV CRVy OROI, BALA TEV 30% L CHOI TT

ys <A ES x %~ Vs

L#572.

Kodomoni “Benkyooshinasai” to ittanoni,

kikoenai furio shite asobini itteshimatta.
Although (1) told my child to study, he pretended
that he didn’t hear me, and went out to play.

BOC.
TALY xn»
EORTC
Dz
L Az
SAM ILoRINE,
‘2

BEA TV Chis a7 < T5\ CHET SY) a ym

=
Denshano nakade, watashino maeni ojiisanga tattakeredo, tsukareteite sekio
yuzuritakunainode neta furio shita.
Although there was an old man standing in front of me on the train, I
was tired and didn’t want to give up my seat, so (I) pretended to be
asleep.

14) Bl If CASTE
LALM< L
NIFC MSHNTIINE,
ues
LDWOTC, HARA
a is >)
DS
HV SDRLELI
Shinjukude shiranai hitoni yobi-tomeraretakeredo, kowainode, Nihongoga wa-
karanai furio shimashita.
(1) was stopped by a stranger in Shinjuku, but being afraid of him, I
pretended I didn’t understand Japanese.

15) ED WAFBU ATES IED aPC,

No Ket) a
AAD 0K LTKAL «
=

Kinoowa gakkooni ikitakunakattanode, byookino furio shite yasunda.

Yesterday, (I) didn’t want to go to school, so I acted like I was sick
and stayed home.

16) Be vith EAT, )s PEOLOYLTHE Bt CBHI

v RokbL
BrSe bMs RCE LES ED Lyuks xh el Pa D

Vr,

Otootowa chuugakusei-nanoni, shoogakuseino furio shite kodomoryookinde

denshani nottarashii.
Although my (younger) brother is a junior high school student, it seems
he pretended to be an elementary school student and paid the children’s
fare to ride the train.

228
 POT: ES: S4/kawasu-yokeru-sakeru

POT /EGS/ S34

a kawasu w yokeru m sakeru

=ekawasu
Ppt mto evade ; to dodge i]

TIO) LSstkK Pi Bh» Boss [DAC < DRED

DOK
BENS & SUH ET
CA, 2,3, 4). redo Bese, +h ReaymRZ eASbZay a sos
SMWILLITS
To quickly and instinctively move one’s body away from oncoming harm (ex.
1,2,3,4). Kawasu may also be used when speaking of evading abstract mat-
ters such as criticism or pursuit.

1) {aes FRAT K Je Va, <

PONE 7a
oe PS
Rarewa tondekia booruo, umaku kawashita. / ee = BS \
He skillfully dodged the ball thrown at him. i (ims\ \}
2) FeVEAVSp MBO
BESPALY eyed)
FH, Alcmblre. My aaa
er ae
Chanpionwa choosenshano panchio, hidarini kawashita.
The champion dodged to the left to avoid the challenger’s punch.

3) EINES NbA—Or3k1B 2 > (ONE EIT 72

\ (lA

Hanninwa, ana kbaiis eiveeio eaweashiia nigeta.

The suspect escaped by shaking off the patrol cars that were chasing
him.

4) WABle, RABOMME IE DDL.

SHieioond Peer emai umaku kawashita.
The Prime Minister skillfully evaded questions from the team of reporters.

wsyokeru
KIS eto avoid ; to evade .

SEL AK UOLE +ABLE + MBE OMENS LETH (lb, 6,7,8).

“pb t | DESI DD LTREDANBEVISLEY SBI
DiC =NS. BSI. UoIEOLBHSE TAIL IBHVAAL
ihe

To move away from something undesirable, troublesome, or harmful

229
kawasu-yokeru:sakeru) PYF: LITS-S4S

(ex.5,6, 7,8). Not only does it have the same meaning as kawasu, i.€., to
move one’s body away from harm, but it also means to defend against, to
move away from anticipated harm, or to remove an obstacle.

5) AS OAPs mil, FibnBiAstt ORK MCs bt iG Wize

Macutthadohara kyuuni, jitenshaga detekitanode, a

awatete yoketa. ves d i ;
A bicycle suddenly came around the corner, @ 29 / Xy
and (I) jumped aside to avoid it. p &Y tA ¥
6) PFS, UL SF ICAREVELIT
EAB, D Cun
Ais.
Li3 Sez)
a.
772. 3 Hh
fn HEREET
A irae

Shoonenwa, joozuni mizutamario yokenagara, jitenshao hashiraseteitta.

The boy rode along on his bicycle, skillfully avoiding the puddles.

~ BRA RLELISRwOI, AMSESLET.

Tsuyoi hizashio yokerutameni, higasao sashimasu.
(One) can use a sunshade to ward off the strong sunlight.

8) Bite — Wu Ps1 TSO WObLITTRAET

Iveea piimanga kirainanode, itsumo yokete tabemasu.
He hates green peppers so he always pushes them to the side when he
eats.

SOS GES] 1 By
RBSCLE
ELC BOCES EU EITSLETH (HI9,
10,
11512,
13 )e
To maintain a distance from something bothersome or undesirable(ex.9, 10, 11,
12-138)

9) § COP baDeIS, FIL AL TALHET TAEDA.

Az

Ekideno machiawasewa, rasshuawaawa saketa hooga ii.

(You) should avoid meeting people at the station during rush hour.

0) Shas otalET eer ti FSO » HUGE978BE {Tok

Weta atta yeti jJuutaisurunode, sakete ea, michio itta.
(1) took a different road to avoid the one jammed due to an accident.

230
 DPALA:P>AY 5 /kanshin-kandou

11) 5|3BLBS, AB SHES CRD CARD ealarsy.

Intaishita joyuuwa, hitomeo sakete shizukani kurashiteiru.
The retired actress is living a quiet life away from the public.

12) PRISFTLV
PN Alz5
AWAD
SWS
CERSL<, CDI ARE
dre
ET
i
CWS.
Karewa atarashii koibitoga dekitarashiku, konogoro
watashio saketeiru.
He seems to have gotten a new girlfriend, because
he has been avoiding me recently.

13) OAT CRIM RTH RIZI AW.

wn Fe EVN IE la7nL =x

Kareno maede seijino hanashiwa saketa hooga ii.

You should avoid talking about politics in front of him.

PALA
/ PAYS
a kanshin uw kandou

x a kanshin
PA LA LPexLa | = admiration Rd

fh ADAP EDIEIE DWT, [AM ONSENECEK RWCEKER

BLETH (PL,2,3,4,5). ABW + ALABOLE
+WIRE. REE SEE
Ct, BLOAKA DoT ARAB CHI EBIDISKALTCT.
DIR Ve G PALA vy Lon

To recognize as excellent or laudable the actions or behavior of another

(ex.1,2,3,4,5). Kanshin expresses an evaluative judgment such as ‘great’, ‘wonder-
ful’, ‘outstanding’, etc. It should not be used when speaking to someone in a
superior position, e.g., anata wa kanshin desu ne (You're amazing!), because it
is considered to be rude.

1) HOFILIKC BOF VET OROKF CH.

Ano kowa yoku oyano tetsudaio suru kanshinna kodesu.
He is a good child who always helps his parents.

2) PBDOBAVULAAR
ARO LK.
Dias YuES PALA

Kareno doryokuniwa minnaga kanshinshita.

Everyone was impressed by his efforts.

3) NID COELY RE ORERIUS, WOOD RLTS.

aes MOL Tres & PALA

231
kanshin-kandou| P>ALA:PAY D

Darenidemo yasashii kanojono taidoniwa, itsumo kanshinsuru.

(I’ve) always admired her kind attitude towards others, regardless of who
they are.

1) Db EDEP PMHENCBOEFRoROC,
LIIDA CisF
KUCITEEUTHOTUZ.
VE DALLA :

Shoonenno pianoga amarinimo joozudattanode, hitobitowa kanshinshite kii-

teita.
The boy’s piano playing was so good that everyone listened with admira-
tion.

wn ARIES
1D TEREHELA Beds LTE x ALA

Hitoo utagauyoona ee kanshinshinai.

(1) don’t care for that kind of suspicious attitude.

] a kandou
DAY | wee: >
mimpression ; to be impressed

SatSUEZ LE Sete 5B CD FTICN, ABST S— ECF. WOE CHL

SE) Sev)

\RBLS Tes)ts wei of se (HP, ¥LC ibabreNie Wom Oa RaMaty hata ES BeL
4 es Avy we ea PAB eo) 472< BBE)

EX! “DEEMSRPACED
MCT (PG,
Ly
7, 8, 9, 10).
To be moved emotionally by something heard or seen, or to have a strong
feeling of sympathy. Kandou expresses the feeling or emotion that arises
when one encounters a heart-warming or memorable incident, novel, movie,
or work of art (ex.6,7,8,9, 10).

6) AWels, ARE ARV ILA THOS EXSYeeOBER

ae
ReILK.
ee
Hitobitowa, konnan-o norikoete akaruku ikiru shoojono sugatani kandoo-
shita.
Many people were touched when they saw the girl, who had overcome
so many difficulties, living happily.

7) WOR m5 2
HEATER It,
YP> 7TEVy
NOD RDLI. PALF

ne Shae mita yuudaina keshikiniwa, daremoga kandooshita.

Everybody was moved by the majestic view from the top of the moun-
tain.

8) HOREIO RBDHITE DIARY —Y Clady JRDSEE DoK.

Ano eigano kandootekina itn beer tomaranakatta.
(I) couldn’t stop crying during the very moving final scene of that
movie.

Vey!
 Tol!

9) ZLWBorvrs CRS
Bri¢
ORF SIL, WIOETORW RS Bl.
Utsukushii mononi furete kandoosuru kimochiwa, itsumademo ushinaitaku-
nal.
(I) hope that I never lose the ability to be moved by things of beauty.

10) A-TAbFORROKED ete ao}

SC RMOIE MdsC a7.
PAX

Ookesutorano ensooga owaruto Ne ae wakiokotta.

As soon as the orchestra ended its performance, the audience broke into
emotional applause.

=Peal = oe)
(afas

YHtAD SO AS om PRES EY ORI MEO IAT &

eda eae gate TE HY SMEs hot < BWYL
Wy SDSRIMOEFIEIT OO BV YYAYOL
ICE
nA

Rew Gol VS Je 0 acne & "Be ie a = KOA oT

wo TeV

[SO 5 Fi72 BRB Tee i oe fed ses tI

Hero) 5
RIC
EDS vy
5 te
Bs NIU SUE TUR YONFH.
Spee
TOS PDWWO-5 Y
Ph hd sal une Duce Cur vas Wry Eb Bye Ci be

ar els ae CRAZE Ie EY Sg Sees bE oles Shasaa Kanal

HLVS ESL FH SIL ieaart tea yaks
BIE

Wow, i sl
Lisa brought a cake she had baked over to her friend Yoko’s house.
Yoko said, “Waa sugoi'! Did you bake it yourseif, Lisa? Sugoku oishii.*”
After that, Yoko started to repeat sugoi in many of her sentences, in-
cluding “Asatte sugoi taifuu ga kurundatte’,’ “Kinoo mita eiga sugoku
kowakatta’,” “Nichiyoobi ni Harajuku ni ittara sugoi hito datta’,’and,
“Tonari no koneko sugoku kawaii no.®” Lisa realized that sugoi is a
very useful word that can be used in both good and bad situations.
However, overuse of sugoi should be avoided as it may make the speak-
er’s speech sound childish.

| Wow, terrific!
2 It tastes so good.

233
ganbaru-isshoukenmei-hisshi/#AIL GS-09 Lk SU AD BWo ib

They say a terrible typhoon is coming the day after tomorrow.

The movie I saw yesterday was really frightening.
On Sunday, I went to Harajuku, but there were too many people.
My neighbor’s kitten is very, very cute.

BAILA {ROLE DTADY

OL
= ganbaru w isshoukenmei gs hisshi

“ : ee DOr 7
BAILS ets = to persist

WA *

Ganbaru is rie when someone Piece his neeor ey an pe to get the

best result, without being defeated by hardship or difficulties (ex.1, 2).

@ b OMe BDE ESET (Pls,

4).
It is also used when one does not move from a certain place (ex.3, 4).

3 =PePOBASET ESET G5). Eh, MAMET + MAILN IO

feteByE UPHSBI aa Sous
In addition, it may mean ‘to be determined in one’s opinion’ (ex.5). It is also
used when cheering or encouraging others, as in, ganbatte! or ganbare! (‘Good
Luck!’ or ‘Do your best!’).

1D) LI FON TEBE CANS OE.

Ashitawa tesutoda. Kon-yawa tetsuyade ganbaruzo!
(I) have an examination tomorrow. Ill stay up the whole night and
study hard!

2) Bh
DIS:
CoC TOV IY Roth, BARETHA
SUS es
lho CHE
Pap
o72.
Watashini totte hajimeteno marasondattaga, saigomade ganbatte hashitta.
Although it was my very first marathon, I did my best and ran the race
to the finish.

3) AVA TH-KVU
BBA STV BDC, BURA LUNES
DANTE 7zP»
ANI.
vay

234
 BAILS Polk IUADY-V> L/ganbaru-isshoukenmei:
hisshi

Triguchide gaadomanga ganbatteirunode, kankeishaigaiwa nakani_ hairenai.

A security officer is standing guard at the entrance, so no one but the
concerned parties can enter.

4) bP LT YTV ROS DECMO

EN LO, REOROM CHAZ OK.
LEDRA DA CAL H WR Ede

Shoonenwa “sain-o moraumade kaeranai’ to, tooshuno ieno maede ganbatta.

The boy stayed in front of the pitcher’s house saying, “I’m not leaving
until I get his autograph.”

5) Bit, RHR RMAC. SAOBAMELV CHRE HAIL on.

Karewa, hantaiikenga ooinakade, rots Kahedees si ahaa saigomade
ganbatta.
He insisted to the very end that he was right, although many of the peo-
ple there had opposite opinions.

ole SUAD (=e a ee woett ee

a
(8)< . EO : i EET S tenes SCE PERS ab OHI ODS Oe.
2. DIC~s Cire Ree 34S Ed ee
Litot VoL aBABU BAILS EVI ELED (ABT, 8,9,
QOLA

10,11). "FOODIE (M1) WoL ESTADWE | OCU ET.

Isshoukenmei is used preceding action verbs such as hataraku (to work), ha-
shiru (to run) and benkyoo suru (to study), and means ‘as hard as possible’,
‘eagerly’, or ‘enthusiastically’ (ex.6,7,8,9, 10,11). Therefore, it is possible to
say isshookenmei ganbaru (to do one’s best). It is also used in a patterns such
as ~suru noni (~ni) isshoukenmei da (to try one’s best in order to do some-
thing).

6) Pit, HPOME To LE DIAM SET.

Karewa, asakara banmade isshookenmei hatarakimasu.
He works very hard from morning till night.

7) IEC, Vole WIAMV BoE, 1 BSN TEM ok.

SAL SIV
Undookaide, isshookenmei hashittakeredo, ichibanniwa narenakatta.
(I) ran as fast as I could at the sports competition, but I was unable to
come in first.

8) BAIL,
7)
VoL EDTA ERED
> XAX
SELTC. PME TICS 07.
Kanojowa, isshookenmei hooritsuo benkyooshite, ateates natta.

235
ganbaru-isshoukenmei-
hisshi/ #ANL S90 Lk DIAM BL

She studied law very hard and became an attorney.

9) FA ORF IS, PW TREOYVUHERIEIV

SLE DUIA MW TT.
diz Ok Ge SAX ES at

Watashino musukowa, benkyooyorimo asobukotoni isshookenmeidesu.

My son is more eager to play around than to study.

10) {SHV x WIAMVIVZTEADBVWUF HE, TKS RATT I AN

Van

Shigotoni isshookenmeini narunomo tikeredo, tamaniwa yasunda hooga ii.

It’s all right to work hard, but (you) should also take time off once in
a while.

11) aes BE IRED LG EV 5 LEDITAMY FR.

Karewa, kanojoni sukareyooto isshookenmeida.
He is trying his hardest to get her to like him.

Q ghisshi oO
Aol Baya = desperate(ly)

EATEA CODEDBVEBS LDV OH RSC, NEW TKLIT 3%

\

ERS EARVET CPill2, 13, 14,15). '— HE a NG, SLE ORR

UCT.
Hisshi suggests that the speaker is so determined to do something that he is
willing to die if necessary. It indicates that the speaker is doing his best and
has a very strong resolve. Hisshi has more of a feeling of urgency than does
isshoukenmei (ex.12, 13,14, 15).

12) RPO
UB OC, BIETHE
HRV TE.
Bootoga hikkurikaettanode, hisshide kishimade oyoida.
The boat capsized, so (I) swam desperately to shore.

13) LLA—9—OHRECHICEAUL
ONTO TC WII
BIT EMAL.
xp

Erebeetaano koshoode nakani tojikomeraretanode, hisshini tasukeo yonda.

(I) desperately called out for help when the elevator broke down and I
got stuck inside.

1) $id. FB pict PPS e ESET OT MS.

Karewa, kyoojuuni shigotoo owaraseyooto hisshini natteiru.
He is hurrying to finish his work by today.

236
 *<¢-C#24/kiku-kotaeru

15) BER OLED ST DASE UT Od» FOAL ets

Srey Kate
Hahaoyano hisshino inoriga eof des bic byookiwa kyuuni yoku-
nattekita.
The child’s sickness quickly improved, perhaps because his mother’s des-
perate prayers were heard.

& SoG lar

a kiku w kotaeru

a kik
*% < U2) < y Fil< | ce v effective ; to work oe K

OVNIeD*XXH CH) DRS OTT (fal, 2).

To have or produce an effect (ex.1, 2).

QaseEn* see)picEDN S416 SMEAR UGS) oO BURETO EV RAR CE

ET GIB.4,5,6, 7. DUH. OAK LBRET-
To function well or to be able to do something (ex.3,4,5,6,7). For definition
dD, the kanji *}< is used, and for (2) FlJ< is used.

1) ZO A LOOK I ECBISEF
Kono itamidomeno kusuriwa, yoku kikimasu.
This pain-killer is very effective.

2) FIDIDERMANO
BIO FV
RSL. VOOHA TIALS
5AIED
EOS, Fa FIdZevesi
EPR
tt
<A
kB
CVS
Kinoono chuuiga kiitarashii. Itsumo annani ranboona koga, kyoowa tomoda-
chito nakayoku asondeiru.
It seems yesterday’s warning was very effective. Today, that boy who is
always wild is playing very nicely with his friends.

3) FOB ERHUL, TUF AAD 1S TR oP O CBC LTH NET

Watashino jitenshawa, pureekiga kikanaku- sansa shuurini dashitea-
rimasu.
The brakes on my bicycle were not working, so it is being repaired.

AD) Ne IO FEIS, TSO BYTEA TLE Do

kiku-kotaeru)*<-ChRAd®

Bi€9. Z. BUPZOW
TSADA TEV DGD OTL »o
A: Kono hanawa, nante ti aetmdichans
This flower has such a nice fragrance.
B : Soo? Ima, kazeo hiite hanaga kikanaikara wakaranai.
Is that so? I can’t tell because I have a cold and my nose is
stuffed up.

5) BGR. ROT ho CREDA Tes tho CEH.

Saikin, tsukareyasuku natte muriga kikanaku nattekita.
Lately, (1) get tired easily and I can’t work so productively.

6) [Dy Waha7ct » ROEM AS £9 CH

Kono Cte kinudakeredo, iede sentakuga kikusoodesu.
Although this shirt is made from silk, they said (I) can wash it at
home.

~ EEF HA PAVOT, AMAA DEVATH.

(ae
BILD MO TSE
th.
Mada kodomoga chiisainode, jiyuuga kikanaindesu. Omouyooni gaishutsumo
dekimasen.
Since my child is still young, (1) am not free to do many things. I can’t
go out whenever I please.

Ss a kotaeru
a jen sto have an effect on ; to be hard on e K

DERE ARR
RACRN «BLE USL AEST Cl,
To feel the effects of mental or physical pain, exhaustion, or strong shock
(ex.8,9, 10).

OM EY AUENS REXVapen aes SAUL yet DORIA ET (Pill

12).
The negative kotaerarenai expresses that something is of the best or highest
quality (ex.11, 12).

) aes $09 ERNIE SNKOA, se

SEA TZDIL, Stole ee
OIE RELI SL,

238
 *X%OZ5-*xp>NS/kikoeru-kikareru

Karewa, kinoo jooshini donararetanoga, yohodo kotaetarashii. Kyoowa, ma-

jimeni shigotoo shiteiruyo.
It seems being yelled at by the boss yesterday really got to him. Today
he is working very diligently.

Se Bom Lis, IZ ZP2AAy

Ip OTE
Yofukashiwa, karadani kotaeru.
Staying up late is hard on one’s body.

A VtFEROEOC. AMOR
Hi ZKZS,
bBYAa Ce arOy 57paKGe 3) A

Watashiwa samugarinanode, kitagunino fuyuwa mini kotaeru.

(1) get cold easily, so winter in the north is hard on me.

11 ) AD EMIDE Wid, Eola MERU NY,

Furoagarino biiruwa, kotaerarenai.
Cold beer after a hot bath is irresistibly good.

12 a EAMES TS PTE GEE

AY (OEMS NOt CCM OLN
Koibitoga tsukuttekureta ryooriwa, kotaerarenai oishisadesu.
The food my sweetheart prepared for me was irresistibly good.

RCRAZ/LEPNS
a kikoeru a kikareru

- aoa a kikoeru =
x Ss z va) Bie xz ® | (can) hear ; to sound (like)

OQBMBAICHKcAs
Be LA AA [ea
TK SCETCH Hill,
ny
2, 3, 4,5).
This verb is used to indicate that sound naturally enters one’s ear (ex.1,
2, 3,
4,5).
QDEDEDCZIFENSEV
IBREET C6,D.
It is also used to express that a certain meaning can be taken by the listener
(ex.6, 7).

1) BEDS b> B HET /ORMLAS.

Tonarino uchikara mainichi pianono otoga kikoeru.
(1) can hear piano sounds coming from the next house everyday.

209
kikoeru-kikareru) X®2Z4-*XPNS}D

2) HIOART VCS, HO SAIC A SBD slaw

Umibeno hoterudewa, namino otoga kikoeru heyaga ii.
At a seaside hotel, a room in which (you) can hear the waves is best.

ATEN RS TS Ae S756 CORILA ET

Sonnani ookina koeo dasanakutemo kikoemasu.
(You) don’t have to speak so loudly. (I) can hear you (just fine).

KEDEVOC, EOE Oak LA ASI A TLED.

Kabega usuinode, tonarino heyano hanashigoega kikoeteshimau.
The walls are thin so (I) can hear voices in the next room.

ANLBPION TC. FLED BME MILATLN

Sotono koojiga urusakute, tiene otoga oe kikoenai.
(1) can’t hear the TV well because the construction work outside is so
ies

6)JU ak (<= ZOMPOLNTEVUINE, Bite UC 1 RASCH ANOS he

ee Te Ne shirenaikeredo, karewa takarakujide ichiokuen ate-
tandesuyo.
(1) know it sounds like a joke, but he won ¥100,000,000 in the lottery.

~ BOMB
bat 72
CODE, — FANE
el Se) pT
AEM SS ICIZ AD
Kareno hanashio Wéeinke, ‘odihabini niet waruiyooni kikoeru.
If (you) listen to the way he tells it, it sounds like I’m the one who is
wrong.

a kikareru >
&ADPINS Bid %| mto hear ; to be heard

HOBR PRICED AIA 9 Chee CI, RURIC Ee LTA. CONC

7S <4 HORT SONTWSEVIGRATH C8, 9, 10).
Kikareru is used when expressing that an opinion or rumor enters one’s ear.
It does not refer to the actual hearing of sound, but instead implies that
things are being said in the world around (ex.8,9, 10).

8) Beit, A Ate bO KaBOT BBREV DRM Fela»ues

ZuNxA bm DE
Saikin, wakai jaovachine keigono Feutnieiecs oe yuu koega kikareru.
Recently, (I’ve) heard people say that young people can’t use polite ex-
pressions correctly.

240
 kK: XE b LW /kKitanai-kitanarashii

9) ZORRO LD VIC (SEE BE Fa

BHOILPL
TLVs DNC, BVA SSSI LTRS SAI
Nort
OL
prs an ENS:LDS a NOEL.
Kono ekino mawariniwa chuushajooga sukunainode, rittaitekini shite ta-
kusan okeruyooni shitewa, to yuu ikenga kikareruyooni natta.
There are few places to park around the station, so (I’ve) heard people
say that multi-storied parking is desirable.

10) HOM F(t 2~3 FE CABIN ARO, WOAH 7212 F

DAEA Wz = by

BY SIA Nis< igo Cl¥ok.

Ano kashuwa nisannen maemade taihenna ninkidattanoni, chikagorowa me-
ttani namaemo kikarenaku natteshimatta.
He was a very popular singer two or three years ago, but these days you
almost never hear his name.

RLEY SERBS LM
ws kitanai a kitanarashii

‘ a kitanai =z
BWeTENS Goi] a aicty ; fitthy
BIVTWS + mR CIEL © SHALL TUES © MIELE GEST
cn 2,3,4,5). ‘fl6DUBICETTOld PERE ERTS
This is used to indicate that something is unclean, untidy, immoral, or unjust
(ex.1,2,3,4,5). In Example 6 means ‘stingy’ (with money).

1) SITIO AICS WDERNSLIB AICS YFG ke

Kitanai tede, monoo taberuto byookini narimasuyo.
If (you) eat without washing your hands,
you'll get sick.

1 al DFA LTO TROT, HSS

LOSDPA €3 U

*TTEVY,
Isshuukanmo soojio shiteinainode, heyaga kitanai.
Because (1) haven’t cieaned up my room for a week, it’s a mess.

241
kitanai-kitanarashii/ * f27\>+% 727 LY

3) BOFILE TREE OT
ie al
MUDILEALET ute Se

Kareno jiwa totemo kitanainode, yomunoni kurooshimasu.

(I’m) having a hard time reading this because his handwriting is too
messy.

Wit, XTeTev COR CAG ior.

ph Hs

Karewa, kitanai yarikatade shiaini katta.

He won the game in an underhanded way.

72 Tg\ i) Te COItTz BRISA T. PLOBYUMIZV BOTLEY.

FEV.

Kitanai shoobaide mooketa eaters sukoshimo arigataimonodewa nai.

The money you earned from that immoral business is not welcome.

6) BULBILATIVOT, Hen TS.

Karewa kaneni kitanainode, kirawareteiru.
Because he is so stingy, nobody likes him.

eRR SLY GEOL] Pca

Wp» VldoA
ARICA * RUSE GES, LON TCOSLIIC AAS »IK
BEVISLIRRRER TRUEST. La>LAPRI<4
“A ECHL EEA
(Pil7, 8, 9).
Kitanarashii indicates that something appears dirty, filthy or unsanitary. This
is more subjective than kitanai; in other words, when a speaker says kitanara-
Shii, the thing itself may not actually be dirty, however the speaker feels dis-
satisfaction with it (ex.7, 8,9).

7) Siig pse el Goes TMU OAAFI SN ISS IZ0ETE,

Kitanarashii kakkoo-o shiteiruto, darenimo aiteni sarenakunarimasuyo.
If (you) wear such dirty clothes, nobody will associate with you.

LOB Hilts HS TABOLS HART, BA DOALHREL TIS

ACF.
Kono daidokorowa, furukute kitanarashiku miemasuga, mainichi chanto
soojio shiteirundesu.
This kitchen may look old and dirty, but (I) clean it everyday.

242
 x BAY-beAYL-LoOMY /kichinto-chanto-shikkari

9) RL:
or
ZATNEAIZADY—y AZteA pli, XRTRBLVY.
et ; BitPoW BATE
Chichi : Sonna boroborono jiinzunanka haite, kitanarashii.
Father : You look unkempt wearing those ragged jeans.
Musuko : Ima hayatteirundayo.
Son : But this is what’s in fashion!

BAL /HRAL LORY

@Saar a chanto a shikkari

a kichinto >
% 5A 2 @ properly ; exactly

WOHCERLEMBGDS, SEK C IIR Fp&<

Fe ES
Ba TWSroe~, Ad OSE L
UV-CTK ERO
eyes” |b s reals
TOSI ERED (Pill, 205 Bid DESI Ne‘6
ese EDLDZELIEDD» vaPREIS 08 aL BIELvars Fup « aS
alas SLEERLES. Theecbc SVT HAUESIC 1B Se (PS ).
Kichinto expresses an sees and systematically arranged condition, or one
that preserves the original and proper form (ex.1,2,3). When used when
speaking of people, as in Example 4, it indicates that the person’s manner of
speech or behavior is courteous, sincere, or sensible.
It may be used in the same way with respect to clothing (ex.5).

1) AES SHAE
CAR CITES
Kutsuwa, kichinto soroete nuginasai.
Take off (your) shoes and line them up neatly.

2) ih rb yes. WOO*EAEPRIAWTWOS,
Aneno heyawa, itsumo kichinto katazuiteiru.
My sister’s room is always neat and tidy.

3) BEDAIKIS SEACH
SOR LIESV.
DIR Ve

Meueno hitoniwa, kichinto aisatsuo shinasai.

Greet your elders properly.

4) $id, XSAELKAR
DS, HRILYOTHPIET.
pa we LEC Ph EL

243
kichinto-chanto:-shikkari/ ®*bA¢-breAY:-LIODY

Karewa, kichintoshita hitodakara, yakusokuwa kanarazu mamorimasu.

He’s a very conscientious person, so he would be certain to keep a prom-
ise.

on POT liHI OB 8EAL Db, SHAE LIAR CATS SSE.

69 vy

Hajimete hoomonsuru otakunandakara, kichintoshita fukusoode ikubekida.

This will be your first visit to their home, so (you) ought to go dressed
neatly and properly.

a chanto Zz
b ae A a mneatly ; correctly

POCERIE MBSA, TEL < CRB WOE LEST, AK

LA BV.
b> BNEBO AK
REe RoC WBLIFERLEF (ANG,F309, 10), LALO enmers
ey ALWw sil iNET, Lc CNL CA< EDN aoe Beh
Lid, ECHOES +BBR C+EBITD
HE <= ze bn hs Dhrth a
BORAT
Ww A as B

ee PIL07 | DP ATs arf) 1 EVIMIS, fat CSO ‘ HED 75. x

Wisaeea “HON an SHIRTS.
Chanto expresses the state of being correct and free of error, or of preserving
the original and proper form or condition (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). It is used like ki-
chinto in most cases, but is a more colloquial expression. Also, chanto implies
a strong sense of ‘completely, without error, so that there will be no prob-
lems afterward’. In Example 10, chanto shita kaisha means that the company
is reliable and proper, i.e., recognized by the community.

6) Bh I OADOLII 5A CaeHH ieceala,

Watashinimo wakaruyooni chanto setsumeishite-kudasai.
Please explain it clearly so that even I can understand.

7) SeArACT
Be COUNT, BB CHS ohOK.
Chanto shukudaio yatteikeba, kyooshitsude komaranakatta-noni.
If only (I) had done my homework as I should have, I wouldn’t have
had trouble in class.

Tanomareta hon, chanto katte-okimashitayo.

(I) went right out and bought that book (you) asked me to get.

9) Hle7-Oek AIS S AILACLES, BRALHA TSAR.

244
 BAY bRYAY-LO*MY /kichinto-chanto:shikkari

Anatano tanjoobiwa gogatsu-juuichinichi-deshoo? Chanto oboete irundakara.

Your birthday is May 11, right? See, (I) remember it perfectly well.

10) aes Here LISELI ECV Dd,

Karewa, chantoshita kaishani tsutometeiru.
He is working at a reputable company.

ie 3 > 7) ] NEES
afirm ; reliable

cHnle¢ b> BIBI -Cb¢b LIEW FERC WDOeLeEMB, #

72 NIL TORE ET (fil11, 12, 13, 14). PELL? Av IthBDEED
iBo30 UC CHECIELK ESCHTISALW DBRS Lat. rEBAL Bev
arp AI
\EA BW
SAS BPHESTHee (RO - i BUS imTED IEW IELANET
ei
MND
BOISE, Lot)18,BACH RADE.
Shikkari describes an object as solid, and not easily broken or wobbly. It is
used of people, things and events (ex.11, 12,13, 14). Shikkari shita hito is a per-
son whose will is clearly defined, and who can get through life without diffi-
culty. While kichinto and chanto focus on ‘preserving the proper form or con-
dition and being rational’, shikkari focuses on strength or durability.

11) CORALINE, fE0ASLonY GUS OIG. ERETMERA So

Kono kaguwa furuikeredo, tsukuriga shikkari-shiteirunode, madamada tsu-
kaeru.
This piece of furniture is old, but it’s very sturdily made so it'll still be
usable for some time.

12) Yaty TORII ADU id Loa itgA TBV721EFAN Vays

Joginguno maeni, kutsuno himowa shikkari musundeoita hooga ii.
(You'd) better tie those shoestrings tightly before you go jogging.

13) BROKE ics Ake Lots OT 75. CBU CHSEemGlescoe

Het tokiwa, kasao shikkari motteinaito ieee tobasarete shimau.
If (you) don’t hold on tightly to your umbrella during a typhoon it will
get blown away.

14) REABVUINED,
DOUL Fey/p
BRAMBLoDVIL
DAMD7
WS.
Kanojowa wakaikeredomo, kangaekataga shikkarishiteiru.
She’s young, but she’s very level-headed.

245
kitsui-Kkatai) ®OW->EY

xOW (Pew
a kitsui a katai

a kitsui ~
*eOW atight ; hard

DEMO De O MEDD, KREMBHEMIKOLT.Fo

5 DE+- LH DIF ONSEV DIF ERG EAVES (Pl, 2). ele
PIS, ADE DIRE
he bare
UC LIT ORLEF
5D

Kitsui expresses a condition of constraint or tightness due to a lack of space

between objects or a mismatch in size (ex.1,2). In Examples 3 and 4 it indi-
cates that it is difficult to detach or separate something from something else.

DINAH ORE EC, SUS TCABE MA SNELEVIL

FHP, BENG AY« AGRIY + BRN CIDED ATV SST RRS LAV EF
2 te

(fil, 6, 7,8, 9). SOWA SERRA TOES ARM GEROOT, BeLi AB Pic
RC BDNEEAD, Drab A A FLMBIE LS EU ORO CE HENST.
It may suggests that a situation is severe and difficult to bear, that one has
no emotional or financial leeway, or that time is scarce (ex.5,6,7,8,9). A ki-
tsui hito is a person with a caustic, arrogant nature, who thus is not well
thought of by others, while a katai hito is considered to be courteous and sin-
cere, and is therefore trusted.

Saikin futottanode, zubonga kitsui.

(I’ve) gained weight recently, so my trousers are tight. eo

2) tTHOBL, AisFO<S Tid 7. eeruney

Faw tek

<9 bEL SW: Aa

Musumeno kutsuwa, watashiniwa kitsukute hakenai. eh eae Bes
My daughter’s shoes are too tight for me to wear. K ~

3) VAD SADE O< CHAD TEU Ne

Binno futaga kitsukute akanai. Se SF
The lid on this jar is so tight it won’t come off.

4) BHOBIZ, VEEW TRE FICE ODS HO TEV,

SI oT

Kutsuhimowa, hodokenaiyooni kitsuku musubinasai.

246
 XOW- PEW /kitsui- katai

Tie your shoe strings tightly so they don’t come undone.

5) HONE LEDTEAE LU SIINE, PERILS OV.

Ano hitowa yasashisoona kaoo shiteirukeredo, seikakuwa kitsui.
He has a pleasant face but a stern personality.

6) POUL
feels, BV Azo p> ban
Kanojowa, iikataga kitsuikara gokaisareru.
She has a harsh way of speaking, so she is (often) misunderstood.

7) DIVA
RILEFROBCHABRLERCBWESI,
aarti Mme
ZSOCUERLK.
BDI

Watashiwa musukoga nidoto annakotoo shinaiyooni, kitsuku chuuishita.

I strongly warned my son to never do that again.

8) HEB OC, LNSEERMORV.

bre DVL?
Shigotoga kitsuinode, kono kaishao yametai.
(I) want to quit this company because the work is too hard.

9) loZ AC 1 DA POT OIL, byoUZOV..

Juuman-ende ikkagetsu kurasunowa, chotto kitsui.
It’s a bit difficult to live on ¥100,000 a month.

8 katai TS
Die Tal > 2 BE : BEL | shard ; strong ; tight

DIDO AMO - ba WD UTGUNS © DD. DTI BIE LIC < (Nec

F CBiLO, 11, 12).
Katai indicates that something is strong of material or firm in construction,
and is resistant to external pressure (ex.10, 11,12).

Qi. ATL 2 OO tie DUTC DO. oad S 2KOFELITERL

i) bie) y AS5SD

Soc Ce, RM TcK Cee BR < TOwBTLIT, De

TEVVRERESALET
iw & bb56d
CPil3,
Ws
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). pila, HERE -
BATE EWS RORTT
It also describes something as firmly bound or combined. Therefore, it may
describe a person who sticks firmly to a decision or who does not easily
change his opinions (ex.13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18,19, 20). In Example 21 it means
that something is certain and without error.

OKXABKLIDA
oh RE-OCTMRITLE
BS)
TT. ; PIPE PPIVIDED
VEIELI
ONIN SEAT CT

247
kitsui-katai) XOW-D>RY

(Pil22),
ne
PIZWt, ELD CRSALLTHBUINE,
ne
BOLAACRUSEWIE Vy

RCT

It may also suggest that one’s facial expression lacks a look of calmness or
tranquility due to nervousness or displeasure (ex.22). In Example 23, it refers
to something that is serious and orderly, but dry and uninteresting.

4) Arze\y DF cid FIV. © BEV © RXV) | D8 DMHVETADS. ODDS

rA It: Dts Tz AD

CH THA $V.bee, Sol, [AMVs aE< BEN, HEV tt Ar a IB ILE

LOOM « tuo
+ TER SPER
TREIOV TIES ZEMBW TCH
Katai may be written using the kanji characters [J\., fifiv» and Xv., howev-
er as there are no clear rules on which kanji is used in which situation, katai
may be written in hiragana. In general, however, [#]V. is used in most com-
mon situations, f#\. is used when referring to objects made of stone or met-
al, and "v. is used when speaking of a person’s personality.

10) FAVE EtLEAD Coe DIE AMEN’

(£5 oD

Daiyamondowa hoosekino nakade, ichiban katai.

Of all the jewels, diamonds are the hardest.

11) ZONAL HES ISTO CY Lal 5

Kono panwa furukunattanode sukoshi katai.
This bread is a little hard because it has gone stale.

12) EMEP SOLA HS.

Nikuo yakisugiruto katakunaru.
Meat becomes tough if you overcook it.

13) 74H
AE CHR TEV.
Wainno senga katakute nukenai.
The cork on this wine bottle is so tight that (I) can’t pull it out.

14) BLO
<2
OF
oT
BAEK
*~ pre
TlELUT TEV,
Kutsuhimono musubimega katakute hodokenai.
(I) can’t untie my shoestrings because the knot is too tight.

15) eitacs [al< LIZS TEL TRAV

SLaR ae aD kataku_ shibotte hoshitekudasai.
Wring the laundry tightly and hang them out to dry, please.

16) my EOE LLES

DES=¢
FAIA. beEV BCL
HRP a DLR.
Ryookokuno shushoowa, katai akushuo kawashita.

248
 AICTA-*XICKS/ki ni suru-ki ni naru

The two Prime Ministers exchanged firm handshakes.

17) RisHEwe EST, ood

OG DSER< Feok.
ph &L BEE DF
Karewa toshio totte, sukkari atamaga katakunatta.
He has become quite stubborn in his old age.

18) faLTS72SV. Abie 025i

[lv ACH HEX ALBIS POET
Se eee see kuchiga kataindesu. Zettaini himitsuwa
mamorimasu.
Please trust me. I’m very tight-lipped so I’ll keep your secret.

19) Loe)
ULECOs FORESEES.
ees ciel bio) eifa aey

Chichiwa musukono mujitsuo kataku shinjiteiru.

He firmly believes his son is innocent.

20) PbS LA ECON Xe

WALPIATA pte

Inshuuntenwa kataku kinjirareteiru.

Driving while intoxicated is strictly prohibited.

21) < Dal FCW WF IE, En BOE acs TEV%s

Kono chooshide Nerd ht een ee ree katai.
If we keep playing like this, ’'m sure that our school will win the cham-
pionship.

22) DOPEBULRATLO CER TaD ERL

VEVovb > LALA oe eB tz
Ano haiyuuwa shinjinnanode mada hyoojooga katai.
He’s a new actor so he still has a tense expression.

23) BEV amid Ibe. FEL SRI L.

wr vi7a

Katai hanashiwa yamete, tanoshiku nomooyo.

Let’s knock off this serious talk and get to some drinking.

BICTS/XICKS
aki ni suru gki ni naru

HICHS [MEFS] Lown O

BODIE
LC, PRA Te oP OBITS OF SETH Pill, 2,3, 4).

249
ki ni suru-ki ni naru/ *\CF4-XICHS

¥t2, LAGOS + HE CVI RADE » FRETS Davanise AAAs

ee Tone: els SRM RERIBLET “AB, We
BY 2TA

To become nervous or worried about consents (ex.1,2, 3,4). It may also

imply ‘to be hurt by’ or ‘to be bothered by something’ ; a characteristic that
one does not like about oneself is referred to as ki ni shite iru koto (ex.5,6).

) AMDB ILETEAMAICLIEWY TC CoA Bt

E MEILBDCPYTESV.
Hitono yuu kotonanka kini shinaide, jibunno omou toorini yarinasai.
Don’t worry about what others say—just do as you like.

ie) PILE
tr
BDFD
Lov
ECO AUC F OPERATE
Karewa tee shippaio Houmiasenie kinisuru seikakuda.
He’s the type of person who always worries about his failures.

3) EDIDZLAA MAILTO L 2 SAW.

Kinoono kotonanka kini shitemo shooganai.
It’s no use worrying about what happened yesterday.

2) IN BRSE oyArhceioy.
IBY RUZ LIEV CC HSV
A: Gomennasai. Im sorry.
B: Kini shinaidekudasai. Don’t worry about it.

5) BIS
Ko CW SDE RIEL TS.
Kanojowa futotteirunoo re
She’s sensitive about her weight. (She’s bothered by the fact that she’s
fat.)

6) AMMICLTSLEIL. BDEVIEIBUW,
Hitoga kini shiteiru kotowa, iwanai hooga ii.
(You) shouldn’t talk about things other people are sensitive about.

RICH SI Mir 31 Bki ni Lay ®

sto bother ; to worry ; to feel anxious

QUA Oe Doe Le. PID

abe
RDN
Te
2 TDBES
his
EeONLUAR
+ BA
WIS bNS, DDE BS IDEWLSTERLEF (Pz, 8, 9,10).
To feel anxiety, worry, or restlessness due to a problem or uncertainty
(ex.7, 8,9, 10).

250
 XODY & -PhdoW+ 45 /kinodoku- kawaisou

OdSxrot: byBODNA, EURAS HA, (25> TILBY TED REFIT

LG ‘Con (pin, 125
To be unable to ignore something because of feelings of interest or fondness
(ex. 112),

7) Zo)LID iAROT EMAC TLC, TSI TSD ARATE Xe

Ashitano shikenno kotoga kini natte, nakanaka nemurenai.
(I'm) so worried about tomorrow’s test that I can’t sleep.

Ald. PLCS EBBASH

Do TWOTH, GRACES.
LoIpale ree eS a PATA *

Watashiwa, sukoshigurai heyaga chirakatteitemo, zenzen kini naranai.

I don’t care at all if the room is a little messy.

Bole jen Les LOD TCHAD AUS VERY

Ashita, yamani Pape. noe Kini naru.
(I’m) going mountain climbing tomorrow, so I’m
concerned about the weather.

10) PIMC bot Mil KOIDSEEW 7.

Kareni tsuite, chotto kini naru uwasao kiita.
(I’ve) heard a slightly disturbing rumor about him.

11) BEDI EDBRICEODIS, SoHE bit.

Kanojono kotoga kini narunowa, kitto sukidakaradayo.
The fact that (you’re) so concerned about her means that you must like
her.

12) BAIA. BERET

OMEA RAED AUREL ITE
Kanojowa, tonarini koshitekitanoga donna hitodaka kini naruyooda.
She seems anxious about what kind of person has moved in next door.

XD K (PYM 4H
8 kinodoku a kawaisou

> =:7 uekinodoku

zDY < OF s unfortunate ; pitiable ®

Dith 7381 < fal

Lee)
fa LTD DN ATE 0. RNAT y)SSRIS CT CPi, 2,

251
kinodoku-kawaisou/ ®DY ¢ -PDYW*H

3,4). AE HTL THEY ak

brAWTA
Aapelea. HAV. (tea bh EOTBO
<b id
A
Kees

Oy SAUL SPECT OAR BC TeVAR HEIST! ATE, ie

5
CR IR ECs STOW WEF TED LV SIE] MOREE CH
This expresses a feeling of sympathy or compassion toward another person
who has experienced misfortune (ex.1,2,3,4). Kinodoku is used only toward a
person who is of equal or higher status than, or who is not very close to,
the speaker. When one says kinodoku, he feels sympathetically that ‘this situa-
tion could have been much better if it had gone properly.’

23 RE DIT TA LER Lee AD REFS CHEVY +t (PAS

It mn indicates that me oer feels sorry for causing trouble for others
(ex.5).

1) HATE “IIT P< FANS ISAT. PAZAD BCT a

Annani Phere mukuwarenainante, pee kinodokudesu.
Although he worked very hard, he never received any recognition. I feel
sorry for him.

2) AD Feo, BEI (LSC PSA R RS WieCo CI.

Kinodokuni, kanojowa jikode musukosan-o nakushitasoodesu.
What a shame! (I) hear she lost her son in an accident.

3) BATIK
Lab
REM,
pOCL wk
SISAL MOBSTER
FF x
LCS.
Yk Bp
Annani shiawasedatta kanojoga, imawa mazushii kinodokuna seikatsuo
shiteiru.
She was once so happy, but now lives a miserable life of poverty.

4) BADRIC. PCHLEP TRO OMbDMVEEA,

Nei Hitigenk Nanto sae yoinoka wakarimasen.
I’m sorry. (I) don’t know what to say.

on ZATEA “TH fF 7s.< ee RY \LTLE0T. ANBECLEHLELK.

Konnani mendoona kotoo onegaishiteshimatte, kinodokuna kotoo shimashita.
(1) am very sorry that (I’ve) asked you to handle such a troublesome
matter.

DOL S Tink ©
PRCA USADLVI GI WO Nb OVE ATA CHS AD, Aes
S29
wil

D2,
 ~¥ER-~BH /~gimi+~gachi

An ABLATSEV URS FA FHL 729 BUATEOS BREECH (PIG, TiO

10). SY DOKE PNT LC OPEV $4. TEDEK EDD Bit RUOFE
BLONKK BELG
CE MPD. LALGATO e+.
This indicates that the speaker deeply feels sorrow or pity for the misfortune,
hardship, or sorrow of someone who is close to him or is in a weaker posi-
tion (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). Kawaisou may also be used when speaking of animals or
plants. It expresses more of a sense of strong affection or concern for the per-
son, as well as a desire to help, than does kinodoku.

6) HATE bile ae Sil Biel Fe

YZ FEI MO IA.» LM MODIS
NEL

Annani mee koga ryooshinni pbioget shinarerunante kawaisooda.

It’s a pity that one so young should lose both parents at the same time.

PPVASI, BOFIRBRIEA HoT

Kawaisooni, ano kowa byookinandatte.
I’m sorry to hear that child is sick.

ppv» EDIE) aecagA 72 by TEDNEEDED oh.

Kawaisoona Cee Bie Pe: tomaranakatta. hg C

When (I) read that sad story, I could not stop crying. apy,

DIN EFI, LDFHRILGME

LU SE.
Kawaisooni, kono koinuwa kegao shiteiruyo.
Oh, no! This puppy is injured.

10) HUA RW SEA TIIOEIK

eke Vy

Nekoni ishio butsukerunante kawaisooda.

Throwing rocks at a cat! Poor thing!

EAR /~BSH
a ~gimi gw ~gachi

Re ha t
> a ~gimi
= tendency

aye BeleFlare LR USVI NE BU] ONZE DT 1 cap! PK Baa SaA

$¥f5 ISCO RBC. BETA by R IR)P BCD C DNS LE CT CPI

253
~gimi-~gachi|/~X4-~A6

Resanc®)
This expresses a feeling that, although not serious at the moment, there seems
to be a sign of or a tendency toward a particular condition, as in, feeling a
cold coming on or sensing that one is a little overweight (ex.1, 2,3,4).

) FLA tTs Aft Stn IEL< CRNA aCe

nr

Watashiwa ae shigotoga isogashikute tsukaregimi-desu.

My work has been busy as of late, so I’ve been feeling a bit tired.

iw) DPLIBBY
At, OCS BU BET
Sukoshi eee aah iin kon-yawa hayaku nemasu.
(1) feel like P've got a cold coming on, so I think I'll go to bed early to-
night.

ww ) fh,DRE <NSA CBEBICH LI.

Watashino tokeiwa okuregimi-nanode shuurini dashita.
My watch seemed to be running slow, so I took it in to be repaired.

4) FhISAT
AVE ALO CY a FY TERBDE LI
ZVXALEY

Watashiwa saikin futorigimi-nanode jogingue hajimemashita.

I’ve taken up jogging because | feel I’ve gotten a bit heavy recently.

Se eee
mtendency ;
et
inclination

LS RUT Ss BANA
| HA FENPOT VW HUDEDIZ, Bik RICGOS cme
Cie KORSF UL ZLECH CPS, 6,7, 8, 9,10). rR |yA HR oe 4.
LYBSDEV DER BORO GEyz KY BMACAETCH.
This suggests that a situation tends to occur often or easily, as in, ‘to be ab-
sent often’ or ‘to become ill easily’ (ex.5,6,7,8,9, 10). Both ~gimi and ~gachi
are almost always used in a negative sense.

5) BILDER
OCHRE hans CH.
rn pmo kb HO25 acom

Karewa karadaga yowainode gakkoo-o yasumigachi-desu.

He is frail so he tends to miss school a lot.

6) BAA x05SCE EN BAe LTV NOE

nae: Sieene aojiroi kaoo shiteiru.
She is in poor health so she looks pale.

254
 xDSZ-toTet4/kimeru-kettei suru

v6) TSAR
Lon
(eros bik Ans br,
Aniwa hese poset Ord shizumigachida.
My (elder) brother has been depressed a lot since splitting up with his
girlfriend.

8) Bese
B WATLEI BHC,
Ghd
HY TRMBALANCEUMECH.
AAXES

Otootowa terebini muchuude, benkyooga orosokani narigachidesu.

My (younger) brother gets so absorbed in watching TV that he tends to
neglect doing his homework.

9) BLAMED
BVO CHFENBS MASI.
Karewa kessekiga SaiA benkyooga okuregachida.
He is often absent from class so he is apt to be behind the others.

10) ANTE STP OS DUASO BATT.

Fuyuni nattekara kumorigachino mainichidesu.
The skies are mostly cloudy everyday now that winter has come.

XDA /itoTrtTS
w kimeru a kettei suru

HDD WHS] sio'accie BI

DOT COR L©5
K WR
TX ree
teRe LS
Pie >»
ear (Pill, Dove
To make a final conclusion or to come up with a result (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) ISRO
bil64
AE ERC
DVL? >
I EITIROELL.
%

Watashiwa chichino kaishao tsugukotoni kimemashita. mm

I’ve decided to succeed my father in his company. Sa

Bp 7 ee BES ROE ROC os

2) Al,cs #9)} 9 Fe St
We maiasa “ie denshani Hote kimeteiru. Bar i
I make it a rule to take the nine o’clock train every morning. ag) |

3) RNEBA RISO, HR CHRDLS. adios!

Dareo iinchooni suruka, toohyoode kimeyoo.

255
boc ott

Let’s vote to decide who is going to be our committee chairman.

) LOSS, AW ALE RIRAAE

CEL Go CHRD S.
W ribatets iehidena. taisetsuna kotowa kazoku.minnade hanashiatte kimeru.
In my family, important issues are discussed and decided on by all.

oToSS WETS] Ne” S

YRS CRO RATT. (ZEACOBE. ROS 1TH MANET
ds. ROBT.
lf DA
BLESo TREREVSESIE REDE EMA ET CB
5.6.7) ‘Alt ~ [Sev r DES TBLA HOTA GINS BETS tk, ize
AEP EA.
In most cases kettei suru may be used interchangeably with kimeru. However,
it most often refers to official or public decisions (ex.5,6,7). It is not used
when speaking of personal decisions, as in watashi wa ~ni kimeta (I’ve de-
cided to~).

Se
\ Zz
OCR sine>
6
\\ | (ee D
Kyoono shiaide, kareno yuushooga ketteishita. EY rf :
His victory was decided in today’s match. S05 p\ a
> A> (LUwr
6) 2x
KOZ C. Hast
E
A Wot
RET S. a
Tsugino kaigide, rijiga ketteisuru. } \
(We) will decide on who will be the director at the next meeting.

7) FEORERAO
ec DPSALEDDV
Hild, EKRELTIIE.
eas) WoOCW

Kotoshino Oe ete rey iret nichijiwa, mada ketteishiteinai.

The date of this year’s general shareholders’ meeting has not been set yet.

Ds Se Ox

74 MILBARICR CD 5 BER By
ta75 725

EONS EL oH (Fam & ICE tc i

xX<UA tA A

CV Yee x = ied nr: SyBee

9 CT, Tole Cee:
fy s
Arty.

256
 BY leis BAO Foe 08‘ERAS AV TOD 1 Rad
UC pA tA.

CT as CRS EMais TOG OLGA CT. eo Se

Lares aes Wish IDOLS
BLO BIW eee
va7z

CHES MEV, FA Vaeton ta egies bit 9 VTi ey TENS)

tA

PM tas BS RPh baseDR] CHE a (kV GE =a a cd

SWAY Y BRC DD% Lor Ha 5e LaLK. TOER
ABS oRV gat C Cit5
7 9 CTs eT Y Bat WeAree Gleae
aS HAG
cealhy ese wey eral

SOMN eead Le hee (ade me oe ec eh yt

xk p>

FEDS UNE
TA ne CHET 3 fe Ne EDO D
YUC, WAWATS
Ura =

BORIC EDN S = CUTS Ee MES iar

Kekkoo desu
Kate has been taking flower arrangement lessons since she came to
Japan. Today she asked her teacher to comment on her work. Her
teacher said, “It’s very well done. Kekkoo desu yo'.”
Later, at tea time, when the teacher asked another student, “Mrs.
Suzuki, how about another cup of tea?” Mrs. Suzuki said, “Moo kek-
koo desu’. It was delicious.”
After the lesson was over, the teacher said, “We are done for today.
Okaeri ni natte kekkoo desu’®.”
When Kate was putting on her shoes on at the front door, a sales-
man came and persistently tried to sell something to the teacher. The
teacher refused and said in a very strong tone, “Kekkoo desu!!*” Kate
found out that kekkoo desu is an expression having various meanings
depending on the situation, as it may be used to praise, to allow, or
to refuse.

Fine job.
I'm fine (I don’t want anymore).
Its OK for you to go home.
KR
ND
®= No, thank you!!

2511
kimochi-kibun) & }b6-* SA

zvDE/S
a kimochi a kibun

HOH (MHS) Cicine @

DE oC SLEPBA +BAL BOLE TH (Pill, 2,3,4,5)0 ERP Ly”
DAD WAED ae AWD < c=

n¥. ARIE EMF STWS SO™BAET.

Kimochi refers to a person’s thoughts, ideas, impressions and intentions

(ex.1,2,3,4,5). The fact that the person has a personality or individual char-
acteristics is implied.

2 gare YVSNRYLEBMIZ TS, RR: BIRO R FAV, VV = ev

Dy DEAWA ah
CRI BAEC BEBO
A é EXD ODS « BALADA
Beton ZIHESHU ==IR
H5Dd Pam ox
BURT CABS. REFS AEY | (ACER LBS SEDI LT
EV.
hr
PES
it
RMT
“t
DLA RWEhEF
ORSLALET
DS bod
Chil6,
hs
7,8, 9, 10,11, 12).
Kimochi is also used to describe sensations experienced through touch or
sight. The expression kimochi ga ii indicates that something feels refreshing, se-
cure, or comfortable, while kimochi ga warui describes something that instills
feelings of hatred or disgust that causes the speaker to feel nauseous
(Cx6n75 8, 9N10511. 12):

) Tae He = toc.
t DWF
TesSh OBERLD AUF DIZ DV ILTEN
Sekaijuu dokoe ittemo, koo omou hahaoyano kimochini kawariwa nai.
The feeling of love that mothers have for their children is the same all
over the world.

2) RAOUL,
POEL
ALORS
bEL “3%
BOK.
=F
Kanojono kotobawa, watashino kimochio kizutsuketa.
Her words hurt my feelings.

3) BRI, ETRE PSLIOATH.

Kanojowa, totemo kimochino yasashii hitodesu.
She is a very kind person.

4) Fld, DERADKHO
RSS CW SIF CT,
dDrL PAL? ete)

Watashiwa, anataeno kanshano kimochide ippaidesu.

I am full of gratitude to you.

258
 x %b6-% RA /kimochi-kibun

5) LOPES BML. EV HIERORMEBISE< DIVE.

Kono shigotoni sankashitai, to yuu anatano kimochiwa yoku wakarimashita.
(1) fully understand your desire to work on this project.

6) a ka LEED eI—Id, REF AN Wr,

Undoo-o shita atono shawaawa, kimochiga ii.
A shower after exercising feels good.

7) BEBITSE, SPM CAE EO SY BATE.

Madoo akeruto, sawayakade kimochino ii kazega haittekita.
A refreshing breeze blew in when (I) opened the window.

8) RID
BARA
0OPokb, UETHW
RE
xy
BKRok.
Onsenni yukkuri tsukattara, totemo ii kimochidatta.
(I) felt refreshed after a long soak in the hot spring.

9) PIAA OW Ae AIFS FERC Nhe.

Karewa watashino tanomio kimochiyoku hikiuketekureta.
He handled my request willingly.

10) Ad,thy AUR LD Pid FAS re ROD PCF,

ree hebiya eee noe ae warukute, mirunomo iyadesu.
I think snakes and lizards are disgusting. I hate even looking at them.

1) VS BI —BDFETh, HEV
AW pe x
EOBV OAS 1B.
Z

Ikura horaaeigaga sukidemo, amari kimochino waruinowa mitakunai.

Although (1) really like horror films, I don’t like seeing scenes that are
too revolting.

12) NAIR AF OIE CieaiGleseaye.

Basuni yotte, kimochiga waruku_ natteshimatta.

(1) became carsick on the bus.

ee Wee wekibun
& SA Lx J a mood ; feeling o

OAAORFZC.BAW %
Dak Bue LotEDSEDESEEDAD us}D EaLs
DP: SHE - a Gr Ca, 4,15,‘16, live 18), BOCs HOIK Ra BUSLO
YORAALLET (fll9, 20).
EEE PRE

Kibun refers to emotions or temporary states of mind brought about by the

atmosphere of a place or existing conditions (ex.13, 14,15, 16,17, 18). It may

USS)
kimochi-kibun) & }6-* SA

also be used when describing the mood of a place (ex.19, 20).

Dk BERSEX! MGA * SA
+ ls |DLFIBED (Pil21,
ba
22,23).
BAM (LEBSSME BAI, FARO AOS gill OV THEY oa
Kibun may also be used to refer to physical sensations, i.e., “to feel
good / bad’ (ex.2i, 22,23). The expression kibun ga ii is most often used to de-
scribe the condition of a sick person.

13) BHRLVoL
rs ak
LIC RG
BEE Re TWABe, ETH 3)
TLAADIETEG.
x 3.

Kazokuto isshoni shokujio shiteiruto, totemo shiawasena kibunni naru.

(1) feel very happy when I have a meal together with my family.

14) $A SRIEN TOC,

AXEF Dm
Rapin
BARC I> TL EG.
* SATADA tA We vy

Benkyooni tsukaretanode, kibuntenkanni sanponi ittekoyoo.

(I’m) tired out from studying, so I think Ill take a walk for a change
(to clear my head).

1) Sx DAE PoCUIR WAIT, WIR ARTE.

Kyoowa nanio yattemo umaku ikanakute, nakitai kibunda.
Today (1) feel like crying because nothing I do is going right.

16) TSATED BENT Ware, AtGRET OAD TEATS.

Nandaka tsukareteshimatte, hitoto hanashio suru kibunnimo narenai.
(’'m) a bit tired out and don’t feel like talking to anybody.

17) AISHWISVPSNSD IS, av VRAD CSTE pes

Hitoni chiyahoya-sarerunowa, warui kibundewa nai.
(I) don’t feel bad being pampered.

18) Pea SD%, KOABEET OLIN EY.

Karewa itsumo, hitono kibun-o gaisuruyoona kotoo yuu.
He always says things that hurt other people’s feelings.

19) BED
we
Ie
Z
BARRIO
>
BOAD
as aes
DED
:
oh.
Kabeno eo kaetadakede, heyano kibunga kawatta.
The room felt different after (I) replaced the picture on the wall.

20) aRCEFER CHILO RAE LE OC, BT HBB ADCS

CWS,
T5LS REHH ERE 5555) «SUES ZEUS FO XA
Kookoo-yakyuude jimotono kookooga yuushooshitanode, machijuu omatsuri-
kibunni natteiru.
The whole town is in a festive mood because the local high school won
the national baseball championship.

260
 =p FIT LOA -O*KY /kyuuni-totsuzen-ikinari

21) FAVA
plyESCAL?
Be BY oC) Rb, RAAUES Heo TLEW ELI.
Man-indenshani notteitara, kibunga warukunatte-shimaimashita.
(I) felt sick after riding on a packed train.

22) RUN PoC. RUOSRMBBE VELL»

Netsuga sagatte, daibu kibunga yokunarimashita.
(My) fever has gone down and I’m feeling much better.

23) ZL ADA SFC DHE, <5 tec WEe7ee

Tsumawa kibunga sugurenaikarato, hayaku neteshimatta.
My wife went to bed early, saying that she wasn’t feeling well.

ew FIC/YDHA /ORREY
5=e uni @ totsuzen a ikinari

2 w kyuuni
% wp FIC Late | pte inte aaBL

sigs. OLEDoROI AK RED L<3

BACT oes (Pll, 23ers, DOLED
*€
Sy

ESRAIEES [2 C3RUS il 4) f os Fepk . Weare tk. Ele

HOBO CLEP LOHR eR Ble (8.fi 1 OES ABA (afEV Fh.
Kyuuni is used to indicate that an unexpected and drastic ae of state oc-
curs abruptly (ex.1,2,3), or that something progresses surprisingly fast (ex.4).
Totsuzen and ikinari are used when speaking of sudden action that occurs in
front of a person, or at a particular place; therefore, they may not be used
in sentences like the one in Example 4.

1) HIMBA AICTE —-TRINIROC SS BIPUCEOMSEL AR oR.

£R <Bk 25
Maeno kurumaga kyuuni bureekio kaketanode, moosukoshide butsukaru to-
korodatta.
(1) almost hit the car in front of me because its driver suddenly put on
his brakes.

2) BORIC. BCEDIRS Bol O CA be{Tok «

Yonakani, Cn OEakaee er : byooin-e itta.
(1) suddenly got a stomachache in the middle of the night, so I went

261
kyuuni-totsuzen-ikinari/ ® ~ SIC: LOA VERY

to the hospital.

3) GRICZE ASHES 720. BAL NIaS BEDHAL720

=x¥)>5

Rei soraga kurakunari, ‘sosont amega furidashita.

The sky suddenly became dark, and a heavy rain started
to fall.

A) Rl OFA. GO ARIA SAMO?

si
bil = Ye
Watashino kodomowa, ee kyuuni sega nobita.
My child has grown quite a lot all of a sudden.

: = @ fotsuzen Z
LOA [REA | = suddenly
LotA

=¥7r SPELT
+
tepoklee, NEC PokRLEA, PIO
A
BIRR
AE
G75 FB
pnAyicae x BLIFRALET
PATE
(Pils, 6, 7).
Totsuzen indicates that sonia entirely unexpected occurs instantaneously
(Gens,Oy

5) LoatAth
RKB ADIAT.
* *

Totsuzen denkiga kieta.

The electricity suddenly went off.

6) RPI, BOUVAMG HOT, RUS CLE sre.

Yonakani totsuzen, denwano beruga nattanode, tobiokite-shimatta.
The telephone suddenly rang in a middle of night, making (me) jump
out of bed.

1) totpAKB
REAM ELA AEC oT BTL AS SBE eT 1
Totsuzen i he okotte, machiwa ookina higaio uketa.
Suddenly, a huge earthquake occurred, and the town suffered heavy dam-
age.

g ikinari 7
& 7x.y) = suddenly

=< PHA L TUES PLT SERIE, (mate SLIT, Xe)

Dok SBLILTO, JB ER PB BES TRE BRET YC, ES RAE Sek ©
ERS CENT (PIs, 9, LORD: Bla TE “CBee CWSKRUPSL
WW VE5 DA 3%

262
 *% bW-\e/kirai-iya

UNEng Heel Varin Vialae APP CEI ASS O— CIE SOLAR

Bl RIA EAA»
Ikinari is used to indicate that something occurs without warning, or catches
the speaker off guard. It may also mean that a usual process or order is by-
passed (ex.8,9, 10,11). /kinari suggests a feeling of roughness or recklessness.
Also, while it may be used when speaking of human or animal actions, it is
not used to describe natural phenomena.

8) HAAS) FAC, W370 FED IRO LT REO HD CCRT L— Fei

VSIRE
Magarikadode, ikinari kodomoga tobidashite-kitanode, awatete kyuubureekio
Sunda.
(I) had to hit the brakes because a child suddenly jumped into the street
at a corner.

9) aim OR US . BULV STEVE Cor:

= xs

Gironno saichuuni, karewa piel watashio nagutta.

In the middle of the argument he suddenly punched me.

10) PE ZI OC., WOSTE DADC ADODILAALL «

Nokkumo shinaide, ikinari hitono heyani hairunowa shitsureida.
It’s rude to burst into someone’s room without knocking.

Ml) fhEOE
RF —Ad, MM Yr Clo STLBEBLT LE.
Waniseune ler ee Beth Wee chs ikinari yuushoo-shite-
shimatta.
Our baseball team unexpectedly took the championship at our first ap-
pearance in the tournament.

XH
w kirai
ee
wiya

a kirai
*% bw Be | sto dislike ; to hate hd

AD OHBICBDEW IETH. BIRETH BL TEWEV IAREF SERS CS

5 Bh = * ttfo

263
Kirai-iya) & b\-\ee

VES CPL, 2,3, 4).

Kirai is used to describe something as not fitting the speaker’s taste, and im-
plies feelings of refusal due to displeasure or disagreement (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) Fats. FHOLAICA CADSR YT Liz

Watashiwa, kodomono koro ninjinga kiraideshita.
When I was a child I hated carrots.

bo Reis, HAS Y CT. ore

vit GL Kes is
Hahawa, mushiga daikiraidesu. / \
My mother hates insects. Kar J A «4
3) FLOWERCT.
Watashino kiraina kamokuwa suugakudesu.
The subject I dislike the most is mathematics.

OR LIS.
4) PR, DATUHPSotTIELOS, BALM
Karewa, annani sukidatta tabakoga, saikin kiraini nattasoodesu.
(1) hear he now dislikes the cigarettes he used to like so much.

miya
V2 an
DARK, BES THERE GLETT (Pils, 6).
Iya expresses displeasure or dislike (ex.5, 6).

D~ URS TE * DEE ZI ANBRICUSIN, HUOBE PBEOR

DERG CAST Cie 8). He 03 FelNs otic BRET
HBO ceHe SOHO, 43 sions DEE - Bee cfoNSLe
DG
It may also be used to express not wanting to or refusal to do something
(ex.7,8). While kirai is used in cases of long term feelings of dislike, iya is of-
ten used for momentary refusal or denial.

ATS,
5) WA oT Fait. RAR
Kusatta sakanawa, iyana nioiga suru.
Rotten fish smells terrible.

6) Vx< ORFS TEENA CH, fe A BEN AITAUIL PIC TLS.

264
 (~)EY- (~B)EE/(~ta) kiri-(~ta) mama

Tkura sukina tabemonodemo, mainichi tabetsuzukereba iyani naru.

No matter how much (you) like a particular food, if you eat it everyday
youll get sick of it.
“45 ORT.
7) BEB: BOMV CATs Lc
wae THB
FH: Ss BRLAVILER BCAA LD BY, eS 7
Hahaoya : Otsukaini itte kite.
Mother : Go and run this errand for (me).
Kodomo : Ima, omoshiroi terebio miterundakara iya!
Child : (1) don’t want to! ’'m watching an interesting TV show.

8) Hh ik, Rea SPO ACE RES SOIL OCH

Watashiwa, jikan-o mamoranai hitoto shigotoo surunowa iyadesu.
I can’t stand working with people who aren’t punctual.

C2fe EDU hE fDi BE?

a (~ta) kiri = (~ta) mama

(~ T=) % ) a (~ta) kiri

@ since

DOZER, & Stk RIC 2 TRD SEL: HEOEVEWGLITERTE

SGEVEF (GIL,2,3). PAI, ERCIONEAM, HSH EA
WIEN AK RRC Tho TLE OREWILETT
(~ta) kiri is used to indicate that once something takes a certain state, it
does not change or return to its original state (ex.1,2,3). In Example 4, it
suggests that people who once were able to get out of bed are no longer able
to do so.

1) wan
Beis, 3 DAER
EAC &AokseV—-BdbSo
Wee ED)
V7.
Karetowa, sannenmaeni attakiri ichidomo atteinai.
(1) have not seen him since I met him three years ago.

2) POUL
HRextt, FET IYAVA Ton SVEeae TEV
Kanojowa, j Sek Furansuni nae nh ee nai.
Since she went to France last year, there has been no word from her.

265
(~ta) kiri-(~ta) mama/ (~?z) ®):+ (~k) EE

3) SUSHERS Ht RI0 Eo CREA 6

Chichiwa asa hayaku dekaketakiri mada kaettekimasen.
My father left early in the morning and has not come back yet.

4) rou HAC ab BIEN IM tL Zoe Cs Gar

Galea Nihondewa ‘netakiri roojin’ ga shakai-mondaini natteiru.
Lately, bedridden elderly people have become a social problem in Japan.

a (~la) mama "=~

(~fe)¥ a mas (something) is

ENE CORK ERATE + ROBT + FEMABWC CUES

WET 0 Bh ise Din aided (Pils, 6, 7,8).
(~ie) 0 sid, “DOR CORROR
entAaA
T PRLETH, RGi2) eid
tHE TODS aonts ERLET. mtg y fears BEDE CT.
~mama means that Senet is kept in the same state; i.e., a continuous
state or condition is not changed, revised, or modified (ex.5,6,7,8). While
(~ta) kiri denotes that something suddenly ends at a certain point, (~ta)
mama indicates that something is continued or is left as it was before. (~na-
i)mama is the negative form.

9) F—~F—w
AG HELRODILIRERS TEU
Kuuraao tsuketamama nerunowa karadani yokunai.
Sleeping with the air-conditioner left on is not good for one’s health.

6) Dicer AN EEL eNOMI4, HAMMETT,

Kuchini monoo iretamama shaberunowa, ogyoogiga waruidesuyo.
It’s bad manners to talk with your mouth full.

7) Sx IDR LA tae iteat)*METS ELD IC Teor

Kyoono tens ketsuronga denaimama owarini natta.

Today’s discussion ended without any conclusions being reached.

8) BATCIS Haedv 2 ZEAIK AO ILD ECA.

Nuneen kutsuo haitamama ieni hairu Dinca arimasen.
In Japan, it is not the custom to enter a house with your shoes on.

266
 %&A-X<-f20/kiru-saku-tatsu

RACES S129
g kiru g saku B fatsu

#4 (941 soe 2
QFAIPIUSARET, We 2 OY) Ei aylt te 0, ERB EDIT OF
SLABVET (PIL, 2,3).
To cut something into two or more pieces with a cutting instrument such as
a knife or scissors, or to cut the surface of something (ex.1,
2, 3).

QADAORE
aA
HOLE ACD DENY ; BAR & < F EMORY SET
CPil4,5,6).
na
PIT IVZ. ZE-FRML#n CHC
Eau tT
LITERLET,
bbd
To purposely end a relationship with someone or something (ex.4,5,6). Exam-
ple 7 means ‘to move at high speed’.

1) INF CHES.
Hasamide kamio kiru.
(I) cut a sheet of paper with scissors.

2) Fis, BAUOIDA
$3 BeOELK.
*
Watashiwa, senshuu kamio kirimashita.
I cut my hair last week.

3) ae a ee FTRE WoW SES, fae to Cliofz.

Shichuuo tsukurooto, yasaio kitteiru toki, yubio kitteshimatta.

When (I) was cutting vegetables to make a stew, I cut my finger.

4) BEI, BRAOATy FHC HAV.

Neru tokiwa, denkino suitchio kitte kudasai.
When (you) go to bed, please turn off the lights.

5) hid, HPTARR LE CRBE DSL.

Karewa, “Oyasuminasai” to itte denwao kirimashita.
He said “good night” and hung up the phone.

6) BALBBAKEL, Soke FE MoRAMW.

Anna henna hitotowa, sassato teo kitta hooga ii.
(You) should end your relationship with that strange man at once.

267
kiru-saku-tatsu) *4-X<¢-7eO

7) ASIA,
Li » U ZA LY At
EW TESOILE
*
THRE EDUW
HEL es)

Shokani jitenshade, kazeo kitte hashirunowa totemo kimochiga it.

In early summer, riding against the wind on a bicycle feels good.

- : 5 wesaku 5
= < [Ze < wl J sto rip ; to tear apart ©&

DAPPER, Pe RBCS]
ldo T 2 OVE SESEOST (HIB,
9,10).
To tear something like cloth or paper into two or more pieces by pulling
hard on it (ex.8,9, 10).

DADWRO
by v vs 4
2ONO
e /)*
MBICG| (SET ESV ET CPL).
To force two people to separate or ‘fee up (ex.11).

3 Aa
BI Fyfe - beBISCO ae AREBE LAR EOL wie baa (fill2) if
vas$y.
To spare a part of one’s time or money for someone else (ex.12).

DEI BRS vea ¥, Oia Als

=
se Bsey.
UD

For definitions ® ne @) saku is written 2<, for @ it is written #J<.

S nal On,
) Ape tz TICES o "@) Lae

Nunoo tateni saku. ‘

Tear the cloth along the warp. \%,

9) <¥KDoMIT, AKVEBV
TLE sk. ~ \
Kugini hikkakete, zubon-o saiteshimatta. oh DS,
I tore my pants on a nail.

10) CSSD EVAR, FLW PERV

CHEV ET
‘Sakiika@to yuu tabemonowa, hoshita ikao saite tsukurimasu.
The food called sakiika is made by tearing dried squid into strips.

ll) £3fRBIC,
DAtA pz
Bre both
73>
BX
x
Lele Catv.
Soo kantanni, watashitachino nakao saku kotowa dekinai.
(They) can’t break up our friendship so easily.

12) rot PHBLAVIERHSOTHA, HME CORRIEEAD.

Chotto soodanshitai kotoga arunodesuga, ojikan-o saite itadakemasenka?
I'd like to discuss something with you. Do you have anytime?

268
 %4A-X<-0/kiru-saku-tatsu

‘ w fatsu
%eO FO , ines : it | stocut ©

DEPALEO. FNM S OOVRLBHK Ee, Yo tBTLs

BET CBil13, 14).
To cut out a needed portion from some flat and thin material such as paper
or cloth (ex.13, 14).

QE THY CPLER
POI. HS LRYFSES CPS) HVE.
To discontinue something that had been ongoing (ex.15).

QOEMOR TES FLECT (P16, 17, 18).

To lose or eliminate a relationship or connection (ex.16, 17, 18).

Ost BO CHS, Oi Wr , Old ii eBSET.

For definition @ the kanji character #¥~ is used, <, for @) ff is used,
and @) #4 is used.

13) Fike fROlyames EP AE RSET

Fukuo mae tokiniwa, mazu nunoo tachimasu.
When making a dress, (you) first cut the cloth.

Md) Me Bo CHSSE TART, RELEV

EF
Kamio tatte ookisao soroete, hon-o tsukurimasu.
A book is made by cutting and sizing paper.

15) ea LEK EI COM Eo TLR Geir.

Karewa inshuuntende HRT irai, sakeo tatta.
He has given up drinking ever since he was arrested for drunk-driving.

16) PBR,
LAY 4
PREORAMECICBALTIOS.
zs a 7 eor<

Shinseifuwa, mayakuno neo tatooto doryokushiteiru.

The new government is making efforts to wipe out the very root of ille-
gal drugs.

17) RAO BROW BlL., HLH TEV.

rete wo SCALP tz

Ekimaeno jitenshano hoochiwa, atoo tatanai.

The leaving of bicycles in front of stations never stops.

18) HATS
WA wvy
AR ARO HEAAI
IED
Vy OeEa oreEIB.

269
kirei-utsukushii/) ®210-5O¢ LW

Yuumeina bookenkano Uemurashiwa, Makkinriide shoosokuo tatta.

Naomi Uemura, the famous adventurer, disappeared on Mt. McKinley.

eM 59 LM
a kirei wg utsukushii

gs kirei [~
*I1W = beautiful ; clean

DEODIEXP ERED TUS, BEATE, HERI MICHSLITE

H LET (Pill,2,3).
Kirei indicates that the shape or color of something is arranged in a clear
and pleasing fashion (ex.1, 2, 3).

DGC TL thito
RETRErikAREA
H5b
LET. SHI, EV LO
ee
PIERRE LOM TS
oaae}

Vet AIDA
UMATY
LEF (ld,
2r4A
5,6,7).
ASD nv

It also expresses a clean or neat state, or implies innocence or lack of ill-will

(ex.4, 5, 6, 7).

3 USAW DIET "OCORDT + BEB + ToD OBR HROET

(Pil8,
9).
It may be used as an adverb meaning ‘completely’ or ‘entirely’ in the form
kirei ni (ex. 8,9).

1) PAOBBI, SGD BAGO THS.

Kanojono heyani, kireina hanano ega kazattearu.
Her room is decorated with a beautiful picture of flowers.

2) BoA L7 4 VIE VAR RT RRIS CCHEMWATZ

Masshirona uedingudoresuo kita kanojowa, totemo kireida.
She looks very beautiful in her pure white wedding dress. (**%

3) DHOAFUPIL, SN TEE
ORS o
Uchino kanariawa, kireina koede naku.
My canary sings with a beautiful voice.

4) £ ORI FESES

270
 *1-59¢ LW /kirei-utsukushii

Shokujino maeni, teo kireini arainasai.

Wash your hands well before you eat.

5) ROMBAVWSNVICLSULTHS.
Kareno heyawa itsumo kireini soojishitearu.
His room is always nicely cleaned up.

6) DIAS AV ITNE cueELTHOMD IbxNVYCT.

Kono taoruwa indore SB ga a kireidesu.
Although this towel is old, it has been washed so it’s clean.

7) IELWBUBRTIROI,
wee REWN ES G5 7a.
SNWRREETSN2K,
tAxs

Tadashii seijio okonau tameni, kireina senkyoo surubekida.

In order to have honest government, (we) must have clean elections.

8) HNO, BIT WCRI,

Dasareta monowa, nokosazu kireini tabenasai.
Make sure (you) eat everything on your plate.

9) SOAMALTIFY Aa OMe , KHMBROeNVUIZENTLE5K.

ViIEA 72 ant

Kinoo oboeta rorenteian tangoo, hitoban netara kireini wasureteshimatta.

(I’ve) completely forgotten all of the French words I learned yesterday.

g utsukushii >
4 SP) < LW [EL ur] w beautiful

DADEPCOOR, HBiHELEM, BPH - Brpt - TX

VALERY S2S ERICEF CHILO,
11,12,13).
Utsukushii indicates the speaker is impressed with the beauty, splendor, or
magnificence of something. Examples may include a person’s figure, or the
color or sound of something (ex.10, 11, 12, 13).

(DAS FIP I PE (if Ds‘doo CR LTE : WIR TSEN FESO ET (PS).

It may also be teen to express that ae has qualities of spiritual or
moral value (ex.14).

ONBR. HOMLICIECS SI 1BBV, RLV RSC ES

CT. TSA TF st, ape T < Bown tls SFE SER, | x
LW FIDEHiMICMESS, LISMORE BAIT. LED
bn HBA BUTE, 3ELI nko OREM
271
guuzen-tamatama-magure/ (5*A-Te ERE ECH

Utsukushii is more commonly used in written language and kirei in spoken

language. In comparing usage, kirei na ji refers to neat, easy-to-read writing,
while utsukushii ji implies more evaluation of its artistic value. In other
words, things described as utsukushii are more conventionally and popularly
accepted as beautiful, while kirei suggests a more personal and casual assess-
ment of beauty.

10.) BAGS. 5 Ala RRO RAB LV AA.

(2 WEA io EB LANES 30K Xo
Nihondewa, gogatsuwa kigino shinryokuga utsukushii kisetsuda.
In Japan, May is the month of beautiful new green leaves.

11) PREP
> bn
LA
LZ WA
MAMDELS
7h 53<¢
. SsSimleFR ecePMALIVTW Do
Tsuwanowa furui ienamiga utsukushiku, ShooKyoototo yobareteiru.
Tsuwano with its beautiful rows of old houses is called ‘Little Kyoto’.

12) MANIC, ICRU ELAM ok.

Ameagarini, sorani utsukushii nijiga kakatta.
After the rain stopped, there was a beautiful rainbow in the sky.

13) AAOME
<2 ie a
HSL,
té
RLM
MICA C37.
eee: maeo tooruto, utsukushii utagoega kikoetekita.
When (I) passed in front of the church, I heard beautiful voices singing.

1) ROORLWK Us)
HOaklt, AOL of.
3 VE

Karerano utsukushii yuujoono HaeSKe, hitobitono kokoroo utta.

The story of their beautiful friendship touched people’s hearts.

OA Gales eee nS
B@ guUuzen a tamatama & magure

. s B guUuzen =
< 5 eA MB | = by chance ; by coincidence

EEL CHIRC RADI Diz, UDF EWC EP PRS LT

TED > Tl & DNC BLSTERLET (Gill,2,3, 4,5).
Guuzen refers to a situation in which, without intention or cause, something
unimagined or unforeseen occurs (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

272
 C5A te Ee E-¥E CN /guuzen-tamatama-magure

1) Sine Ce DISA. (BATT 42.

Konna tlle. aunante, guuzendesune.
What a coincidence that (we) should meet here!

2) 1572 CEE A H 7s ICIS.

VDA U
CATSIBDS HOA
TT 12.
Anatato seinengappiga onajidanante, sonna guuzenga arundesune.
It’s amazing that our birthdays happen to be on the same day.

3) BROT
CAL® ta
CIBC 7.0 I< Boh Oid, REED CADRE ore
Denshano oe guuzen tonarini suwattanowa, shoogakkoono tokino sense-
idatta.
By chance, the person who sat next to me on the train was a former ele-
mentary school teacher of mine.

4) BS
& OFA toy. ¢
BRSDSEIN De
ee hatsumeiga pest umareteiru.
Most inventions are a product of chance.

5) (Byte b, ROTEL
KAILA
SALMO MNISISCALZ 0120
Guuzennimo, musumeno tanninwa watashino osananajimi-datta.
As luck would have it, my daughter’s homeroom teacher turned out to
be my childhood friend.

Tes locks Gatnance

WODILE ICAEW Ol, COPIER > THC 3 fol eM TeaskX*xI5
RERLHOD

Sate (Pil6, 7,8,9). ' Ho fIcbBC "YSClEEEU | eVY DEE

BOREIRS BAP
hs
Tamatama expresses that, at a certain point in time a situation out of the or-
dinary occurs (ex.6,7,8,9). The rarity of the situation is emphasized.

6) BRASIEYCNADIRO LATED, PERERA BDO MATE

ee AG & * ig

Doro

Kissatenni basuga tobikondaga, tamatama kyakuga inakattanode, keganinwa

nakatta.
A bus crashed into a coffee shop, but no one was injured because it just
so happened that there weren’t any customers there at the time.

ib, WOOCILE DEERE SL fore B, TCE

Feu E ROK.

273
guuzen-tamatama-magure/ (5A +Te ERE ECM

Itsumotowa chigau michio tamatama toottara,

sutekina hanayao mitsuketa.
(1) took a different road than I usually do, and
by chance found a wonderful flower shop.

Lit
if CHAS ASCE LTHs Tl 726, 72 th ah10D
we Se (her
Yamamichide kurumaga koshooshite komatteitara,
tamatama toorikakatta kurumano hitoga tasuketekureta.
(1) didn’t know what to do when my car broke down on a mountain
road, but a passing driver was kind enough to help me.

PELE, BHERA
NOnn og
TIBI, FEIRO
wis Ev
BEM 108 S01
iD D> CS 7z.

Tamatama, kaishao yasunde uchini itara, gakuseijidaino tomodachikara

juunenburini denwaga kakattekita.
(I) took the day off and just happened to be at home when an old
school friend from whom I hadn’t heard in ten years called me.

. a@magure 7
a < a m by chance ; a fluke

AaTOLRIEM, HK CBA CHOAIEM oHNECO RU BRIE 9 TEE

WV “F CPO,
11,12,13), WRK E+ FAs 71 A+ TARE
AB SN
ZOMONlz, ZSMRDONET «
Magure is used when something one does turns out much better than ex-
pected (ex.10,11,12,13). It is often used when referring to success in things
like a lottery, game, quiz, or test, in which there is an element of luck in-
volved.

10) OCR or).Ve BARS A | CURA TAI, EON CH Rok oR

Hajimete atta ey Swukiean to yondemitara, wasiecis atatta.
>
The first time (J) met him I took a chance and called him ‘Mr. Suzuki,
and I was right!

11) EYER SEES EC, Ny PERI EOI CEVPlcIS/co

Yakyuuwa nigatedakedo, battoo futtara, magurede hittoni natta.
I’m very poor at baseball, but (1) swung the bat and was lucky enough
to get a hit.

274
 { ¥4-L%4/kugiru: shikiru

12) HEXP SDI Co CURES PhO DEN,

Zettai ukaranaito omotteita daigakuni ukattanowa mattakuno magureda.
(I) sure was lucky to be accepted by that university, because I was sure
I didn’t have a chance.

13) HE COP —F x V— CHO slat 4 CBA TEOMUL BAW TEU.

Hajimeteno aacheriide matono chuushinni aterunante magureni chigainai.

It was pure luck that (I) was able to hit the bull’s-eye the first time I
tried archery.

(¥S/L%S
B kugiru w shikiru

< 6) a

LE
SALES
AG EBRLVOIEE,
ee
IK DHOMHPK CHO CLICHY
BLECH. BECO FEMA, ULES IDL ATH EWG
BOR
W &
LGRS
eis
7X. thICR < SA Ad DMFRVOTCH
£
CHill,
nw
2,3, 4).
Kugiru means to divide something, such as a sentence, composition, time, or
a job, into several parts or groups. When referring to a space, for example a
room, kugiru simply means to divide into sections. This is unlike shikiru,
which means to partition off (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) HE SKY oC 35 VALS D>, Be Ro CRI.

Mijikaku kugitte yukkuri yomimasukara, kakitotte kudasai.
(Pll) divide this into short segments and read it slowly, so please write it
down.

2) LOM Bld, BRECLILKWMID DOT.

ALES RA BS Siee ie dD

Kono bunshoowa, danrakugotoni kugireba wakariyasui.

This composition would be easier to comprehend if (you) read each para-
graph separately.

3) tie 4 DIK Yo CRF — Ele Eee

Tochio yottsuni kugitte kasu kotoni shita.
(We) decided to divide this land into four lots to lease.

ATS
kugiru-shikiru) <*4-L%4

4) Bh & FB lat, BPTI CSU AKCHLEF-ARLET.

W aaa otootowa, jikan-o kugitte kootaide terebigeemuo shimasu.
My (younger) brother and I take turns playing video games.

artes @ shikiru >

U % 4 fEY) S | mto divide ; to partition ©

BiNEs REDE R , FIDNTANIET TH 5

RElLDEOSHSLETH. PhD
CIMA

DeLOoOA WR SER ODEBIS Wore gaat CPS, (68 Hots ))s

Shikiru means to partition a space, like a room, with something in order to
create clear divisions. It entails a sense of preventing entry (ex.5,6,7,
8).

5) A, efit ey DEBE ANBTCHED oC Cl As

bre df » ART

Watashito anewa, hitotsuno heyao hondanade shikitte tsukatteiru.

My (elder) sister and I are using one room partitioned with a bookcase.

6) BEOMMREIL, STV BCC oTHORIHOT. MLM A

tL25.

Tonarino heyatowa, usui ita ichimaide shikittearu dakenanode, hanashigoega

kikoeteshimau.
This room and the next are separated by only a thin board, so (I) can
hear people there talking.

BOT BIL NUE C. BON REIL A- FY CH DHN CS.

Kareno Diab futaribeyade, tonarino beddotowa kaatende shikirare-
teiru.
His hospital room is for two people ; he’s separated from the other bed
by a curtain.

FAO a MA TEC. AMIEL TIS.

Hakono nakao komakaku shikitte, komonoireni shiteiru.
(I) divided up the inside of the box into little sections and use it to
store small things.

276
 « X4-e te /kusaru-itamu

SS /MR
mw kusaru gs itamu

< x 4 I %J
e kusaru
m=to go bad ; to decay

RAIDS oO BBLEOLT. BK Ho TLEILECH (il,

2, 3,4, 5)s BOs WHI US LAD, FEDS FIED Lat.
BS 7s
atid
LTP ALVT SLR OPE T
Kusaru indicates that food, etc., gets old and goes bad (ex.1,2,3,4,5). In
many cases the object has a bad smell and changes shape. This word can also
be used to describe the deterioration of wood or metal.

1) Bit
Se) ie 4D
RS.
oe (
Ad
Natsuwa tabemonoga sugu kusaru. 42 )
Food soon goes bad during the summer.

obOE RNASE, RIL EON a

Kusatta monoo taberuto, onakao kowasuyo.
If you eat something rotten, you'll get a stomachache, you know.

WELDER UR, RohQOlicBv etc.

IAN

Umibeo aruiteitara, kusatta sakanano nioiga shita.

When I was walking along the shore, it smelled like rotten fish.

ACs. SIUC AMT BRIS DM DIC.

Nikuya sakanawa, reizookoni ireteoitahooga kusarinikui.
Meat and fish are less likely to go bad if they are stored in the refrigera-
tor.

5) LD AKOIBIL oTOOOTC. PODIAIEPRT.

Kono kino hashiwa kusatteirunode, watarunowa kikenda.
This wooden bridge has decayed, so it’s dangerous to cross.

aw ifamu —
Wfetp Bt = Wate mato be damaged ; to ache =

277
kusaru-itamu/ < X4-\fet

DENAYO— BBS} I< (05 Bay Kal $1 RALKVGSLECH CPl6, 7). ODS
HS BA

BEV amet e res ABSMANICa OYye (9)SES K TEDTEOF SESSLER

= CI8).
This is used when a part of a food gets bruised and deteriorates (ex.6,7). It
can also be used in situations in which something becomes worn out, or par-
tially breaks down or becomes dirty (ex.8).

Dab Dd OUBADS. FARIS DTSE DDT ERR BEMIS

(fil9, 10). $72, byaARLACPH DNS - B LATCH RUSE SCORE
t (fj).
cau

It may also be used when a part of the body hurts because of sickness or in-
jury (ex.9,10), or when one feels sad or sympathetic, or is in emotional pain
(ex BE

6) RED Or NLD UBA TU AlF NL, ETOH.

Kono ringowa sukoshi itandeirukeredo, totemo amai.
This apple is a little bruised but it’s very sweet.

7) <DBRAILGACT
WOT 7H FUCREN CCH SU Esgp
Kono okashiwa itamiyasuinode, kyoojuuni tabetekudasai.
These pastries are perishable so please eat them today. eles /

8) BO
Ki LOR
T Ob. ROSASia. Se
z esl BUVSRAMBW LADO TWOA THEN.
Otto : Kono isumo, daibu itandeirune.
Husband : This chair is also quite worn, isn’t it?
Tsuma : Soone. Ojiichanga wakai korokara tsukatteirun-desumonone.
Wife : Yes, it is. It’s been used continuously ever since grandpa was
young, that’s why.

9) DIND OB DYBA CLO TM TEV Ne

Yuubekara haga itande shikataganai.
I’ve had a terrible toothache since last night.

10) PEASKESC. AUT L A E AVA.

BHO bPLIDYD BLOM
Amega furuto, mukashi kossetsushita ashiga itamu.
Whenever it rains the leg that I broke long ago hurts.

I) 6S Cees » 2b’ Tats

ta Vz

278
 <F< FF b6U 6 /kusukusu-geragera

Sono kotoo omouto, imademo munega itamu.

Even now, whenever I think about that, I feel bad.

CHK FT/S b
a kusukusu @ geragera

a kusukusu Z
< F < a giggle ; chuckle

Be WSL EREDONICAAD
NIE EDILEDLEZIBATH SOI, OD
WHMTLEINICEWROLIFERLET (Pill,2).
Kusukusu suggests laughter that sneaks out in spite of one’s efforts to con-
tain it, often when trying to prevent other people from realizing how amused
one is (ex.1, 2).

1) PoCes
RAC TK TREVOR
65
MOVY AREA
t
CWS, oe
<7
>es
Kanojowa kusukusu warainagara mangao yondeiru. a gO PR
She’s reading a comic book, giggling all the while. Nee
SS ss oA SRSA te ,
2) BAW
HAMHALESERASL.
tix
RADAR
SHE (£5
TSAR.
wie

Senseiga keisan-o machigaeruto, ushirono hoode kusukusu warau koega-

shita.
Sounds of snickering rose from the back when the teacher made an er-
ror in calculation.

> > B geragera I

iF bit b e laugh out loud

KEG.
bh ae
BBS D5
RADE
RILGTORLALET
“RA HbdD
3, 4,5).
ny
This is used when one laughs out loud and without reserve (ex.3,4,
5).

3) FHOZARMDKAMLR
Spe DIEL FEWUDIEW
BEE& YC. AAT
W720
SHITE DSRor.
Kodomono koro watashiga daishippaishita hanashio kiite, minnawa geragera
waratta.
Everybody howled with laughter when they heard the story about one
of my childhood screw ups.

279
kurukuru-guruguru-korokoro/ << 4:¢S¢4:C4o4

4) BRABOWRWERT. KhywtA a
cio oKok.
Kankyakuwa kareno monomaneo mite, onakao kakaete geragera waratta.
The members of the audience clutched their stomachs in laughter when
they saw his impersonations.

ol ABT CAS 75o ERAT THIF ERI DIL, Sree ELIE abn.
Hitomaede ookina kuchio akete geragera waraunowa, gyoogiga waruito chi-
chini iwareta.
(1) was told by my father that it is bad manners to laugh with one’s
mouth wide open in front of others.

(Ok 6, NOt OA GOES

e kurukuru @ guruguru a korokoro

ws kurukuru T=
< va) < a) s(go / turn) round and round

DOACCOEEAD,
Ve
BEIMAbBokO,
DD TA dvs ED ED
HLEOFTSELITLALE
HSd

> CPI, 2, apie

Tvs

Kurukuru expresses a gentle whirling or spinning motion of a person or

thing which is turning in circles (ex.1,
2, 3).

QAPHBE
v
RST D CBA OF EELITERLET (Pld, 5).
It also expresses a coiled or wrapped state of an object such as thread or
paper (ex.4, 5).

Dave aalds, SOS BEL EDL IIo 72.

Bareriinawa, kurukuruto komanoyooni mawatta.
The ballerina spun around like a top.

2) DECHEIR BUCK O< St Hlo Tl.

Kazagurumaga, kazede kurukuruto mawatteiru.
The pinwheel is turning round and round in the wind. L be

3) Rid, DATES
ASBEBILIMG, BREWoR.
Karewa, ringoo kurukuruto mawashinagara, kawao muiteitta.
He peeled the apple by turning it round and round in his hands.

280
 {363036 4°-C404/kurukuru:guruguru-korokoro

4) es (EBURBAI—~BK BS BEBO TH AZ
Kanojowa, hagashita posutaao kurukuruto maite katazuketa.
She rolled up the poster she had taken down and put it away.

>) REI EHF ENEEV RE REL OS BOBO EREKLK.

Hahawa, seetaao hodoita keitoo kurukuruto maite, keitodamani shita.
My mother took the yarn she had unravelled from a sweater and rolled
it into a ball.

. S B guruguru ~~
< ) < a w(turn / go) round and round

DAPEOBED, PES Blo), EILAUS SLOT ERLET (Pil6, 7, 8).

"CBS Silky #E < TB UE) S eRLET A, NOOK Dar CON Tay
B < TAS WES CT.
This expresses the revolving motion of a person or object turning around in
circles (ex.6,7,8). Kurukuru suggests a light, quick movement, while guruguru
expresses a heavier motion of greater scope.

ODAVPOMTBEI, fle fale] bES FOE DF ERLEF (PIS, 10).

aN
It may also express that something is wound or wrapped around for5
an object or person many times (ex.9, 10). re |
a

6) PROC. HMAC
SCSETS. =
Sentakkino rs Renan uronord guruguru mawatteiru. BA
The clothes are spinning around in the washing machine. astibiiem —

HERA
7) £5TIALP PEAS CSOCOCHILG, |& BOVaA7 9 Ie ARYL.
Soonanshawa teo ookiku guruguruto prey kyuujono ee ai-
zuo shita.
The survivor signalled the rescue helicopter by waving his hands in huge
circles.

8) ia
IEICE, IeILeS DECOSOHs TLE
Michini mayotte, onaji tokoroo guruguru mawatteshimatta.
(1) got lost, and ended up going around and around the same place in
circles.

9) eS AK a BEES, RIRCCSS BETA FYICAN.

Anewa, ee aes o mabushi, ie guruguru maite

281
kurukuru-guruguru-korokoro << 3: S¢3:l4o4H

oobun-ni ireta.
My (elder) sister sprinkled seasoning on the beef, wrapped it several
times with cord and placed it in the oven.

10) itt AB eo PECHCACLIZoa7o

Gootoowa hitojichio roopude guruguruto shibatta.
The robber wound ropes around his hostages to tie them up.

oe = = korokoro ~
— ) — 4 groll over and over ©

DAAAS & < &AVo TLS KDTERLEF CAN, 12,13). HEY ASS 7
VHERREEEL BOUL dita
Korokoro indicates that something rolls along gently (ex.11, 12,13). It is used
when referring to comparatively light objects.

DE EPHMOFHA, AoTOTHDUSLULSTERLET (HIM,

156
It also expresses the chubby cuteness of a child or baby animal (ex.14, 15).

IRATE RED PRA

RAY
ROSKIFEALET CAJ16).
Korokoro may also express frequent change of mind or attitude (ex.16).

) beL ORBLI, RoWMLAL ARATE.

Wi = Pe ashimotoni, booruga korokoro korogattekita.
A ball rolled up to my feet.

12) AYFLAMRAHINT, BRN ALALHR Ao TLEoK.

Nekkuresuno itoga kirete, shinjuga korokoroto korogatte-shimatta.
The string of my necklace broke and the pearls went tumbling about.

13) AAVOA, LALAbRASTRICBSTLESK.

Enpitsuga, korokoro korogatte yukani ochiteshimatta. 2
The pencil rolled and rolled and fell to the floor.

I) HNARSPAIL, LALALKK KoCWTAI.

Ano akachanwa, korokoroto yoku futotteite kawaii.
That baby is cute and chubby.

1) OMEENAFARSIL, CNOLAZLALTH AAW.

WA

Kono aida umareta koinutachiwa, doremo korokoroshite genkiga iti.

282
 Rpok Lek

The puppies born a while back are all so plump and playful.

16) BOR ILLS ALALBDSOC, (aA CAI.

Kareno yuu kotowa korokoroto eigen shin- yoodekinai.
What he says changes from one minute to the next, so (you) can’t trust
him.

Bop isiG Braale

£ io

= 5 # x S ae ux s AS

HYVFRACLIER NARS KOA

CINAy awile late

CT, ~ OB DZ A 7 Doin is

LOPUIZBIEODP>o
CTF ELK.
CHA TAH

eH. DiILAMAOMDNDELK. BHOMILENKOR, HO

CDA A CALE Tx» pt LAD

TS DSERI IIT T iu
CL Cj oat te) i 7 <I

EBeicr. TRaokU ei TOC7AY7SBEWTH

JSG
= Neu yes RIE IED IC. P Root Ux» ttlog TRA

5G ONVee

Fe Se, ee TBA 7 PLD Ue 7a

UO II (~The OLIVE LT. BETSE
SHOZT.
boys
KPSZ AY 7d | Role Cs OEY
TRS 7 ORRICK E oROTS
Use wexe PRmpokU eis td, Ris fzt | tas

5 HORT. Sone es. Sisyea Ae DiC Cawood)

Wi A =z

FEFORMBY
HV T v5 Ww yx
KRODSBREOCT.
Ww A

283
Kuwaeru-tasu) <DZ4-heT

Yokatta ja nai
Today in school, Frank was depressed because he had lost his bag
with his passport in it. That evening, Frank’s good friend Jun received
a call from him.
“Jun, the bag has been found. I left it on the train, and a kind per-
son took it to the station office,” Frank said. Jun said to an obviously
jubilant Frank, “Yokatta ja nai.”
As soon as he said so, Frank replied angrily, “You’re my friend,
aren’t you? How cruel of you to say yokatta ja nai.”
Certainly ~ja nai is used in a number of instances to make a nega-
tive statement, including byooki ja nai' and shinsetsu ja nai’. That is
the reason why Frank understood Jun to say ‘that was not good’.
However, Jun’s yokatta ja nai? really meant ‘that was good’ or ‘that
was great’. It was a shortened version of ‘That was great, wasn’t it?
Don’t you think so?’ and included a solicitation for agreement from
the listener.

| ‘It?s not a sickness’ or ‘I'm not sick’.

2 He (she) is not nice.
3. That was good, wasn’t it?

(DKAB/ETF
w kuwaeru Basu

{bD2zS ae eect ae
DROP, Bicep WWesA
tSOBRE Chill).
To add See in calculation (ex.1).

QDWEKSEOIE, ELMOSDESHET ines Piarai LOM EIS.

HAOLO
aise)
CREDO CD EOdEA Gi, 3s
To add something to something else that already exists. It is used both when
speaking of combining like things or different things (ex.2, 3).

DR
AD
+bys
7), RMR TER iCR GA SEVENET (fild,
5).
To provide ioe power, stimulus), or to inflict (injury)(ex.4,
5).

284
 <D2Z4-eFT/kuwaeru-tasu

iy) hve ® eMADE A\ztEA,

Ichini san-o kuwaeruto yonni naru.
If you add three to one, you get four.

2) tABURY ACR
RAZA
ES
DUD LRIMASE,
<b
BEACH,
ap
Nisanka-manganni tansan-natoriumuo kuwaeruto, sansoga dekiru.
If sodium carbonate is added to manganese dioxide, oxygen will be pro-
duced.

3) HATA
MA THOT ASD
WRe> POCE <b

Ryokooni kanojoo kuwaetemo iideshooka?

Is it all right if we include her on our trip?

4) AIR MASBHENDHOAL, OW CHAI

MUER BIEN.
Hitoni kigaio kuwaeru osoreno aru inuwa, tsunaide okanakereba naranai.
Dogs that might inflict harm on people must be firmly chained.

5) rg eA, FAC Peale)MAT. LbeoIZLET.

Aironwa, netsuto atsuryokuo nunoni kuwaete, shiwao nobashimasu.
An iron smooths out wrinkles by applying heat and pressure on the cloth.

Ted Sel carom

OMA CIRC ROMRC, HICGDESORRICEVET. PlEDL
ST
6D
BR ELBEET
SIED OG WS kA r) WwoA boy nV

As with kuwaeru, tasu may be used in calculation, and means simple addi-
tion. A calculation like that in Example 6 is called tashizan (addition).

QEV EWA Pe BACB dS ICHT ESIC Ved Av, 8,9).

To increase an entice amount to meet requirements (ex.7, 8,9).

6) 4+ 5=91S4EF SILO HALT.

4+5=9 wa ‘yontasu gowa kyuw’ to yomimasu. « > Sek: Jaf (
4+5=9 is read as ‘four plus five equals nine’. (i RE = iO
~ = \ tO)
VSIA)
7) BrelRORTE US ONESRELT. Be RET.
(Bu Sieg Te {BE > SN
Anino chokinto bokuno chokin-o tashite, kurumao kaimasu.
My brother and I will put our savings together and buy a car.

285
kuwashii-komakai/ <DLW-cEDW

8) BE BOB MEV ED ohb, EL TSS.

Ofurono oyuga tarinakattara, tashite kudasai.
If there isn’t enough hot water in the bathtub, please add more.

HT D»- 12 BBILSOOPI A ET Lizkpb, Abas ieLCiho CBSE Laze

Azukatta okanewa gohyakuen fusokudeshita-kara, watashiga tashite hara-
tte-okimashita.
The money (you) gave me was ¥500 short, so (I) made up the differ-
ence with my own money.

CDLVO/CEPw
a kuwashii a komakai

= akuwashii ~n
440. U) [RELI ataited
G@ ND CEO EBON LENICODDOLIIK, TATALTU cea
WS SLIT CH ROMS ULSTER
TE ET CA, 2,3, 4,5).
This indicates that something is explained very carefully and in detail, or that
a lot of information about something is provided so that it is clear even to
people who have never encountered it before (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).

QHAZEBBIZOVWT, L¢ Alo TW} : MBO SEBTEC IESE ET

Kuwashii can describe a person as being very knowledgeable about something

(ex.6). ;

1) RAOR
L3 2 <b
LV HM
i? eee
AELV.
Shibuyano kuwashii chizuga hoshii.
(I) want a detailed map of Shibuya.

2) LOR Bs, eC bat LYMOCDPYCTV.

Kono jishowa, totemo kuwashiinode wakariyasui.
This dictionary is easy to use because it explains things in detail.

3) A? BR. &5 LCEME ROA TH D>.

B ELV CES AB IU INE, EAC AP Leb lod.

286
 <DLWY-C EDO /kuwashii-komakai

A: Kare, dooshite kaishao yametandesuka?

Why did he quit his company?
B: Kuwashii kotowa shiranaikeredo, jooshito kenka-shitarashiiyo.
(1) don’t know the details, but it seems that he had a quarrel with
his boss.

4) (IEA
BAO BRE
fests
SIF
HE <DW
WOF
THELS AD 720.
Nihonno dentoogeenooni tsuite does shiritai.
(I) want to know all about Japan’s traditional perfoming arts.

5) SEEORRTILOVY
Sie ee ES
TC, <b
PELS IS FRECHE
igen
ET.
Kondono ryokooni tsuite, kuwashikuwa tegamide shirasemasu.
(We'll) let (you) know the details about the trip by mail.

6) POCE
RAISE ELV.
WARWEARS — <d
Kanojowa gendaibungakuni kuwashii.
She is extremely knowledgeable about modern literature.

a komakai =
S EDP nll Lr] a detailed ; minute

DMN PHE THEMEUVIIFERLET. YM

hn 3%)
UF:HA
CA a TEEDE FIA CB ODE <DEERE xd (Pil7, 8).
Komakai denotes that each part or section of something, e.g., powder, sand,
rain, lettering, or netting, is very fine, small or dense. Komakai is used only
when there are many of the same kind thing of present (ex.7, 8).

OMmas PEA al a)
1 Oe SORCUBITT Curae (LHS SLIT %
oes it. BLY DIE R BOSSOARERTO LT
ESN ae) US)

HAD IS, = EHO elmLQOINS WBS SR LET Gio, Osu

120% cle be aves are33 Rit
2e)
OOPS
RARE
« SOME oe
DIEHL, BEETS cee |Ri <TH) eile +t. Sue Tae LV td
Bs BOR CEN FID, ABA»Wat (Bg ik SE BI12 lbPeble,
Py ot BC TEV OR CIES TLyaNET.
Komakai is also used when one explains something very carefully, covering
each minute detail. Kuwashii refers to the richness of information, while
komakai refers to each small, minute detail (ex.9, 10, 11,12). Komakai okane
normally means coins of small denomination, such as ¥100 and ¥50 coins.
To change a large bill into small money is komakaku suru in Japanese.

287
keiken-taiken/WtwritA-kRVitaA

Kuwashii is normally used in a positive sense, while kKomakai sometimes car-

ries a negative connotation, such as ‘more than is necessary’ or ‘being overly
complicated’.

7) POLI TEAM V BA ASB Tl Do

x) ae r. > +>

Kirino yoona komakai amega futteiru.

A misty rain is falling.

8) Mid, POLS
et
ctl peed ESL, MMR
LABA = Ls t
MITET
Chichiwa, shinbunnoyoona komakai jio yomu tokiwa, meganeo kakemasu.
When my father reads very small print, like that in the newspaper, he
wears glasses.

9) Fx HAZE OC Mave Sabet LICLKG.

Kyoowa moo osoinode, komakai uchiawasewa ashitani shiyoo.
It’s already late, so let’s discuss the matter in detail tomorrow.

10) OPEC OVC OHA BBL TS ESV

Ano jikenni tsuite hitotsuhitotsu komakaku_ setsumeishite-kudasai.
Please explain that incident step by step and in detail.

11) BOL Bt. MAY SSS MASS

Kareno hishowa, komakai kotoni yoku kigatsuku.
His secretary always pays attention to details.

12) iti iv Pb5z6DNTCWD,

el =

Karewa okaneni komakaikara kirawareteiru.

People dislike him because he is too fussy about money.

FotA/RUA
a keiken @ taiken

a keiken
FtaA RE @ experience °

RRC
Uozw
Ha
BCE ORAL TC OFTENL TSK CE RIBLET (Pill, ERE De
EHS ABIED LIB, FILE OR A Btalc VCH et, +
Tc,

nlLk CREPE HUSH! . “EDADIDIRBEN SORES

288
 Geta-keWA |keiken-taiken

BET. By WE LALEMDS
LUIGIEEOR BRC ET (BS, (a
6).
Keiken is used when referring to an experience one has actually had oneself
(ex.1,2,3,4). The experience may have occurred only once, many times, or
Over many years. It is usually used in a positive sense, i.e., acquiring knowl-
edge or technique through actual experience. On a casual level it is sometimes
interchangeable with ~o shita koto ga aru (I have done...) (ex.5,6).

1)
BULAED 7AM EOC,
WUT A
aR CSS.
Karewa keikenga ie ste ishinanode, shinraidekiru.
He is a doctor with a great amount of experience so you can trust him.

(Bee104 Feae EI C#F5 Loi HE> exe. RAE HACH EB RSE

BAT Dy
Kanojowa juunenkan Chuugokude kurashita keiken-o ikashite, imawa Ni-
honde Chuugoku-ryoorio oshieteiru.
She is teaching Chinese cooking in Japan now, making use of her experi-
ence of having lived ten years in China.

Rl, DER
DEL WWITA
DDSvy IC, ry
ABR OV 72 ith
dtziz
D VOOR BESTS
Tz
ZS IPRS.
VNC mee rz3 pe

Watashino keikenkara yuuto, kazeo hiitara atatakai monoo tabete hayaku

neruni kagiru.
It’s been my experience that the best thing to do when you have a cold
is to eat something warm and go to bed early.

HOSA
PW?
CL, RHODA
yy WUT A
HOALRERL
(One (ELS
US,
Ano kaishadewa, keirino keikenga aru hitoo boshuushiteiru.
That company is looking for someone who has experience in accounting.

FRDLARR SEA PELT. BEIM OLDS LILRERRISIEN

2 ChHS.
Kodomono koro tomodachito kenkao shite, nakasetari nakasaretarishita kei-
kenwa darenidemo aru.
Everybody has had the experience as a child of getting in a fight with a
friend, and making him cry or being made to cry oneself.

Als|vd, AF VAT TEER HD.~

ete Kanadani itta ae aru.
I have been to Canada.

289
kekkyoku-tonikaku/\to% x ¢-¥ICH<

oe a taik
PeatA CRB] TEVMIA
Experience @
AERA Aa Chr fE\ 72 DATEL BPRS = Cetelay. Ame WeCe
TlAte AERO = bate CVD RAS 0. ASLRLEMBS EV
CCIE BEV a4 (fAI7, 8, 9, 10).
Taiken is used to refer to a particular thing that someone has actually seen,
heard, or done oneself. It usually refers to an out of the ordinary experience,
and therefore cannot be used in ordinary situations (ex.7,8,9, 10).

) RtLHS eePERL ADC

nh tAF5 Trev
ee FAD
LV bids Db
OS ha Pe MT Dd,
Karewa sensoo-o taikenshiteiru-node, hitoichibai heiwano arigatamio shitte-
iru.
He has actually experienced war himself so he knows more than anyone
the blessing of peace.

8) Ov)Foy FpICIA,
jeri}
FR
= cB
SIEDS¥E5
BeFE TeV
Rd Sf OO THA hd.
Kono shoogakkooniwa, kodomotachini noogyoo-o taikensaseru tameno hatake-
ga aru.
This elementary school has a field, which is used to expose the children
to farming.

9) it 3A» BCLs e AER R

Heal CK Nk.
Karewa teste neta Aer taikendan-o hanashitekureta.
He told us about his experience of losing ten kilograms in three months.

10) DIL
A, tte OK fee — FERERLT
GEUOIHVEC CEI Y PWIA
ARV.
Watashiwa Eerie ichido taikenshitemitai.
Just once, I would like to experience weightlessness.

Toei dt/UICH<
a kekkyoku w tonikaku

Foe eer
poeye see
meventually ; in the end Fs
WAVABLEMH oh NE BRIE S, CWILEERLET. Eee HG

290
 Works ¢-UICm< /kekkyoku-tonikaku

MEGADETH (Hill, 2,3, 4,5).

Kekkyoku indicates that, although there were several possibilities, a conclusion
is eventually reached. It is used when speaking of a final decision (ex.1,2, 3,
4,5).

1) WAWVASGAC MMLOBVe—9—-kBVWELK.
DAD Via
x ae bE a

Troiro kangaete, kekkyoku kono aoi seetaao kaimashita.

After a lot of thought, (1) ended up buying this blue sweater.

2) Pb
Tih & Wa7z
LGH oe, fiIRM
ZECW UA
LEC ORM of.
Nandomo pikeee intone kekkyoku ikenwa matomaranakatta.
(We) discussed the matter repeatedly, but in the end we couldn’t reach
an agreement.

3) ABsreDIEe Cee oCd, ihe

a Je) ABT 0sSTEITAUE ATS CETL Cx7ev>.
Erasoona kotoo ittemo, kekkyoku hitono tasukega Monte nanimo deki-
naijanai.
(You) always talk big, but in the end you can’t do anything without
help.

A) USA
Bay Ghat PSRELLGCLAWNe,
BW L350
MIE
WoeES
Pao.
Jibunde tokeio shuurishiyooto shitakeredo, kekkyoku umaku ikanakatta.
(I) tried to fix the clock by myself, but I didn’t do a very good job.

5) FRAAMS
Te RAT
RoR DOES
RelA G2ekCKS
AS JdHERO
BAA BA
HEI 7eor.
Kodomoga daisukidatta kanojowa, kekkyoku yoochienno senseini natta.
She really liked children, so she became a kindergarten teacher.

wtonikaku =j&
a Cm < m anyway cA

Dix A BYAs Aesth CA 7M ITAL, GES SBCENM, CNA

aN a a
CIF SLUGES RV ET C6, 7m‘8).
iy

Tonikokew indicates that, although a final decision has not been reached, one
does what is possible or is required at the moment (ex.6, 7,8).

QbDIEE
RM CRASESEV ET Hild, 10).
It is also used to emphasize a statement (ex.9, 10).

OAOILIEBVELTH. STHE, CVIMOK CHAT (PI, 12), TLV

AS EO BOE.
291
kenage:ijirashii/WtRI OCB LY

Tonikaku may be used when one sets aside or disregards something, even
though it may be good or interesting (ex.11,12). Tomokaku may also be used
with the same meaning.

OMB
) &MSHEICLT LMCAKLBSE R
TLEBS.
Shokujiwa atonishite, tonikaku kono yoojio sumaseteshimaoo.
Anyway, let’s finish this business up and then get something to eat.

Alee
ne CiLbahe LC TOLOEMHVEHADH, KD <P ABILV

Genkansakide tachibanashio shiteitemo shikataga arimasenkara, tonikaku na-

kae ohairikudasai.
We could stand in the doorway and talk all day, so why don’t you come
inside?

BENT WAES, EMA SEK BRIS Waly.

Tsukareteiru tokiwa, tonikaku hayaku neta hooga ii.
At any rate, when you’re tired you should go to bed early.

BAIL, CID BERLE

MEL
TCT 3F

Kanojowa, tonikaku ryooriga joozudesu.

She is an especially good cook.

10) LOED at. EVI BVO CHEHH

Kono miseno shinamonowa, ees yasuinode hyoobanda.
The stuff in that store is well-known to be cheap, if nothing else.

11) Pia Fare Altec a<, anyMPS LWW» Are

Karewa mitamewa eA kokorono yasashii ii hitoda.
Appearances aside, he’s a nice guy at heart.

12) TF—WViEbE DD, CHC OIED Lib.

Puurunara tomokaku, umide oyogunowa sukoshi kowai.
(1) don’t mind swimming in pools, but I’m a little afraid of the sea.

GRIF
Sor LoL
= kenage B ijirashii

292
 GEO Ub LW /kenage:ijirashii

> we kenage 7
tHe w admirable ; brave

IV OOO > A DEK TANATEOON, FA

E SEV WSRDsT— He a
WIOLEFTADY

BALWBLITE, [ROVRLLLDT SEMEL e+ ‘pi, 2,3, 4).

Kenage is used when praising or expressing admiration for someone or some-
thing weak, young, small or pretty that is striving against difficulty (ex.1,2,
3,4).

1) BALE. 8 TRTEDIK, a ROC PTS AaB NEoe Pa le

FET Zaye

Kanojowa mada hassainanoni, ryooshinga hataraite-irunode, kenageni otoo-

tono mendoo-o miteiru.
Even though she is only eight years old, she is bravely looking after her
younger brother while her parents work.

2) PARAL
BI Sf20. J) PEO ADT oe MMMEL LCOS1s
(FIED SECT
Uk nA
Karewa kakeio tasukerutame, shoogakuseino korokara zutto shinbunhaitatsuo
shiteiru kenagena shoonendesu.
He is a terrific boy. He has worked as a paperboy ever since he was an
elementary school student in order to contribute to his family’s finances.

3) HOBRSB eR
EM Ch, LOS HE BannaC. WTF 7. ‘x Wo 5 Ww x

Hino ataranai yaseta ie kono hanawa isshookenmei saite, kenageda.

This flower has bloomed splendidly, in spite of the lack of sunlight and
poor soil.

4) HDEBAS, ORICA EEL. ENE SbF of:

Ano moodookenwa, Phe BONE ite os te stares one
mamotta.
That Seeing Eye dog heroically sacrificed itself in order to protect its mas-
ter from the accident.

mstouching ; pathetic ; lovable

KH Ho aeIVD. eet vofay 72 a>& LORE mMACV Sia Ds

Bin 9) ED Paley rats

fii 26 CDM BLE LEY Par (Pil, 6, De

pi2'5)
keredomo- ~noni- ~temo/tnes:-~DIC-~TS

Ijirashii is used when the speaker feels pity for or is deeply touched by some-
one young or weak that is trying his or her best to overcome difficulty (ex.5,
Goi):

5) 163 ROBB DACLT. WEOVE bTIOT IA IALTWSF EDAD

3% Hi BYX LAI Ht DAULEF oh tA?

BLY

Byookino hahaoyao shinpaishite, asobinimo ikazuni kanbyooshiteiru kodo-

mono sugataga ijirashii.
It is moving to see the children so worried about their ailing mother
that they stay home to care for her instead of going out to play.

6) ENTIAL DUO LRA LAMIEMSAD CLS EMAIEF SLIT

ld, UTHVIUBLYY,
Umareta bakarino koumaga, yoromekinagara jibunde tachiagarooto suru yo-
osuwa, totemo ijirashii.
It was heartwarming to see the newborn pony tottering about, struggling
to stand on its own.

7) aR COD EV RUC Ala

GTTEOIZ, WO< SOE Fi WUb6
L2>7z.

Shikenni ochite tsurai omoio shiteiru hazunanoni, akaruku furumau musu-

mega ijirashikatta.
It was pitiful to see my daughter behaving so cheerfully when she
should have been depressed over failing the exam.

Gneds/-Die/~TS
a keredomo B ~noni a ~temo

: wskeredomo
THe 3) a but ; however £

OPOMRKHS 2ZODLEMDE, DEW CRASESEWST BIL,2,3,

4, D5 Die

Keredomo is used when connecting two opposing or contrasting statements

(ex.1,2,3,4;,5,.6).

294
 tHhedD-~DIC-~Td /keredomo- ~noni+~temo

OhhBez Jey)
Yate RBIS LUT SESE Nie: eS LORD VIC ©)
Wt, “WOLER SVL EDT HBS « JBI AS BIE SREO LE
AOvLey (Pil7, 8).
It is also used when making prefatory remarks or when developing a story.
When keredomo appears at the end of a sentence, one of its usages is to sof-
ten, rather than make clearer the speaker’s remarks, and it expresses the speak-
er’s inclination to be modest (ex.7, 8).

1) IRESR’). wuld. TPLUIINESBDSLAYV.

nx LLEG

Rekishi-shoosetsuwa, muzukashii-keredomo omoshiroi.

Historical novels are difficult but interesting.

TY AasBl dam teSIT I1E Batwo7E\».

Furansugowa ena i an tts yomenai.
(I) can speak French, but can’t read it.

8. BAD oAINLVEBE
or.
Asa, netsuga attakeredomo gakkooe itta.
Although (I) had a fever in the morning, I went to school.

RIL BASE tne bIR(2H FS EV.

Aniwa sega takaikeredomo Aoelve sega hikui.
My older brother is tall, but I am short.

E—WVOVVUFME DTT YORALY Yo

Biirumo tikeredomo wainmo nomitai.
Beer is OK, but (I) want to have some wine, too.

Eva KOS BEST FE DHSS BV» es

biz We

Watashiwa inuga sukida. Keredomo nekowa kiraida.

I like dogs. However, I don’t like cats.

BLOL--- PTH ITNE %, ALYSSA SsoLeWEtT HD,

Mocuiueien Hevacreeee ae Midorisan irasshaimasuka?
Hello. This is Mr.Hayashi. Is Midori there?

be UBEBRL LIV IEMDSA

THING Ho,
Chotto ohanashishitai kotoga arundesukeredomo...
There’s something (I’d) like to talk with you about.

295
keredomo+ ~noni- ~temo/ithYB-~DIC-~TH

gw ~noni
~Y% $
\c a ~although ; but ”

~ONZ
|TCOTEWFE, FIDZ EME BOI EMBL, FBP
SA a
DEAITFRUMNSEAMEVES,
2 ey
APOCIERE
+ EA URA
- BEA
NEX7EL vate
TEL TEO bers VR tae
DACED

ALT (Pi9, 10,11, 12,13). | BUPEOW ROI, FIRMILI 1OLITE

BR ZORICIE
WwW LOUSIE orb
EA.
When ~noni is used to connect two statements, the speaker is saying that
there is an apparent inconsistency or contradiction between the statements.
The speaker’s strong feelings of dissatisfaction, criticism, surprise, etc., may be
implied (ex.9,10,11,12,13). It is incorrect to use noni in sentences such as
kaze o hiita noni gakkoo e ikoo (even though I’ve got a cold, I think I’ll go
to school) because noni is not used when expressing one’s own will.

9) LORFIER CHF 5 ETO IER D972 0

Juujini ekide machiawasetanoni karewa konakatta.
Although (we) promised to meet at the station at ten, he didn’t come.

10) — AE ead SRL OVA ST LES.

WIOLIFHADWAAZES L tA 5B

Isshookenmei benkyooshitanoni shikenni ochiteshimatta.

Although (I) studied as hard as I could, I failed the exam.

ll) RisBv
DIZ kK AMX.
war DP *

Karewa wakainoni yoku kigatsuku.

In spite of the fact that he is young, he is very attentive.

12) HMICIERE LIVER CLES FSSILA T pe 8

Arehodo chuuio shitanoni mata onaji machigaio surunante...
Even though (I) warned him so many times; that (he) would make the
same mistake again (is unbelievable).

13) Rohit pvoOngateoicd52bnTCLick.

Katta bakarino tokeinanoni moo kowareteshimatta.
Although it’s a brand new clock, it’s already broken.

& ~femo
aC 3) meven (though / if) ; but

OVC
rls Sel Ven (eVea. HRD AB? ARISES oI EM bRH

296
 WHYDd-~DIe-~T B /keredomo- ~noni- ~temo

WFC, ZOLUMBUHAKSHLS
TEV + HDT EWAZEMBBSROTENY
CRS
BESET CPl4, 15s 1Gal7)s
This expression is used when discussing matters in a hypothetical form, as in
saying ‘if~ is the case’, or, when raising matters that have actually occurred,
this term expresses the idea that these matters are inappropriate or do not
properly fit together (ex.14, 15, 16, 17).

OO~ TRUCE OU CHET ERD SLSHUET (HIB, 19).

It is also used in the form ~ temo iidesu ka to ask for permission (ex.18, 19).

14) TERE
MDA TI RoRODY, VS OBA TOD DHE.
POUE BS DAM

Naze kanojoga annani okottanoka, ikura kangaetemo wakaranai.

No matter how hard (1) try, I don’t understand why she got so angry.

15) FAREED
STOE
Daiyamondowa chiisakutemo takai.
Diamonds are expensive, regardless of how small they may be.

16) “OMB,
ES
1A GHESTSH
ven 2k
2 ACHES
BED k
TOR SISK.
DESEA BH
Kono heyawa, hitoride tomattemo futaride tomattemo ryookinwa onajida.
The room charge is the same, whether only one person stays or two peo-
ple stay.

17) BLZLA TELE PE TREBALI

ET.
Karewa donna shigotoo yarasetemo kichinto konasu.
No matter what kind of job he is assigned, he does it well.

18) Bo TV Vv PEGE 7iNe

Moo kaettemo tidesuka?

May (I) leave now?

19) A: ZO CHISEL ERs TU TCH Me

UA, FRIIBE CIE TiS OEMs CLV EtAc

Kokode tabakoo suttemo tidesuka? May (I) smoke here?
ies)
lea,
2 Tie, eigakandewa, tabakoo suttewa ikemasen.
No, (you) mustn’t smoke in a movie theater.

297
koeru-kosu-sugiru) OoRZ-CF-FRS

By OL PAS BY AeRies
a koeru a kosu B sugiru

~ ba Ais hs . w koeru 5
CA AS + LAS! mto go over ; to exceed ©

DENILOR BIS , HbBSeLHS— NCES CA, B35 45 0,05 Ce

Soot ohn
lavas CMA JbE

To go over or beyond a certain quantity, ri level, etc. (ex.1,2,3,4; 5,6, 7).

ETT AA HOM BCCESLDODOLEHIT. AC 3fi « FEN AT < ee

Rms DIED fe,

HERA DEVS, BRC. i % gyre LI RUT

ot ZETA
KEE
BOER
(fAl8,9, 10). “Wi aeSOURIEL HEIRS 2- ‘Hl OAS pales Go

TBS BAT.
Mis AD a ke @rt BA cleat.
Bi DBE ,
To go, pass, or reach across or beyond an obstacle in the path of progres-
sion. It is also used in an abstract sense meaning to come to the end of a se-
rious or difficult period or condition (ex.8,9,10). It includes a strong sense
of overcoming an obstacle or difficulty, or of exceeding a limit or boundary.
In many instances definition 4) is written #8274, and @) is written #kZA.

1) BASIE BALE, CO RERA TKS

Netsuga sanjuukudoo koetara, kono kusurio nonde kudasai.
Take this medicine if (your) fever goes over 39°C.

2) RatsaS
m bts LAW
AoPReAs
5 AA Eb
<r
=
CLEOSELE.
Kakeiwa kongetsumo yosan-o ookiku koete-shimaimashita.
(Our) household expenses have far exceeded our budget this month, too.

3) LOMaH CIOAASEL
DD AF z
ChE PRANLE HBA
= WAV <g
TL EDK.
Kono amede kawano mizuga mashite kikensuiio koeteshimatta.
On account of all this rain, the river has swollen and risen above the
danger level.

4) FEA OUT EILAL 3

EOM REIL OMI BAT \B,
Sieaind pa riie ialepbaceeciias soozoo-o harukani koeteiru.
The modernization of society has far and away exceeded our imagination.

5)#5FHDA | A'S105 ARAL.

PIECE IL*Y

298
 CKO-CF-FXS/koeru-kosu-sugiru

Kyoono nyuujooshawa juumannin-o koeta.

Today’s attendance exceeded 100,000.

6) Dizi
Ave HE PR He 1lOFO OAC es7z,
BES CATE

Watashiwa noielspandeeto jukkiromo koeteshimatta.

I'm more than 10 kilograms over my normal weight.

7) LOHULKG ROOF ORMBASL, WHATS.

Kono er jisoku hyakkiroo koeruto, keihooga naru.
This car will sound an alarm if you go over 100 kph.

8) RO
mn UESE
KiLED CHIR EBA SLI.
Kareno byoojoowa dooyara toogeo koetarashii.
He seems to have passed the point of crisis in his illness.

9) Heep CH MAMA
SILI THT.
Ryokennashide kokkyoo-o koeru kotowa dekinai.
(You) can’t cross the border without a passport.

10) BE) Salty aS DOOU? EBA CHEFS

Wataridoriwa ikutsumono umiya yamao koete tabio suru.
Migratory birds travel across many oceans and mountains.

a kosu 5
ia 5 ES ‘ wey | mato be more than ; to pass ©

ONL EOE BVH O. dbOFREE

XUMA
x 3hLI] SCECH CP, 12,13, 14).
To exceed, or go over or beyond a certain quantity, degree, level, etc. (ex.11,
12, 13, 14).

(2) ReeHA EBBSSLETT (Pils, 16).

To pass free a beyond a certain period of time (ex.15, 16).

OECHM ERAS - BSLVIES CAILT) Pl DRIMTS + BO THT

CEO Sanaa pins).
It is used also to mean ‘to change one’s residence’ (ex.17), as well as ‘to go
to the other side’ or ‘to pass through’ (ex.18).

11) HAD ADIL, poke 1 fe 2 TAAEELK.

(IEA CA

Nihonno jinkoowa, zutto maeni ichioku-nisenmannin-o koshita.

The population of Japan went above 120,000,000 quite some time ago.

299
koeru-kosu-sugiru) oR B:CF-FRS

12) Pers AGRE TAI 200 ABT AIPA TE

Karewa kekkonshikini nihyakunin-o kosu hitoo yonda.
He invited over 200 people to his wedding.

13) PROBE.
LAX< PVILD
LEORHIC
PR BINTLEck.
DvP == se

Shin-yakuno kaihatsude, yosono kaishani sakio kosarete-shimatta.

(Our) company was about to develop a new drug when another compa-
ny beat us to it.

1) FOFLBMOEVC, 1 FHI508 VERT

AS AED EL 72.
Kinoowa taifuuno seide, ichijikanni gojuumirio kosu ooamega furimashita.
During yesterday’s typhoon, rain was falling
at a rate of more than SO ml per hour.

15) JEBIOYEI
< $e fe
SRO
Oo Htr Tey
CA RILT
Kitagunino kumawa suanano nakade fuyuo kosu.
Bears in the north pass the winter inside their dens.

16) 9 ft CDEP SOLIS Iie iL CHL elas TERA).

Kugatsuni naruto atsusamo yooyaku toogeo Pride suzushii kazega fuite-
kuru.
Once September comes, we pass the peak of the hot season, and cool
winds start to blow.

17) Hf LWA LR OC EHO CCHS.

Hr5 WA = Wb © HE *

Atarashii ieni koshitanode ichido asobini kite kudasai.

(We’ve) moved to our new house, so please come to visit sometime.

18) ADEV SOBEL IT PotHRLTU RE RO To

Tole ikutsumo koshiteitte, yatto sagashiteita ieo mitsuketa.
After passing through many streets (I) finally found the house that I
was seeking.

Ya x B Sugiru 5
\of Cc ‘) Lit S S|] mto go beyond ; to pass |

DEA CHOON, HAABAPCMA

CEM o TET LED PIEELE
ca CPll19).
To proceed beyond a certain place or point without stopping (ex.19).

2a7a8 BfBIANTC > TLY< Sea FopOREe

MA
LIES : ~DLER 5 LWA
JhtD

300
 CDEA-bHT4-X% A /konogoro-chikagoro-saikin

ER CEES (Pil20, 21, 22, 23). PDE, Pyofevoteyy « ROUND

WN bey sh Ws Vy >

V7 BV ERY EVD ERIC ODE ET.

Sugiru is also used when speaking of the passage of time, or when saying
that something is above / beyond some standard or criterion (ex.20, 21, 22, 23).
It is also used; as in Example 24, with the meaning ‘too good (for)’ or ‘good
to the point of being an ill-match’.

19) ‘BBY
TORN
(LPEPARE
PO A
IS 71
Denshawa Apes sugita.
The train has passed Nakano station.

20) Fh
bE
SMOOTH,
xB OS
LOA
ah
ES 7.
Watashitachiga kono machini iene juunenga sugita.
Ten years have passed since we came to this town.

21) ERIS SOC. ARBAITS EP 5 TK Bo fee)

ae sugiruto, honkakutekina natsuga yattekuru.

Once the rainy season is over, the real summer sets in.

22) RFA IS 7 OIC, EK HR SHES CoE

Kujio sugitanoni, mada imootowa okitekonai.
Though it’s past nine, my (younger) sister hasn’t gotten up yet.

23) BL — TITIES CD.

1 V. ee

Karewa hatachio sugiteiru.

He is over 20 years old.

24) POCE
PATAHrEL ESET.
cE DF

Kanojowa watashiniwa sugita tsumadesu.

She’s too good a wife for me.

CDEA/bOPTA/ SOBA
a konogoro 8 chikagoro 8 saikin

> = konogoro
ae D mwnowadays ; these days ri

REL SL. UMD SOMMEBLET. SUR CSIR RE MRNSE CESKY D

301
konogoro-chikagoro-saikin|/ ©DZA-bHTCA: SRA

CPL, 2,3,4).
BEEF
Konogoro refers to the period of time beginning shortly before and continuing
up to and including the present. It is commonly used when speaking of a cur-
rently continuing condition (ex.1,
2,3,4).

REDS oe CD ORIN cose

Konogoro, doomo ec ernst
(1) find myself feeling easily fatigued these days.

2) GOO KEL TEx STE.

Konogoro, kanojowa genkiga nai.
She has seemed depressed lately.

3) GOED Bros Itt) iD TEV.

Konogoro, karekara sappari rere: nai.
(1) haven’t heard a word from him for a while.

4) BRDU, LOCA RRS thors.

Taifuuno seika, konogoro yasaiga takaku natta.
(1) don’t know if it’s because of the typhoon, but the price of vegetables
has gone up recently.

: 5 BS 8 chikagoro
HPC a) Pin A | mrecently ; these days I

D UBD SHEE TOMMEIL ET. BROMMBE HBL. BENZ

F-

BBOWOSEV DRL DSDYES (fills, 6, 7,8). the SMA HB Cte

NO CISTIEIT SAE AS DISODBVET «
Chikagoro refers to the period of time beginning a short time before and con-
tinuing to the present. There is a feeling that the speaker is comparing the
present with the past (ex.5,6,7,8). Chikagoro implies a broader period of time
than do konogoro and saikin.

5) Peltat aa Fiza VO
pee en shiragaga fueta.
His hair has been graying recently.

6) BISBBMSKMKSAHokOWK, PTOAIAt
HE0
ie< thor,
CHL tALD SD A

Mukashiwa sentooga takusan attanoni, chikagorowa amari mikakenakunatta.

302
 CDEA-bHT4- XX A /konogoro-chikagoro:saikin

Although there used to be a lot of public baths around, nowadays they

are hard to find.

7) "WOADBV
bm DP
Bis
BD
4k MSW
naw ¥ L
LVIOA, BUONO
<5
TCH.
‘Chikagorono wakai monowa reigio shiranai’ to yuunoga, ojino kuchiguse-
desu.
My uncle has a habit of saying “Young people these days have no man-
ners’.

8) WIS a—S—7 Cl Tho CWS 8 a—-VAW AS, FIC ACH LE

N14.
Chikagoro Nyuuyookude wadaini natteiru myuujikaruga, akini Nihondemo
jooensareru.
The musical that has been a hit in New York recently will be coming to
Japan in the fail.

xa & A Ceilt] @ saikin Py

# recently

ODDaten LAID
Sok:
SHEEETO
FAS
OK AU AIO
ACD =x DA
Lee ELET
x
CPIY,
ny
10, 11,12).
Saikin refers to the very brief period of time beginning a short time before
and continuing to the present (ex.9, 10,11, 12).

@isoFOLKAIC DISS DARVITINE, AO, Oo Rate CPEU 5S

(P13, 14, 15). rZOLB « ineTA AN ne iLO— “BEVEL DADE Ais
HVIVETA.
It may be used when speaking of a certain point of time in the past, without
mentioning its specific date (ex.13, 14,15). Konogoro and chikagoro may not be
used to refer to a specific point of time in the past.

9) HUI. CALALIALLID.
Anatawa saikin, donna hon-o yomimashitaka?
What kind of books have you read recently?

10) HAE ALA EORC. PORE RICA OMILP OTS.

Saikin watashitachino aidade, Kabuki,o mini ikunoga hayatteiru.
Recently, we have gotten into seeing Kabuki.
« Kabuki is one of Japan’s classical performing arts.
Kabuki plays, in which all roles are performed by men, feature exaggerat-
ed movements and extravagant make-up and costumes, which create a

303
komu-konzatsu suru) ts-CAXOTFA

very unique atmosphere.

) FEB
CP IVINT bELEOC pT LOH Yppekdlctgok.
va72 Avale t

Hanayade arubaitoo shitanode, saikin hanano namaega wakaruyooni natta.

Recently, (I’ve) gotten to know the names of flowers because I’ve been
working part-time at a flower shop.

12) HOSE RA BIS IAT ORNL, Ball teAytm7ss iho ClL£ok.

Maewa yoku ongakuo kikini ittakeredo, saikinwa zenzen ikanaku_ natteshi-
matta.
(1) used to go to concerts a lot, but nowadays I never go.

13) PRASRGRS
yar wo
L712 ee TAY ELI
Karega kekkonshita kotoo saikin shirimashita.
(1) recently heard that he’s gotten married.

Md) Healt, LOR AE CRE SHE AS 12 C972.

D7

Saikin, kono hoosekitende toonanjikenga attasooda.

I heard that there was a robbery at this jewelry store a short time ago.

15) Fhit. OB BE {I> CAHIL

DY CH
Watashiwa, tsui ene Honkonni ittekita bakaridesu.
I went to Hong Kong just the other day.

Ch (/CAXSIODTFS
a komu ukonzatsu suru

. a komu =z
ev [At] m=to be crowded ; to be congested

[EY BEDS A OMAN, AMICHIEUIEL FICS

TECH BL, 2,3,4,5,6). GE GHEE) AAD OLIN CHBLS
CBRE.
Komu is used when public places such as stores, buildings or trains are pack-
ed with people. There is a sense that there are so many people that it’s hard
to move around (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6). The subject of komu may be inanimate, as
in the sentence michi (dooro) ga komu (the road is congested with cars).

304
 Ct CAXOF4S/komu-konzatsu suru

1) Seaipuromeiaigte.
Yasumiakeno ginkoowa komu.
By
mp PVE cle.
Banks get crowded after holidays. («) | een
uy
2) BOB HU2, IELALIAERV, Lior
Hirumano denshawa, ;
hotondo komanai. O
\ MOVIL)
sete I si <1 4
Trains rarely get crowded during the daytime. ie Noa Xie ie

3) PRIBIREEAA TOT, BNI ot:. |

Eigakanwa kondeite, suwarenakatta.
The movie theater was so crowded that (I) couldn’t sit down.

4) FIO SIS
FIO 8 Hit ETOILA TU Bo
Asano Seen nns denshawa, totemo kondeiru.
The morning commuter trains are very crowded.

5) AALA
AARKORE
¥ SRG
AS, VWOOHAGAA
<bE =
TIS.
Roppongino koosatenwa, itsumo kurumaga kondeiru.
The Roppongi intersection is always congested with automobiles.

6) HOEBitdiey by DSBBEIT.
Ano ae komukara, ie michio ikoo.
That street gets congested, so let’s take a different one.

5 » ekonzatsu suru |
CA OTS eae S| mwto be crowded ; to be congested

BR DYMIA. ARC BNI EU ISETAS

SA AMR EOC ELIT ERLE
: aa Plies £0, BRE UTUtEL) + EBL DBR DC
PEWTER
CH, Olde CRI
EDR
CHI BET. Gil iay | es ies 7H»
Konzatsu suru is used to indicate that there are so many people gathered at a
public place that it is impossible to move around freely (ex.7,8,9, 10,11). It is
similar in meaning to komu, but the situation is considered to be worse, i.e.,
disordered or out of control. Like komu, konzatsu suru may be used when
speaking of cars.

7) PROGAL UTES Sh. FFG DEIILDEV

Eki no kaisatsu-guchiwa konzatsu-surukara, machiawaseniwa mukanai.
The station wicket area will be crowded, so it’s not an ideal place to
meet with someone.

305
YOTRNETH?
8) MELO.
Keag CaaS
i7e
OIE
Konzatsushita denshano nakade, oogoede hanasunowa meiwakuda.
Talking in a loud voice on a crowded train is an annoyance to others.

9) +4BAT
ie
RATE
e
MOC, PIF
Cas
CIMT.
PAS x

Kiride hikookiga tobanakattanode, kuukoowa .

jookyakude konzatsushita. Ite {
All flights were cancelled due to fog, so the Scant Bn as
airport was crowded with passengers. Ree) Se UR
Pea ft < oy [Pd

10) FADES
nah
HOIE OIEMED HC
:

> D
.

ZAYD fay
oh wales ol
£

peng
{ I

yg ob
pow

C
49

FEIACNTKER oN.
=~ © Si
>
‘
et

ORONO)
” : A

/ “2 Pee ha
Depaatono omochauribano konzatsuno nakade, Wess ay eas -
kodomoto hagurete taihendatta. a :
It was terrible; (1) was separated from my
child in the middle of a crowd in the toy section of the department
store.

11) K OE HILKADBWWEIBOTC, AT AHILET DERE TEINS.

5BYVLS NADA TA

Raishuuno renkyuuwa tenkiga iisoonanode, koorakuchiwa dokomo konza-

tsuga yosoosareru.
The weather looks like it will be good during the consecutive holidays
next week, so it is predicted that all the resort areas will be congested.

COCHENE TD ¢

UEC VISBRIIREIC RE Le. FOF AA

BOT TADHE CU —M, CH LI, PRB
ATH ORNS HAD) CHoROTT.
BRIE Oia Dx YASTEA TE AMD GEICO Rae: aeACOse steal
Ia GTS CEO). CTE Y DEW AMAT DSR & FI LE lagen
MA? PU SID CH SS Lie TSE Et iy ra
YF RIGO CERARS FLIED BV 5 Lz BNE Wiener G
ke BE

306
 CbKAS-BEAT4S/koraeru-gaman suru

ie esacchabata plage ReIB & Fu72 eC Ree LE v.

no? BE S7s0'% Vo hOCT A, E vik “i % Furs os
eC Me, SAIL Whe Siewfale: ON
OO TI eC wlio = % CRG £ Ven BRE
ZACH oMPRAEPAD CEA EVOEYY Ff oF
Eto CRED okTL £5.
Where shall we eat?
Li and Bill went to a movie today because yesterday, after Japanese
class, Li asked Bill, “Ashita, eiga o mite nani ka tabemasen ka'?”
After the movie had started, Bill suddenly handed a bag to Li just
as she was getting into the story. “What’s this?” she whispered. “I
brought along some sandwiches to eat while we’re watching the
movie,” he replied. What Li had meant to say yesterday was, “Let’s
eat after the movie,” but Bill interpreted her to mean, “While we’re
watching the movie...”
If Li had originally indicated clearly that she wanted to eat after the
movie by saying, “Eiga o mite kara nani ka tabemasen ka’?” Bill might
not have brought sandwiches to the movie.

1 Would you like to go to the movies and have something to eat?

2 Shall we get something to eat after watching a movie?

CHAZ BEATS
a koraeru ggaman suru

s gs koraeru
S bx wto endure ha

oe RR KV TREO HEBSAK 0, RIV AE CORR MAC. a

72AtKE D5
(cH AR CE Cin 2,Ee Rape harHO 'EY.Jae BIH BS a
Hod.
Bev sake Bast. TAFATASA Yror LOO ey SRA “ERS

#72. ZEAE DM AIt TREATS 4 CaVMRASNET

307
koraeru-gaman suru) cCbXS:BEATFS

To resist showing expressions of emotion, such as anger, tears, or laughter,

or to endure feelings of cold, pain, etc. (ex.1,2,3,4,5). It is implied that one
does not bend to pressure being applied externally. Although koraeru suggests
endurance of a more momentary condition than does gaman suru, they are
interchangeable in most cases.

1) arit $4 CE LTHH CSF, CotiiAk IDA TR.

al 1.) HW? W7E

Karewa teateo shitemoratteiru aida, jitto itamio koraeta.

He quietly endured the pain while the doctor treated him (his injuries).

2) ESS Rea ayes fbf Old WARS eo Br OV.

ULVEA SE

Hiitaaga kowaretanode, eer hitoban samusao koraeteita.

We had to endure the cold night because our heater broke.

3) Db Bla, <PLER ISAS GIA Cieh Liz.

LIEGDA

Shoonenwa, kuyashisao nate eee nakidashita.

The boy was unable to control his frustration and burst out crying.

4) PUSRURIOAT. Mie came Lh.

pirat wr Ae Vy V7

Karewa ikario koraete, reiseini hanashio shita.

He kept his anger in check, and talked in a calm, collected manner.

Ss} BEDE raySDESIEDOROC, BSOHL DADO ET ee

Kanojono happyooga tsumaranakatta-node, akubio pe boop ies kurooshita.
Her presentation was so boring that (I) had a hard time not yawning.

> Bgaman suru

BEATS ato withstand ; to make do ha

DV PPLE VAM A TAY 2 Fe es >SWI AEER, Soe ak PEK KEL >

LBIATEOH BOLE CBE SH ae (fA 6, 7,8,9).
To maintain one’s present state of mind or condition by enduring unpleasant-
ness, suppressing emotion, or resisting temptation or desire (ex.6,7,8,9).

@'~CMEATS sts I~ CRA EG 6 P~CHRDOIT SJ eV DER

CH CHiLO, 11).
~de gaman suru means ‘to make do with something’ or ‘to substitute some-
thing for something else, (ex.10, 11).

) ECHR METI A, LI CMEALT HRV.

308
 ~C4-~C bW(¢ 6) /~goro-~gurai (kurai)

Semakute kitanai heyadesuga, kokode gamanshite-kudasai.

(1) know it’s a small and dirty room, but please make do with it.

7) BE ASIF Disb. DBEALTEV \CHRE RRA TED AV ava Gale

Atamaga itainonara, gamanshinaide kusurio nonda hooga iidesuyo.
If (you) have a headache, you should take some medicine instead of
trying to endure it.

8) Rh it. KD BRAIN Oe MBEALT, I WVE CEERI Te

Watashiwa, mizuga nomitainoo gamanshite, goorumade hashiritsuzuketa.
Although I was dying for a drink of water, I kept running all the way
to the finish line.

9) A ene, AX CUS) Cee

Sutoobuga naito, samukute gamandekimasen.
(1) won’t be able to put up with the cold if I don’t have a heater.

10) INIA LD oI NE, iPolzOC, EYTZOD CREA Zo

Akai baraga hoshikattakeredo, nakattanode, pinkunode gamanshita.
(I) wanted red roses, but there weren’t any so I had to make do with
pink.

I) FA-E-MEW OTC, MATHEALTC RIV.

Ima koohiiga nainode, koochade gamanshite kudasai.
(1) don’t have any coffee, so would you mind a cup of tea instead?

ES IE SAD) GAB KES

= ~goro a ~gurai (kurat)

8 ~goro
ERLE s around~ Fu

TEV PV ORGAN P RFRA AT CAE ET CPi, 2,3,4). 0 2 IGT4 ke

DEAT. WFEPCHIIBV ILE SEA
~goro is used when referring to an approximate point in time (ex.1, 2,3,4).
It is not used when speaking of a period of time, therefore saying ni-jikan
goro would be incorrect.

309
~goro+~gurai (kurai)/~T4-~CbW(¢ bw)

1) 9A 10RRETA, HOE Sd 7 0
U WA A

Yuube juujihangoro, jishinga atta.

There was an earthquake around 10:30 last night.

2) AP WOCAKZoMLTTDO».
Bi KAOPETT.
A: Itsugoro ohikkoshidesuka? About when will (you) move?
B : Raigetsuno yoteidesu. (I’m) planning to move next month.

3) LotRO A, KIA FEHISANZ o

Juugoseikino nakagoro, kayakuga hatsumeisareta.
Gunpowder was invented around the middle of the 15th century.

4) HTABCAICH RRBRICAIS PETCT o

UA Ca oe 2 J cee

Asu_ hirugoroni Tookyoo-ekini tsuku yoteidesu.

(I’m) planning to arrive at Tokyo Station around noon tomorrow.

= PEE? bY) 8 ~gurai (kasrat) ie

gsaround~ ; about

DIEWULW OR BRE» BBLAT ESE ET Cl, 6, 7,8).

2 ASEFZI BIL OWN CHE Eta ier BV» (bY ya td, as
CBS.
~gurai (kurai) is used when making an approximation of something such as
an amount, degree, or standard (ex.5,6,7,8). When speaking of time, ~goro
is used only when referring to specific points in time, but ~gurai (kurai)
may be used with both points and periods of time.

OE ~thi lig Lb, uy FLEBMNSEMEY soon CAS, 11(0), Jub)),.

~gurai thie may also be used when saying that something is equivalent or
similar to something else (ex.9, 10,11).

ORI
ENT
ORE - RAR- at
-XUEWA WAP
GBH ach
XEFSRA
de cas Ae £F CMl2, 13).
It may also express the lowest oie or limit past pia (exsl2a13)-

5) PANIL. A RFRICHV
LA BETU EV.
Yuubewa, yojikanguraishika neteinai.
(I) only slept about four hours last night.

6) 31k EROS, SRB Ar.

310
 CASK: CHAS /korobu- korogaru

Kesawa nijiguraini, ichido mega sameta.

(1) woke up briefly at about two o’clock this morning.

7) YEKOant, 1 COV CHET.

nat shinawa, isshuukanguraide todokimasu.
The products ordered will be delivered in about a week.

8) BOF Fld 180K F-¢bVYCT,

Kareno shinchoowa hyaku-hachijussenchi-guraidesu.
He is about 180 centimeters tall.

9) ZOKI4, RET SEF ECV DKS ag fae

WBF

Kono inuwa, Ya Stn ookisani naru.

When this dog is fully grown, it will be about the size of a calf.

10) Ba iiddH Tere SWOAOMMAVET,

DIZL tL Grn

Watashinimo anatakuraino toshino musumega imasu.

I have a daughter about your age as well.

ll) bel
BA Vapk eo. Wel Ds. IRD MHOC bid
poOek x
LP ok.
Watashiwa en em ieee namidaga derukurai ureshikatta.
Her concern made me so happy I wanted to cry.

12) WC BILLS
Ch, Ba COV AIT HNS TLE I.
Tkura isogashikutemo, denwagurai kakerarerudeshoo?
No matter how busy you are, couldn’t you at least phone?

13) KAD H CB, RCOAUY IBjeNNe

Yasumino higurai, iede nonbirishitai.
(I'd) like to take it easy at home, at least on my days off.

CHS/ CABS
gs korobu = korogaru

S e wekorobu 5
CAS His | ato fall down ; to tumble over c

BVIPNEoPOLT BLA, DEF + TNBUL, NIVARSTLTAMN

HD a 245

ZLETH (PHIL,2,3,4). HIS. GEN HTT. PALIVEAWA

311
korobu- korogaru) <AS8:CABS

To stumble, slip, or lose one’s balance while walking or running (exule2n3,

4).
Examples 5 and 6 are idiomatic expressions.

1) HAbgoRISDVOF
HA
HL, K< Hed.
Pall fae 54

Arukihajimeta-bakarino kodomowa, yoku korobu.

A child who has just started to walk often falls.

2) A¥—CHEAT , BORE -
coy
ae
a4 dy Pel b

Sukiide koronde, ashino honeo otta.

(1) fell down while skiing and broke a leg.

3) i) eV \D»b, HalLBW E DIC AE NTT.

me waruikara, korobanaiyooni kiotsukete.

The road is bad; be careful not to fall.

4) BOFILPAWVOW, BA TOMDTEDOK.
Ano kowa chiisainoni, korondemo nakanakatta.
Although that child is very young, she did not cry when she fell.

5) Lo biter Cops e7ins

Dotchini korondemo sonwa shinai.
Either way, (1) can’t lose.

6) Pela, BA TORKTC ClSHESTEV.

Karewa, ie ian arte okinai.
Even when he suffers failure, he turns it into success.

CARS e's) OTs" SB

DbOns, ACPO
PFoAwWdDA
Fi BS L 7 0X 5 if
OLE CH CB? 8).
To roll on an even surface or down a slope (ex.7, 8).

©) TEap> Clo Bs CV DIET DOD Od (RIE TF HO* SlTIC UNC b

THBSLVGLABVET (G9, 10).
Korogatte iru describes a situation in which something is scattered about or
easily found all over (ex.9, 10).

7) Satsa — vas EEDSD.

ene booruga korogaru.

32
 SOCET-S< ET/saigomade-akumade

A ball is rolling down the slope.

8) ZEST
b DA
ASCO
Det S
DAV CRED
ER
5 TV XK
Akikanga kazeni fukarete korogatteiku.
An empty can is rolling about in the wind.

9) SADBEBILD
HDs Si. CLOMUC HAA. COL.
Kimino heyawa chirakatteirune. Sokorajuuni monoga korogatteiruyo.
Your room is so messy. Things are scattered everywhere.

10) FeVAIEA TEKH oT Od, DpPrbigv».

Chansunante dokoni korogatteiruka, wakaranai.
Opportunities are everywhere; (you) just don’t notice them.

NN
SRE Ct dokad CO
B saigomade = akumade

< . oy .j & saigomade

SVS SET ite & TC] muntil the end [Me

MV CW? EAR ICTSBESEC BOSS) EKCT FFT] OBR Are ° Bie

WFADWTA DZD

Fac DS poet (Bill, 2,3,4,5).

Ui)3 TA

ne indicates that an action continues until its conclusion. Emphasis is

placed on a time limit or point of conclusion (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).

1) Ait FADRAW)
Roe
gb BARE CatA CUTE.
Watashiwa, er ote saigomade yonde indi.
I’ve never read Genji-Monogatari to its conclusion.
« A famous novel written by Murasaki Shikibu in the mid-Heian peri-
od (early 11th century).

MEA R77 OASIS, FRE

SAS
CHADD
to >
5D 372
XD F

Kinoono bokushinguno shiaiwa, saigomade kekkaga wakaranakatta.

All the way through yesterday’s boxing match (1) couldn’t tell who
would win.

EFS ZITAL PA, ODS COBRECPSRIMERS

IN.
Ichido hikiuketa shigotowa, tsurakutemo saigomade yaranakereba-narandi.

313
saigomade-akumade/ SWC ET H< ET

Once you start a project you must see it through to the end, no matter
how difficult it becomes.

4) aes WEA ARE CH BI TV 72

Karewa, kinoo saigomade kyooshitsuni nokotteita.
He stayed in the classroom to the very end yesterday.

uo EIS VODA ah HepE CHD PACS HA

BOE SLE AD 0

Kanojowa, itsumo hitono hanashio saigomade Eaee py jibunno iken-o

yuu.
She always throws in her own opinions, without letting people finish
what they have to say.

- makumade i
H < =aMe ato the last is

DADAOBRVEAL,
USA WitéA
Bax bis iD CORRAIE WY TRB itelT BLOF
eS ansit (fl6,7,8). |PEE CLM DONE METE 2
LER, ue)
CNEL CRATE RUE RLEKLET
Akumade is used when one expresses that he will maintain his opinion or
way of thinking despite opposition or obstacle (ex.6,7,8). While saigo made
simply means ‘until the end point’, akumade expresses unchanging will or de-
termination.

2)PI9,1OMDEDIZ, LEMSe'~CHSLEWAD
VATE |UHR HAT AL
ET. "HCE EBILEOHVET.
nw » SIDS

In Examples 9 and 10 it is used to emphasize that something will not change,

and is sometimes said as akumade mo.

6) BeOS ECHR AAR.

drEL FW50E< WaATYs

Watashiwa akumade booryokuniwa hantaida.

I’m firmly against the use of violence.

7) il\86< ETH ynsELV Cee SRL

Karewa oe bursa ‘odtdieie shuchooshita.
He insisted he was right until the end.

8) WIb<
ECO BRADRRE (ECTS.
Watashiwa akumademo uae mujitsuo shinjiteiru.
I firmly believe in her innocence.

314
 ~X£:~ 52T/~sae-~datte

9) fey BU tik L< e aaa < ECHAS GAT WER

Koogenno kazewa suzushiku, mizuumiwa akumademo aoku sundeita.
The wind on the plateau is cool, and the lake water is always a clear
blue.

10) 2NStH<K ECHMBADBACIA, SHEIDBRM. DADYLBA THB

JoVEAL EES BLEU, Witte LAMY We ¢ Rack LS

THEVA
WAT Cae 5
Korewa akumade watashi kojinno ikendesuga, konkaino keiyakuwa, moosu-
koshi shirabetekarano hooga iinodewa...
This is just my opinion, but don’t (you) think we should check into this
contract a bit further?

~SAR/~2T
=m ~sae a ~datte

a See ae
Sees m even

OLEMOORE > BRR ALY EIT CRS Si (Ze AB) & 58 gd OCS
WADW 5D KIBED
Siz LaywNET,
PEVET CPi, 2,3, 4). JMOM SES
The word ~sae defines the limits of an eray and is used to emphasize the
statement made following it. It may imply a feeling of surprise or blame
(EX a2 On):

OQlW~SAWMEV IIET, BARI MT SNAULE

OR ERLET (Hs,
6,7,8).
(le

The expression ~sae~ba is used when indicating the minimum standard that
must be met for a favorable condition to result (ex.5, 6,7, 8).

1) ZA TERIA FETS. ABIODIY BLEDDSTERD BITTE BehoC

BTDLTT Ko
Konna kanjiwa shoogakuseidesae kakerunoni, otonano anataga kakenainante
hazukashiidesuyo.
Any elementary school student can write this kanji character. You
should be ashamed that you, an adult, can’t write it yourself.

315
~sae-~datte)~X%-~F
oT

2)=CAA
we
Me
Vent
“O51 ARIMADLS LES.
Imadesae isogashiinoni moohitori kazokuga fuetara dooshiyoo.
(I’m) busy enough as I am, so I don’t know what I'll do if there is one
more addition to my family.

3) HIRE CH CIA LIFE MOOI, Bi THA MATTE’ «

fo BP he) TAL? Dra

Tookyoomade denshadesae ichijikan kakarunoni, aruitenanka ikenai.

It takes an hour to get to Tokyo even by train, so there is no way (I)
can walk there.

4) Wet (tHE aE
ALCSee gape RV»YATE Db, Ace LEA Tete Z5)..
Kesawa ee ener samuindakara, Hokkaidoowa donnadaroo.
If it’s this cold even in Tokyo this morning, (1) wonder what Hokkaido
is like.

5) Reve eevee HAAS FCHANTSNET

Anatasae yokereba, sugu dekakeraremasu.
If you are ready, we can leave right away.

6) ATA 7K A dd gee FiseSOn oti.

TANITA

Ningenwa mizusae areba Ceo ikirarerusoodesu.

It is said that, if he has water, a human being can live (without eat-
ing) for three or four days.

7)DETER OFAAXED
SBS AiR LUASAZES PAPA
Ud ARID Sel S50 272
Ato adic benkyoosae owareba shiken-benkyoowa kanzenda!
If (1) just finish up my history studies, I’ll be completely done studying
for the test!

8) HITZDBSAHIMUA PT HV veyealey
Anatano aisaeareba nanimo irandi.
If (1) have your love, I need nothing more.

° = ~datte =
Eo fe 2 ss a too ; either LE

[~12 oT DHIDOOI ESHA TSE ULV 5 LEERLET. $fe0WXZ |

5d

EIRICE SIC, fisair ERT, oa Bg ON EOHVET CPi, 10, 11,12).

anne indicates aes chic is said ere bee is not considered to be unusual
or exceptional. It may be used like sae when giving an extreme example re-
garding the nature or makeup of something (ex.9, 10,11, 12).

316
 SBT XCS-H*S/sagasu-saguru-asaru

9) DON ITCERRATED GD, Filo TCETEUMETILTEN.

Ano hitoni dekitandakara, watashinidatte dekinai hazuwa nai.
He could do it, so I’m sure I can do it, too.

10) EFA ON AISA TC PRRs CHs WS.

Bideono tsukaikatanante, kodomodatte shitteiru.
Even a child knows how to use a VCR.

11) Troxh
to THCA ED, BIR STHKIBLT CH,
Akachandatte oyogundakara, anatadatte oyogeru-hazudesu.
If a baby can swim, you should be able to swim as well.

12) DEANE
ECB PC, No TCAD CHOOSE.
eh

Konogoro kanojowa ryoorini muchuude, pandatte jibunde yaiteirusooda.

Recently, she has become very interested in cooking. I hear she even
bakes her own bread.

SBT /ECSZ/HES
B Sagasu @ saguru @ asaru

OR MiadlDincad Pole wantlock. Wrgt

HEC LIED
RK ICSD. RLWSOHAVNLALRIFEDEFS—
ECT. MK LROD + BAK ok bOlL ET CS CPL, 2,3), HLV
BOIL TET 1EDV ET Cid, 5).
To look for someone or something that is missing, out of sight, or desired.
When looking for something that is missing, the kanji ##¢ is used (ex.1, 2,
3); when looking for something one desires, #€¢ is used (ex.4, 5).

BRIL, EDIDBRO
1) Wax BR AEEL US.
Moe kinoono jikono mokugekishao sagashiteiru.
The police are looking for witnesses to yesterday’s accident.

A, DROIT
dr Wwto
FtT HED, V< BELTS
<ishy A
MOST.
Watashino taisetsuna techooga, ikura sagashitemo mitsukaranai.
No matter where I look, I can’t find my important notebook.

317
sagasu+saguru-asaru/ XASF-SC4-HS4

3) IVIILYARBLTL , BI OMKE
x Ht
K,
SVAA
5
Kontakuto-renzuo otosuto, sagasunoga taihenda.
When (you) drop a contact lens, it’s a real pain to look for it.

1) UtoOMRI CA SMEPELC. HOR A (ATEES CAN Ze. TLAWA

Watashiwa kono fukuni au kutsuo sagashite, kutsuyao SSMWS LP,

nangenmo mitearuita. ee 3. .
I went from shoe store to shoe store, looking for shoes Cx He)
that would match this outfit. ; dy ee EE

5) HULK AELOT, SFMUVMEPEPEL

F : .
TIS.
GRY
i
iA s
vie al | el WEOS en pe =n > "awe
[g \

Karewa shitsugyoo-shitanode, ima atarashii shigotoo sagashiteiru. '

He lost his job and is looking for a new one now.

S 1 B Saguru 5
<= < va) TR ato search for ; to feel for ; to explore Ea

Dis SWOKT y bOBEERAIEWVE ADD, EVE CED VIER

at kattece op 6, Tos
To search for something which cannot be seen by feeling around for it with
one’s hand or foot (in the darkness, in a pocket, etc.)(ex.6, 7,8).

DHAF SRSDNTEN EFI HAF OLIT SHB HAV (he FUILCE C

50 CHNSIETH CHD, 10).
To secretly examine or investigate someone else (ex.9, 10).

6) BOLLS CHFRBELEOT, ECHR CHINI.

Kurai tokorode kagio otoshitanode, tede sagutte mitsuketa.
(1) dropped my key in a dark place, and I found it
by feeling around with my hand.

7) Deeper
yPeo ib, lO EA 2 HUH ORK.
Kozeniga naikato pokettoo saguttara, juuendamaga nimai detekita.
(I) checked my pocket to see if I had any change and I came up with
two ten yen coins.

8) aes a URS a CWDEZAIS TEE, ECHR Tan 5)eto

Ravers are fukaku natteiru tokorowa eh ashide sagurinagara
kawao watatta.

318
 SMBF-ECS-HX4/Sagasu-saguru-asaru

He kept checking the depth of the river with his feet while crossing in
case there was a sudden drop.

9) BEIT ALD DRA RA SLT S.

Kanojowa suguni taninno himitsuo sagurooto suru.
She is always trying to find out other people’s secrets.

10) FA
nL
ISROR
DH ALA
DEGRA
XC
DELIINE, aD
SIR Doh.
Watashiwa kareno honshin-o sagurooto shitakeredo, kekkyoku wakarana-
katta.
I tried to find out what he was really thinking, but in the end, I
couldn’t.

x B asaru 5
3) ~- ca) sto hunt for ; to scrounge ©

RUDE FICANESE, BESLBSRLEHSLETH, (AIHHE

BsLWIOBAROEV BCT. CHS. ADATBIHIE VOLO F
Wy » = De >: sey F

Hart) ERIL AREDEE 1EVAL ITEC LET (Pij11, 12, 13).

To search all over for something one wants. The original usage came from
the phrase esa o asaru, which means ‘to search for food’ (as of animals,
birds, etc.); therefore, when used to describe a person, it gives the impression
that the person is vulgar, mean or is almost obsessed with finding the object,
as if guided by animal instinct (ex.11, 12, 13).

11) DOWDAS CASES 9 CWS.

Noranekoga gomiokibade esao asatteiru.
Stray cats are scavenging for food in the trash dump.

12) BreDASTVY CERN

at
OC RACE
& TERY
PATS,
TENE SA vy TWEE
Be
=
Hook.
Onakaga suite nemurenainode, yonakani daidokoroe iki, reizookoo asatta.
In the middle of the night (1) was so hungry that I couldn’t sleep, so I
went to the kitchen and scrounged around in the refrigerator.

13) EAITIDS. DHCOIRHS9T BE RAL SHC oT

£9 UX
CLEsk.
Dorobooga, uchijuuo asatte, okaneya hoosekio zenbu totteitteshimatta.
The thief ransacked the entire house, making off with all the money and
jewelry.

319
sakan ni-shikirini/ XP>ANC-LX VIC

SPAIT/ L®
w sakan ni @ shikirini

al - asakan ni a
< DANS itt AL(2 agreatly ; vigorously LE

WO CORE ESSE > KEVY * BLU CWGLITERLET Nev lsie eG

LAUIZITREOESIZ, LDEDIE OB PRED EMD LRLET
‘ay

BER ray nlp) Wwab b >

(fll, 2,3, 4, 5)
ns

Sakan ni indicates that the degree of something is strong, great, or severe.

Like nesshin da, totemo, ooini etc., it expresses a feeling of force or upsurge in
something (ex.1, 2, 3,4, 5).

1) BRO cABABES
Htao}
LEAS, ZNTAXMBAN BONUS.
Shigenno sairiyooto yuu kotoga, konogoro ae iwareteiru.
There has been more and more talk about recycling lately.

2) inebb OESALT Ag Rina fee Sm HEGEL 3

Cian ano kaishadewa, shinseihinno senden-o sakanni shiteiru.
Recently, that company has been doing extensive advertising about their
new product.

3) Belts RU< IDEF AK. SANS FRR IK

Karewa okiniirino See sakanni seien-o Sad
He vigorously cheered on his favorite athlete.

4) KRetk. FADAYG—-HATIPSL DORE, SPAIIEO WZ.

Kanojowa, senjitsuno konsaatoga subarashikattato, sakanni hometeita.
She kept raving about that concert she went to the other day.

5) FE
emer ae:
SILT PAIKAF LESH EWP CRY
b BEL
CWS,
Kodomotachiwa sakanni mizushibukio agete oyoideiru.
The children are splashing vigorously while swimming.

% 7)Ic 8 shikirini rs
afrequently ; repeatedly

UZ ER, PIE & (TEES < DBF LIF, DARIDE WAS FARLET
 XU: UES / sakebu-donaru

(AA 6, 7,8, 9,10). ENDS, BUDS VEE ORS ERT LCODVET. ne

QDOLA

D505 SPAM ld, LEASHI HT SAGO, YZ CORY LAVE R

Ls LEDC NANSTBOS<eRET. HD

Shikirini indicates that something is done repeatedly or unceasingly (ex.6,7,

8,9,10). There are times when it may indicate eagerness or strength, but
usually sakan ni expresses degree, while shikirini expresses the great number
of times something is done.

6) F—-H1 BepTBL
DABS
ET CRT BI=
gaa Ba) (teore.
Deetoni saitipiare Srenretita karewa, epee ayamatta.
He kept apologizing for being an hour late for the date.

~)ee MO CORDED
EF IL, AUUTLENCEEP
US.
Hajimete meganeo kaketa musukowa, kinishite shikirini teo yatteiru.
My son, who has his first pair of glasses, is very conscious about them
and keeps fiddling with them.

Ge BD OMALANIC RES CVS. =

ay
})
ra
H* DY 3
Asakara amega shikirini futteiru.
It’s been raining non-stop since morning.

9) RILLEDICE
Bie no Wt.
Aniwa shikirini rypuugaku-shitagatteimasu.
My (elder) brother keeps saying how much he wants to go abroad to
study.

10) FHALEVICRLBEOC, FOFAT—HMALE

Bo CPVELZ.
Kodomoga shikirini hoshigarunode, kinoo sukeetogutsuo katteyarimashita.
My child keeps saying he wants to have skates, so (I) decided to buy
them yesterday.

SG RY ERS
a sakebu w donaru

Se 3 a sakebu x)
SUS [Ay 3sJ gto shout ; to scream |

DASRREMTLETH (Pill, 2,3). BEHEMOTH, BUD

321
sakebu-donaru/ XI3- US

fidso 19. the (eo Tul pNove OU Re i

RK TAS BUYS ORT & Xl“AS

GEM LTLESIE SUR EB ET.

To shout or cry out in a loud voice (ex.1,2,3). It.is used when giving vent
to strong emotions in a loud voice, i.e., expressing surprise, fear, joy, etc. A
listener need not be present.

DOP T. eR. EHTS - RA SLAVES (Hil,

5).
To advocate, plead, or make a strong public appeal (ex.4, 5).

1) PRE UGE EMOTE AB, RON TOM L7.

Karewa “Kajida!” to sakebinagara, ieno sotoe fabidashita,
He dashed out of the house screaming “Fire!”

2) WE CASHEAUERT. Bt
PEAS 3h os)
4 cA CLE OK.
<i)

Yamamichide ookina hebio mite, omowazu “Kyaa!” to sakendeshimatta.

(1) couldn’t help screaming “Eek!” when I saw a big snake on the moun-
tain trail.

3) CATIA TH. ren BETIS NID» 3720

Donnani sakendemo, daremo tasukeni kite kurenakatta.
No matter how much (I) shouted, nobody came to help me.

4) DEL
Bh, Pe BILEthEAATV
BOT EMO
=Vt
BET TVS.
xe)

Watashitachiwa sensoohantaio sakebi-tsuzuketeiru.

We continue to cry out against war.

5) HOA,
Sm
Ge He COV C, SAMMI
DAEED BATE xi
TWS.
Chikagoro, kankyoomondaini tsuite, sakanni sakebareteiru.
These days everyone is raising a clamor about environmental problems.

> w donaru
we 4 mto yell (at) ; to scold |

Ax STS HAF EO DIFHXETT Bl Lie Go) aekee Boek HICKS

vy 3m bE

BIE CES LEI ‘gv Tv (PI 9).

To rebuke or scold someone severely in a loud voice (ex.6,7,8). Also, to
speak angrily in a loud voice (ex.9).

322
 SUS-PU4°94-94F/sageru-kakeru-tsuru-tsurusu

6) HOFIEIL, MICAS LEMHSLEF

CLERC TED.
Ano senseiwa, kiniiranai kotoga aruto sugu seitoo donaru.
That teacher yells at his students whenever something doesn’t suit him.

7) REIZAB CHES ok’, BOATS Sav eehonk.

smi y Neat see. ay (aresp (ON

Yonakani oogoede utao utattara, tonarino hitoni “Urusai!”to donarareta.

When (I) sang too loudly in the middle of the night, my neighbor yelled
at me to shut up.

8) HE
Rid, 55
ROBBED
KS) o C je
LTCEOITLEV., ViCe HSN.
i)
Aniwa, chichino kurumao katteni ugokashite butsuketeshimai, chichini do-
narareta.
My (elder) brother got yelled at by my dad when he drove his car with-
out permission and ran into something.

9) CATIA CHISTES TO, behctHcrzgts.

Sonnani oogoede donaranakutemo, chanto kikoemasuyo.
(You) don’t have to shout so loud—(I) can hear you just fine.

SUIS /PUS4/94 /(94F

m sageru a kakeru wefsuru wtsurusu

SUSATWS) io hang ©
ODLOMBSAELT. LASEAROFTLETH. Fh. MISABED
ESI, BOD |.
O— 84)ye FcHOMPEO, PSS CBEST Bil
RZ, 3,4, Ds

To fix an object at the top so that the remaining part hangs freely. Sageru is
also used to describe holding the upper part of an object, such as a bag or
suitcase, in one’s hand; in this case, it is written #14 (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) 2OR BCI RFD DHAZV— AAG. APT PERRED

ZEDUD.
Kono ere ecto tenjookara panes Sagete, eae utsuseru.
In this classroom they can show slides by hanging a screen from
the ceiling.

323
sageru: kakeru-tsuru-tsurusu) Xt 2-2 S-D4-9SF
a PES:
2) etcisHgliA
vbr BFC. cAdood
.
4
POCE bb x
Kanojowa muneni pendantoo sageteiru. Uy 0 by
She is wearing a pendant on her chest. 7273 4

3) APSAATE FUT SOA, MOBUTT. /e\

Katakara kamerao sageteirunoga, watashino ojidesu. /
The person with a camera hanging from his shoulder is my uncle.

4) BODWIFFo
TW BEM, pj FV VEL BEET Chto TS2o
v bai HEAG 3% a» LOA ~ DR

Otsukaini itteita hahaga, ryooteni omoi kaimono-bukuroo sagete kaette kita.

My mother, who had been shopping, came home carrying a heavy shop-
ping bag in each hand.

5) Sid. BHEICATS ESL,

t
VY OOAMEA
RHF TITS
Chichiwa, kaishani iku tokiwa, itsumo kaban-o sageteiku.
My dad always carries a briefcase when he goes to his company.

OFS [HS] = cickakhang;tohook (on) ©

LDLHDSEOOLICH SS MESA SIC UTHETSLETH. HN
FOSLICTSO MENTE, BBRWESIE - eS NEKSal
ABDETEDD. EV SLE BAT £F (i, 7,8,9, 10, 11).
To secure an object by hanging or hooking a portion of it over the top of
something else. The objective is not to allow it to dangle, but to prevent it
from falling or coming off (ex.6,7,8,9, 10,11).

) OBES, ABDS< thor.

Hananoeo kaketara, heyaga akaruku natta. “ales
The room became brighter when (I) hung a picture of ay
flowers on the wall. 1 wt
; . . AI {h \
7) BAW 72 EAL INT (BT TB CK EV Ai
‘
aS>}
5a) = pe
at} ey |
Nuida uwagiwa hangaani kaketeoite kudasai. sf ‘A :
Please hang the coat (you) took off on a hanger. | i) )
= ¢
8) #PBIL —-A2DA—-F VEEN» ELK.
Lay
ea
Madoni reesuno kaaten-o kakemashita. / =
(1) hung a lace curtain on the window. elten, Si)

324
 SUFS:PW4-94-9D4F/sageru-kakeru-tsuru-tsurusu

9) reyealen
Bl, DLO Wisi)
A IARENT
»
CWA,
Watashino chichiwa meganeo kaketeiru.
My father is wearing glasses.

10) Bt
5
LY ROZBMC.
WR WADA
Mb
EbDA
CU DR FLOENT
UI529 >
CHK.
Atarashii ieno genkanni, ‘Murakami’ to yuu hyoosatsuga kaketeatta.
A nameplate reading ‘Murakami’ was on the front door of the newly
completed house.

11) HER IV U8atc Ya MWe ENT OO ees

ener itsumo —— shooruo kaketeita.

My grandmother always wears a shawl around her shoulders.

B fsuru i)
D4 Lf S|] ato hang ; to suspend ; to sling c

bOMBSIE AVES DOW (22 Of ieEROLIIC ta oals Live es

[BET SLECt (Pill, 13, 14, 1b).
To raise and fix something so that it stays in place or doesn’t fall
(Ex 25131415);

12) BLA AKIMPVINY Ey 7 EOD TCARLE TF BONS HOU

Natsu, kokageni hanmokkuo tsutte hiruneo surunowa kimochiga ii.
In the summer it feels good to nap in a hammock hung in the shade of
the trees.

13) DGD,
WK SODA
Ee BOMSHO RET ARCO
x¥5005 wh
TBRL
De tb
TH. : a
Hakubutsukanni, kyooryuuno mokeiga pianosende tsutte 7 ) ~
tenjishiteatta. g at ~
There was a model of a dinosaur suspended by piano fr if a
strings in the museum. | i \
ia —s
14) HLIMEEDIDIN. UESOV Yay CHE IC fray a
FERC ILD Droz < LIL PHD aA CHloko aD
Yuumeina haiyuuga yuube, chikakuno manshonde kubio tsutte, shitaide mi-
tsukatta kotowa kesano nyuusude shitta.
(1) learned on this morning’s news that a famous actor hung himself
last night and was found dead in a condominium nearby.

15) is Bike HALO

AXIT
=f CMRI TN.
325
sazo-yohodo/ X*€-XlKY

Karewa migiudeo kossetsushitanode, sankakukinde udeo tsutteiru.

He broke his right arm, so he’s got it in a sling.

r @/Surusu 5
DOF int | mto hang ; to suspend ©

EPO LORE COT NEMSKDICTFS“LLTH.

taro Flcren ee

ish WOsUbA MS LITA ae KOEt CfAI16, ils Tf IKE)

To pin or fasten an object at its top so that it hangs vertically. In most
cases the object sways or dangles (ex.16, 17, 18, 19).

16) 45C » HOA tote eO—-AICISLT

U HA C&D 4)

miene eae
Uchidewa, ameno hiwa sentakumonoo roopuni tsurushite
heyano nakani hoshimasu.
In my house, we hang our laundry to dry on a rope
inside on rainy days.

17 Ewe FAG EOSLTRE SK OS CCbE Vale Coa :

Biruni gondorao oes madoo fukunowa, totemo kikenna sagyooda.
Cleaning the windows on a scaffold hanging from the side of a building
is very dangerous work.

18) Hy
ae
HEORROP
Wir
Pcie OSL CEL CH ohkeOMRE,
vy
SCOR
vy ae)

DLN aeeradien
Mukashi, inakano jikkano nokishitani kakio tsurushite hoshiteatta fuyuno
fuukeio, imademo natsukashiku omoidashimasu.
Even today, (1) fondly remember the way my childhood home in the
country looked in the winter, with persimmons drying under the eaves.

1D) UE ER DS NTC SA OSLEU IA

Kurisumasu-tsuriini, kazario takusan tsurushimashita.
(We) hung many ornaments on the Christmas tree.

SE/EEY
B Sazo = yohodo

326
 S€: EEL /sazo-yohodo

~K vp> B SazO oO
S ie msurely ; must is

FAME RERRL TIE IED, HFOLIT. REFS ECIK TX 9 he AES

B~KAS HUCK LIDS SLETH (GIL2,3,4,5). He ME
SED. NAN *) Ws Wht

TO 7 OEP NSO TVR EV SEO EG

bers)

Sazo is used when speculating about something which one has not experi-
enced or about someone else’s feelings or appearance (ex.1,2,3,4,5). Since it
is speculation, it is often used with such expressions as ~daroo, ~deshoo and
~ni chigainai.

1) mhMIS tt
AFOBENT.
= 5
SSCBAWWSCLI.
Nea
Karewa musukoga umarete, sazo yorokonde-irudeshoo.
With the birth of a son, he must be quite happy.

2) KE CROBETKA
TIF 5, SEBAYTL EF.
Kajide iega yaketandesutte? Sazo okomarideshoo.
(1) heard (your) house burned down; you must really be in a bind.

3) Pelt)
FH DoOHERe
5305 =A
kb, SSFNWHAD.
Uchuukara chikyuuo mitara, sazo kireidaroo.
The earth must be very beautiful when viewed from space.

4) JI CEI SRILD UO REE TRASEAT. SEBO LVUCEAN TEN.

Kawade tsuttabakarino sakanao yaite taberunante, sazo oishiini chigainai.
It must certainly be delicious to eat a grilled fish freshly caught from a
river.

5) PAs,
POCE
MEATS
= LOUA 7
UCTS SCHL
mt
LEC a3.
Kanojowa, goshujin-o nakushite sazo kanashiikotodeshoo.
She must be so grieved at having lost her husband.

> syohodo
KNE 2 m greatly ; much LB

DeHAONSLEP PBL OOTLBROLE - BHSBATISE

WILEVET CNG, 7,8, 9, 10).
Yohodo denotes that something is of a much higher degree or greater extent
than was expected or is usually considered possible (ex.6,
7, 8,9, 10).

327.
sazo-yohodo/ X€-kXlKY

DoILPLT oe os BoriTNe, AAT LIEMoESEVET CB

11,12), "£5 (PE (LERLI vi CEN, PUB BLT SVA CT
va’

It is also used when one had been on the very verge of doing something but
did not carry it out (ex.11,12). Colloquially, the slightly stronger yoppodo is
often used.

6) LIZED EATEN RY, HLr MAE <(Seo LET

Yohodono kotoga naikagiri, ashitano doatDoR bie shussekishimasu.
If there’s nothing out of the ordinary tomorrow, (I’m) going to attend
my class reunion.

7) BEEBE FEOE, LIZEORA DATES

AWM E
TUE AREEZ
Kareto shigotoo surunonara, yohodono nintairyokuga ae murida.
If (you’re) going to be working with him you have to be extra patient,
or things won’t go well at all.

8) HO FH OLSCTRA TC. HEE CCL oI HAN TEV.

Ano koga nakunante, yohodo kuyashikattani chigainai.
For her to cry, she must have been really frustrated, you can be sure.

9) BIEN THZAKRNTFSOIL,
hie Beas
HILHFM
BL
ELF CHU MULE.
ae ci

Oboreteiru hitoo tasukerunowa, yohodo oyogiga joozudenakereba muzukashii.

Saving a drowning person is difficult if (you’re) not extremely good at
swimming.

10) DATHRELVYG. AMIE

ME ILM.
Anna kashuyorimo, watashinohooga yoppodo utaga umai.
I’m a lot better at singing than that singer is.

iM) ads(ZCRRET Sb LIM CRohkiine, FAPO THO.

Yohodo shinjitsuo Pncneathvae omottakeredo, imawa yameteoita.
(I) really intended to tell (him) the truth, but now I’ve thought better
of it.

12) BATSRO, LolECT C5 CRAID aisore dee

Anna yatsu, yoppodo nagutteyarookato Orie

That jerk! (1) really wanted to punch (him) out.

328
 S50%€¢-F<¢/sassoku-sugu

oe yc
@ sassoku BSUgU

x 3 4% < 8 sassoku Be
mat once

HEGONGLT, BMEBNT INET SLITERTEMEV

ET,
AORN
BI ORT G,2,3,0.
Sassoku expresses a condition in which one does something without delay. It
is used when speaking of the deliberate actions of people (ex.1, 2,3, 4).

1) PREICRBA
DOEEL KO
CBW RADIBV
(Ry tape
ROTC HER
*DA
S5 << HALO
ny
BBY LELK.
tA bd

Kanojoni tanondeoita honga todoitanode, kinoo sassoku oreino denwao shi-

mashita.
The book (I) asked her for arrived, and I called to thank her at once
yesterday.

2) BXALDonROTC SoC CIMA MET.

Minasan sorottanode, sassokudesuga kaigio hajimemasu.
Since everybody is together (we'll) start the meeting now.

3) man
RISBIBPIARSL.
Eee <
SoS HCO
tse e
dork.
Karewa jimushoe kuruto, sassoku shigotoni torikakatta.
He began to work the moment he arrived in the office.

4) FLETCHER SH EK TRN E> TH idan

Terebide mita ryoorio, sassoku kon-ya tsukuttemimasu.
Tonight, (Ill) get right to making the dish I saw on the TV.

SS @SUgU
aS # immediately ; at once [|

DELEMELKOLEMEO OMDB LITERS LAST. AE

[= + BIS RAIL
5¢
IFBAREAALT (PS, 6,7,8,9,10). Ei, FEMI
SHRLCKEIZEOHV
Sb
ET CP, 12).
Sugu is used to express that there is little time between one action and the
next. It may take the same meaning as kantan ni, raku ni and an-i ni

329
samui+tsumetai-suzushii/ Xt>-ODE FFM

(easily) (ex.5, 6,7, 8,9, 10). It may also express shortness in distance (ex.11, 12).

5) ith PHokbST CMAITSNSLIIC, BEML TV YTS ESV

nAse

Renrakuga attara sugu Ahcretehates alii! junbishiteoite kudasai.

Please get ready so that (you) are able to leave as soon as you get word.

6) STZ ADS PR in Ct Db, LOIS TS RNONET 9

EK UA

Korewa TRI IT ERLE atatamereba sugu taberaremasu.

This is instant food so (you) can eat it immediately after heating it.

FHL.
= oy
Sy PICASET
OR CLE kK.
vty 2

Kodomowa, beddoni hairuto sugu neteshimatta.

The child fell asleep as soon as he got into bed.

ee BIT CRDVET Db, ba oth¥o Thiel

Moosugu owarimasukara, chotto mattekudasai.
(I'll) be done soon so please wait a minute.

9) HBA
of OTC. BOISILT cal
VAM of.
Chizuga attanode, kareno uchiwa suguni mitsukatta.
(1) had a map so I easily found his house.

HO NAP MTA BISE,

de Taz % fuy
FOCOCORVICLEMS,
Ano hitowa nanika mondaiga okiruto, suguni hitono seini shitagaru.
That guy wants to blame others as soon as there is a problem.

11) BTS LzDTR LTV DAI, v¢ A PHD 29 ag

Anataga sagashiteiru honwa, sugu meno maeno tanani arimasuyo.
The book you are looking for is on the shelf right in front of you.

12) BhDore’) FRA,

Dd ”
BROT CLIC HVET.
oo

Watashiga ae Bed hy Pon kooenno sugu sobani arimasu.

The elementary school I used to go to is right next to the park.

SHH /9WDkRY/ FFL

B samui B fsumetai B@ suzushii

Xtelo (eu) @ samul x

scold

330
 SHM-DHEW- FF LW /samui+tsumetai+suzushii

Dorie DUR LE AIC RU So ECH CAA, 2,3, 4). MREREELES

Samui indicates ee one feels unpleasantly cold because the air temperature is
low (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

OQRVEBUSCOWIE BSB UL © BU LEOBRCHOET (G5).

It is also used when one feels ‘cold’ due to emotions of fear or emptiness
(ex.5).

1) SPECS
IEBOAILE
BH
TORU.
xt

Kitagunino fuyuwa totemo samui.

Winter in the northern countries is very cold.

2) SMA, A-bEAR
CIToRIEIA WS.
Sotowa samuikara, kootoo kiteitta hooga iiyo.
It’s cold outside, so (you) should go wearing a coat.

3) an WoAA—) SULA A iat ES 0

Samukutemo supootsuo sureba karadaga atatamaru.
Even if it’s cold, your body will warm up if you play sports.

4) RowWid, MISO.
Samui asawa, okirunoga tsurai.
It’s hard to get up on cold mornings.

5) BHROLS FERC. BF UME< frok.

Jikono yoosuo kiite, sesujiga samuku_ natta.
When (I) heard about the accident, a chill ran up my spine.

IwDiewe HV) St gear

DEODMERETCOIEUIETH. COURS IMAFERVES Bio,7)
b. EATHWOCE (PIB,9) %. HAV ET
Tsumetai expresses that the temperature of an object is cold. The sensation of
coldness may be either pleasant (ex.6,7) or unpleasant (ex.8,9) to the speaker.

QHAF I< MTSBUP OY. AIC L TOR L & NE bu ORESEZ {EV $F

gino, 11).
FEV (LA BA CRCET OS,
7S CPEHEPAT. BPW 11d, TURF OD 1 tof

331
samui-+tsumetai+suzushii/ XtO-ODEW FF LM

NEE + f+ BRL OAM MIRE WADAT

Additionally, it indicates that someone is Gneanne or without kindness to-

ward others (ex.10,11).
Since samui is used when referring to the temperature of the air, the coldness
is felt with the whole body. On the other hand, tsumetai is a partial or mo-
mentary feeling, which concerns only a part of the body, such as hands, fin-
gers, or toes.

) TANT BOARRATEN 6
Nanika tsumetaimonoga nomitai.
(1) want to drink something cold.

RAN fz Dre. Mazes BA Me BANK CIO REF AS Rpoke

Netsuga attanode, tsumetai taoruo hitaini atetara kimochiga yokatta.

(1) had a fever, so when I put a cold towel on my forehead it felt good.
yy 7K! (LEST » BROW WBUIBS TLS.
=

ce eee tsumetakute, teo tsuketeiruto itaku naru. ty aS

Water from melted snow is cold, so if (you) put your (key) ae
hands in it, it hurts. ( Gums y

Suatt AAC Pi at
CEP tsumetai amega futteiru. ‘ili
A cold rain is falling outside. (Ge LS
ee PS
10) PL IDIAG CK Thokz. FLAS CTR oROKADD.
wt La) pizt x6

Karewa konogoro tsumetaku natta. Watashiga kiraini nattano darooka.

He has become cold lately. I wonder if he doesn’t love me anymore.

11) Bathe RUALAT. bOMRWVALK.

Yeres 35 * ay sy
2}.93 Ue

Tomodachio uragirunante, kokorono tsumetai hitoda.

What a cold-hearted person (he) is to betray a friend.

srerileicatioy
5 ry
Pee
@ suzushii

W\Stimh SD UPI 3 CIE RGB BRC RUSNSELETH (fAl12, 13, 14,

15).. xprep
+
SeRLET.
bbpd
ORL
oF
BL anSSE,
DE
ES
USA
BRAS TEV oe
DATs

ELE ae FATES OLECH (Pil16).

332
 RABBO

Suzushii expresses the comfortable and relaxed feeling one has when hot tem-
perature cools off a little (ex.12,13,14,15). The expression suzushii kao means
that one has an unconcerned look or a calm expression on his face (ex.16).

12) ROI, BCORLW.

7) 7x ite) +f

Morino nakawa, natsudemo suzushii.

Even in the summer, it’s nice and cool in the forest.

13) LAYER LS CAFRA.

pe TF xy
Kazega suzushikute kimochiga ii.
The cool wind feels good. - Os i
aoe :
14) BEOKEDY + LTR eases Sena: i ie La +
ADEE AFA oY ee on
Kanojono mizu-irono shatsuwa suzushisooda.
Her pale blue shirt looks cool and comfortable.

15) FastTO, PEATE ALK US TeX74

WEE ae dandan suzushiku nattekita.
As autumn approached, it gradually became cooler.

16) PIS ADM

EV OWL Be LTS.
Karewa Hehe waruinoni ora kaoo shiteiru.
Although he is the one that is at fault, he looks unconcerned.

e Le ine: OTegpe
er

FDR ey ee Ce Gs eiSnld p
Th S ees ae ON LES,SRE

oe emery ES Rit 76.© YaERT — wi ct.

RE At. & KAD —HE BAT. RAR AE L
+ RRM ee EES Ani Tide Ce OyGrttiaseoe
VAeCrgty, KAI Hea , Ry QO as EOIK EET. TRAM
UVLO Ee Otc TVs + BBV CRLEF. FH © % Ai |= 2
WCE Dt Slat ed te oe Bot Pa Mla 1 4 epion
CYR L < CRE S DVS “BLiY TOON Oa) Van SRB 75
FF * % Dok eY-2) @ tw CX

DetLTCKRLET.

333
sarigenai-nanigenai) XS VIF 75N>- RIC EM

Tenki ga samui'
Words such as samui, suzushii® and tsumetai? describe air tempera-
ture. You may sometimes hear someone say, tenki ga samui, tenki ga
suzushii, or tenki ga tsumetai to describe the weather, however, these ex-
pressions are actually incorrect. Tenki refers to the weather being
sunny, rainy or cloudy, which is expressed in terms of good or bad (ii
or warui), ie., tenki ga ii* or tenki ga warui®. On the other hand,
when speaking about specific conditions such as the air temperature,
sentences like ‘Kyoo wa samui desu ne°, ‘Nankyoku wa_ ichinenjuu
samui’, ‘Suzushikute kimochi ga ii®, and ‘Kaze ga tsumetai” are possi-
ble.

This literally means ‘The weather is cold’. However, this is incorrect

Japanese. Samui means ‘cold’ in terms of climate, not weather.
2 ‘Cool’ in terms of climate.
3 ‘Cold’ to the touch, like a cold drink.
4 The weather is good (not rainy).
5 The weather is bad (rainy, stormy, windy, etc.).
6 Its cold today, isn’t it?
7 It is cold all year long at the South Pole.
8 It is cool and feels good.
9 The wind is cold.

SUGFRO RCRA
B sarigenai B nanigenai

x y tke B sarigenai
mscasual ; unconcerned

AOR
USA
LI ETT ENE EDIDO NIL oSVERIDETEUV OMA OE
SDTFTERLEF (Pill, 2,3,4).
Sarigenai indicates that one acts in an outwardly reserved manner, without let-
ting his true intentions be known to others (ex.1,2,3, 4).

1) BRIS, MA Blote
ay FEIT TK Ne
Kanojowa, watashiga watta koppuo sarigenaku katazuketekureta.
She casually cleaned up the cup that I broke.

334
 SVUGFERY- ICU RY /sarigenai-nanigenai

2) BISBAL AAV— IALDALS, SOPIEK FED LK

koa roojinga esukareetaani norutoki, sarigenaku teo kashita.
He casually helped the old man get on the escalator.

CFESA
ait
DRI,
=
MSO 7s<dizL
Hz
RAIL CHIE
» L
CK
‘Kishisanga kita’ to, aniwa sarigenaku watashini mede shirasetekureta.
My brother let me know with a nonchalant look that Mr. Kishi had ar-
rived.

PRSAIS, ECORI RIE SOT TEK BAIR TS,

Hayashisanwa, totemo kookana shokkio sarigenaku fudanni tsukatteiru.
Mrs. Hayashi uses high priced china for everyday meals without thinking
anything of it.

TRACI 7EN® accaageies

> B na i | >

pias Bai LEI TIT 2 GAS kod es EDU ILENE SAF ERLE
+ (GIB,
6,7,8).
ae

Avs

Nanigenai indicates that one behaves in an unconcerned or unaware manner

(ex.5,
6, 7, 8).

5) TZVe (PIES Bok Ens Va BADR

BIUA
ah es AM HokhDOCO>.<ILK.
KAD
Nanigenaku katta Sie yuujinno danwato shashinga attanode bikkuri-
shita.
(1) was surprised to see the interview and picture of my good friend in
a magazine that I just happened to buy.

CES BUTE
ee a 3)
IP 7s &RAT
tvs
eeA OC, BOLE
C
S72.
Shigotochuuni nanigenaku tokeio miruto, moo juunijidatta.
(1) casually looked at the clock while working and found that it was al-
ready 12 o’clock.

TIQAUFTSE BREWED AEST OUSO“COHS.

Nanigenaku itta kotobaga, hitoo kizutsukeru kotomo aru.
Even a casual remark might at times hurt somebody.

Fl, V5. THEEDIRNIF TENS ELIA AFHNK

dL Bay

Watashiwa, kodomono nanigenai kotobani chikarazukerareta.

I was cheered by the little things my child said.

335
sawaru:fureru) XD4-SNS

2PSB/ ANS
m sawaru w fureru

mBsawaru
xpSF Sith S : Pre m=to touch ; to feel |

DADE. FHOVUKO— AEF SLE LIL COMOE SEV ET

Cll, 2,3, 4), AAs! pS ERLE OBA, aureus 2
UK): BUOL DIED TEN BORE THA.
To make contact with something with a hand or other part of the body, or
the reverse (ex.1,2,3,4). In most cases in which people are involved, the ac-
tion is intentional. It may not be used when referring to contact made with
shapeless things such as air, gases, or electrical current.

2 AEBS S— ACES (Pils, 6).

To displease someone or hurt someone’s feelings (ex.5, 6).

DVONZILOU EVBICZS ae CAN, 8), Big CHET.

To interfere with or harm something (ex.7,8). The kanji fi#4 is used in this
case.

1D) ets PAS 15.2TWOP b, SHSECUCHE

TFTSs.
Aironga atsuku natteirukara, sawaruto yakedoo suruyo.
The iron is hot, so if you touch it you'll get burned.

2) FLOAK Je!VES BIEN.

DIEE. WAS EO.

Watashino ningyooni sawaranaide.

Don’t touch my dolls.

3) FREI, MCHIDNAS.
at eo
Kodomoto yuunowa, nandemo sawaritagaru.
Children seem to like to touch things.

4) PLWORACT OMB, HLVSDoCLVUEA.

Momowa itamiyasuikara, amari sawattewa ikemasen.
Peaches are easily bruised, so (you) mustn’t touch them too much.

5) HIST2OI2DE Bo CE BLETA, Ri SboRSIMA TEV.

336
 XpS-5n4 /sawaru:fureru

Anatano tameo omotte chuukoku shimasuga, kini sawattara gomennasai.

I’m giving you this warning for your own good; I’m sorry if I hurt
you.

6) ATED Bs(LPVEDSEOR DS, Va <a LLe< (oS /Z6

Minnaga otootobakari homeru monodakara, bokuwa shakuni sawatta.
I was irritated because everybody was praising my brother.

7) HALVES OE, WRicSD0E5 k.

Anmari koofunsuruto, karadani sawarimasuyo.
Too much excitement is bad for (you).

8) ALROEBISbbhW
(Ey sak
EGIL, weBC BES.
86

Ashitano shigotoni sawaranaiyooni, hayaku neyoo.

(1) think [ll go to bed early tonight so that I’m ready to work tomor-
row.

AND (HSI eooucn 2

Ofori,
7atz
FHOViILAO
x 2)
AAGETF SLL. ELEDPOLETT. BOL
PIES SENOS Mey romesos SE < BB PRIA ICIR TS : Sie
BUTI
EV IMLE BA, DLBPoREETH. BR BUR) PH (Hl

Ti EE RECSE SIO ET CBS, 10911:

To make contact with something with a hand or other part of the body, or
the reverse. It may also be used when two objects make contact. It is a slight-
ly more formal expression than sawaru, and implies a lighter, more momen-
tary and unintentional touch. It may be used when one feels things such as
air, gases, or electrical current (ex.9, 10, 11).

QDINIEI AOD DY EGILETH (il12, 13, 14, 15).

To have some kind of connection or relationship with something (ex.12, 13,
14,15).

9) RAVE, WEL RNLLI CHUTES.

Nemunokino hawa, karuku teo furetadakede tojiteshimau.
If (you) just lightly touch the leaves of a silk tree, they will close.

10) LON RICA LTHSOOI, FRSNTRWYCRSY.

UEDA CAE

387)
zannen:oshii/ XARA*ELY

Kono bijutsukanni tenjishitearu mononi, teo furenaide kudasai.

Please don’t touch the works on display in the art museum.

ll) LIZ6<, Ane PRU SALTED 0

Shibaraku, sotono un furetekoyoo.
Let’s go out into the fresh air for a while.

12) iBOY
x Diet
MA SAT. ANIL
U zL
TUME
WAS
EV BELL
Kareno atatakai hitogarani furete, watashiwa genkio torimodoshita.
His warm personality cheered me up.

13) tEiO5 RCT ILI 2 il

alfal. ANAS RIC SNOW EM CE
13 bh pr Bb CASA LY

Spee iede ee nishuukan, watashiwa omouzonbun shizenni fureru

kotoga dekita.
During the two weeks that I stayed in the sea-side house, I was able to
enjoy nature to my heart’s content.

14) aes KIC AMN BNL STEN EDD So

Kareniwa, hitoni fureraretakunai kakoga aru.
He has a past that he would rather not have pried into.

15) EMEDIA Bodie ES EIBAV) His oe

Oono ikarini furete, oojowa athe Rae
The princess was banished from the castle because she angered the king.

SAMA/ BLY
@ Zannen 8 oshii

< @ zannen
x Ath Bere J w regrettable °
SADA

ipaAEThe32 ARIKtebtepote), FB < ISTEP oY LR EEO RM? <

SUE SOROGSERTABETS (M1, 2,3,45). MEO ADI
eS >

LPABNTSS TAURUS EOS ERVAAET.

This expresses a ene of frustration or disappointment because something
did not turn out satisfactorily, or as expected (ex.1,2,3,4,5). There may be
an implied sense of apology on the part of the speaker for being unable to
meet a counterpart’s expectations.

338
 SAMA: 4 LW /zannen- oshii

1) LAI weve RAEKKEM,

a2 Ras
NY CHb IC 15 CBBre
Tanoshimini shiteita hanabitaikaiga, many siivashee natte zannenda.
(I) was looking forward to the fireworks display very much, but it was
unfortunately called off due to rain.

2) BUIB% OVS CHAT BM CHIR Th oT lL FAST MODS TEINTIEN..

Kazeo hiite ryokooni sankadekinaku-nattanowa zannendakeredo, shikataga
nai. ;
It’s too bad that (I) can’t go on the trip because of my cold, but it just
can’t be helped.

3) BLL. Aers PRIS CLEVE.

nena kotoni, nyuugaku-shikenni ochite-shimaimashita.
To (my) regret, I’ve failed the university entrance exam.

4) ods hit CFEa fF IIT Eeies NBA TSS CBECT

Sekkaku ae tinea goshootai-itadaitanoni, ukagaenakute zannendesu.
(I’m) honored that you have invited me to your wedding, but I’m afraid
I can’t come.

5) CHAGC
hy
EAT CRESCT
SADA
Gokitaini soenakute zannendesu.
(I’m) sorry that I was unable to live up to your expectations.

_ ‘ a @ oshii
PS) LW tL J w regrettable ®

DBIPULTRV GRICE OEL AL ROI, ot poklek, Ai e

i
4 EA

BIC. PLS Go OT SRST te LS : BLYC LAT: LVS

LV TSEOFE
Pi25
CHI
Dar
ZEMBVWCH
bb
(Pil6,
cau
7,8).
Oshii is used when expressing feelings of frustration or disappointment
because something that was very close to working out well does not in the
end.
It is often used in the forms oshikumo, oshii tokoro de, and oshii koto ni (ex.6,
7,8).
QRODTIDERoRYRERIE
LICK BUELL ERSTE. Cl
DEKE = hs CAI, LOMA
It also is used when expressing that one does not want to lose or waste some-
thing important. It is implied that the speaker feels the object is valuable

339
shizuka-odayaka/ US >-#BERD

(ex: SOI):

6) te Laroteda, al(EARISTULE AS 1 AirZokOiK.

ae! korobanakereba kimiga ichakBauranont
What a shame! If you wouldn’t have fallen down you would have come
in first.

Dolor Frevy Ak BENET LEV, te leh ceva Lelie.

Mettani nai chansuo nogashite-shimai, oshii kotoo shimashita.
Unfortunately, (I’ve) let a rare opportunity slip away.

top fE-SRI yeh, fRLIOZ ve Faas UCUsS72.

Sekkaku tsukutta kukkiio, alt kotoni kogashiteshimatta.
(I’ve) unfortunately burned the cookies I took so much trouble to make.

GNU ABU IQA ALOK Ha7TH BED OIL LV».

)
Konna kudaranai kotoni eae ae va tsukaunowa oshii.
It’s a waste of my valuable time to do such trivial things.

10) <DiiteEFL A LAV IINES EvaNEAOD> OTe COl< (dt LV».

Kono Coan, cane furuikeredo, mada Fe kate suteruniwa oshii.
Although this washing machine is old, it still works, so it would be a
waste to throw it away.

11) (EATEN Tze FIT Olathe LV.

is WA THE B

Suminareta ieo tebanasunowa oshii.

It will be a shame to part with this dear old house.

LFA /dsEPm>
w shizuka = odayaka

L#m> Cif a shizuka

B quiet S

DS SEOVBMLEWLSTCH (Hil, 2).

Shizuka indicates an absence of loud or annoying noise (ex.1, 2).

BORO TOT BLeTELVYY LOT RRLET CAS, 4.5).

340
 LID: ds 2 /shizuka-odayaka

It may also describe a calm and gentle state (ex.3,4, 5).

1) BSR
SH DROS, £< PM SRCES.
ZULPA UF RAEES
Toshokanwa shizukadakara, yoku benkyoodekiru. S
It is quiet in the library, so (we) can study well. x oy a
2 Carer Ne ( !
2) DEL
PAOD bSIL, FA
UF
TeE SHWICHS.
Use 5
a Ny
Piet }
Watashino uchiwa, shizukana juutakuchini aru. Brida 2”
My house is located in a very quiet residential area. Ss ve; if “
Sp ? y

3) HMO, HDI BIESAU. DANS \

Byookino tokiwa, shizukani neteiru hooga ii.
It’s best to stay quiet in bed when (you) are sick.

4) BALE THEM TENT WADDNV TEV POD)Dp bTE\» KIEV Wee

Kanojowa totemo shizukana hitode, irunoka aasereat wakaranai-kuraida.
She is a very quiet person. (We) don’t even notice when she is around.

5) LDAVMILR DH M CT. BVET

SOI Beer
Kono iriewa namiga shizukade, tsurio surunoni saikooda.
The water in this inlet is very calm, so it’s the best place to fish.

dsZED (4)
=
Cecimd k 7

FAITH OS Lar LG Ge, i@ bial TsHSCF [6.22808Cit 2>qx 2098Sze

aaKUTT (filo, 7,8, 9). ADI OH RISY Bem 7A 2
BIE RAEI RAD Lor, 3h. sens BIR CRD I srex
IDB PEV et,
Odayaka refers to an atmosphere or mood that is peaceful, problem-free and
calm (ex.6,7,8,9). Odayaka na hito refers to a gentle person who does not
like to argue or cause disputes. Also, odayaka na may refer to a mild and
pleasant climate.

6) Xx DOM3A T ZaRAFBK CeD7.

Kyoono umiwa namiga odayakada.
The sea is very calm and tranquil today.

7) pHGILMER
tyr
DOD
BE
TROTC, BATEHHEDNTA,
r

341
shitsumon-gimon|/ LOdA:* dA

Karewa seikakuga odayakananode, minnani sukareteiru.

He is a very gentle person, so everybody likes him.

EATNATA DENTE DIENT. ferrarlcatie LIS SV».

_ 37t es
Ys
= as i
Br, : <

Sonnani kenkagoshini naranaide, odayakani hanashio shinasai. |e Adee \

Don’t be so argumentative. Please speak more calmly. ie ee
i Ui

9) <a a) |Soa ae ps 12aBAT one.

WwSle

Kyoowa ee ee yookidatta.
It was very nice and warm all day today.

LODAYLEBA
@ shitsumon = gimon

LOA [HE gusto © bA

BD BIR I EPHIO HWE, HOV AI BILE DSI | HEIL BA Tb

BUfele een i A +4. (Pill, Die Aye
Shitsumon is a question asked in order to clarify a matter, to gain informa-
tion about something, or to get the answer to something like a test question
(Cxe125374);

1) eA
THI. "Amd
D
ewes Tih
CORRILZSV>.
LOBA
CBW
Vos
ELE.
Senseiwa, “Wakaranai kotowa nandemo shitsumonshinasai.” to iimashita.
My teacher said, “Ask me about anything you don’t understand.”

2) FARRIS. "FebHee < AT c KO F

ABIBA NA. EBV HS. OSG /
eae ey GF

Tesutoyooshiniwa, ‘Mondaio yoku yonde, ay: \

tsugino shitsumonni kotaenasai. to kaitearu. AX ay i
On the test paper it says, ‘Read the problem
carefully, and answer the following questions.’ f & ay.

3) A. eR BEC AV ARTIS Ha, HL CUO ECHAL

2 =?

MISP D126

Nyuusha-shikenno mensetsude iroiro shitsumonsaretaga, kinchoo-shiteitanode

342
 LOdDA:*¥%A/shitsumon-gimon

umaku kotaerarenakatta.
(I) was asked all kinds of questions at the job interview, but because I
was so nervous I could not answer them well.

4) Abt RES abe OPT cDEDEDE LK.

emer kishano enone Hie aniolse kotaeta.
The President responded to each of the reporters’ questions.

= A LaFdA J 5 dae ; question °

IZ.S0 BMG, PETE, BAES SO, MABEL IBV

CH (Hi,6,7,8).
Gimon refers to doubts in one’s mind due to a lack of understanding, or
because one is unconvinced that something is true (ex.5,6,7,8).

5) (RASS ore KLAR YY DEG DEI

pH BAES ¥bA aS
Karega itta kotowa hontooka dooka gimonda. ; ( o) A
(1) doubt whether what he said is true or not. ae ees?

6) fe
pr
(SREBH
¥
CB oI EIST CMNSLELTHS. KO
Watashiwa gimonni omotta boise sugu shiraberu
kotoni shiteiru. nie —,
I make it a rule to investigate anything I find ‘ =
questionable right away. un)
7) BASANITES
ZEZ, BIS-CRMOARHII
TEV.
pr kot ¥YA Ok S
Karega yokozuna,ni naru kotoni, mohaya gimonno yochiwa nai.
There is no longer room to doubt that he’ll become a yokozuna (a grand
sumo champion). * p.698

AC.
BAORovr
8) POCE RAR ORE
AinA
ABIZc.
oF vA
Kanojono setsumeide, naganenno gimonga toketa.
Many years of doubt were cleared up by her explanation.

343
shibaraku-toubun) LlED< -L OKRA

LIZS< /LORA
w shibaraku a toubun

s 2 shibaraku
LIZ BS ~catomeae citnigaenine: ell
HOEIEOHSHOLE CT lSoFVELKES Tid 7n< “2 ULOF Bae ca
Ze ey (pin a3). ey ee Lb VET al, i 6,7) ih
a7zL
OPY
7aVy

# ae es pus‘RWED< BY ZG LE. =H EOX re CATE

BROCACEIC QV TO LEY +T.
Shibaraku represents a specific period of time. It may be used to refer to
short or momentary periods of time (ex.1,2,3), as well as long periods
(ex.4, 5,6, 7), depending on the topic of conversation. It may also be used
when referring to events in either the future or the past.

1) oo ROCREF OT ZI TUIS ES BF DSREV 0

Suguni odors kimasunode, kokode shibaraku omachikudasai.
(I'll) be right back, so please wait here for a while.

2) eres LIZ< FIULIETIZA

Niwakaame-dakara, shibaraku sureba yamudaroo.
It’s a sudden shower, so it will probably pass in a little while.

3) BAO
tAw
CO ABMES
pe
S120 45S
BBINAYF CIES KATE
Sanpono LE IPED kibunga waruku nattanode, kooenno benchide shibaraku
yasunda.
(1) suddenly felt ill while taking a walk, so I took a brief rest on a park
bench.

4) A Id, Liki BR Re BENS OBNTT

Walsshies ea Tookyoo-o hanareru tsumoridesu.
I plan to leave Tokyo for a while.

>) il,IsARER
EVR L
ALC Lig bs Of, LESITAAU
aL APS tl
LS 5
Cv 72.
ery eon POU EyOOSIEE shibarakuno aida, shookengaishani tsu-
tometeita.
After graduating from university I worked at a securities company for a
while.

344
 LIE6< -% 5.38A/shibaraku-toubun

6) Lit6<ttaA. BEDI HVECAM.

Shibarakudesune. Okawari arimasenka?
(I) haven’t seen you for a while. What’s new?

7) PUL UIL HS SOV BIE HN.

Dn eg eee sheep

Karewa shibarakuburini kokyoo-o otozureta.

He visited his hometown after being away for a long time.

aay etal aay Ai

COD SEDEE.
*x0UTE
dbOF ORS O Fe SE RLET (PIB, RiO oy. 2a
Db (Sm6) LOX es 1% ‘BRO = CCIE HA, CLIK OE
512 LOR, oe BRLEA. FTEs ED poz Celis.
Lento, Tw SESAF ES ESV bs 5 evFitter.
Toubun is used when referring to a length of time that will be required
(ex.8,9, 10,11), and is only used when speaking of the future. In addition, to-
ubun is unlike shibaraku in that it may only be used when speaking of some-
thing that will take a long time. Therefore, the expression toubun omachi ku-
dasai is not used.

8) RAT #ei< deed 2 PRS BE 75 aOR OLA

uate yoruto, cate amewa furanaisoodesu.
According to the weather report, (we) won’t be having any rain for
some time.

9) EORBREHTs CL ESR OTC, FRUCFTIF

EID OTE.
SL vin bB ee 3 VW

Ashino honeo Fe are es ae gakkooni ikesoomo nai.

(1) broke my leg, so it appears I won’t be able to go to school for a
while.

10) PEAS
AG Io TLESKOTC BABA CIV.
DOACEL ts DvD = LoasA

Kanojoga tookue hikkoshite-shimattanode, toobun aesoomo nai.

She’s moved far away, so it doesn’t look like T’ll be able to see her for a
long time.

11) Petz OU 0SRU D2 Soe CCHHFLEKLR EDK.

Karewa kono machiga kiniitte, en kokode kurasu kotoni shitasooda.

345
shimau-katazukeru) U$¥5-DOWS

He seems to like this town, and it appears that he’s decided to live here
for a while.

LE5 /PHRIOIS
a shimau wg katazukeru

a shimau
Es‘4 4 #to store ; to keep 2

DICH CO SIDEMICANS—E, HOWARD. Hoos

AVDER OSH PRD NAGAI
SETH Hl, 23,4).
To put something that has been taken out back into its place of storage, or
to keep something in its place (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

2 STFA ‘sE fF OLE COKGROMK FEES BAT OC MEV ET COMA

LROMDTEVEW DRS R BAT. RORFELS TEV Vi AICTE OE SED EMS
ZBWCG. Qld! Hal + CLEI OBC, shLICIE CL ~ HOG + ~
a5),

bxeoiz | DEDZYH EV ET Bil, One SW

vs Lue

Shimau is also used to emphasize the completion of an action, or its result-

ant state. It suggests that the result is irreversible, and is often used when ex-
pressing regret about an unfavorable outcome. The contracted forms ~chau
and ~chatta are the informal forms of ~te shimau and ~te shimatta (ex.5,6,
eS)

1) DOCE
Bese —-9—BGISMUCLEDK.
ie 78 wy,
i"
Kanojowa seetaao hikidashini shimatta. we aN
: [BA“Oth.
She put her sweater away in the drawer. “) a
a /

BSE Me seep SCENT ERI ah 8 age

£ r vaN re > > Sa) Va x ea
3. Ye

Taisetsuna monowa, kinkoni shimatteokinasai. or

Keep (your) valuables in the safe. ne Bie
3) Fuca — 4 L£oTRNTC Reb, PODER TY Wee
Todanani keekio shimatte wasureteitara, kabiga haeteita.
(1) put the cake in the cupboard and forgot about it, so it became
moldy.

346
 L¥5-DOWS/shimau-katazukeru

4) ROR era. PHSDVAPCKOAT. LEsHIEI MW,

Ginno shokkiwa, yawarakai nunode kurunde, shimatta hooga iti.
(You) should wrap silver tableware with a soft cloth before you put it
away.

on ASKER GEOLR, HUULCHs ClLEvk.

Die. TEVA D> 6 db

Watashiwa taisetsuna kabin-o, otoshite watteshimatta.

I dropped and broke the valuable vase (to my regret).

(oy)om BLT
pH eB
SC. ULSe
PARCoa CLES.
Karewa hatarakisugite, byookini natteshimatta.
He worked too hard, and ended up getting sick.

Ss DOWN TES Bobeok.

Uchino nekoga inakunatchatta.

My cat has disappeared.

ey KES SVE IBE Lbxs7ze

Taihen! Saifuo otoshichatta.
Oh, no! (I) lost my purse.

S a katazukeru
DEDIIS rity 3 J sto clean up ; to straighten up f%

OBBEEDEEPLT FMIICTELETCH. VWOLBRLLY, bom

TCHOSOD PRs ODE LOBESCAO ET CfAl9, 10, 11).
To make a place neat or clean by putting away things that are in the way;
or to put things that are in disorder or used back to their proper place
(ex.95 10), 11):

@PHTRUI METS TEV BOLE EMERG ON ETT CAl2, 13).

To solve or finish up unfinished matters (ex.12, 13).

9) HAHBYbeld, HCH
Ht USA
{
ERV. S
—
PoE
aOR
esi
aa
|

Asonda omochawa, jibunde katazukenasai. seal cae e rs

Put away (your) toys when you’re finished a oleh] ut =
playing. = vane mm $

10) 8 OBIE, VS BMAF THERTS 4 aut |

DS.
347
Jimejime-mushimushi/ CHED-&bLEL

Otootono heyawa, ikura katazuketemo mata sugu chirakaru.

No matter how many times my (younger) brother straightens up his
room, it immediately becomes messy again.

11) F-TVOERDRATTHBS, BRICLE Lad.

Teeburuno ueo katazuketekara, ochani shimashoo.
Let’s have some tea after (we) clean up the table.

12) AA ItIOtE Se, BLEETIC

PROD TITIMUE TESTE
Watashiwa kono shigotoo, ashitamadeni katazukenakereba-naranai.
I must finish up this work by tomorrow.

fa EN TED TED DRA TEN Ng

Shukudaiga nakanaka katazukanai.
(1) just can’t seem to get this homework done.

ULOUB ELEL
a jimejime a mushimushi

> > B jimejime

LH LH = moist ; damp Al

MMANSWILATeRLEF
om ps BE bbd
Chill,
Hy
2,3). ARE,
3. Vs
CVORUXEALET.
DA Be
£
We AQMP CHK, BMAF HVET (Bild,
5).
Jimejime indicates high humidity (ex.1,2,3). A degree of unpleasantness is im-
plied. Jimejime may also be used to describe a person’s mood as not cheerful
or depressed (ex.4, 5).

1) Sistas HO SRHOEM COLD LIFTER TIS.

Kokewa, hino ataranai jimejimeshita tokoroni haeteiru.
Moss grows in dark, damp places.

ABRSEF( + COEMULTWYT DUDE ACTH on

Tsuyudokiwa, jimejimeshiteite kabiga haeyasui. ;
During the rainy season it’s humid and mold grows quickly.

(ROPt,
SIGS)
LOLOL CRUDE Ne

348
 COUD-t Lt L /jimejime-mushimushi

Dookutsuno nakawa, jimejimeshiteite kimiga warui.

Inside the cave it’s damp and feels weird.

(REVS
VERB OSHS. CO LCML TI ZDCKAMD TIEN
PR BVP ICA F<
Karewa seikakuga kuraku, jimejime-shiteirunode yuujinga sukunai.
He has a dark, melancholy personality so he has few friends.

fh D732 CREREDO B, CoP LOUD LA aml S BIS 72 ¢ 721.

Taninno fukooya kateino guchi, to itta jimejimeshita hanashiwa kikitakunai.
(I) really don’t want to hear (your) complaining about your misfortune
or your family.

a mushimushi
5
Bl bagBebowen ger pal epee fal
mE
Var’
OVE
T=
C COLBURUREALET
ao ks ILS.)
(Pil6,7,8).
rau
Mushimushi describes a climate as having a high percentage of humidity
(ex.6,
7, 8).

6) i? H } EADAA ROIs, teLisLt4.

Pies: hino man-in-denshano nakawa, mushi-
mushisuru.
On rainy days the interior of crowded trains
becomes hot and sticky.

BROpA LLUELTS, GEMITHOV

CID.
Heyano nakaga, mushimushisuru. Madoo aketemo
lidesuka?
This room is stuffy. Is it all right if 1 open the window?

MPInta, GLEL LCi Lado.

Yuubewa, mushimushishite negurushikatta.
(1) had trouble sleeping last night because it was so muggy.

349
shimeru-tojiru-fusagu;) LOS:-YUCa:-HS¢

LOS/YUSE/ ARS
w shimeru @ fojiru w fusagu

LS [HHS] soos &

AOR, FISH, AREOBU
TU SRAENS LTT EKER TS
ECT. PALS eA, DHS) DLPMMSsLEVTHET (PIL,
2,3, 4)
To reduce or eliminate an opening in objects such as a door, window, draw-
er, or box. Unlike sojiru, expressions such as hanbun shimeru (close halfway)
and sukoshi shimeru (close partway) are possible (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) Ro pPogEeHosts.
Samuikara madoo shimeyoo.
It’s cold, so let’s close the window.

bo FISH LADY CORO CHDK.

Hikidashiga aiteitanode shimeta.
The drawer was open so (I) closed it.

3) FHE-DGO SAL LDV AMO THDIVC. PABUFTLED.

Koohiino kanno futawa shikkari shimete okanaito, nakamiga shiketeshimau.
If (you) don’t close the lid of the coffee can tightly, the contents will
get damp.

> WY OPC
OES VATA FB
bre, G,AVORFAMSNTLES.
Sera
Ryoono mongenni maniawanaito, iriguchio shimerarete-shimau.
If (you) don’t make it back before the dormitory curfew, the front door
will be closed (and locked).

YS cee, %

OF], Bes 7A A. Ls AETEES bv Cl DOD, JEP BAUYT UNE UMAR RE

LEAKY
Ieegce oy, LOY Lipo. Oy PPLANE CSD Gas
IZA

DEAR. Ee as cae {EU5IRE) eo, SLED DIED O eT

350
 LO4S-¥ US: ¢/shimeru:tojiru:fusagu

(PiI5, 6, 7, 8).
To return an object, such as a gate, door, book, eye, mouth, or flower, to an
unopened state. There is a sense that the object is used to separate the inside
from the outside (ex.5,6, 7,8).

OQ PDI EVIRORCHEVED CHI9, 10).

It is also used to mean ‘to bring to a conclusion’ (ex.9, 10).

5) BEL RICTLSE TEU EFAS.

Popiiwa yoruni naruto hanabirao tojiru.
Poppies close their pedals when night falls.

6) BePAC TERRE
C2) e BAM < *
Y. AWA BAEDA CS.
CED vy)

Meo tojite ongakuo kikuto, iroirona jookeiga ukandekuru.

When (1) close my eyes and listen to music, I can imagine many differ-
ent scenes.

7) Pi AARDSE, €oCREPAU
Karewa yomiowaruto, sotto hon-o tojita.
He closed the book softly when he finished reading.

8) bx 9D, nak ifs

MRA THEIL
ES TVS. Lf
Gy
Nose sire
oe
Chooga, haneo tojite hanani tomatteiru. nee \ f
The butterfly is on the flower with its wings closed. a wh ion
4 . })
9) man
Pert 90me
xy
C—wolks.
HeeLb FAUT {
Karewa kyuujussaide isshoo-o tojita. LDN YY) UVTITY
His life came to an end at the age of 90.

10) HAILARWOKRD.
MOUCE D*ED
MOR
Be Laan
DBE Y CUE e PAC.
ae: At e

Kanojowa fukyoono tame, oyano daikara tsuzuiteita miseo tojita.

Because of the bad economy, she closed the shop that had been in busi-
ness since her parents’ time.

> esfusagu 5
ar < sto close (up) ; to plug (up) ©

ZOCF SHH] HAVOREDDWTWSEC

SE, DOIO, BOY L
THOMHADLEWADSIEFSLECH CAM,
12, 13,14, 15).
To fill or cover an opening such as a hole, space, or entrance so that noth-

351
SX£5R6

ing may enter it (ex.11, 12, 13, 14, 15).

ll) BIC ASHV YC LEs Kah, HTHOV Nicene

pes Hy 7k WATE

Kabeni anaga aiteshimattakara, itade fusaideokoo.

There is a hole in the wall so (I) guess
I'll cover it with a board.

12 ) WR ICABASTWEDSIAYVORSIWZH.
¥3<> UE ith we
Dookutsuni hitoga hairanaiyooni iriguchio fusaida.
(1) closed the entrance of the cave so that no one can enter it.

iT BE MO 64BEANEut & SOV CUYCNS

WES KOS LR eb
Thoochuushano kurumaga michio fusaideite toorenakatta.
The illegally parked car blocked up the road so (I) couldn’t pass.

EATEN AE TN CS BT HSV TLE DD OH OT EI

bo 3 V

Sonna tokoroni monoo oitewa bashoo fusaide-shimaukara katazukeyoo.

If (we) leave things there theyll get in the way, so let’s put them away.

SLDSEILOMNALD
She
BRO
IL
OG HeASF?<Bok.
An

Aniga doramuno renshuuo hajimetanode, mimio fusagitaku natta.

My (elder) brother suddenly began practicing his drum, so (I) plugged
my ears.

SIGR6
ARAN, ARCRTEREMEV OCT, ADORT
2 Ef Ase SRL CERO, PLAEMHV ET.
HOH, RE SDERSADBHICP UNG bIATS ELE.
PSNR ADO, AAAS DEI LE LK.
BRBpClt, FID Hl Sle TSA IG thd EY de
WERIOR I CMBOAAA—Ik, AERC OBE be
LaFs CBVELK. (H~G Ss is BE CB ALO
CT. LDL, EDYVOKRSIROKRVOR IODA TWET.

392
 SL5HRS

VEAA THROES
+ BRIT
D1 DEAKMER
BILE SOT Whvy COLIWA

TO BMY LET EWG BW

ish VEGA. LDHBIt VED
DLR SME COBO, HE

flo TTAECA
| OEREEA
2 BRILLET LBIOM
pies Lon

IRNCT. CITHI, UPOAK SIA HRNSETCLKES

EBATCNSTL 24. CONOR
BIRK Tk STD ®
BOR HEDIS 2 CW OR.

Sayoonara
Although Oscar has just arrived in Japan, he studied Japanese for
two years in his own country, so he has some confidence in speaking.
One day he went to a part-time job at a company where his friend
Mr. Mishima worked. When he finished the job he was asked to
do, he decided to go home ahead of time. Since he had heard that
Sayoonara is not usually used as a farewell at the workplace, he said
loudly, “Osakini okaerishimasu,’” thinking that o(verb)~suru? is a hum-
ble, polite expression; however, the other people who heard this had to
keep from laughing.
Of course, there are humble expressions such as oukagai suru*® and
ookuri suru,’ but there is no such expression as okaeri shimasu. In this
kind of situation, it is more appropriate to say “Osakini shitsureishi-
masu°” which implies, “I’m sorry to go home ahead of you when you
are still working.” When you say this, the listener will respond “Otsu-
karesamadeshita.®’ But if you really don’t know what to say, it is per-
fectly all right to say “Sayoonara.’””

An incorrect expression for ‘I am humbly going home ahead of you.

A humble expression used when saying, ‘I'll do (verb) for you,
‘I will humbly visit you’ or ‘I humbly ask you a question’.
I will humbly see you off.
Excuse me, I will go (home) ahead of you.
‘You must be tired’ or ‘You've worked hard’.
BRB
@®
ND
@©N= Good-bye (but literally means, ‘If we must depart, then good-bye’).

353
junban ni-koutai de-kawarugawaru/ Uw»ANZAC COROT PDSRDS

UwAlEAI CIRM T/ PYNSEDNS

a junban ni ukoutai de gs kawarugawaru

Uw AIEANS (i2) Sin order

S > = ef ajunban ni An

HAT WIZBHD ° fee LTIIZDD * PI ODOR A dh SOI OVE, ear

PERI}> Fre < EE Me neg2
OY

< DESTIN CHPVET CPI, 2,3).

Junban ni is used when things that are lined
up, continuous, or have a set arrangement are
taken one at a time, without breaking
the arrangement or order (ex.1,
2, 3).

) ARAM ING. LAS

OM EWMAIEA
Bea BIB
LA
ADS TESV
Namaeo yobaretara, hitorizutsu junbanni Whinsiasusnusind ohairi kudasai.
Please enter the examining room one at a time as (your) names are called.

2) EAD KIS. HV DOM SII Bic HORA NZ BORLL Fak

ALDWELE LatHNe.
Pikasono ewa, furui monokara junbanni ‘aono jidaiv ‘barairono jidai ‘kyu-
bisumuno jidai’ to wakerareru.
Picasso’s works are classified in order as ‘the Blue Period’, ‘the Rose Peri-
od’ and ‘the Cubism Period’.

3) Dar
Bld. RS SAHA Nee HBO
DATA
DSICWAIEABip TC.
Karewa, takusan aru shigotoo kantanna monokara junbanni katazuketeiku.
When he has a lot of work to do, he starts with the easiest task and
works from there.

Se ian TeneGinaiomrncs
Sa ao. 2 k t [ d YN

ODL EMI. LCF FPO BERD Kt 0 2 TITS LITERS

cafe zd (Pill4, 5,6).
This is used when something is done on an alternating basis according to a

354
LwAIEAI: CORMT-PHSADZS /junban ni-koutai de-kawarugawaru

determined amount of time, people, etc. (ex.4, 5,6). ia

Fo)
\ Sh a
ome:
N f
4) ) RRPOAREC.
HE Bf BAAS CHER LI.: KS
oI SID
oO,
Tookyookara Oosakamade, kareto watashiga kootaide fr“, Pr
untenshita. a woh 4
We took turns driving from Tokyo to Osaka.

Der Giae ALY Be DMB A 3c

SR CAE BRI GEN CT SET
BExY

Uchidewa, acne bieaieee mainichi kootaide inuo sanponi tsureteikimasu.

My (younger) brother and I take turns walking our dog every day.

6) CML= ICL
Ys. BhaBas2
Wh UWA
ATO,
dr Y
RFPEISCINC
WE DTZ
BI o CVS.
Kono koojoodewa, keibiinga futarizutsu, eee tora mimawatteiru.
At this plant, security guards patrol in groups of two that relieve each
other every two hours.

S k Z
PDSBDS sintums
fa . DIIHKF KINA < il Canfres| <a Geet
(PT,
8). AAAI D>TSLVMROHVET (9, 10).
TLANZ

a oe q Vz Wy vy

Kawarugawaru is used when a number of people perform the same action one
after another without a break (ex.7,8). It may also mean that two people
take turns doing something (ex.9, 10).

7) BAI RL SOBA TH BA, ALDEZAI DSM dD ORBBX

CA EID

CA dies
Doosookaini atsumatta mukashino oshiegotachiga, watashino tokoroni kawa-
rugawaru aisatsuni kitekureta.
At the class reunion my old students came up to greet me in turn.

8) HRI
Wo
AR SIL, DboA HEKMVEIUBNK.
Kekkonshikini manekareta hitotachiwa, teapale oiwaio nobeta.
The guests at the wedding offered their congratulations one at a time.

9) BEA el cl alk, Ae hiica DOM DO SFEV 4fTok.

dtd ILI WA

Hahaga nyuuin hahaAR Wists hate anede nee mimaini itta.

My (elder) sister and I took turns visiting my mother while she was in
the hospital.

355
jouzu-tokui/ Cx FUL M

10) ne Sia. CTF.

HETCHDSMDSR—-bRIW
ad %4 x vs
Watashito chichiwa, kishimade kawarugawaru bootoo koideitta.
My father and I took turns rowing until we. reached the shore.

arc
ry anata h
mjouzu gw tokui

& 5 oars @ jouzu vo)

ber 4 Ft eee askill ; proficiency

(LDF Die MOVE A TS DEW Aah CH (fal, 2,3, 4,5). ees)

ZBrLILOTC AIS EA.
Jouzu denotes superior skill at doing something (ex.1,2,3,4,5). Since this is
used as a word of praise, it cannot be used to describe oneself.

) PEA LECT.
Kanojowa utaga joozudesu. SJ ) a “
paneSe
She is good at singing. x
SS
2) BIT NLEAL ICED LECH 2.0
Anatawa hontooni ega joozudesune.
You are really an excellent artist!

Bp DISTACBREC HOMES JEL TH D>.

B: EL STE EE
A: Anatato kanojoto dochiraga pianoga joozudesuka?
Which of you is better at the piano — you or she?
B: Futaritomo hetadesu. Both of us are bad.

4) BA is. VW 5 OBR ALTOS DIL A EFI CTE,

Watashiwa, ‘edie rheitHihs ohies to Sabai Joozuni dekinai.
No matter how much I practice, I can’t stand on my head well.

5) iL IOSCABAL
DATA
ECT.
Karewa konogoro untenga joozuni natta.
He has become very good at driving lately.

356
 Cs 9F-% <3 /jouzu-tokui

y i a ee m tokui hekg:
mspecialty ; forte ; pride

DOBnNrelz ATL COREBR

Vita
ANAS . BPR MOEN CLT AEM So
CTH CHPi6, 7,8, 9,10). Agr wtb At BET.
Tokui is used to describe someone who is very experienced at something, has
superior abilities or skills, and is very self-confident (ex.6,7,8,9,10). This may
be used in describing oneself or another person.

OP EOV< BRP A ETE SES RIC HoT, INLET EBL

FTABA DEST ICED (PIL, 12),
It is also used in describing someone besides oneself as being proud of or sat-
isfied with the outcome of something, which he may boast about to others
(ex.11, 12).

6) ibaare DIY Ait DsTET

Karewa, Burdislgoss tokuidesu.
He is very good at French.
T.
7) A: BRROBEEAR-MLCHD
AlLAD—VI
B: IRN E
LHCT.
ee

A: Anatano tokuina supootsuwa nandesuka?

What sport are you best at?
B: Watashiwa supootsuwa nigatedesu.
I am not at all good at sports.

8) BhWea
— oe DEBI SR CLI.
DEL 2

Watashiwa shoogakuseino ce sansuuga tokuideshita.

Math was my best subject in elementary school.

9) PA
ROMER
BEC
SE HEAls, HEC.
) >
Kareno futokuina kamokuwa, rikadesu.
His worst subject is science.

10) ls |(A 7KGit do£01 Va7EV.

TW AW

bps ip suieiwa amari tokuidewa nai.

I’m not very good at swimming.

11) yaes BRO AE C3 AOH-APVET ORE ‘ fPEl<Zhao

Ve PF WN tA +3)

Aniwa, yakyuuno shiaide sanbonmo hoomuran-o uttaio, tokuini natteiru.

357
jojoni-jiwajiwa/ Ux Uxit-UbUb ena
Se
My (elder) brother is proud of the three homeruns that he hit in the
baseball game.

12) (RISB, Boks MVOAL—YA—B® Bo

rr ec ne h

Karewa tokuisooni, kattabakarino supootsukaao miseta.

He looked very proud showing off his brand-new sports car.

Urbsl, Lplp
@ jojoni B jiwajiwa

= > RA os @ jojoni >

Umar ic ARR IE = gradually

HDOEDEARABEA, BC MGOLIFTERLEF (Pill, 2,3, 4).

DS YCLHOUINE, HERI EAC De TNR HIS feat ET
Bs LV SBR SAT.
This indicates that something progresses or changes slowly (ex.1,2,3,4). There
is a feeling that, although slow, progress is steady and sooner or later a con-
clusion or result will be reached.

1) AAW
Gir
VTE
C72
OE
iP
Ce
Tenkiwa, jojoni kudarizakadesu.
The weather is gradually worsening.

bo DYRLTWHSAE, As SEZ ExIZ 5 CK BDA} DD.

Tsurio shiteiruto, es Jojoni michitekurunoga ‘meg
While fishing, (I) can see the tide gradually rising.

3) Bt LV MESH %, UxUsiciin C7.

Atarashii shigotonimo, jojoni naretekita.
(I’ve) slowly but surely gotten used to my new job.

4) Poti AASES ro hklEDUEOHP AH, AEB LIZ, Uric nis BI

AR OWN ae.

Yatto byookiga yokunatta bakari-nanodakara, murio shinaide, jojoni ugoita

hooga iiyo.
(You’ve) just gotten over your illness, so you should start moving

358
 Ux UsiC:-CdUd/jojoni-jiwajiwa

around little by little, and not overdo it.

< : B jiwajiwa %
Ud a) w gradually ; steadily

en Ge ow ian? AT cis ag ee re
5,6,7,8). REEDS, BUTI BREPRLIIIE sams. "eo -Sn
SHELA RHEROME HDS, DY fo CCSLIT RRS ERICKbt
nat.
Jiwajiwa is used to express that something increases or changes at a gradual
rate (ex.5,6,7,8). It emphasizes an increase in degree or volume, rather than
speed, and is often used when speaking of rising emotions such as joy, sad-
ness, or anxiety.

5) tiv FR He SAC hh, Colne prea HC.

Kowai eigao miteitara, jiwajiwato dedtbes detekita.
While watching the horror film, (1) slowly began to break out into a
cold sweat.

6) MILES
BEBOEBUAS,
LAL
CbUbtbs
y
ko TSR.
Yuushoono yorokobiga, jiwajiwato wakiagattekita.
Happiness over winning the championship mounted steadily.

7) BARRA,
5 3 RFR DIT Cb CD eaE CK Be
Kanpooyakuwa lyaenina kikanaiga, jikan-o kakete jiwajiwato kiitekuru.
Chinese medicines aren’t immediately effective, but over time they gradu-
ally begin to work.

~ ‘ia ‘tiblbe Es O. Ahr BOE ENC eZZe Wi C7

Bukkaga jiwajiwato agari, Ei icine ee eikyooga detekita.
Prices have been gradually rising and they’ve started having an effect on
our lives.

359
shiru-wakaru/ LA-pmwS

LOE/DD4
w shiru aw wakaru

< 5 Shi
Borbneir se mdr ®
BOSD OOH RIT KO. LEA SPATE COMMEIBS CET
t (PAI, 2,3, 4,5). ECAL
DBE MoT + MSF DEI, TCE
sg TAD DoDCID~ acti UTHBRLSM ERA AeLET. V6
¥ BC aD SOT PT

ia yp8PV ASTEV|CVC
To gain knowledge about something or someone through means such as expe-
rience or outside information (ex.1,2,3,4,5). In most cases it is used in the
forms shitteiru (I know) or shiranai (I don’t know) to indicate that one has
or lacks knowledge, acquaintance, or memory of something. In Example 6 it
is used to mean that the speaker has no connection with the subject.

) DEL
il, heOe cisbisA ChAT DB.
ae shokubutsuno ‘edith nandemo shitteiru.
I know everything there is about plants.

2) A: wPOCE
BE OBTA DEA
BS & Mo TWWET D>.
1B) 2 WA Se DEA.
A: Kanojono denwa-bangoo-o shitteimasuka?
Do (you) know her telephone number?
B: Tie, shirimasen. No, (1) don’t.

3) BIMERR
TSA CADIS oh.
Karega sakkadanante shiranakatta.
(I) had no idea he is a writer.

4) brLNS LOSRBORU
fe An
ALM CWS.
Te
ny
Watashiwa sono kinkono akekatao shitteiru. aoe
I know how to open the safe. Q F aC

5) BUSH A675 ‘ hove \

Karewa reigio shiranai. res
He has no manners at all.

360
 L4:-bD*D>4 /shiru-wakaru

6) VBE SCONDVA Rib, QSMBIVS.

Ikura ittemo kikanaindakara..., moo shiranaiyo.
No matter how many times (I) tell (you), you won’t listen. I’ll have
nothing more to do with it.

a wakaru
DDS Lorn S| ato understand ; to know nd

WOLEDRRP ARERR TS raat ai OS: (Bil, 8, 9, MO, cd srt Oe

DERE, HB MICEOLCORLEF (Pill2, 13). BAL DPSs=
eliHoT\ Bpizr AS CWALLISHVIV FTA. [BDO 1 eS
fit DOS 11k, |HEADS dS C ELV CV FER CT (14, 1). 18 ASD
DOjtd. IDTV CABHMATIFSIERRLEF
Bags B<TH 4H Ww Ey o)
Cpl).
nV

To comprehend the meaning, contents, etc. of something (ex.7,8,9, 10,11).

Also, to know the outcome of something (ex.12, 13). When referring to knowl-
edge or understanding gained from thought alone wakaru may be used, but
shiru may not. Expressions such as hanashi ga wakaru or geijutsu ga wakaru
indicate a good understanding or detailed knowledge of something (ex.14, 15).
Michi ga wakaru means that one can get to a destination without any confu-
sion (ex.16).

7) COROTFit. BHA er emliLpDS.

Zp om it HoHockE
Kono kikaino tsukaikatawa, setsumeishoo yomeba wakaru.
If (you) read the instruction manual, you’ll know how to operate this
machine.

8) MOCE
RAV TA
BBE
dD
MOURNE, BS
CAD AZ FD
PbdD pdr,
Kanojoni denwao kaketai keredo, denwabangooga wakaranai.
(I) want to give her a phone call, but I don’t know her number.

9) oy
BE LV FORD.
t5n< BAY
£<BAanitpnsd.
DAD

Muzukashii suugakuno mondaimo, yoku kangaereba wakaru.

(You'll) be able to figure out even difficult math problems if you think
them through carefully.

10) HABA DET.

Nihongoga wakarimasuka?
Do you understand Japanese? (Do you speak Japanese?)

1) A: BLERTC, LOLPRRDSE TES,

361
suisui-surasura:sunnari/FoOTO-Fotb6-FARY

3: DAVELT.
A: Ashita madeni, kono shigotoo owarasete kudasai.
Please complete this job by tomorrow.
B : Wakarimashita. All right.

12) AROS, gE bd m57E..

Miraino kotowa, darenimo wakaranai.
Nobody knows what will happen in the future.

13) ADORE RIS 1 il Pe)(et bpd.

LWA Wt aan ~~

Shikenno haya fsisshuukangoni wakaru.

(He) will know the test results in a week.

14) BOISE an7)* DD.

tAtyy HL

Ano senseiwa hanashiga wakaru.

That teacher is very understanding.

15) ld.
ae al
Fe fitaSdomDS.
Weipa

Karewa, geijutsuga wakaru.

He is quite knowledgeable about art.

16) PlBBE <4 <3

ADAYA.
Toshokanni iku michiga wakarimasen.
I don’t know the way to the library.

ToS /FbotTtb/TFABYV
B Suisui @ Surasura B® sunnari

B SUISUI =
FTF #smoothly ; easily

WDE BCID, CAHSEE TI LITEBR

FESVEF (GIL, 2,3,0). nant f
Suisui denotes that something proceeds easily and without resistance, or that
an action is carried out effortlessly and pleasantly (ex.1,2,3,4).

Ll)
FSIS, TM EIWOF WFC.

362
 TOTO: FSotb6-FARY /suisui>surasura-sunnari

Kodomotachiwa, puurude suisui oyoideiru.

The children are swimming like fish Kg Ee
in the pool WAV &
enewe (EN)Sea pe
2) CATR
= se
RAS. PTV CRS, \
SSG cee
ek or
Konna kantanna keisannara, suisui dekiru.
If the calculation is this simple, P’ll be able to solve it in no time.

3) CAME DEKD IEE a FRAT 2a

Tonboga Sab sorao, suisui ene
The dragonflies are flying about effortlessly in the autumn sky.

4) DEL
FL, OP
brS
LV AseHls,
GA
BOKCTWTVES.
PEXp WEL
Watashino atarashii jitenshawa, noborizakademo suisui hashiru.
I can even go uphill easily on my new bicycle.

@ Surasura i
THT b a smoothly ; easily

BOLEAMER ESCEH BIMEITDNSEMEVET ae TEN aay —e : ages

2 BIE EC VET (Pills, 6, 7, 8).
Surasura indicates that an action proceeds smoothly and without resistance.
It is often used when referring to speaking, reading or writing (ex.5,6,7,8).

5) LO¥AIL,
BBW
AOMMICTOTOBAr.
¥E5 LoBa rh
Sono gakuseiwa, kyoojuno shitsumonni surasura kotaeta.
The student was able to easily answer the professor’s questions.

6) F723 SAeZ EOIONlK, EDEDFIAF

VE
OT MARE.
3

Mada sansaidato yuunoni, sono onnanokowa surasura doowao yonda.

Even though she is only three years old, she read the fairy tale without
a problem.

7) (2D COWBIMRAT ZC 37205, RAAT STL re

+ h-&
D>VDeyy “ats! INS

DROV 1B
qe ety ae
Hajimeteno kaigai-ryokoodattaga, eigoga yp 2 %
surasurato kuchiotsuite deta. ADACae At
Even though it was my first trip abroad,
(1) was able to speak English without any trouble.

8) JRA EEK i BSCWAICOW

THT kaa LK
WtAIZLA YWLEXLD WALI

363
guuzuushii-atsukamashii/F5F5 LW bOMEM

Hanninwa torishirabe-shitsude hankoonitsuite surasurato hanashita.

The culprit poured out the details of the crime in the interrogation
room.

@ sunnari Zz
t ATs y) measily ; smoothly

BOE IR? aS Lic, RAC 1 BICHAS— ens CEBE SEY EER

CWo bAR YY WAZ

(frl9, 10, 11).

Sunnari is used to indicate that something is finished after only one try, and
without resistance or difficulty (ex. 9,10, 11).

) FisPRAIA FEL aR < FECT ATED Mofo

Watashino yuujinwa, muzukashii shikenni ichidode sunnari ukatta.
My friend passed the difficult test easily on his first try.

10) #t ld,
LYbES
HEBOE£545RITA MVS.
LRA BS
Shachoowa, shainno yookyuuni sunnari oojita.
The company president agreed to his employees’ demands without
argument.

ll) DEEL
LAE
CW BATE
ED. HBLOBAITC.
“oh
pee
TATOCHERLE.
PVIta

Shinpaishiteita mondaimo, bengoshino okagede, sunnarito kaiketsushita.

I was able to solve the troubling matter without a problem, thanks to
my lawyer.

FIFI /HIMELW
B ZuUuzuuUshii w atsukamashii

> > w zuuzuushii =

a 9 > 9 Le Shien ; impudent

AOR BOR MERIT SLEEK. FRELIT. BOROTe

Wot. EDEITEATWNE LT, FERE + HCH CREST (PIL, 2, 3,
4).
The word zuuzuushii is used in a negative tone to describe a person with an

364
 FHFHLO- HOME L’/zuuzuushii-atsukamashii

attitude or behavior that is unreserved and inconsistent with what is consid-

ered appropriate (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) HVDWLFITF
IW ALD. ISO. CARE
THEY Clore.
Aitsuwa zuuzuushii otokodanaa. Kanebakarika, yoofukumade kariteitta.
He is a bold rascal. He borrowed not only my money but also my
clothes.

2) D0. 3 OF DCE
PUL OSE, BACs
oN Ak
Amari, zuuzuushii kotobakari shiteiruto, minnani kirawareruyo.
If you keep acting so cheeky, you are going to be disliked by everybody.

3) MOG otILPYONORIZ, OC NENA THIFI WW.

Spies bakarino hitono ieni, tometekure-danante zuuzuushii.
It’s rude to ask someone you’ve just met to put you up for the night.

4) mn
BUSEBOL7EVY
Varta
CR. PITS. HE BY &LIP THHBIELE.
=OIHVEA

Karewa shigotomo shinaide, zuuzuushikumo, kyuuryoo-o agetemoraooto

shita.
Even though he didn’t even do his job, he is so impudent he tried to
get a raise in salary.

g atsukamashii 7
Om» ES Lv ushameless ; pushy

OPAL CHELTLM TD LUVEWD REE, RA ICEWYDIS PHA IDE

VW 9:Sd Hens PeSyeN WESTER W = COA,6,7,8)> HORS
4 oe DADS BEA BRIS AU CVS ee
This see a person who has absolutely no sense of modesty or reservation
(ex.5,6,7,8). A sense of hajishirazu (being shameless) is emphasized.

5) HATEHODELV Aa IE HILV.
Anna atsukamashii hitowa mitakotomo nai.
(I) have never seen such a shameless person.

6) 4 MIO EACOLT FTC OME LVI.

Yoningakeno sekio hitorijimeshite, nanto atsukamashii yatsuda.
The nerve of that man! He is taking up a seat for four all by himself.

1) DVS QOLBWC EMDILUEAT. [he CO ODPL ACE De

365
qukizuki- hirihiri-gangan/ FX FX-OYV OV - BABA

Aisatsumo shinaide, agarikomunante, nante atsukamashiin-deshoo.

He came into my house without saying anything. How rude!

ee ) HOMELWHRVTT AS. feBORBGT A eH 2 Lifo Cr PEVT TEV

nr

ta

Atsukamashii onegaidesuga, shakkinno hensaio, moosukoshi matte itadake-

nai-deshooka?
(1) may be asking too much, but would you please defer the due date of
my loan a little longer?

aT S/OYVOAY) “BAD
w zukizuki @ hirihiri m gangan

> > w zukizuki

F. Sao Bursaspor
Bra, ERIAAPTLREL AN WET OK SHBOELIT CH CPL, 2). es
slIABU
: FRA.
Zukizuki describes a continuing, stabbing pain in a wound, head or broken
bone area; it is a sharp, pounding or throbbing pain, like a pulse beat
(ex.1,2). Zukizuki is not used to describe a stomachache.

) tas FSGF=STS, OAs (tHE LB LV. ys

Yubiga erie beak Kizuguchiga kanooshitarashii. A hx
(My) finger is throbbing. It seems that the Yt RE WZ
wound is infected. RE.
2) PIN,
BOT STS TC.WD
MR iorz, DEEA LHI At
OS A

Yuubewa, atamaga zukizuki itakute, hitobanjuu nemurenakatta.

Last night (I) had a throbbing headache and I couldn’t sleep at all.

w hirihiri
AY AY a burn ; smart A

FOEWTOPIFERLEY, HSV FRA. CATO ILE TRI OR ma

4. VEIBA

366
 FuTFX-OAVOY MAMA
| zukizuki- hirihiri-gangan

MWLIFERLET His, 4,5).

ing, or the effects of a chemical substance (ex.3, 4,5).

3) BBE MLAOVONT S.
Hini yaketa hadaga hirihirisuru.
(My) sunburnt skin smarts.

4) BLABH OWES LV. DEROVOYTA,

Kazeo hiitarashii. Nodoga hirihirisuru.
(1) think I caught a cold. My throat is scratchy.

5) SAA TI IEW RELAMOYO UFR.

Koronde surimuita tokoroga hirihiri itai.
The place where (I) skinned myself when I fell stings. (The scratch I got
from my fall stings).

DATTA che
FAEATON SLSIIBULETH (FIG,7). BAVVBAT. HINSLIU
WAV CICK SIR NET.
Gangan describes a throbbing or ringing type of pain, as of the head or ears
(ex.6, 7). It expresses strong pain, and is used in the same manner as wareru
yoo ni itai, which literally means ‘my head hurts so much that it feels as if it
is breaking up’.

6) 42
— BR CaaS BAMAT SD.
Futsukayoide atamaga gangansuru.
My head is splitting because of my hangover. Sore

1) CATS BB
STSSe AS TIF CS TENG
Wee
:yea
HRBABATS DD.
AAs
7ed
Sonnani ookina koeo dasanaide kudasai. WS) <4 Wee
Mimiga gangansurukara. vi
Don’t talk so loud. (My) ears are ringing. ty

367
sukunakutomo-semete/t <i & US eHOT

DuAt Tein Ore UEC

a sukunakutomo = semete

BRGY SKG ooh ile aeaKuentsl pai e) *

YS RA CORES CUE, COS ADORE OEE BLES. 3ik yy 7

ee ps oLNTEV TREO HE Se RRC ~KRV- TEL nesea,)

FVYVEFIVEIWA

pe RRA
* FSUIGWA
ET (Pill, 2,3, 4,5).
Sukunakutomo indicates the lowest limit of a number or degree of something,
which does not change no matter how evaluated. Sukunakutomo may be used
in expressions of speculation, such as ~daroo and ~kamoshirenai, or expres-
sions of desire, such as ~tai and ~te hoshii (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) Rte A yPISSED 2 AGU LET / OME Belt.

POUL Eve
Kanojowa ee aie nijikanwa pianono renshuuo shimasu.
She practices the piano for at least two hours every day.

2) TDA VIS, PISS LYN NILASRAI.

Kono hooruniwa, sukunakutomo senninwa hairudaroo.
This hall will probably hold at least 1,000 people.

3) EOUAAT
PUK HOETK, DIKE LD Ald PSEA.
Kareno kegaga sukkari yokunarumadeni, sukunakutomo ikkagetsuwa kaka-
rudaroo.
It will probably take at least one month for his wound to heal complete-
ly.

4) PIC COIC LECH, DAVY CHATS LIV

Sukunakutomo nenni ikkaiguraiwa, nonbirito ryokooga shitai.
(I) would like to take a relaxing trip at least once a year.

5) SOREL, BEM DIL eb 3 Aw Bh \ OES)

Ki one Joshuga sukunakutomo sannin hitsuyooda.

(We) will need at least three assistants to help with this experiment.

® semete =
EDT wat least 1

368
 tCOL-bi: 5% /sukoshi-chotto

BA CVSLEDTN CHENG OD MAREE BARC MAIS IAL VOPR

FRRERG LENSES LOOTED 558< PPV § STEELY © ~FEBWIVID
a ES RRO e+ et CBiI6, 7485s AA ORB ik
WANED

Cate“18 TED TIOOAIL ap:AA, DES THE A # Hic(SfEV Fth.

TVYEFVEIWA
Semete indicates the minimum limit that is acceptable if the desired level is
unattainable. It may be used when speaking of the minimum limit of a
strong desire, and is often used in sentences which include ~tai, ~te hoshii,
or ~nara ii noni (ex.6,7,8,9). It may not be used when making suppositions,
i.€., you cannot say “Semete hyaku-nin wa iru daroo. (There must be at least
100 people there.)’

6) Bh bd. EO TSOX—bIKIFoE CT CON

Watashiwa, semete gojuumeetoru oyogeruyooni naritai.
I want to become able to swim at least 50 meters.

7) EDO CTBAN ESCH, fe RO CISEMU TCPSV.

Semete byookino tokigurai, fe pra wasuretekudasai.
Please forget about work, at least while (you’re) sick.

8) EOTHE 1 falfel td WotR bast tic settee ,

Semete ato MESH oer motto ii repootoga eobemisenes
(I) would have been able to write a better report if I had had at least
another week until the due date.

9) IME CHOT AT of, OCH eae HVMLCETHEIDW WV.

Gaikokude kurasundattara, semete hig aa Sede ABS dekitahooga ii.
If (you’re) going to live abroad you should at least be able to handle
everyday conversation in the local language.

RCS
Ua 5a)eutesop8
a sukoshi 8 chotto

i a sukoshi
oe be ei afew ; a little

WOOEDEECE > BEREA HFA. ILITERLET PL, D.® Mi).

ome MUpaos Siew ad

369
sukoshi-chotto/FCL°bkr7u

Sukoshi is used to indicate that the number, amount, or degree of something

is small 2, 3,.4,5),
(ex.1,

1) COOPER)
ty
aid. VRAIS
HLEXStO
CEM AMD pro TLE a7
Kono suirishoosetsuwa, sukoshi yondadakede hanninga wakatteshimatta.
(1) was able to figure out who the criminal was in this mystery story af-
ter reading just a short bit.

2) #8 BLA BTEC. BRMPLLATE

Kyuuryoobimae-narode; okanega sukoshishika nai.
It’s just before payday so (I) don’t have much money.

3) BRK
SAB STEROT, PUBIC HITEL.
Sakanao takusan tsuttekitanode, sukoshi tonarini agemashita.
(1) caught a lot of fish so I gave some to my neighbor.

4) D>
=
soIp»iRDS
F
ea. G DUR
= 20
B.
Asakara karadaga darukute, sukoshi netsumo aru.
(I’ve) been feeling tired and have had a slight fever since this morning.

5) COPEL Chay EN EE GN Ne
Sono kennitsuitewa, sukoshi kangaesasete-kudasai.
Please let me think about the matter a bit.

8 chotto =
b a) x wa little ; a moment LE

Dsnoz LORE
roy IP So)
- EERE T De, EV LIT ERLEF CBI, 7,
8). TILIEDS BAOHTD- ILD LVS MUMBY, agi LS
CIE TH RDNETF.
Chotto indicates that the number, amount, or degree of something is small
(ex.6, 7,8). It implies an even smaller amount than does sukoshi, and is often
used in conversation.

QZ SintbdmbhyrjOkES, BiPID BREBCW Late Mek E: EK

<i +BLBCIS DERERLET is, 10). Pill. LOESIZ, (d520k
oe dV» Nan EORTC, BBE PDOTSEX, +
PMID EFC HESPEO AIT OE SEV Ea

370
 FoOL-6s 0% /sukoshi-chotto

When used together with a verb in its negative form, as in chotto wakaranai,
it means ‘soon’ or ‘easily’ (ex.9,10). As in Examples 11 and 12, chotto may
be used to soften an expression when one does not want to answer precisely
or provide details. Also, as in Example 13, it is used when casually calling
for someone’s attention.

6) ZOANyT7itb x UM YCOADT, < RAT.

Kono bagguwa chotto kizuga tsuiteirunode, yasuku kaeta.
(I) was able to buy this handbag at a discount because it has a small
tear in it.

7) FR PSx oe BeBELA TAIL, BFISIKF (Co CLEK.

DEL % vai7z .a ne Ep
Watashiga chotto meo hanashita sukini, musukowa maigoni natteshimatta.
My son got lost when I took my eyes off him for just a second.

8) A td, ALA TIY TE x CR EUTRUOMRES CT

Watashiwa, koochani burandeeo chotto tarashite nomunoga sukidesu.
I like drinking tea with just a touch of brandy added to it.

: CENA
LOLA ‘x
CAB IA V7ZDETD.
72H. SivtOMUZtA.
3s:
(gobGoshujinwa nanjigoro okaerini narimasuka?
What time will your husband return home?
B: Saa, chotto wakarimasen.
Hmm, (1) really don’t know.

10) HOAOMUCARALHSO2,
ve DE A BE
BAIS
roe BVH Tel.
Paes Pens) ips

Ano hitono kaoni mioboewa arunoni, namaega chotto omoidasenai.

(I) remember his face, but I just can’t recall his name.

11) PREAIWARUIHRE, RAb pote: CJD 75).

Dar (Ora ZHUe G

Karewa hitowa iindakeredo, koibitoniwa chotto...(mukanai).

He’s a nice guy, but as a boyfriend (1) don’t know...(there’s something
about him I don’t like).

12) TORII x Bony DOLNEAD, LC MsET.

Kono kusuriwa chotto nigaikamo shiremasenga, yoku kikimasu.
This medicine may be a bit bitter, but it is very effective.

13) Sisk, HPF.

Chotto, dareka tetsudattekurenai?
Hey, can somebody give (me) a hand?

371
sukkari-sokkuri/ TomY)-t5¢ 9

FoPv/t0¢9
a sukkari w sokkuri

a sukkari r
> 2” y) wall ; completely is

WOOK Bier CMEC Ros . Se - FBC -

: :cage pevr
SST HRI EY +4 “all PD. (Bh til. 5,6).
When referring to the quantity or degree of something, sukkari means ‘whol-
ly’, ‘all’, ‘completely’, or ‘thoroughly’ (ex.1,2,3,4,5,
6).

) 200EV 72 EMRE Sop OMICCON

TLE ck.
nvr

Nituoaie ita nettaigyoo, sukkari nekoni torarete-shimatta.

The cat got all twenty of my tropical fish.

2) SDADAL—Id, FoPYVRNTLES
CP LORS WOE.
Kinoono karee,wa, sukkari tabeteshimatte sukoshimo nokotteinai. *p.702
(1) ate up all of yesterday’s curry, so nothing is left.

3) an |nl ieonG! FBI. FH ADI—LIF oP ONT T Ut ie

Hanashini muchuuni natteiru aidani, aisukuriimuga sukkari toketeshimatta.
While (I) was absorbed in the conversation, my ice cream melted com-
pletely.

4) DATORAAK VEL. BIT OVKCTA.

Kaedeno haga akaku narimashita. Moo sukkari akidesune.
The maple leaves have turned red. Autumn is here in full.

5) HEVEBMICLOoRNC
Bee wer
RESCSINRETodVENTCLE0K.
ee BH OLE bt
Amari shigotoga isogashikattanode, tomodachito au yakusokuo sukkari
wasurete-shimatta.
Because (I) was so busy with my work, I completely forgot about my ap-
pointment with my friend.

6) Ws
xs top hokb Hebel Hbi 47 942.
ee sukkari yokunattara, ey ikoone.
Let’s go to an amusement park when (you) have completely recovered
from your illness.

372
 tom)-t5¢ 9 /sukkari-sokkuri

a sokkuri
2D < Y = completely =aL

QUEMREMNCadOY, VEDCKCKDTHSbOE, COEED

RPE CEM BOF SISTERLET. XU ADEE LV IHU
vHVET (PT, 8,9). .
Sokkuri indicates that things which constitute a single group or which have
been organized into a unit are considered in their entirety, with nothing ex-
cluded or omitted. We may say sokkuri sonomama, which means ‘everything
exactly as is’ (ex.7,8,
9).

DETOL MCU SEIF ERG ESV ET CHILO, 11).

It is used also to indicate that two or more things or people look very much
alike (ex.10, 11).

7) EAIESI, BROOKS
xh hp
CRALEKINBENK.
ba (ESR a
Dorobooni, kinkono nakano okaneya hoosekio sokkuri nusumareta.
The thief stole all of the money and jewelry in the safe.

8) mar
ISFAMIFER.
Be AE So
MAMWASRey 9-1 43S VBA
= os
LK
Karewa oyano isan-o, gan-kenkyuusentaani sokkuri kifushita.
He donated all of his inheritance from his parents to a cancer research
center.

9) 2D Hl DEI IA TNL,
AFTIA €2 LF VW te
SOC VLDETRO
Wd:
WET. Dr

Kono mizuumino sokoni shizunda isekiwa, imamo sokkuri sonomama no-

kotteimasu.
The ruins that now lay at the bottom of this lake are still perfectly pre-
served.

10) tlt
BUMS
=dd
BAL< UCT.
=A

Hahato anewa koega sokkuridesu.

My mother and older sister have exactly the same voice (sound exactly
the same).

ll) POUL
RAOVESAIA
PIS
FA.
WAXES
ATONE.
IZA BOD

Kanojono tsukuru rooningyoowa, honmono sokkurida.

The wax dolls she makes look just like the real thing.

373
YAKS AHMELVELK

LAIES DHRIBR LOKLK YU bd

AVY OMB EAITIBAV ELK. AMI LCA ist

BHYVETA. WIPO 2B CaS RS CANES aati
REVELKI Sx ot BCH. Hwicieme ¢ okies
IZA CTA, CML IMLS ARE TIL, BRE RIED
fe eho CCAIR SDictae CNEL CBW ST. O
EVAL UMARRERI ROTH. Fikic "Meo bINkK,
Kicpsnh, Micon KEORW A MHSVET. EN
Var)

% PET ee EWA RRBAN

Hopdb
CWE.

Doroboo ga yubiwa o torimashita'

A burglar broke into Helen’s room and stole a ring that she valued.
When the police rushed over she told them, “Doroboo ga yubiwa o tori-
mashita.” Unfortunately, her sentence was a bit strange. Although it is
certain that the person who stole the ring was a burglar, in this case
a passive form of the verb indicating trouble or annoyance is used in
Japanese. In other words, Helen was aggrieved by the theft of her ring,
therefore doroboo ni yubiwa o toraremashita’ is a better expression.
Expressions such as mono o kowasareta*®, inu ni kamareta’, and ame
ni furareta’are used in the same way. Each implies that the speaker
has been caused nuisance or trouble.

1 A thief took (my) ring.

2 The ring was taken by the thief (and I
was upset).
3. Something was broken (and it affected
me adversely).
4 I was bitten by the dog (and I suffered).
5 It rained (and I got wet).

374
 Fort-Uor%-AkFb/zwutto-jitto-hitasura

Fort /Co¥/Arto
= zutto g jitto whitasura

> @ zutto Pr
to ‘ wall the time ; by far i

DERE OAR BOHES LE, ORAM O HELE ALCO ET CL,

2,3,4,5,6).
Zutto indicates that a certain state continues, and is used to emphasize length
of time or distance (ex.1,2,3,4,5, 6).

Qiz Sarre » D7EVOEIIZ, ROR SERUM Seay Cpl? 8,9,10).

Zutto is also used to indicate a high degree (ex7,8,9; 10).

1) LIPEENTHBEPOLR
PANE
IEA TIS.
3 25 So ot
Watashiwa umaretekara zutto Tookyooni sundeiru.
I have lived in Tokyo ever since I was born.

2) PnPRIS 20 bArhAIT 5noe

Back
Olt CVS.
Karewa nijuunenkan zutto nikkio tsuketeiru.
He has been keeping a diary for 20 years.

3) HOFISSoEPSFoEMV CVS.
Ano kowa sakkikara zutto naiteiru.
That child has been crying for quite some time.

4) Fit, ZNDSOPFsEFAAZLMIISOOITT.
Watashiwa, korekaramo zutto tenisuo tsuzukeru tsumoridesu.
I intend to keep playing tennis even in the future.

5) LDEET
oE{TS EMTS
Konomama zutto ikuto ekidesu.
If (you) go straight down this street, you'll get to the station.

6) LDL S EEE TH TS
Kono michiwa zutto umimade tsuzuiteiru.
This road continues all the way to the sea.

7) A:
LOA aA TZ ZEMHVETAD.

375
zutto:jitto-hitasura/FoX%-CoX-OkTFb6

Bed. CHI at A em
£A

A: Kono hon-o yondakotoga arimasuka?

Have (you) ever read this book?
B : Zutto maeni yomimashita.
(1) read it a long time ago.

8) To BLA HAS.
Zutto tookuni Fujisanga mieru.
Mt. Fuji can be seen in the distance.

Ke) Hist, CORON sews 9

Anataniwa, kono fukuno hooga zutto niau.
This dress (rather than the other one) looks much more becoming on
you.

10) Bi D7 LEYGEDF—-LOEIM, TotHBOLAV.,

CY,

Maeno geemuyori kondono geemuno hooga, zutto omoshiroi.

This game is far more interesting than the previous one.

> wgjitto 7»
Vor a fixedly ; intently

DRBLBAE. OL ODYDLE SEWMHE

TCH IB
D ARINY
PBESFERT ESET (Pl, 12).
Jitto denotes the continuation of a single action, such as looking at or think-
ing about something, in an unwavering, fixed manner (ex.11, 12).

DHMEWTHEE L< LEWSL IST ERG EMSS CAl13, 14,15,

16).
It is also used to denote staying quiet and motionless (ex.13, 14, 15, 16).

@'UsntmMEATS ° CoE iA S 5 DENS, ee MReMASe <p Va ay

(PIl7). DOS DENTE HEF OOI4 “HITS - WSs S7EVY "BETEL
VV EVSLETIA UEFS EVAR SOI, ODBC.
Jitto is used in expressions which denote suppression of emotions, as in jitto
gamansuru or jitto taeru (ex.17). Common to all three definitions (@, @), @))
is the notion of a continuing motionless or quiet state. However, the verb
form jitto suru may only be used in situations described in @).

376
 Fokt-Uo¥-OkTFb/zutto-jitto-hitasura

ll) ISBLPACK
Dar » &
EE. Cot DAD
Bac.
Karewa meo tojitamama, jitto kangaeteita.
With his eyes kept closed, he concentrated hard.

12) ATIC
SE RODE TC. DFP
LY Db,
Sonnani jitto mitsumenaide. Hazukashiikara...
Don’t keep staring at (me) like that. I feel embarrassed.

13) ODL, FARO kLOTC, —A Ho tw Cr.

CLE WNbe WHILE EDF a

Kinoowa, atamaga itakattanode, ichinichijuu jitto neteita.

(1) rested in bed all day long yesterday because I had a headache.

M4) DRT eROEBIE, CoE UT TRIFMETES TEV.

Rentogen-o toru tokiwa, jittoshite inakerebanaranai.
(You'll) have to keep still when (I) take your X-ray.

15) FRE IOIL, PLB CUstLTIZW SNE,

Kodomoto yuunowa, sukoshimo jittoshitewa irarenai.
Children cannot stay still even for a short while.

16s) ZOKIZ,
(0a
HADI
UBUA ma
Cat RoW
z
KR.
Sono inuwa, shujinno kaerio jitto matteita.
The dog waited patiently for his master to return.

17) EDIE GEIL KGEICEA TRI UDEN TH, CARRS Aes

Sono seitowa, tomodachini donnani ijimeraretemo, jitto gamanshita.
No matter how much his friends teased him, that student patiently put
up with it.

a hitasura z
fe > b = single-mindedly

PePEVEIDLEPNG RBA CPV IEF OTE CHIME WRG BERT

AEVET.
2h
KLAMOMEATR
ES2p)
WC, ADOSALEC
EEXEES ERA DAM LA
TTA LETS
Set | ks)
EVI BRL EA TOET (Pill8, 19, 20, 21),
Hitasura expresses an earnestness or feeling of determination while engaged in
doing something. It includes the sense that no matter how circumstances may
change, one believes in one’s own ideas and acts on them (ex.18, 19, 20, 21).

18) Peis, I—WVROSLT. ORT ORV BIIT.

377
subarashii-suteki/ tiiHLWO-F TH
a
Karewa, gooruo mezashite, hitasura hashiritsuzuketa.
He kept running intently toward the goal.

19) RIS HLONS STE LAT. ORF Oi RIFT 5A

Dn a CDA 3 tA D5 2 =

Karewa neru jikanmo oshinde, hitasura kenkyuuni uchikonda.

He was fervently wrapped up in his research, and did not even want to
take the time to sleep.

20) His AAD Bmohkkt, Oe

tTb#ok.
rm CRA bb HVE
Karewa jibunga warukattato, hitasura ayamatta.
He kept apologizing, saying it was all his fault.

21) pj Pela ELPA BNL INCOR ff aX 0

DESL 5 = a3 U DR WO

Ryooshinwa, musukoga bujini kaereruyooni hitasura inotta.

The parents prayed fervently for their son’s safe return.

FibLY/FTR
w subarashii ws suteki

Rigo
>
Loree
a subarashii

WOOLEDAEZMGHEBITT CHTWS > (HIE. a S > Ree paaa! be

995:
HEALD ULES »

Ze
ASD
lesa CV
Faun
25354519
Subarashii describes an object as having superior qualities, or as being impres-
sive, remarkable, or of high value (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) Fx5ld, BMA CHISLV RAE.

Z zh TA
Kyoowa, soraga massaode subarashii tenkida.
The weather today is fantastic, with clear blue skies.

2) AA
HOBOS
LE >
KITT
*%
IZ6LO OK.
Minamino shimano yuuyakewa subarashikatta.
The sunset in the southern islands was fantastic.

3) Par
Bld. FNIOBRCHISE
=F
LV DIK
TREES Lk.
Karewa, kinoono yakyuude subarashii katsuyakuo shita.
Yesterday, he played a great baseball game.

378
 Slib LW: /subarashii- suteki

4) PRORMLIC, DAEOM FRIAR OAT. TIESLVIEK,

Caines ryokkani, wagakunino kagakugijutsuga yakudatsunante, subara-
shii kotoda.
Our country’s scientific technology is useful in the transformation of
desert to verdant land. It was a marvelous thing.

5) aes Ber oic PANIC ers LIF (£5 LV ERBINZE 372.

Karewa, Sed ae tsukushita subarashii ishidatta.
He was a wonderful doctor who devoted himself to his patients.

B suteki
ig Ge a wonderful ; lovely bd

bDeZEMSY, WUE RR
RULSLITERLEG. Leal T DMD
nNoerv DECE BA, siteBN olase 26,05 zy (Pi, 7,8). BIO Idee

BOs At.
Suteki is used to express a favorable impression of a matter or thing. It in-
cludes a sense of being captivated by something stylish, thus, it is frequently
used when speaking of something visible (ex.6,7,8). The usage seen in Exam-
ple 9 would mainly be used by women.

6) BA ObFCHMEM
TUS.
Kanojowa itsumo sutekina fukuo kiteiru.
She is always wearing a beautiful dress.

7) HOWRH VEY CA 72 HSH sy PESOS

Ano eigani detekita keijiwa, totemo sutekidatta.
The detective who appeared in that movie was really splendid.

8) DOCE
REOBAL,
Rally Oa
UTHTCARATT.
Ue

Kanojono koibitowa, totemo sutekina hitodesu.

Her boyfriend is a really splendid person.

9) A =: SHR
VAZAWE=E9
TIS+t Pwo
FR lLJAVOLEI.
hs

Biri 9 CS. DILL:

A: Shinkon-ryokoowa sekaiisshuuni shiyoo!
Let’s take a trip around the world for our honeymoon!
B: Waa, suteki! Ureshiiwa! Wow, fantastic! (I’d) love to!

Byhs)
sumu-kurasu-sugosu/ tt: ( bF-FoF

Te/ bot FoF

mB sumu ae kurasu @ SUZOSU

BSsumu he)
tts iets J wto reside ; to dwell in ©

eee ee CICHETFSLETH
Aca aY/ eee
(Pill, 2,3,4,5). "HALE.
CEO CHET Ss ELIERBLTS Bs EVD RORC! LORRI. ia NTA
bHhYA

GCWH Eh ZEOHVET. FEB! LOZ isi ATW BNL,

Boi ne Vi BEE +t. Afaiic a tid Thee EMS Eyl < Stik
Hite LMSETAN OSA TDRVEEA.
TAWA

Sumu means to reside at a certain place or house (ex.1,2,3,4,5). When speak-

ing about animals, sumu can be used to mean ‘to make a nest and live in
it. For example, we could translate kono mori ni, ookami ga sunde iru as ‘the
wolf makes its habitat in these woods.’ However, if one has a pet cat, instead
of saying watashi no ie ni wa neko ga sunde iru (an awkward sentence that
would be translated as ‘a cat lives in my house’), one should use the verb
iru, as in neko ga iru. When referring to people, sumu is written with the
kanji {¢ts, and when referring to animals, Hé¢r is used. In the latter case,
however, simple hiragana may be used.

1) prEL
DIDO a A ATELERA EACH
Watashino ie tonarini, yuumeina sakkaga sundeiru.
A famous writer lives next door to me.

2) eS Oil T<1c FEAT.

PY

WaidsGne. umino chikakuni sumitai.

I want to live somewhere close to the sea.

3) IES TEMBLEA COTEY

Kono shimaniwa, daremo sundeinai. a :
Nobody lives on this island. =

4) OMAR ST ETN MELIEN TLE 072.

Kono kawawa sakanamo sumanaihodo yogoreteshimatta.
This river is so polluted that there aren’t even any fish living in it.

5) ZDRROMIA, AFIVYI-FY
BT ACW
7) 7x»

380
 Ft: < bF- FOF /sumu-kurasu-sugosu

Kono morino nakaniwa, oran-uutanga sundeiru.

Orangutans live in this jungle.

a kurasu
< bt 6 T] ato live ; to earn a livelihood |

ADS BA @E 6 BLECT CPI, GS)s Ets DEI, Tet 2B ZH

PEDUBEW SOC te Bic : zO i205 ft Dev orRVYA
ATEN
SATE To OOS © Et, PIS, OME SIC. REPAITE LED
BACT.
Kurasu denotes living life day by day (ex.6,7,8). Unlike sumu, it does not
only mean to establish a residence in a certain place or house, but it also en-
compasses various human behaviors, such as to sleep, laugh, or work. Also,
as in examples 9 and 10, it may refer to financial livelihood.

6) AA
cpl
Ong
Wesail
But He CELT tT.
eta ryooshinwa, inakade kurashiteimasu.
My parents live in the countryside.

7) fH PRLS OLIV.
Mainichi, tanoshiku kurashitai.
(I) want to enjoy living every day.

8) FAIA DVEOC, ECHOICE CLO UE.

Watashiwa samugarinanode, totemo kitagunidewa kurasenai.
I can’t live in the north because I’m very sensitive to cold.

9) PiLRO thikSO CHELT bs

Karewa oyano shiokuride kurashiteiru.
He lives off the money his parents send him.

10) SHIAFEMBOOC KOE BTS CLE COBEN «

MINES

Uchiwa pe anian ooinode, ottono kyuuryoo dakedewa totemo kurasendi.

Because we have many children, my husband’s salary is not enough to
support all of us.

> im cs r
ake oe OT ate seen (time) |

381
seizel: takadaka/#\W#\3- fe mED

AM, HO HE O Repf 25 < S AOS FTO 720°

Fete PALI S Pal, 12,
13S eV
Ahm
EID,
CDA
pil14,
Lvs
ISDS TEEN apeUR5b LAT. fa L7g08
By RFAIOOT + LOWEESSLV 5RRECT.
U DA 7h ex Vy

To spend a certain amount of time. The length of time is not important

because as seen in Examples 11,12 and 13 it may be a short amount of time,
or, as in Examples 14 and 15, it may be long. It implies that one spends the
time doing something.

ll) ALEK <9 ERR RGEC oT . aS BUN Osa CSE Le

Hisashiburini gakuseijidaino tomodachito atte, tanoshii hitotokio sugoshita.
(1) had a very good time getting together with some of my school friends
from long ago.

12) FAI.
a ‘ 1 ASL 7. Gas YC ET CH j lad a UF £5 & aA
Kyoowa, ichinichi nanimo shinaide namakete sugoshita. hi ae yo
Today, (I) lazily spent the whole day doing nothing. ¢ PSS

13) ISLCCH EV, BOW CRE IS LI 0 gen

Karewa ater, michini mayoi, iwakagede ichiyao sugoshita.
He got lost on the mountain, so he spent the night next to a big rock
for protection.

Md) bdEL
Fh lap ERSIR,
Chane ee
RAB
=
OBS Lh.
Watashiwa shoonenjidai, Kyootode sugoshita.
I spent my boyhood in Kyoto.

15) Bes, — HOU CHRITIET

LE.
POUE WOLED LAD ar

Kanojowa, isshoo hitoride shiawaseni sugoshita.

She lived the whole of her life very happily alone.

HE” /fePED
B Seizei a takadaka

lola B Seizei ie
wat most / best ; to the utmost

DOO ORE PR Has, peas KDI CH, R< THEO CBWEAS |

382
 HOEY - EMD ED/ seizei-takadaka

as SLERMBNZLS VET CGI, 2,3,.4).

Seizei is used to state that the degree or quantity of something is ‘probably
about this much at the largest or best approximation’ (ex.1,2,3,4).

OQlCRBEIS
EV RORCROET (Hi,6).
It is also used to mean ‘as (much) as possible’ (ex.5, 6).

1) FEDERAL EV eV 1, a CHW LPENE DDE.

Kotoshino natsuyasumiwa, seizei yokkaguraishika toresoomo nai.
It looks like (I) can only take at most about four days for summer vaca-
tion this year.

BACH
¥MI=5 Ws
T), HWP 5 DES
SAWP
BK
9
RUE.
Kyuukoode itiemo, seizei gofun hayaku tsukudakeda.
Even if (you) go by express train you’ll arrive only five minutes earlier.

Ba. SRELTHIPONSOIZ,
pdr We >
HV 2 AATCT.
FARA

Watashiga, ima kashite-agerarerunowa, seizei niman-endesu.

All I can lend you now would be at most ¥ 20,000.

Ny be 726 Tb, Vevey Cd, EVV

Clo LP.
Pettoo kaitakutemo, manshondewa, seizei kotori-guraishika dameda.
In a condominium, even if (you) wanted to have a pet, you wouldn’t be
allowed anything more than some little birds at most.

MPSCUR REOC,
DM WA EWS CVV RAIL BV ET.
ER DA VE BY

Maekara yaritakatta kenkyuunanode, seizei ganbarooto omoimasu.

Since it’s research (I’ve) wanted to do for some time, I intend to give it
my best.

-
Bs CRITE
BYR
OLE MIS.
KS
BIBIES BOCK PSV. EVE ILS
*EGHEKS

tab.
Watashide yakuni tatsu kotoga areba, enryonaku ittekudasai. Seizei kyoo-
ryoku shimasukara.
If there’s anything I can do to help, please feel free to tell me. I'll do all
I can.

: a takadaka 5
fe m> TED mat most / best ; no more than Is

TED BW IESK LKECeISEL- Pec SIRE TILEY | ENA. eae

383
sekkaku-wazawaza/tom<-pxXp~x

Be EAT CSE EF Chl? 89-1052

ene means ‘if that’s about it, then it’s not a great matter’, or ‘it
doesn’t amount to a problem’ when speaking of a given quantity or degree
(ex.7, 8,9, 10).

) SAEDR voy BRD OANY TOLD mI 107)TCT

Kondono iewa, ehiara aruitemo ikadeee arcrerimn
(My) new house is at most ten minutes from the station, even on foot.

8) Teapten2000 PIDiv 75, MICAvy ohR TF IAR A» oINED AU

aA by *

Takadaka nisen-enno chigainara, kiniitta burausuo kattahooga ii.

If it’s only ¥2,000 more, (you) should buy that blouse you like.

9) HE FEV Cd, RKO A 6 ADAH AS CT A> by ALi

LbL5 UOIFEIWA A TW

\tHVECA.
Shachooto ittemo, takadaka juugyooin rokuninno reisaikigyoo-desukara, tai-
shita kotowa arimasen.
(He) may be ‘president’, but it’s just a small business with six employees,
so it’s no big deal.

10) mea EE HO 1 ERED LARCH Cid, CORO IRHOP ULE AD 2<

FTIUIS CHIE.
Takadaka hantoshiya ichinen kurashita guraidewa, sono kunino dentooya
bunkao shiritsukusu kotowa dekinai.
There’s no way (you) can know all about a country’s traditions and cul-
ture by just living there a mere six months or a year.

tom </pexpnx
a sekkaku @ wazawaza

w sekkaku
aA) >> < mwith a great deal of trouble (time, effort) UE

HSBNOLOICBAELKY, BDPRBE LIEOI AREKIC 7B Old

mare : Riley SRUPOR RTL IBet. = kee ve teAnh +
“Tit
x

384
 ttom< -pXpx/sekkaku-wazawaza

HUCEOIR WICH Ce + DoHICMWESMBEW

FEIT ERT CVS
Poe
die ~ Ole WHE * BITHeEODESIZ, ERO Bae > LIfe
SLERBWCH (fill, 2,3, 4,5, 6). Fe op<M + Hail Cay) 1 CUD
OHWET.
Sekkaku is used to express a feeling of regret, dissapointment or dissatisfac-
tion when something one put a great deal of effort into does not turn out
desirably. It is also used to indicate that one has spent time, effort or hard-
ship to obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with
particles such as ~ noni, keredo and ga. The form ‘sekkaku no +noun
(phrase)’ is also used (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6).

1) Hoa <FToROle,
Ww
BEAR Fok.
BOCE a 3

Sekkaku ittanoni, kanojowa rusudatta.

Although (1) went out of my way to see her, she was not home.

od KAR
ey
Co CHRITIC
ee)
RR OIL, RAMEBWBA
SS CHAS DA
THs
Sekkaku yasumio totte ryokooni kitanoni, tenkiga
waruinante...
(1) went through the trouble off getting time off
to make this trip, just to get awful weather.

tot <DISC IANB OTE JOINS UPD

Sekkakuno gochisooga samenai uchini tabemashoo.
Let’s eat this fantastic meal (which she took
the trouble to prepare) before it gets cold.

SDIN BAT. $50 Toke DALIT Letaves

Kinoono taifuude, sekkaku natta ringoga ochiteshimatta.

The apples, which took so much trouble to grow, ended up falling on
the ground in yesterday’s typhoon.

52S ORKATDS, DoS VRRRARV.

oy iw ok
Sekkakuno yasumidakara, yukkuri hon-o yomitat.
Since it’s a well-earned vacation, (I’d) like to spend the time reading a
book leisurely.

om HOPE ORAL, a i FEHR D0

Sekkaku mukashino nakamaga atsumattandakara, kinenshashin-o toroo.
Let’s take some pictures, now that (we've) finally got the old group to-
gether.

385
sekkaku-wazawaza/tom<-pxpe

> = wazawaza 5
yokes » S mon purpose ; taking the trouble (to do); especially UB

DENIED CH, (EPOLELWoLEI CIES, FRIIS COC CORK

ICRC. 7 VEN DKF ERS CSP ST (fil?, 8, 9).
CRA eM Re ess a Bb bey!) .

Wazawaza denotes taking time and / or effort to do something specifically.

The action is not incidental to or done together with another action
(ex.7, 8,9).

MI PAeTOeLS, FEVA Le FiO A» OA Re CoN UE CS IG

Le A CTBEST
RRS EMEUET (BIO, 1.
U7EI WY

It also denotes doing something in a way that takes more time than neces-
sary, or purposely doing something that isn’t necessary (ex.10, 11).

) bY bXAok<
“
Ch, BPCHHLHL.
SUH. aby ie © ey
Wazawaza ikanakutemo, denwade yoojiwa sumu.
Even if you don’t go you can get the business done by phone.

8) BILLA, HXHRVHLTCHAWELTHIMES
IAW EL Ie
Oisogashiitokoro, wazawaza irashite-kudasaimashite arigatoo gozaimashita.
Thank you very much for taking time from (your) busy schedule to
come to see (me).

9) DS DSBS AE SR <5 OIL ROM BOD OCA CRM

WEVA CTE.
Wazawaza todokete-kurenakutemo, kochirani kuru yoojino aru tokini motte-
kite kurereba iindesuyo.
(You) don’t have to bother making a special trip to deliver it—just
bring it when you come by next time.

1) FERIA. DIDI
a3,
ERBSD OMEE+EK,
Kodonowe wazawaza mizutamario arukunoga sukida.
Children like to walk through rain puddles on purpose.

I) LoF CTE, DXF MMVET

SHA THBAK.
Massugu ikeba chikainoni, wazawaza toomawario surunante henna hitoda.
(He) certainly is an oddball to take the long way around when it’s
shorter just to go straight.

386
 TOL 9D BALDY 5 -€/zehi-douka-nantoka-douzo

POLES P/EAED LEE

8 Zzehi # douka w nantoka 8 douzo

5 = a zehi
OA LeFF = by all means y

UVB OBL - KMOMSES EATEAOET. ~TIELY +» ~ THO

Vac VAtsiPea
XKFSV eine Varerele de) de7et. Gis La lifeVrd gt (Pall, 2,
3,4). THOLB EEO EVER BER CHEV ET (BIS).
Zehi indicates strong feelings of desire, hope or reliance on someone. It is of-
ten used together with such words as ~te hoshii (I want someone to~), ~te
moraitai (I want to have someone do), ~te kudasai (please~), ~tai (I want
to~) and, ~shiyou (let’s~, or I shall~) (ex.1,2,3,4). Zehi tomo is a more
emphatic way of saying zehi (ex.5).

1) GALSEE
eS
COROR
ey eSAee VOY.8
IOI
Ht
ITC
z
BV).
Kondo zehi watashino ieni asobini kite kudasai.
By all means come to visit me sometime.

iw)ee FESS FOKMTOS DVIEY TeV.

Kotoshikosowa, zehi oyogeruyooni naritai.
(I) really want to be able to swim by the end of this year.

woSe RL,
bie
WE OUAT
WELD
OPEN
13D =
CAN
Wy
CK ESV
Watashimo zehi ryokoono nakamani irete kudasai.
Please allow me to join your tour group.

> wa LORE Ila LON STN %

Kono shiainiwa, zehi kachitai.
(1) want to win this game by any means.

Sy SEO,
chine bes
COCOMB
HWIF
SERV.
Kondono shigotowa, zehitomo seikoosasetai.
(I) really hope to make this project a success.

> = douka
g 9)a = please °

387
zehi-douka-nantoka-douzo PO: 5d: RALD YE

Ly © FEED aR < BR ROMA OTSE HET. TESTILVG, RE

Dt Lakuone, CNTH 1 ERD Tu? SPRC =
SenCwoas (PI
Gn(,0,
9 LODE
Douka is used when one wholeheartedly wishes or asks for something. It ex-
presses a much stronger feeling of desire or hope than dowzo, as in ‘it might
be unreasonable, but I still hope...’ (ex.6,
7,8,9, 10).

6) Raye 5 6a Oe ean FD BV a} % Ll " TRFERV Xo

a2 SA

Onegaidesu, dooka watashino tibun-o kiite kudasai. pm.

. : 4 \
I beg you, please listen to what I have to say. Ri $s; Vy
= . 22
Salak oy
(> 1
1S
nk~
7) PEER,COMMA OIMETAL TC ESV. BSS Vis
Kamisama, ska musumeno byookio naoshite kudasai.
. Mosca
ft Se a
. \ /
Oh, God, please cure my daughter’s illness. “7
gba!
a A
Pe S
8) ES DRE ABLET ESIC, % sg
Dooka Shikenni gookaku-shimasuyooni.
(1) pray that I will pass the examination.

9) SEIOI IL, TNTHRBBOOCT. CIMBUTHAV«

—Ad beL bd 4
Konkaino kotowa, subete watashiga waruinodesu. Dooka yurushite kudasai.
Everything that happened this time was my fault. Please do forgive me.

10) SASK. DUPRDIELT NEA D.

Dooka onegaidakara, sukoshi shizukani shite-kuremasenka?
I'm asking you, would you please be a little quieter?

a nantok ry
kA a 2 fr] en] a Coenen hd
FA

DYATERTFSAOAS IEC 2 19, ARESSik BEEH SrULIHDo CWA

ned, TH CORUAIICTK CERIRC BS BUSSDERLEF CPL, 13
%
135

Nantoka is used to indicate that, although the speaker knows that it may be
impossible or extremely difficult, he still wishes to somehow improve a situa-
tion or the condition of something (ex.11, 12, 13).

DAE
res
oT RABE 70 LT: (FALE ROZLUMCEREUVYG LCRRLET
XARA
ASdD
(pana,15).

388
 TO C5 kA: & 5 €/zehi-douka-nantoka-douzo

It is also used to indicate that, although it was hard or troublesome, the

speaker was able to finish something (ex.14, 15).

11) SLEDS A FUSS OES RD STV.

Nantoka kyoojuuni kono shigotoo owarasetai.
(I) would like to finish this work by the end of the day, no matter
what. ;

12) ALAS
Be BOS L, LDEECEAYT
FH.
Ee Ys ) eo Bee

Nantoka sukoshi taijuuo herasanaito, kono mamadewa futorisugida.

I must lose some weight one way or another—(I) am too fat now.

13) FRODSIL,
1 ac
Ae DER RaP ECT.
DATADAZE

Gakuseino uchini, nantoka untenmenkyoo toritai.

One way or another, (I) want to get my driver’s license while I am still
a student.

14) 24EDPoC. MME EACH

ES Lik.
DA DASA P D

Ninen kakatte, ronbun-o nantoka kakiageta.

({) somehow managed to finish writing my thesis in two years.

15) FED LTLEsKWINe, KACDVO tO Hil fel! (Bork 0

Nebooshite-shimattakeredo, nantoka itsumono denshani maniatta.
Although (1) overslept, I was somehow able to catch my usual train.

> ws douzo ry
oa 4 € maplease ; go ahead hd

LEI EDE Ta ICMOLS

PMBLAG LAOET (GIl6,17). BAILA G50 yg

TZ% fle
Ta4z
Bhd OEE]
= .
LILO F SESE
oP
’
ST CA18,
Lvs
19, 20, 21, 22). re
DE sd. BV wre
vw
AEWA, PDSMWRUICLET.
Ph

Douzo is used when one politeiy asks for something, or when one expresses a
wish (ex.16,17). It is also used when offering something or giving permission
(ex.18, 19,20, 21,22). Douzo softens one’s statement and makes it sound poli-
ter.

16) ees Gor aC UNS

Hajimemashite. Doozo yoroshiku.
How do you do? (lit. Please treat me favorably.)

389
soshite- sorekara-suruto/¢€UT-tiPb6: FSX
a a ag el ee

11) EFEWOETOBTLAT.
Doozo itsumademo ogenkide.
May (you) always be in good health.

18) A: BERT TOU MOTI D.,

FS

Bee een (ee

A: Madoo aketemo iidesuka? May (1) open the window?
B: Ee, doozo. Yes, you may.

1) Ai KYERBLTURKIET A.
Beataenne os
Pen-o kashite itadakemasuka? May (1) borrow your pen?
>
Ww Hai, doozo. Sure, here you are.

20) CIB AK.

Doozo odaijini.
(to a sick person) Please take care of yourself.

21) Cree LEMo TRIN.

Doozo meshiagatte kudasai.
Please help yourself.

22) KO. CICBANSIES

Tsugino kata, doozo ohairikudasai.
Next person, please come in.

ELT/€nmb/FSr
a soshite @ sorekara @ suruto

‘ 8 soshite
“G Gat wthen ; and ®

ee LEME EBA THIF UK ES, PL CHE OL CMBR IN

BLALOET. BROW, $i BEERUE
ZaAaT
(Pil,
2,3,4,5).
WO » 3%

Soshite is used when referring to a number of events or matters and describ-

390
 £LT-tND56-F4 Y /soshite-sorekara-suruto

ing each of them in succession. It includes a feeling that the speaker is ex-
pressing the last of the matters, or the conclusion or result (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) S290Fey eTalDia, RN
RasET + F5HK
BF BARE
BS, X50
CU CMHC.
Kyoono Fhe ie Eigo, suugaku, ongaku, soshite butsuridesu.
My class schedule for today is English, math, music, and then physics.

<OFF], 9 Ue deen MAP Baek AC ELCs, HBL BR

ecsieee
Konoaida, Kamakurani ikimashita. Daibutsuya oterao mite, soshite yoruwa,
umibeo sanposhimashita.
(I) went to Kamakura a few days ago. I saw the Great Buddha statue
and some temples, and then I took a walk by the sea.

Rh,Dar eed. iE ABICAT

b
3CH TRLC, CUCRHIBICISOL ETH
25S

Watashino kiboowa, hoogakubuni itte benkyooshite, a saibankanni naru

kotodesu.
My hope is to study in the department of law and after that become a
judge.

IkPELRES
ERO T,RMB tad UCT Te EDE
aM
Shuukakushita budoo-o shibotte, hakkoosase, nekasete...soshite wain-o tsu-
kurimasu.
The harvested grapes are crushed, fermented and aged—that’s how we
make wine.

P5Id, tm
Fev fi] aaa elt. PEL GOVE. HKD EO F6 FeL7
Karerawa, nagai aida choosao tsuzuke, soshite tsuini, Boasts isekio hakken-
shita.
They continued their exploration for many years, and finally discovered
the ancient ruins.

‘ @ sorekara
£412 b after that ; then £

DHSZEKED, HF EDK) ODLEMGSEMNSEMEVET. EMO

WE BR
UWAIEA
VAS EVRLET.
5d.
ULORPLIR
GS IW
ICVI WwR ROR
A oY
ET CAG,
nv
7,8,
9).

391
soshite-sorekara:suruto/¢ULT-tNDS:T4Y

After describing the occurrence of a given matter, this term is used when
mentioning the aftermath or a subsequent event. It clearly expresses the se-
quence of events. It can also be used to mean sono toki irai (from that time
forward) (ex.6,7,8,9).

DIEMBRw
Lb)
TC. EMIEANLGI 1929, HIMASE SAE
Wat cpio, 11)
1
Sorekara is also used when, after describing a sequence of events or matters,
the speaker then supplements the prior discourse with one or two items (not
necessarily in any order) (ex.10, 11).

6) eds, FAN lc BT “{T- Sen ENDOKAIATEST

ASS FAL
Kyoowa, gozenchuuni ginkooe itte, sorekara daigakuni ikimasu.
This morning (I’ll) go to the bank, and then I’ll go to the university.

7) Fh (LHS OCET Yv Vict OE ESBe EPR BE LET

Watashiwa asa okiruto mazu shawaao abimasu. Sorekara shokujio shimasu.
The first thing I do after waking up is take a shower. Then I have
breakfast.

8) AL (AF ft
EMZARICPEN I. EMP bAMBKA OW TEI.
Watashiwa kodomono koro inuni kamareta. Sorekara inuga daikiraini natia.
I was bitten by a dog when I was a child. Since then I’ve hated dogs.

9) A: KABLER
ByVal?
BOT, AAeIHIET.
Vs 7x DA

1B) B erdbaye Du) a),

A: Raigetsu kaishao yamete, inakae kaerimasu.
Next month (I’m) going to quit my job (the company) and go
back to my hometown.
B: Sorekara doosuruno? Then, what will (you) do?

10) SDIAF NNT oT, t—-4— Ly eye, COPA ITE RV EL

Kinoo depaatoni itte, seetaato shatsuto, sorekara nekutaio kaimashita.
(1) went to the department store yesterday and bought a sweater, shirt
and necktie.

11 — B,OUST, BT LEMESAL, UPEILATH.

Watashino sukina tabemonowa, osushi,to yakinikuto, sorekara udon,,desu.
*p.410 *««p.500
My favorite foods are sushi, yakiniku and udon.

392
 ELT: EHD b6:-F4 YL /soshite-sorekara-suruto

B suruto
aes) a4 = whereupon ; then &

OASZ CMB YT, ikemaf2Z Uns bEMBNSEON VEX OS al Me

TES OO arRsoon ke tile to ey, FEL + 4h pb, as, a
DDE BH THI Blnz CAB ASHE OEM DIF DRE Be BA SD
D3 TA

DOV OTL, PBL “BUS KSCUERIC OK, BATHUED

WO

SalzOlaue LO SBUBS LEZU EODYET « CT Arb, RRDLEPE

LEORGERF vizLR yy Cpil2, 13, 14,15).
Suruto A coy that some action or event occurs following a previous action
or event. The first action is considered to be the cause of second. Soshite and
sorekara emphasize the temporal sequence between one event and the follow-
ing one, whereas suruto includes an element of slight surprise at the unexpect-
ed or unthought-of results. Thus, suruto cannot be used when speaking of fu-
ture events or to express one’s own will (ex.12, 13, 14,15).

QCNECh aBRAN 7h o22EM OS ANSEL MASEM EV EF. TE

NILE | rN LU SHORTT (Pil16, 17).
It may be used to mention something which can be considered as deriving
from the immediately preceding topic of conversation, as in saying “Well then.,...’
or ‘If that’s the case,...’ (ex.16, 17).

12) BAHUTILED?. TOCW AVAL BORNE ATE

Yoga akehajimeta. Suruto iroirona torino koega kikoetekita.
Day began to break, whereupon all kinds of birds could be heard.

13) AOTMO BERS. FOCKMEATRE LK

Otokonokoga kuchibueo fukimashita. Suruto inuga tondekimashita.
The boy whistled, and his dog came running up.

MW) BWOCBEBITKK. FOCHDVICIONTHI

TK SA Ao Cah
Atsuinode madoo aketa. Suruto akarini tsurarete mushiga takusan haittekita.
It was hot so (I) opened the window, whereupon lots of bugs came in,
attracted by the light.

15) ABE CHSage LCV Te Ke te Hage 08 bolts FOCARIEC

OMELD F
oe
vive

Yonjukkaide kaigio shiteitara ookina jishinga atta. Suruto hitobitowa tossani

tsukueno shitani haitta.

393
sosogu-tsugu) t£¢:O¢

(We) were in conference on the 40th floor when there was a big earth-
quake, whereupon everybody instantly got under the table.

16) A: BEARD beh

SLO CT o
B:7t4 CAH A
BES, ONC A.
Ao Par oe ueo tooru soodesu.
The typhoon is going to pass over Japan, (I) hear.
B: Suruto ashitawa Tookyoomo amedesune.
That means it’s going to rain in Tokyo tomorrow, doesn’t it?

17) A: Beles
Riel.kas
FARIC“Libs
WMRICK
SS.)
ATT.
B: FStXALEDIY CD PICA SUF TCH M2.
A: Raishuu, Aomorini shutchooni nattandesu.
(I'm) going on a business trip to Aomori next week.
B: Suruto hisashiburini, goryooshinni aeru wakedesune?
Really? Then (you'll) have a chance to see your folks, won’t you?

EGA ERE
B SOSOgU Bfsugu

7A ~ Poe Pe) 60SOSOgU

es LEE « ato pour ; to flow ©

DHOH CBRE CSNEW ESIC TO MAME ML ICO, AITEOTS

<ECH Ail,
2).
To carefully allow a liquid to flow without interruption for a certain purpose
(excl):

DITA HPO TH I= WALT» SIG (fil 3 De

3A AFGA 7H

Sosogu may be used to describe the flowing of a river into an ocean or lake
(ex.3).

Die» ETB eae i3”n7

SESH ET (Pld, 5).
To direct things such as a gaze, affection, or passion at something or some-
one (ex.4, 5).

) drL
FA ACH asl— ACE IEN Tee
tAdA &®

394
 4€£-9¢ /sosogu-tsugu

Watashiwa senmenkini mizuo sosoida.

I poured water into the washbowl.

2) Ay THINS. BBE EV CHOP LBFKIIGMUEBNABNEEA.

Kappumenwa, nettoo-o sosoidekara sukoshi matanakereba taberaremasen.
For instant cup noodles, (you) have to wait a short while after
you pour the hot water before you can eat them.

3) feite) Mid. HAHEI ea cae

12D 2)

Shinanogawawa, Rhona sosoide iru.

The Shinano River flows into the Sea of Japan. : ;
We
A) [ihPelt. AL WesR tee IEW CK M182. cts
Ryooshinwa, Carne we haha fukai aijoo-o sosoide kureta.
Our parents showered their deep affection on all of us children.

5) Bas
PDE
EF W535BVO
SO
Riel 1h RUE TEW CVS.
Kanojowa, yaseidoobutsuno hogoni joonetsuo sosoide iru.
She is very passionate about protecting wild animals.

» mlsugu i)
D< sto pour (into) icy

APBALRSLORAS DE, Ty TP BDATEE, Rise ONPICAMSxE

a (6,7, 8).
To put a liquid such as water or tea into a container such as a cup or glass
in order to drink it (ex.6,7,8).

6) <O IF POBOACBRE VK.

Kyuusukara yunomini ochao tsugu.
yapyave 3
Pour the tea from the teapot into the tea cups.

7) LALS
FRR OA
W2EALE
Clt, PEARS
LAAILA *
FR ICOMN
=F
BERL.
= D

Shintoono kekkonshikidewa, shinroo-shinpuwa sakazukini tsugareta sakeo

nomu.
In Shinto weddings, the newlyweds drink sake which has been poured
into a sakazuki (sake cup).

8) 9x1 7—-ld, BDTIFALTT YROV CED 5.

Ueitaawa, kyakuno gurasuni wain-o tsuide mawatta.
The waiter went around the room pouring wine into the guests’ glasses.

395
sodateru-yashinau) -¢72TS°P LAD

€1ETSE/PLES
™ sodateru w yashinau

& Pax w sodateru

yaya AG 4 [AT S| mto raise (children, animals) >|

ABPCiD, Himotes lH RS SL ETT (Pill, 2,3,4). FRE?

BE DELHI SELY, HUB kSCLAVT SER OAEV a i
5,6) LoseLt> ELY ian Pk RES SEV SHORE BATT.
To take care of a person, animal, plant, etc., so that it may grow and mature
(ex.1,2,3,4). It may also be used to mean to teach a skill or allow someone
to gain ability in something (ex.5,6). It suggests that one uses training or dis-
cipline to cause someone cr something to develop in the proper way.

Pes as 2 SAR CK.

BE =

Hahawa oe aie gonin sodateta.

My mother raised five children.

2) FHLB CODIL, HH COHVBUCHHS.

Kodomoo sodaterunowa, kuroodemo ari yorokobidemo aru.
There is both suffering and joy in raising children.

3) COSTA, ATC Conk.

AWA -€78
Kono raionwa, ningenni sodaterareta.
This lion was raised by humans.

4) “NEARED.
Korewa watashiga sodateta yuridesu.
This is the lily that I grew.

5) Pan
Plt, BS OPP
BB WEF
RAETE CCE.
Karewa, ookuno haiyuuo sodatetekita.
He has trained many actors.

6) BAOeste
M Bt.
E
BAOET/ OFFBER CORDIC, BIStr.
inane ce ee kanojono pianono sainoo-o sodaterutameni, ryuuga-
kusaseta.
Her parents sent her abroad to develop her piano skills.

396
 aed 2 HP 2 Om

Sol
OeSle Se 7s
aeel %

OAT HUMOR NAMEU CS PRR RANGE EOnBe 2 S— oer

(Pil7,
ny
8).
To look after a person or animal in economic sense, providing e.g., food,
housing, etc. (ex.7, 8).

QeE DCAD
DIMES xHES
LER AFico C, BAMEL
pte
TK LECH CHil9,
Avy
10).
To better oneself by enriching one’s own abilities or will (ex.9, 10).

7) BAIL TBADKE 3 OF RE BED DI BECKET CS.

Estas 5m coli ottoto sanninno kodomoo yashinau tameni, yoru osoku-
made hataraiteiru.
She works until late at night every day in order to support her sick hus-
band and three children.

2 Bett FOIA,
aes Repeat)
WLI
rome IL7z
TOBK.
Watashiwa kodomono koro, ojini yashinatte-moratta.
I was supported by my uncle when I was a child.

3g PVs.
pn
Teel
Pe T
ko Ch Tires
TEV ES PLR
I2 LIC.

Karewa, karateni yotte tairyokuo yashinatta soodesu.

(I) hear he developed his body strength through karate.

10 — ieeei) XS Stem 7s.A eee 9I< See Rv (ene 7 <SARSM Yet.

Ce taisuru tashikana meo yashinauniwa, yoi sakuhin-o takusan miru-
kotodesu.
It takes looking at a lot of good works to develop an eye for paintings.

a Elk 2 thir 2 Oi
yr

WORBWA
DE SIME A HALO. Rat "CRA UO) 1
pre roy kA W Era w

Ae (3) 2° Gs) Se ee TOO

0 ae
SS ae ee ee aon ee ce eines veraeker aes
alas toe ean a en eh
¢ nist bs Ml: my Ce dg Calis Oe
REXH 20
359,
sorezore:- onoono:meimei) NEN: BDED: DYMO

ARF YCEVBEADDZVBOT LI-E— 2h fe

atzba4xnt KVAI, EVO Bit 2 hil < D> CALS es
2A\ANVB VG SHOFIE TA-E-— 29) ERWET. V
Ab Fy PBRMT LCE RISE BYIBA
Sd, BEEZ
Rb oF
willy6 gk Ory GL to) ESOC. ee ec ee
BSAa

b EWR AH EWES EIS 2 Rika nd ¢ I-kb=

AES itv ®

2 th eae a ee 5)

Ney,
tty BIA

Coffee-2 cups or a double order

In Japanese, there are many different words used for counting, de-
pending on the objects being counted; for example, ippon (a pencil),
nidai (two cars), and sansatsu (three books). What about coffee? A
cup of coffee is counted as ippai, nihai. Well then, what about spaghe-
tti? Spaghetti noodles are counted as ippon, nihon, but if they are pre-
pared as a meal then hitosara', futasara’ is used. However...
Say Bill and Naoto go to a restaurant together. If Bill orders coffee
for both Naoto and himself by saying, “Koohii nihai,” the waitress may
place two cups of coffee in front of Bill. Ordinarily, when ordering for
two at a restaurant or coffee shop one would say “Koohii futatsu,” as
the generic counting form ~tsu (e.g., hitotsu®, futatsu*) is used regard-
less of the proper counting word. However, if Bill really wanted to
drink two cups of coffee at one time, then it would be all right to say
“Koohii nihai.”

1 One plate. 2 Two plates. 3. One order. 4 Two orders.

NEN /BDBEOD /DRYHW

@ sorezore @ onoono = meimei

‘ we sorezore 5
eca a5a meach ; respectively
i LB

VS OP OUPCI EA HWA APO KOLO, rr eee —A

ar peg aeEF (BIL,2,3,4,5). PIS DESI, faAma y onaCT
TLAILA

398
 NEN: -BDED-DOWW/sorezore-onoono+-meimei

WOT FeO HATE LTEBASLEOHVET. PI 5 DEDTARY We

TAMIA" TNSNINU CT. UENEN NI BOBO + OVO E0OE
MWR bNSLeE TT.
Sorezore is used to designate each person or object that belongs to a group
of people or objects (ex.1,2,3,4,5). As in Example 3, it may also be used
when referring to a group of people as one. In expressions like the one in Ex-
ample 5, sorezore is the only word of the three words listed above that may
be used. Sorezore is more commonly used in conversation than are onoono
and meimei.

1) oe
AVL ENENSAZF
DAR ite
MSN,
Hitowa sorezore kangaekataga chigau.
Each person has his own way of thinking.

2) POUCE
Raa, EVIDANZERVNIRENEN
L4
3B IZA
ATOR » SK.
Kanojowa, pinkuno barato shiroi barao sorezore sanbonzutsu katta.
She bought three each of the pink and white roses.

es DASEEVc BTNENGALH OBO

Dokono Lereinbns sorezore nayamiwa arumonoda.
Every family has its problems.

4) A tc(dM 2 AV EN ENBHA CEBACT

TIS aniga futarlite, sorezore aS PR
I have two (elder) brothers; one is an office worker and the other is a
civil servant.

5) <MBMOLDT—FH1d.
25 35K
BPSCNENF-AI—-F,
is
PITWIM, Fa
| ed ante LO TB
Kono osarano ueno keekiwa, hidarikara sorezore chiizu-keeki, appuru-pai,
chokoreeto-keekidesu.
The cakes on this plate are, from the left, cheesecake, apple pie, and
chocolate cake.

BOBO TN" lh
fay Ad» DAMA. RE TECZT HARE < (tAtc Seal ales+t
Txhich Osean
One

(PI6, 7, 8), 5POOREST Ree E SERALAADBOIE ae Gs

aap an Nata
|as

)
sorezore: onoono-meimei/ HEN: BDED YDYYW

(fil9, 10). |EHEN | LD ORME 0 KaeCGR DIVE ACS

Onoono is used to designate every individual of a group of people. Although
primarily used when speaking of people (ex.6,7,8), it may also be used when
speaking of the special characteristics of things other than people (ex.9, 10).
Onoono is used in more formal expressions than sorezore.

) Bh 7 ane BOBOAD Re ask yAIVe AN

Watashitachiwa, onoono Sihiats nimotsuo rokkaani ireta.
We each put our baggage in our own locker.

7) IED
bers
BO BORER
b5%
1 LHad OFF
;
CDMAICRE
2 7
OK Cli Th of
Tomodachiga, onoono ryoorio ippinzutsu motte wagayani atsumaru kotoni
natta.
It’s been decided that my friends will gather at my house, each bring-
ing a dish with them.

8) LOI Belids 8 ARAM, BOBO MES «

Kono.
ES aA hachinin ishaga ite, onoono senmonga chigau.
This hospital has eight doctors, each with his own specialty.

9) PFARELET
isn Bele
BOBORREF
\
OCS.
Kanjiwa hyooimojide, onoono imio motteiru.
Kanji characters are ideographs, each with its ownie is

10) =
@ ae “(SFE AS2< SAG BOBO Ae 5

paren s shuruiga takusan atte, onoono sibieee tsea)

There are many kinds of kitchen knives, each one with a different use.

DD & meimel rT
seach (person) a)

fl AmDREIDE
ye
7k
COME MBA 245 ss CPL, ols OKA A. ff
eeWAKA tee
29) Us
ayMESSE
zn
Sa
DA
A'poet.
Meimei is used to refer to each person in a group of people (ex.11, 12,13). A
sense that each person is left to make his own judgments, or determine his
own actions, is implied.

11) h SERRE, DL wDVAS AMPS AAcons ML RoCRAZT.

SH5sPvVETY

Chuukaryooriwa, meimeiga aoe is aia totte tabemasu.

400
 tNIC*-4D5 Z-U*Md /soreni-sonoue:shikamo

Chinese food is served on one large plate, and each person takes the
amount (he) wants on his own small plate to eat.

12) ADOBBIS,
UDA Ubox
DWE
ESA 5
HAW.
Jibunno shokkiwa, meimei jibunde aratte kudasai.
Please wash your own dishes.

13) DIST EAS

N BANS DVO — ABS Od LBs.
%
Uchiwa kodomoga yonin ite, meimeiga hitoheyazutsu hoshigatteiru.
There are four children in our family, and each wants (his) own room.

SHIC/EDIAYL
EDD
B soreni B sonoue a shikamo

@ soreni
€ raIC a besides

LIN NF 2 CV ETAT Dee EOFMA SESE (PAL, ea ye

HOLREOPOHEVET.
Wes

Soreni is used when adding something of a similar nature to a statement one

has just made (ex.1,2,3). It is often used in informal conversation.

1) Ap#55H (2 CAUCE
2
B FEIN
Kyoowa atsui, soreni shitsudomo takai.
It’s hot today, and besides that the humidity is high.

ZONE. SNICIDD
Ao CWS.
At Py LIZYRD *4

Kono misewa yasui, soreni shinamonomo sorotteiru.

This shop is inexpensive, and on top of that they have a large selection.

DEAT Bos eMicy LAsIz\ eee OM Ne 2 OVS OIEWN.

Nodoga itaishi, soreni sukoshi netsuppoi. Doomo kazeo hiitarashii.
(I) have a sore throat and a slight fever as well. It feels like ’m coming
down with a cold.

“ > m sonoue 4
£D 9 z mwbesides ; moreover S|

401
soreni+sonoue:shikamo/€21T*-4D5X-LMD

TEM PH Dei MEAT OO, SFIS CBO-OIK RU alc

Day»

fot OM 5, 6,T)e “ENKUTET BEDOK, & Bc OER.

EOFAALS. KEoRPLORWIEE
TT 6
This is used when, after explaining a matter or condition, one adds a further
matter or condition (ex.4,5,6,7). It is used when the speaker wishes to say
that, although the original statement was sufficient, there is more to add. So-
noue is a slightly formal expression.

) HPisBev>, EDIRRED DD.

yp Seas &os

Tamagowa yasui, sonoue elyoomo aru.

Eggs are cheap and, moreover, they are nutritious.

on IIT PRo CLE sk. HitePIVTS OLA CEDIA E CHEVT LI

Michini mayotteshimatta. Bae kuretekurushi, sonoue ie furidashita.
(1) got lost. The sun was setting, and to make things worse it started to
rain.

6) BigDe-F— iA CISSSCS, IAS ss Ce 77 re

Obaga seetaao ande okuttekureta. Sonoue, osoroino mafuraato tebukuro-

made haitteita.
My aunt sent (me) a sweater she had knitted. And on top of that, she
included some matching gloves and a muffler.

7) FA.
Sek
MS REOBRSANR
woe eyes DA LE<E
REO b EA hok. ENIRA, BAP
UreCVaia7eunie,
Kyoo, watashiwa tomodachino okaasanni shokujio gochisooni natta. Sonoue,
omiyage made itadaita.
Today, my friend’s mother treated me to a meal. On top of that, I also
received a present from her.

a shikamo
Lad a besides ; furthermore Fa

HSLEM CASS REI BIDDLE ‘rik Ee Bd CANOES vet

C8, UO): LAE CHEC -£D5R ESIC DBRT. rEUBx
BAZ OU: Eskom TRE ORE AEC ORRKUCH
Shikamo is a when rie a second Ry to a first (ex.8,9,10), and

402
 *+4KS-¥LYMS/soroeru-matomeru

means the same as sore dake de naku (not only that, but~) and sonoue sara-
ni (furthermore). Feelings such as surprise, happiness, or embarrassment may
be implied.

8) Bid. WIRMEL TOS, Lod, FHSS ABS.

Karewa, moo kekkonshiteiru. Shikamo, kodomoga sanninmo iru.
He’s already married. Furthermore, he has three children.

9) FxI PoE KC LOORAM WOT TRMILES UIRBEL TS.

Kyookara et tS quae tenkiga tinode OF ne dokomo_ konza-
tsushiteiru.
Today is the first day of the long holiday, and on top of that, it’s a
beautiful day, so all the resort areas are crowded.

10) < De FI a ZECDODLVY EM EC, La ae SDECT EL.

Kono senzaiwa, imamadeno monoyori yogorega yoku tit vd han-
bunno ryoode sumu.
This detergent gets clothes cleaner than the detergent (I) have been us-
ing, and I use only half the amount.

tAZRO/ELDS
@ soroeru g mnatomeru

\, = @ soroeru
tARA mto gather ; to arrange |

DISSIPH
Io CWSOOE, SSAC ELSMAKO
BOLO FS “LT
+ Bill,2).
To place or line up in proper order objects that are scattered (ex.1, 2).

QMMPASS, MFLLERUISICMATSLETH (PIB, 4).

To standardize things according to type, size, condition, etc. (ex.3,4).

SBE & De Kw To O AEhisCROMER CH ART HTT Ob

VIEF

DERDOEV 58
BRVGAIT (Pils, ona
To éBlcet or prepare ings that will be necessary. It is implied that the ob-
jects collected belong together (ex.5,
6, 7).

403
soroeru-matomeru, 4AZ4:¥ELMS

1) Mle wave, FEAL EAATK RSV

Kutsuo nuidara, kichinto soroete kudasai.
Please arrange (your) shoes properly after you take them off.

2) vp»
PRICMAK
Dida 5
SIS >o TROT, CA CHO
se Ser
LICE
DAR B
70
Yukani kamiga chirabatteitanode, soroete tsukueno ueni oita.
The papers were scattered about on the floor, so (I) gathered them to-
gether and put them on the desk.

3) Old, FER
zn
2 K-—PvlL ESA TH* THO CORKS,
Himowa, nagasao nimeetoruni soroete kitteoite kudasai. y
Please cut the string in equal lengths of two meters.

4) RAD BE EAROE, MBE OREMST 530FS.

Kaguno iroo soroeruto, heyano kanjiga sukkirisuru.
The room will look tidy if (you) make
all the furniture the same color.

5) BAAWES
Ba BE Rt.
Y
MBSA ZAATHISIS
<thon a)?<i)
IS CS,
DAA

Nabe-ryoori,wa, zairyoosae soroeteokeba kantanni dekiru.

It’s easy to cook nabe-ryoori if (you) gather the ingredients beforehand.
——»+ Nabe-ryoori is a dish consisting of meat and or fish, vegetables,
and tofu that is cooked on a small stove placed in the middle of the din-
ner table. A popular form of nabe-ryoori is sukiyaki.

6) DtiL HbBEDGEW
AMER TAERIEO
¢
CT, TREWAVACARA
CWS.
Karewa nichiyoo-daikuga shuminanode, kooguo iroiro soroeteiru. ————
d ; ‘ GE
He’s a do-it-yourselfer, so he has collected many kinds of tools. GS

7) brL
Patd. Ya-PREPALS
SRY LDZ IU BCS,
BS
Rast r
If 3h KI
Watashiwa, Sheekusupia-zenshuuo soroeyooto omotteiru. x chal
I’m thinking about collecting the complete works of Shakespeare. She i

m matomeru
¥ yeYS mto gather ; to collect 2

ODE ADPICHDICO, VOEFSLETH (PIB, 9,10), WAAR

Re LORORVERSYSES (PIL, 12), BAPVOI LON ALB
LV BOS
=)
SLX pis,
ALY
14,15), RR TREM TOIT,
Wad
falls} oe Wee
IE
TADWSA
VEN DR CHET (fi16, oy,

404
 t42Z45-¥ULYS/soroeru-matomeru

To collect things together in one place in order to form a group (ex.8,9, 10).
It may be used to mean to form a consensus from many opinions (ex.11, 12),
to sum up things such as one’s thoughts by arranging them (ex.13, 14,15), or
in the form matomete, to do something at once instead of over several times
(ex.16, 17).

8) LOTT sya, Paks SORTER

LABSA
HERE
252)

sowie HICHeas.
Kono shidewa, sairiyoodekiru shinbun-ya zasshio,
matomete kimerareta hini dashimasu.
In this town (we) collect our recyclable newspapers
and magazines, and put them out on the designated day.

Rats,
POC L
RWOBEAILACIOCELMT,
A pA Be
VARY CHA
oF
CIS,
Kanojowa, nagai kamio ushirode hitotsuni matomete, ribonde musundeiru.
She gathered her long hair back into a pony tail, and tied it with a rib-
bon.

10) FAL NISCL, BR Ran7sCO freak Be. eC SRVEDIC 1 DAPI CEL

pre A AX BWVA Wee) as Ls

OCEs TCHS,

Watashino uchidewa, denki-seihinnadono hoshooshoo, nakusanai yooni ikka-

shoni matomete totte aru.
At our house, (we) keep the warranties for our appliances and such all
together in one place so we won’t lose them.

11) ABORRE LOUCEEMSEDIL, ECORV IE.

Oozeino iken-o hitotsuni matomerunowa, totemo muzukashii kotoda.
It’s very difficult to get many people to agree on one thing.

12) Bist y7A-MBOE BELT. LO 1 DAMA

FRB L< ELM THR.
mar BSS LYLE BWA

Karewa sakkaabuno shushootoshite, kono ichinenkan buin-o yoku matomete-

kita.
He did a good job of leading the team during his year as captain of the
soccer club.

13) FLTV OGRE ECC. FREE ED TITIUE TE STLV

Ankeetono kekkao matomete, hookokushoo kakanakereba-naranai.
(I) have to put together the results of the survey and write a report.

14) A
br
IABP,
¥£5 U8
SECOW ie)
RR ECM CHE
Ze
BS LICE 0RDN.
es
Watashiwa ‘ager eases kenkyuuo matomete ronbun-o kakuyoo-
nito iwareta.

405
sorosoro+yagate-sonouchi/ 4A€4-PAT-EDIS

I’ve been told by my professor to organize all of my research to date

and write it up in a paper.

15) $+pvy ni BERL BREECHO ee) OTIGNNe

Sa 5 +€5

Mawariga soozooshiinode, kangaeo matomeru kotoga dekinai.

With all of this noise around I can’t concentrate.

16) RAAB M TANT, & Bt alt A 1 BEM CHI.

MOUL me C<HEIUVA

Kanojowa al eae win ba rvoantatte shuuni ikkai matomete kau.

She works, so she does all of her grocery shopping once a week.

17) fabR-O peels. LCMCH SLY BAY LE OF SILI MEK

Soojiya sentakuwa, matometesuruyori mainichi sukoshizutsu suruhooga ra-
kuda.
It’s easier to do things such as house cleaning and laundry if (you) do a
little every day, instead of all at once.

sh
ils a OO
™ sorosoro = yagate w sonouchi

§ sorosoro
t 4A t 4A =soon ; almost ra

BDIEWMMIED, BOLEME aI2YF BOK, SAFELW PGA

PLGTERLEF Chill, 2,3, 4).
Sorosoro indicates that the appropriate time to begin something, or for some-
thing to occur, has approached (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) BEDPATWORTCL:19. CAC PR HICLELEI.

Onakaga suitadeshoo? Sorosoro shokujini shimashoo.
(I'll) bet (you’re) hungry. It’s about time we got something to eat.

2) Hi Uv C9 SION CACANGDIES br.

Kuraku nattekitakara, sorosoro kaeranakucha.
It’s gotten dark so (I) should head back home now.

3) SPELORFLEITE, HH]5 Fey(RES TLS CUE TEE TEV ‘Db, CACARLG«

Mada ‘ead asa gojini okinakutewa naranaikara, sorosoro neyoo.

406
 €A€EA-P2BT- EOD 5 H/sorosoro- yagate-sonouchi

Although it’s only ten o’clock, (I) have to get up at five tomorrow, so I
guess I'll go to bed soon.

4) Pea 6 WIKRE DSD6, CACAMINSE UE Ds

Shibaiga rokujini hajimarukara, sorosoro dekakemashoo.
The play starts at 6 o’clock, so let’s get going soon.

PZT § yagate ea
@soon

D LODE EMBHMBH
> THe EGC. LVILITERLET Gl
5), 6).

This expresses that something occurs shortly after the previous event is fin-
ished (ex.5, 6).

QWOLEAS BUY TW 2 LRBREMNSES, TER

OBR CEOST
(Bil7, 8, 9, 11033 LOY Bld PRTE~ 5 EES ZUEBHVET.
When speaking of an action that will lead to an outcome, it is used to
mean ‘the future’ (ex.7,8,9,10), and is often used in the form yagate wa~.

5) Feohk2% oe) Use) . PA THDRET

Nagakatta fuyumo moojiki owari, yagate haruga kimasu.
The long winter is almost over and spring will soon begin.

6) FICE
ELE RS. PASC HlChrok.
& 72> > care) px -

Yonakani furidashita amewa, yagate yukini natta.

In the middle of night the rain soon turned to snow.

7) EDEKTN Levu, PDS THERM BPRS 7s.< T83 CUESTA.

Monoo taisetsuni shinaito, yagate chikyuuno shigenwa nakunatte shimauda-
roo.
If (we) don’t take care of things now, we will one day lose all of our
natural resources.

8) FIA aS ECO oIF9 FEDBULE

= ee Dt
Zils CWS. CDEECIS,
AARA~
AWHA COALS

PATTEM ISDE TLED.

Heikinjumyooga nobiru ippoo, kodomono kazuwa nennen hetteiru. Kono
mamadewa, yagate roojinbakarini natteshimau.
The average life expectancy is increasing while people are having fewer
children each year. At this rate, society will be full of old people some-

407
sorosoro+yagate-sonouchi/ tAtA:PAT-ED5 5

day.

9) BRK oKION COBH BM ROLIICT ok. 0M Cit ARAN

celeb
oye Oo.
Shizukadatta kono muranimo kankookyakuga kuruyooni natta. Yagatewa
shizenga ushinawarete shimaudaroo.
This once quiet town has become full of tourists. It won’t be long until
the natural scenery is lost.

10) FRFOWE FEM

vs Dee WAXOS TF
tet, 075 TILEA
TAA CBIR S HASRKOTZAI0
Igakuno kenkyuuga susumeba, yagatewa daa ploouhions naoseru higa
kurudaroo.
If medical research continues to progress, the day will probably come
when all diseases will be curable.

a sonouchi
£D : b msoon ; someday Fi

5 Ble : 2 LESHIDTC 2 Thy - Home CONSID Tele )&V FE

HCH +o pin, 12,13). 2 CH, es fl a> DALES
BEV, LEMME LOL CEREDON TS.
ZEA Mths

thy Peete tae HWE WIT SES VET Hill, 15).

Sonouchi is used to mean ‘soon’, ‘after a short time’, or ‘after a certain peri-
od of time’ (ex.11, 12,13). The period of time referred to is based on things
such as a standard or one’s experience, so that both the speaker and the lis-
tener are able to judge its length. It is also used when making a vague refer-
ence to the future, i.e., not deciding on a specific date or time (ex.14, 15).

11) (lL
PADZEASHAD<
£5 b>
7h CEM, CODSMBIET
HH ®%
CLE.
Nishino soraga akaruku nattekitakara, sonouchi amemo yamudeshoo.
The western sky has brightened some, so the rain will probably stop
soon.

12) BRA HBS7E6, (ACIS

KERR CINE, EOFS EANCTE >
CEM CTLs.

Kooen-o kikinagara, hajimewa memoo totteitakeredo, sonouchi mendooni

natte yameteshimatta.
(I) began taking notes while listening to the lecture, but after a while it
became troublesome so (I) stopped.

408
 {9-4 /taikutsu-akiru

13) LIZ GHENBVETHS,COSSACK

VET Do DAILY S
th.
Shibaraku kizuatoga nokorimasuga, sonouchi medatanaku narimasukara
shinpaiwa irimasen.
(You'll) have a scar for a while, but it will eventually disappear so don’t
worry about it.

14) HOYIVEOTASHILETHBY YL Pb, ZONDbATRICSE5LET.

Ano miseno tenpurawa totemo oishiikara, sonouchi anatani gochisooshimasu.
That restaurant serves great tempura, so (I'll) treat you to dinner there
sometime.

15) Sx DidICL PORORITE, EDIHD9< Dz\ Ede

Kyoowa isogashiikara damedakedo, sonouchi yukkuri aimashoo.
(I’m) busy so today is out, but let’s meet some other day when we'll
have plenty of time.

eV
D/ HRS
a taikutsu 8 akiru

Alene) @ faikutsu ®
# boring

DACOT SCENES. FEO CHELTI TH SLAC BUOLITEK

LaF (Pill,
2).
Taikutsu indicates that one has nothing to do, has time to spare, and is not
amused (ex.1, 2).

QR
EGA
Bicteoe<TC. DESRWILITERLEF
TrevyLES bb5Sd
CHil3,
nv
4,5).
It may also describe something as uninteresting (ex.3,4,
5).

1) i FltWHITS
— BPUM F 722OTA LASTS. FeV SOFA U Rok.
Kyoowa ichinichijuu nanimo suru kotoga naku, taikutsuna hidatta.
Today was boring because there was nothing to do all day.

2) RV SORA, TLE THRE IMTS.

Taikutsudakara, terebidemo miyookana.

409
taikutsu-akiru 2K O-HRS

(I'm) bored so maybe I'll watch some TV.

a ~ Fa» d . a
~T+ 5ONS Btih’ ~ KOK.
fo
iz &s

Kyoono shibaiwa taikutsudatta, ( \

Today's play was boring. Ni i rr
—
: : = XE , —_ Pee ar—nast Pe Y
HOR PIORRII LOT, HL UMTS. \ i ue
£23508 =a = a

Ano Kyoojuno koogiwa taikutsude, akubiga deru. U)aes, 4

- > ~

(1) end up yawning during that professor's & R =~

lectures because they are-so dull. Seat
BRISK OTRO
wn ROK
BR,
Bes
Karewa taikutsude miryokuno nai otekoda,
He is a boring man with absolutely no charm.

. + makiru
HRS RIS 3 - ato
be tired of e

Ho SUI TRRER 2 TLE ORY, FATSTIATOLED, & =

PIM LVTSLITERLET (HG, 7,8, 9).

+

AMD Awe

Akiru indicates that one loses interest in something, or that something be-
comes Uresome because one has had one’s fill (ex.6,7, 8,9).

Ss SRE he
FRI.
mtg
BMLIOF-ALBTCKLHSTLISK.
Ane

Kodomotachiwa, atarashii geemunimo suguni akiteshimatta.

The children soon became bored with the new game, too,

HELD RREORORICHST. HLONDERON.

zune ~FSEFBAVY Re WSL ae

Seitotachiwa Koochoosenseino nagai hanashini akite, oshaberio hajimeta.

The students grew weary of the principal’s long speech and began chat-
ting among themselves.

D— Ri2sTLAAGIT
ByBy bad
SARNTOSIN.
BWI a

Watashiwa osushi,ga daisukide, mainichi tabetemo akinai.

I love sushi, and could eat it every day without getting tired of it.
+ Sushi is vinegared rice formed into the shape of a ball and
topped with slices of raw fish, shellfish, fish eggs, or other foods.

BIRO Bid, MAIN. C SA

Moo Kareno jimanbanashiwa, kikiakite.

(('m) tired of listening to his boasting.

410
 NS-O> ¢ 024 /taoreru-hikkurikaeru

RENS/Os( UPAS
@ faoreru w hikkurikaeru

edstS (NS) kh sic fait down. ©

DMT GOM, MRK TLESLSOST (GN, 2,3,4). “fal
Bisons, (tid ED BIBSRHBZWOCT.
Taoreru is used when an upright object becomes horizontal (ex.1,2,3,4).
Things that taoreru must be taller than they are wide.

OBUE - BHLTSE, ALKA PEMILTSOEX CPi, DETR Ea Vice Tor

pee, BATES BT, 8, 9) (BARU it.
It may express the downfall of an organization such as a government or com-
pany (ex.5,6). It is also used when a person comes down with a serious ill-
ness or dies (ex.7,8,9).

1) BACHKAEINK.
Taifuude kiga taoreta.
Trees fell from the typhoon.

2) Hp
BE CHO EDIEDA DS, Bl CHIN Te.
vslinde tanano ueno kabinga, taorete wareta.
A flower vase that was on the shelf fell and broke in the earthquake.

3) JILEXA
EpAltH
5:3
FLOLS, Aimee
VAIO 5
UC (22>)
AAA
Gl ries chooreino toki, hinketsuo okoshite taoreta.
My friend Kawashima had an anemic attack and collapsed during morn-
ing services.
» Kun is commonly added to the given or family name of boys or
young men by friends as a way of referring to or addressing them.

A) GROVLTC Eval CencidesGOAL

oI Cos
Booringude, pinga ikkaide eee taoreruto sutoraikudesu.
In bowling, if all the pins fall over, it’s a strike.

5) vlbw Apis. doom EE CEN»

72.

b huah rs naikakuwa, tiie es taoreta.

The new cabinet fell in a mere six months.

411
taoreru: hikkurikaeru/ 72324-0640 MXS

6) REACT. BROILDt Dwele

TLE 97.
Beene kareno kaishawa taoreteshimatta.
His company went bankrupt in the recession.

~ HE OMMITS CANE EIS UTS SV 0

Amari hatarakisugite taorenaiyooni shite kudasai.
Please don’t work so hard that you a collapse.

BAMSIL, LIBFETE CA.

G Dae

Watashino is shinzoohossade taoreta. a Fe

My father collapsed from a heart attack. (i RO

ea dL ARIAL. ry
Paaa) :

Karewa ba kyoodanni taoreta.

He was killed by (an assassin’s) bullet while delivering a speech.

DoS UPS (Uo6 nwa] Tikuien

DLs TWP BOA, Buk fle o TLEOKY, Sees DOD
aSBeAne Le5L= Cano,rte 12,13) fv $T,
Tiaien: is used when an upright object suddenly falls over or when
something that is face-up turns over (ex.10, 11,12, 13).

QHOU Rea, aceOK ARIE ESS CPil4, 15) RET.

It is also used when a certain state or edie is completely reversed
(ex.14, 15).

10) Dold, >< Dik

BOETED tga» ACities £45 VIEV.
Kamewa, bes nermebiy baton es okiagarendi.
When a turtle gets turned upside-down it can’t right itself
very well.

11) TAs TH BATIK OS 0B

RoizOC, Bet ok.

Subette Paes oe ae atamao utta.

(1) hit my head when I slipped and fell flat on my back.

12) A—hAS OS YkRoC, ory 722 Nis MiB.

Bootoga reemtine notteita futariwa kawani ochita.
The boat capsized and the two people in it fell into the river.

412
 ~FEEW ~IEDY -~ LUM (~)
ee | ~ dake- ~bakari- ~ shika(~)nai

13) Peas. O06 0KRoCKRV aia

ae ieee one oowarai shiteiru. é
She has collapsed with laughter. gee ny
14) DINOHROAG IS 9 BLA CHERASOU3 6 Dior. ( by y
x 0 v5 \ rb ee
Yuubeno yakyuuno shiaiwa, kyuukaiurade tokutenga hikkurikaetta.
There was a come-from-behind victory in the bottom of the ninth of
last night’s baseball game.

15) Baie CHADS Oo< YKoC, ASE OSAP I trot.

Sui anealae hanketsuga mibeaiticne yuuzaiga muzaini natta.
The verdict was overturned by the Supreme Court. ‘Guilty’ was changed
to ‘not guilty’.

CWI /~TEDY /~ LEC ER

a ~dake a ~bakari a ~ shika(~)nai

> dak
~elt Bong is

HOVPIEMBY SAUL OPTED CHF 1, TEA QIIP>OOMOD

se eu
PRET S CSE ET (Pill, 2,3, 4).
~dake limits a thing or event by saying that there is ‘nothing more added or
different’, or ‘there is no other’ (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) OD ITEPAT DIL EIRE ANSZBWOODF.

Hiraganadakeno bunwa igaito yominikui monoda.
Passages written in hiragana only are harder to read than (you) might
think.

2) PCBHIOV
aw)
SIKU
VERE
Bo CARA GA CORO
Wr
2 AIR Rozz.
paris

Yasuurino ichigoo hitoyama kattekitaga, itandeitanowa futatsubu dakedatta.

(1) bought a heap of strawberries on sale and only two of them were
bruised.

3) HORE RNSOIBRALIT CLE.

Namano sakanao isePacit Nihonjindakedewa nai.

413
~dake-~bakari- ~shika(~)nai/ ~#21b-~lEDY -~ LA. RO
Neen ee ee een ee

It’s not only the Japanese who eat raw fish.

4) SSRI
A
COW Db, Wore.
ADRWare e BY
¥
TORS. 5
Gofundakede iikara, watashino hanashio kiite kudasai.
Just five minutes is enough; please listen to what (I) have to say.

: a ~bakari j
~lEa 9 sonly~ ; about~ LD

DHAAZLEMDSAS sells Ai PUIMAIZE ATELY EV ‘ee CERG ES

(Siva £o (PS, 6,7,8,9). PSUS SAREE
TH
RLE TOS
5b
Td p> 0,ae a
a % RED GERET Gemare AUN Ea HLUbo
vy phys
Atak
eats Sans BRET A, “fhik a nik % sid, ALLO
Lys au»
AASMono
UE

YOHAIING, Als ENB baiEEE We LRU ais

~bakari is used when stating that some ng or state occurs very frequently
or without exception (ex.5,6,7,8,9). ~dake expresses a limit, while ~bakari
expresses abundance or frequency. Thus, watashi dake shikarareru means ‘I’m
the only one that gets scolded’, while watashi bakari shikarareru means there
may be others who get scolded, but ‘I get scolded all the time’.

210, WDEDIRREV aL axle SS, Pme bls Slee fei x7e

WOM BERET.
TIVES HOD

Mz, aa Lo clt Cal ~ iomO CB ILCOHVET,

As in Examples 10 and 11, ~bakari may also be used with a number to ex-
press an approximate quantity, as in ‘about~’, or ‘approximately~’. In spo-
ken language, the ~bakari of definition @) may be pronounced ~bakkari.

5) Bait,
XA
MIM Aik MVisEl YTS.
Saikin, amenohibakari tsuzuiteiru.
These days there’s nothing but one rainy day after another.

6) AlEDURNASOURICEOD, FRRISDVRNOOO
RA TRV».
Nikubakari taberunomo karadani waruiga, yasaibakari taberunomo yokunai.
Eating nothing but meat is not good for health, but eating nothing but
vegetables is no good either.

7) a baer, ADGIS TC VOD Y TIED OV 7.

Otootowa chiisai koro, kiga yowakute, itsumo naitebakari ita.
My little brother was a crybaby as a child and bawled all the time.

414
 ~PEW -~IEDY -~LO(~)
2 | ~ dake: ~bakari- ~ shika(~)nai

8) wl AR. KAA
TS Fae) TA
RissieOC—e A bFaAirtpyccv se.
WHEE EDD

Shuumatsu, — yokattanode ichinichijuu tenisubakari shiteita.

The weather was good on the weekend, so (I) just played tennis all day.

9) BRAILMPVANTC a aks RoI LOL.

Okashibakari tabeteiruto, mushibani naruyo.
If (you) eat nothing but sweets you’ll get cavities!

10) Dots MHOOC 2 RFE POLAT CIET

Chotto yoojiga arunode, nijikanbakari dekaketekimasu.
(I) have something to do, so I’ll be gone about two hours or so.

11) DIK Yat NSFASOOBIEDVUSTITT

Kono bokujooniwa ushiga gohyaku-toobakari irusoodesu.
(1) hear there are some 500 head of cattle on this ranch.

aS LaP(mn a shite (~) nai i.

sonly~ ; no more than ; nothing but~

OM sean eleIUL SIC, HAD, LEME YUAD VOILE FELT EV

eh IES EAS Woy kl pi LUDO < PRET S SCH (Pill2, 13 eAeal5))s
This expression is used like ~dake to state that there is no other thing or
event than the one mentioned. It is somewhat more forceful than ~dake
(ex.12, 13, 14, 15).

OR MEV oL RIEL, DIOP PHSHAICMBLU ROK,

EUx“BPRS 136. MELEE OIEIA LTO, PPPORBHH
Att (Pil,17,18).
When used with a number, it expresses disappointment or dissatisfaction that
the number or quantity is actually less than was expected (ex.16, 17, 18).

12) AP A\LI—AVOR LDN 0

Koarawa yuukarino hashika tabenai.
Koalas eat nothing but eucalyptus leaves.

13) WL ARASTSN NC, Ya-Z% La Bd re vj

Asawa shokuyokuga nainode, juusushika nomanai.
I don’t have much of an appetite in the morning, so (I) just drink juice.

415
tasukeru-sukuu-tetsudau/t=t\t4-F< 5° TOES

ciHENAN HT LE ze Oe A Chi La TEV.

Sushma dehintiiees aruite kaerushika nai.
The last bus has left, so there’s nothing left to do but to walk home.

1) LO kgltt. LICL ARON PIATES SADE

Kono shimaniwa, kokodeshika mirarenai shokubutsuga takusan arimasu.
On this island there are lots of plants that can be seen nowhere else but
here.

16 AV yee L LIE oITHE, el 5-1 <1£1000P4 LIED ofz.

Kaimonoo shiyooto omottakeredo, saifuniwa sen-enshika nakatta.
(1) wanted to go shopping, but there was only ¥1,000 in my wallet.

17) fifi7D Fa FeVLIAV ONS Abo nie | 13 alm 1s.

HH

Aneno hea hiroinoni, watashino Gai sanjoo, shikanai. *p.592

My big sister’s room is big, but mine is only three tatami mats.

18 eee Hy FERS
CIS 1 PLAT
Lip aie2) Bi BN
DIZ, BIS ETOR TCM.
war =

Shuppatsuno jikanmadeni ippunshika nainoni, karewa mada konai.

There’s only one minute till departure, but he’s not here yet.

12S:
Ox. Boke A BDO
w fasukeru ge sukuu w tetsudau

TUS coyirs) rower

Bloc ROEEPR TAK REVC HOLLEOM Fav tk YE Ze BTCA REIL TES LI
LEG Se EESEW
i. DEBT = es Cine 2,3,4,5,6). BIS 18 Fee DIE BRT S,
Sk TtPERT REDD, POLERRTS, SHNE i BE TIA te
ADS bitoF,
To help a person or thing which is in difficulty or danger achieve a safe or
improved state (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6). Tasukeru is a word encompassing a range of
meanings, from ftetsudau (to lend a hand) to sukuu (to rescue).

ii) Peis, IIe

nt
CHA CV OF PEE BIT CR WeNk.

416
 EFWS-F< 5-TOEF 5 /tasukeru-sukuu-tetsudau

Karewa, kawade oboreteiru kodomoo tasukete hyooshoosareta.

He was commended for rescuing a drowning child in the river.

2) RFBlt. doteica» DoT FEE BNI CP of. ae a

ae Hels eR Des
Ryooshiwa, wanani kakatta Vactsaieen tasuketeyatta. _ % ZR f iss /
The hunter rescued a baby fox caught in a trap. ees” Ae ie
3) "BNC EU SAAD CIOTABE deh er4 se
keDEH:ANGBV DIENT?. CaS eh
“Tasukete” to ee koega kikoetanode ittemiruto, onnanokoga inuni oika-
kerareteita.
(1) heard a scream for help, so when I went to look I found a girl was
being chased by a dog.

4) fm Bolempoe. VOORROHIT TN.

Nanika komatta kotoga aruto, itsumo kazokuga tasuketekureta.
Whenever (I) had difficulty my family would always help me out.

5) PILE EEF SE. BL MLC Rate

Sethe Tee}
BAT.
Kanojowa kookoo-o sotsugyoosuruto, shuushokushite kakeio tasuketa.
After graduating from high school she got a job to help out with the
family finances.

6) AMRI< va, TAC BAT OA yn te {SAB ZENTVS.

Denied Aasven paste eon seibunga vale Sukumareteiru.
A daikon radish contains many elements which aid digestion.

= w sukuu
t < 4) Le | mto save ; to rescue 2

DTS OFEIRIETK
WA
BIRD SEAPEODE,. REGKECBOCS
LEED A, SS) “CT. H
SG FDR
x Ith
TE IK RED WHOS
LDKW
a? oe
TWLAYH
aia et pl, 8,9,10). BIINO A
V3, HD LAA OHO EFA “HNs A, x2 ApeUBes
LEDS » DDO
Soe CCT :RUTT
To help a person or thing in extreme danger attain safety. It is used dften es-
pecially with respect to a life or mental condition that is in danger (ex.7, 8,9,
10). A tasukerareru hito (a person that is helped) has some strength, whereas
a sukuwareru hito (a person that is saved) no longer has the power to help
himself.

) EOD TxXt9D
NiA. BRO Kor. WOS

417
tasukeru-sukuu-tetsudau/t-FW4°T< 9° TORO

Ishino tekisetsuna shochiga, kanjano inochio sukutta.

The doctor’s timely measures saved the patient’s life.

8) FL LEED. ul CHE RELTCK BER PKI Pon.

all aA a) 2 “5 ae

Watashiwa kyonenno fuyu, yamade soonanshite, soosakutaini sukuwareta.

Last winter I had an accident in the mountains and was
rescued by a search party.

9) war
it, MOF RE KOPP
74%»
OBC
<
Nhe
Karewa, watashino kodomoo hino nakakara sukuttekureta.
He rescued my child from the fire.

10) BOA— TG. EDYORET BA insBepnt.

Kareno yuumoade, sonobano kimazui ee sukuwareta. (—
His good sense of humor relieved the awkward
atmosphere of the moment.

° ele. @ tetsudau
a €9 Wfas) [Fiz 3 ato help out %

ADTESPCLERTEE D EB MERS Th OL IC, FER lees CALL, 1 1S

14), BTS 28S. DESI falsen» OW Hse seu SIRLIRDV EEA.
To teal a hand in order to hohten - Sones of someone’s work or labor
(ex.11, 12,13, 14). It does not include the sense of helping someone escape
from danger found with tasukeru or sukuu.

11) ABE D2 OW OD k Figo KS.

Heyao katazukerunoo tetsudatte kudasai.
Please help (me) tidy up the room.

12) Zt JD IzbEk
HALOS
BE JED 9 ik LE Fipok.
Senshuuno oot tomodachino ee Roshi tetsudatta.
(I) helped my friend move last Sunday.

13) Rl,id. VO AS VOOR Fo CU ET.

Watashiwa, kimonoo kirutokiwa, itsumo hahani tetsudatte-moraimasu.
I always have my mom help me when IJ put on a kimono.

14) ld,
Pn
RABE
6H AW
T SBRAER
Zz = GA
Fo
Gre
CVS.
Karewa, chichiga keieisuru kissaten-o tetsudatteiru.
He helps out at the coffee shop that his father runs.

418
 bHDDKRAA

ae COUNTER SUFFIXES
pon J alk fat hiki EGen

A et EER Bde UO us SiR AL oo Coes

1 ee Leoiti WoUs te -5 Sa y |
2 esate ve (sale Gees exe:
3 SAIZA SAIL SAUS UES
4 SAIEA kAIEY ACTAwOS Ss eee
5 = leery Sleep DIOS ws
6 ADIEA A ali A7aUS A>
7 IS TNZA Tg Tg Ly POE Owes Be
8 ILolFA lkalXL vo ko US Geeree
9 SW IIA Sm 7 Ik Sw 7 OS SO re
10 ID aera. ores crabs eore
? KeAIEA TPN US Mea tOs & Wicca.

Erie) eee ee
i WoitAa Wo € ¢ Ok Y (ste)
2 SA 1S ¢ IY ERS
3 SAITA SAE < waeray Ara
4 Ae aul ae Raw « Je Say ia)
5 SUAS Pe) < BUA UD
6 ADItA ty Ke SNE TAY (Soke)
7 BItaA lp & ¢ aE. aie)
8 Zo IA lia € % ILHILA Keren)
9 ZS MIA Sw € ¢ SWMWIILA LEQ
10 CoaUAa Beare < EXO DRE fy Lis
? TSAATA IgA & RAIA lange

% mai RAS. a dai gO, titsatsu S2,|8 tou RO

1: neacie Er Ae oy SS Se 19)
2 Seas ieawe << Fees

8 (eH & UY kB a Ss ld ED

10 Emo du Eta D7 Rays Cate 9

? Leis” pele & EC ay UviavteJ;

419
tabi ni-sono tsudo, 2UW\C-tOO0¥

ZO
/ EDDY
gfabi ni gwsono tsudo

spo tabi ni a
el ONS mevery time ; whenever Ie

PURE DE < B \ HAVES Die LTH SLEM_DEDESCS EEL, a]

HOSA, Wr PNSILAKLET (Pll, 2,3, 4).
te
A pve

Tabi ni refers to every instance in which a frequent or repeating action or

event occurs, and indicates that the number of occurrences is great or re-
peated (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) D2 Nid, BLT SORIA DELS.

Ano futariwa, kon-yaku shiteirunoni autabini kenkao shiteiru.
Even though they’re engaged, those two fight every time they see each
other.

bo BREESHOI, Feds
Bead CEVEDS.
Namiga yoserutabini, kodomotachiwa koeo agete hashirimawaru.
Every time a wave comes near the kids scream and run about.

3) PMD SUI, RBOWLANE Lis Mud heb Tev >.

Kisetsuga kawarutabini, iruino dashi-ireo shinakereba naranai.
With every change of season (we) have to put away and take out
(seasonal) clothing.

4) FDI, L< TIT ADE LRA EORUALD LI DINT«

Kodomono koro, yoku kyoodaigenkao shitaga, sonotabini watashiga shikara-
reta.
I often got into fights with my brothers as a child, but every time I did
I got scolded.

DO ¥ eBsono tsudo ie
mat any time that ; each time

filare LAD fir AHATNTSES, CO LBTORELTHOET

CG,
67,8). EOB*C OBC SMM RASLSICS VET.

420
 ke dSA HEH. + Y 5°? 6 /tabun: osoraku-douyara

This expression is used to refer to any single instance of, or encounter with,
some action or event (ex.5,6,7,8). It is often used to mention that one will
deal with something at such time or place as it should occur.

5) bPbiWeLAMbohb, CNIS.
Wakaranai tokoroga attara, sonotsudo senseini kikinasai.
If there’s anything (you) don’t understand, ask your teacher as the occa-
sion arises.

Blo 2 eA dokb, ED OEPER LILIA.

Komatta kotoga attara, sonotsudo kaiketsushita hooga ii.
(You) should resolve your problems as they arise, should there be any.

ADB HOE Sid, CDOERAEW WE GEES

Heyao deru tokiwa, sonotsudo denkio keshite kudasai.
Please turn off the lights every time (you) leave the room.

Hs(LER SIL LILY YT, WEICIGUTED IERIE

g) hig
LTE
Watashiwa kaiokiwa shinaide, hehe oojite sonotsudo kau kotoni shite-
imasu.
I don’t stock up; I make it a practice to buy things as the need arises.

RdA/ BESS A/V OPS

a tabun ® osoraku w douyara

. w tabun
esl [Ba] wsprobably ; perhaps °

EMAC RAED
LYODATX
BUC RNS BeRLET. (2 30E LRM
>< Ett

DEST. AD
SOMG
SA tA TEA
TILL BILD & cH, am LI EIE CHES BEST
(Bill, 2,8, 4,5).
Tabun is used when one feels subjectively that something has a fairly high
probability of occurring. The speaker bases his statement on his own judg-
ment rather than on actual grounds. It is often used in spoken Japanese
(Oxu1P2eS KA)

1) RVWLEWACATE OT, RA 1 sal

elFill by Cig Ore PY),

421
tabun- osoraku-douyara/fe3A-8 b+ Y OPS

Taishita kegadewa nainode, tabun isshuukan-guraide naorudaroo.

It’s not a bad injury, so it will probably heal in a week.

2) KEDSTAS?z SA AALS WHEW TZAD.

Hwpa \

Fara imagorowa tabun Nihonni inaidaroo.

At this time next year (I) probably won’t be in Japan.

8) Au LOST tte
Bi Dh T23/
A: Ashitano paatii, iku? Are (you) going to the party tomorrow?
B: Un, tabun. Uh huh, probably.

AN Te BAL AMT EVOEIEIITE. BLEVIED oh by WCHA TEV YTS

7zXV.
Tabun ichiman-ende tariruto omoukedo, moshi tarinakattara, tatekaeteoite
kudasai.
(1) think ¥10,000 will probably be enough, but please lend (me) some
money in case it isn’t.

5) SLALMEBARSADALHINORS,
pre 5
2SALIULEE LE TL EI.
Moshi watashiga Suzukisanno tachibani itara, tabun onaji kotoo shitadeshoo.
If I were in Mr. Suzuki’s position, ’d probably have done the same
thing.

BtEH<
>
(HSK) sirobaly
k
©
HEATED
Ph Coit»
jai TE BERG C SVE.
TwhkER oy)
Thrtalre, HotKKRRT.
VESWA

E25) eas : AE ce ~EBDNES | TEEEV SL ENA 5oe8

(fil6,7,8, 9).
Osoraku is a formal, polite way of expressing that one speculates there is a
high probability (of something happening). It is ordinarily used together with
expressions such as ~deshoo, ~to omoimasu, and ~to omowaremasu (ex.6,7,8,
9).

6) HORILB EHS 1 fet T S724 5.

Ano iewa osoraku ichiokuenwa surudaroo.
That house probably costs around ¥100,000,000.

) $e OFRBS 725, BES DIV BER aT OQ COLA, BBs

tA b

422
 kA BEb K+ Y 5b /tabun- osoraku-douyara

IZSWNT AI
Yoru kujisuginara, osoraku uchini iruto omoimasunode, sonokoro, odenwao
kudasaimasenka?
(I) think Ill probably be home after nine o’clock, so would you mind
calling me around then?

8) CAIEFILB EEK LOBM bok oO AONE

Doroboowa osoraku Si madokara mk omowaremasu.
It seems that the burglar probably entered through this window.

9) PRPRASS ATSIC)I< BROLE CHEN AMix, HARI CLE t5

BENG Teo
Shinringa konnani hiroku shizenno mamade nokosarete-irunowa, Nihon-
kokunai-dewa osoraku kokodakedeshoo.
This is probably the only place in Japan that still has large forests like
this left in their natural state.

BOS
>
sappy
d
we
KEIo FO UTUGUIIIME, CNECCBONKS ESE CEFISHd
HSER 9 TERE IER EF (Gino, 11,12). BOWER’
1d HW
~
BLY C MEST Pi cwee
TD] el REDE BDNS, Het seicinzt.
Douyara means that, although still not completely clear, one is able to gain
somewhat of an understanding of something by looking at the information
gathered so far (ex.10,11,12). In most cases it is used together with expres-
sions such as ~rashii, ~youda, ~souda, or ~to omowareru.

10) BADS S ED POBUPEON LIZ.

Samukega suru. Dooyara kazeo hiitayooda.
(1) have the chills. It seems as if I’ve caught a cold.

11) DIT 8TH ENTS ED PHB AILa FOL

Nokkuo shitemo henjiga nai. Dooyara one rusurashii.
(I’ve) knocked but there’s no reply. Apparently she’s out.

12) IRE
WRORHL30F7
< UC DRA BA
DIF
+r
eOlZ, ESWHALER
fe
RR,
x
EPPSP<
REEN COLI.
Yakusokuno jikan-o sanjuppunmo sugitanoni, Yamadasanwa mada kKiteinai.

423
damasu-gomakasu/7J2EF+ CEPT

Dooyara yakusokuo wasureteiruyooda.

Even though it is now 30 minutes past our meeting time, Mr. Yamada
has not yet arrived. It seems he has forgotten our appointment.

CET
/ CERT
a damasu w gomakasu

> a damasu
fs ce mato deceive ie)

HACE, FA PICAS Se CME Ch ASE OLE CH CAL, 2, 3,4).

To deceive others into believing that one’s story or statement is true
(excle2ean):

QUPEELASELds ab F-OIK
Bow
WED
Wa iol pe
RR<TR AR PLP OLD TE Fe
HADES LECH (IB, 6).
The expression damashi-damashi means to try to keep a machine or body
that is in poor condition working by watching it carefully (ex.5, 6).

) EDF it BEESA DBA | BIE AO oA eR LT.

3 avy

Sono otokowa “Okaasanga byookida” to oe shoojoo yuukaishita.

That man kidnapped the girl by lying to her that her mother was sick.

2) LOAHA
ZARA
1 ECO AFC OILAT. CATLIEV ERD SDIF
EV «
CIE
SY IG WIE Ae
Juuman-enga ichinende hyakuman-enni narunante, sonna umai hanashiga
aruwakenai. Kitto damasaretandayo.
It’s impossible to make ¥100,000 increase to ¥1,000,000 in one year.
(I’m) sure that (you) were lied to.

3) By (LIA V EY ERCHESN TC Ripe Abent.

Watashiwa daiyamondodato damasarete, nisemonoo kawasareta.
To my regret, I bought a fake diamond because I. was tricked into believ-
ing it was a genuine diamond.

4) KEIET
OIE RS TEV».
Hitoo damasunowa yokunai.

424
 TEES: CED /damasu- gomakasu

To deceive others is wrong.

5) <DEL TE OCHRE aE IS EES TRBITNE ELAS LANL, x

TAMER D.
Kono kikaiwa furuinode tokidoki chooshiga waruku-narukeredo, damashi-
damashi tsukaeba, mada tsukaeru.
Because this machine is old so we sometimes have problems with it, but
we can still use it if we handle it skillfully.

6) VERE THM SOR ho TERUNE, HELEELE SICA

aC VERS

Watashimo toshio totte karadaga achikochi warukunatte-kitakeredo, damashi-

damashi doonika yatteimasu.
I am getting old and starting to have all kinds of health problems, but I
somehow coax my body into getting me around.

S = gomakasu 5
S EDT mto deceive ; to cheat [©

OAYOZ a 726 TEV E22, AApleBBE ORE ake S\—. Brot

ALS 2
Seg ols (VM MLLER CHK UIT SLETS pir, Odayye hes
BY
THES
TEE COMO BLLSOANEY (PI). BOX ERY WAPAI
FOSLMBEF GIO, 11),
Gomakasu is used when a speaker does not want to tell the truth or disclose
a matter that is not favorable for him. The speaker may tell a lie or avoid
going into details in order to be vague or unclear (ex.7,8). It may also mean
to take a nonchalant attitude in order to avoid a serious situation or discus-
sion of an uncomfortable topic (ex.9), or to do a halfway job (ex.10, 11).

DADABM BGM IN BAYF REDE fh PzSHLIEED EM

PBPROBOHWE OUMITAIET BETH cpli2, 13).
To intentionally pocket a company or person’s money or property by han-
dling it in a sneaky manner (ex.12, 13).

7) pOCL
BEV ODEIE
DANY
2234D DEK
Bt bP
LEDT
Kanojowa itsumo nenreio futatsu mittsu wakaku gomakasu.
She always lies about how her age, saying she’s a couple of years
younger than she really is.

8) A: ZORIBL? 1 FAK.
BW EARAADA

425
tarinai-fusoku suru-kakeru/ tz) 70> 5€ 4 FS-OUWS

Bia, LAM BEV M7H, 200M Exisdrokolt.

AA

PN Beas 1 SOEMI
A: Konoaida kashita ichiman-en kaeshite.
Give me back the ¥10,000 that I loaned you the other day.
B.: E? ichiman-enmo karitakanaa, nisen-enja nakattakke?
¥ 10,000? That much?! Wasn’t it ¥*2,000?
A. : Gomakasanaide! Oh, come on. Stop pretending!

is, PERINAT CMA NTR

TEM Le
Karewa, “Kanojoni furaretandatte?” to kikarete waratte gomakashita.
When he was asked, “I heard that she left you, is that true?” he laughed
to evade the question.

MA OO MELO, TYAYYEDODCL EDL

Shokujio tsukurunoga mendoonanode, insutantono monode gomakashita.
Cooking was troublesome, so (I) just ate some instant food.

BRI) FFSet4, BAP COEDT LEMS EWG.

Eigano haikeiwa, shashin-ya ede gomakasu kotoga ooito yuu.
(1) heard that the background scenes in movies are often created using
photos and paintings.

Pus ENT A WIDE INR EPLT, Ey,

BOAT be Nite.
Karewa tanomareta kaimonono otsurio Oe ae Jibunno pokettoni ireta.
He lied about how much change he received from the shopping he was
asked to do, and pocketed the money himself.

13) Bae EC ED LU ROMA DoT, FEI Te o72.

Kaikeishiga chooboo pe ees esoeraona natta.
When it was found out that the accountant had been falsifying on the
books, it became a big issue.

RVR REC TFSE/BWUIS

8 farinai w fusoku suru a kakeru

TY CED Hu @ farinai
anot enough; lacking S

426
 EVER-HE <4 FS-PUS /tarinai-fusoku suru-kakeru

Ft CIE AagnieED OP MI MREtTINES

BC amICE WET ERS
LSEET CPN, 2,3,4,5).
UWISA UVXrkS

Tarinai indicates that something is inadequate, or does not reach the amount
required (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) SOIR WE LTH OE bHohkb, al\e =

. 2) Sang 3
FOS, lan
L00PURU Pork. tae “1!
RA ESAS ®
Kinoo kaimonoo shite otsurio morattara, pee ¢
hyakuen tarinakatta. PS aren:
(1) was shortchanged ¥100 when Pe | Ae
I went shopping yesterday. Tee
BE
TID <
OARC Bele] FEO SV SRE S — Lie CNT 72.
Suugakuno shikende, jikanga tarizuni zenmon toku kotowa dekinakatta.
(I) didn’t have enough time to solve all of the problems on the math
test.

< DRISBES
TI EVILSTy HAE CK EB 3 CWO7EU0
Kono sakanawa attendee tarinak ute, ee higa tootteinai.
This fish hasn’t been cooked enough the heat hasn’t reached the cen-
ter (the center is still raw).

DADA A ADEYTEN 0
Kono mikanwa amamiga tarinai.
This mikan (mandarin orange) isn’t sweet enough.

SADE DIATE LGwaveb. Ana SS Obs ThEY TEMAS

Kiminoyooni ranboona unten-o shiteitara, inochiga ikutsu attemo tarinai,yo.
If you keep driving like that, you’ll end up dead someday soon.
« The expression inochi ga ikutsu atte mo tarinai (even if you have
several lives they won’t be enough) is used when warning someone of
dangerous behavior. It literally means that a person’s conduct is so reck-
less that he would quickly use up many lives if he had them.

¢ a fusoku suru =
ort < a) BET | ato be lacking ; to be short

EV TEV 4 XIBIP RIS ns BCI WE : En Fn sin SSE:

#Lat. “EZR E08 PL ANTE UVR U uCCARE OF
Dich
CEI
p>
LEMS

427
tarinai-fusoku suru-kakeru) 720% SE < TS:DWYS

VYed CA 6, 7,8,9)
AG
Fusoku is similar to tarinai in meaning that something is inadequate or less
than the quantity required. However, it is a slightly more formal expression
and is often used in compound words such as suimin-busoku (lack of sleep)
and undoo-busoku (lack of exercise)(ex.6,
7,8, 9).

6) 4. Re RCAF ARELTIOSHLV
Ima, kensetsu-gyookaidewa hitodega fusokushite-irurashii.
There seems to be a shortage of labor in the construction industry now.

7) ER Y AAMAS SEat Oe, Fave F< WEE DCL

Bitamin-eega sre enile mega tsukareyasuku narusoodesu.
(1) hear that if (you) don’t get enough Vitamin A, your eyes will
become tired easily.

8) aeacic ealtO, ie IAEA RAZ .

WIA ES WAWA

Shigini maketanowa, nner gen-inda.

The reason (we) lost the game is because we didn’t practice enough.

9) 9G BRO CHIR ECT.

bt fa TAA BS
Yuube osoku netanode suiminbusoku-desu.
(1) didn’t get enough sleep because I went to bed late last night.

a kakeru om
DIT S RASS | ato be lacking ; to be missing ©

OD (KOBE.
BB 1E DW
PLWOSD) O—BOMN,
We SSA
CHnNTENSLETH Hinv
LOU:
Kakeru indicates that an object (in most cases something hard) is broken in
one place (ex.10, 11).

2) FETED "BRHSIAFOSO . LELSTLEOO- BNE WZET

F CPl2, 13,14,15). EVI + REFS iit, E125 eV.POULT
DUTESIEN EW EORTC
G. “RUD ARES T BEF OOD. :ui
BITES TEOEV DERERLET 9
It also expresses that something that should be or is by nature complete is
missing a part (ex.12,13,14,15). Tarinai and fusoku suru refer to the idea
that something is insufficient and therefore incomplete, while kakeru indicates
something that was originally complete is now missing a part.

428
 729 4-¥ICHI9- Uw 5 SA /tariru-maniau-juubun

1) <a Ji AASRUT ENS De

£55

Kono sees ete ree kaketeiru.

The blade of this knife is nicked.

1) F5R>CROWOC ARO SI LITT Ux sie

Machigatte butsuketanode, chawanno fuchiga sukoshi kaketeshimatta.
(1) accidently knocked the tea cup (against something) and chipped the
rim.

12) Rly 3
OKND 1 ACORISE, GUSH NTLY
fee: dareka hitoridemo kakeruto, shiainiwa derarenai.
We can’t play the game if even one person is missing.

13) < Mii LIS. TH YEMRIF TB.

Kono ronbunwa, pointoga kaketeiru.
This paper (thesis) doesn’t have a point.

14) £dBEC ADDER RtMRABATC.

Ve
HOMIE
Oe CES
BILRITCWOS.
7m»

Yoru osoku hitono uchio tazunerunante, ano hitowa jooshikini kaketeiru.

He is lacking in common sense, going that late to a person’s house.

15) FIDL, AGE CROC RIT CRE

R BLUE
Konkaino eee vine 9 hairyoni kaketeitato hanseishiteimasu.
Being a teacher, (I) regret my lack of consideration during the incident.

EVSE/ ESI / CORA

@ fariru m maniau B juubun

fe Y 4 LE") S | sind enough is

Di Fe 5 SP Hee iniToT — LDSTSOLW eso zg CAL, 2, Saoe

OD. Des
Tariru indicates that something is sufficient to meet a necessary number or
quantity (ex.1, 2,3, 4).

QIEMB OBEROI, (SoSVELKA L £5EOE

ES
NTIS wD
Twe
ILOWTHEVET BIS, 6,7).
It is used also when no definite number or quantity is specified, as in when

429
tariru-maniau-juubun/ fz) 4-¥ICHdI- Uw OBA

speaking about the extent or degree of a situation or event (CX100):

SCH FE +1000F4C SEVET D>.

Kecnautine sen-ende tarimasuka?
Will ¥1,000 cover (your) transportation costs?

we) BERK
PES
LEDER ORI NE, tz
ABO
2)
EVE
&
OTR OR of:0
Yakyuuo shiyooto omottakeredo, ninzuuga tarinainode damedatta.
(We) wanted to play baseball, but there weren’t enough people so we
couldn't.

Bee
TIM <
OAGROME.
LUA a
BIAS
UC Pa
EY ZC C. 1 Ro
Ts BADD
TL EDK.
Suugakuno shikenno toki, jikanga tarinakute, ichimon nokotteshimatta.
(1) didn’t have enough time on the math test so I left one problem (un-
solved).

BCLBATEINY DRESTEO TC. Ait 1 a 3 FORAILEVET

Uchidewa minna panga sukinanode, komewa ikkagetsu sankiro kaeba tari-
masu.
Everyone in our house likes bread, so if we buy (only) three kilograms
of rice a month it’s enough.

BL ape HiL724Pe lt TAB EVIN ED LETRAS 1D oh.

Watashiga mies lekaka shoal kufuuga tarinaito yuu kotode
saiyoo-sarenakatta.
The plan I submitted wasn’t accepted because it wasn’t sufficiently in-
novative.

Bon AllNTMI. BE (oA PY AS FEY ISIoh D> bE.

crass wakareianbue otagaini omoiyariga Sie: omou.
(I) think the reason they separated was that they didn’t have enough
consideration for each other’s feelings.

BO PNLREED EIT SVD EM ARRLS ANI Ks WS,

Kareno nekowa eiyooga tariteiruseika, kenamiga utsukushiku korokoroto fu-
totteiru.
His cat is plump and has beautiful fur. He must be getting plenty of
nourishment.

FICH'D Wao) ee ee ;e to
mto be enough ee
be in time (for) iF

430
 79 4-¥ICH9O-Uw 5 SA /tariru-maniau-juubun

DEAN EMTS, ROBE TE BO? WLR fi ToT EA TEBE. LOBOE

(SEOLEATSSE® (Hl 8,9, 10,11) PRET.
Maniau is used when indicating that something will be adequate to fulfill a
required number or quantity, or to serve a purpose at hand (ex.8,9, 10,11).

QRS 7 BRIS TY + ALEC GES SS (Pill2, 13,

14),
To not be late for or miss an appointed day or time (ex.12, 13, 14).

8) SEH BAITED. SOOT Cha a9 TCL$

Panto gyuunyuu-dakenara, gohyakuende maniaudeshoo.
If you’re getting only bread and milk, %500 should be enough.

9) LOA MERTEOC < DEBE CHW <9

Juuninno kaiginanode, kono heyade maniau.
There'll be 10 people at the meeting so this room should be adequate.

10) YF ANC AN ORI YTD OC HAE CHIC Gbenn, 5

Val Do72>

Shichuuni ireru akawainga nakattanode, nihonshude maniawasetaga, oishi-

katta.
(I) didn’t have any red wine to put in the stew so I made do with sake.
However, the stew turned out tasting good.

11) A AD BGEO Hates

Ww 5) Y oe)
OAT CMI CGDEST
Raishuuno tomodachino pee neeea anino a ace maniawasemasu.
(1) will make do by wearing my brother’s suit to my friend’s wedding
next week.

1) SECIS SEMMNU, IEONAICMICES.

Ima suguni uchio dereba, kujino basuni maniau.
(1) can make the nine o’clock bus if I leave the house right now.

13) BIALTLE0KOT.
a1e5
LRA OR RCS
Era ® OES F &
poK.,
Nebooshite-shimattanode, ichijikanmeno jugyooni maniawanakatta.
(1) overslept this morning so I wasn’t able to make my first class.

14) ®& Biz ULEAD AES TOUTE YBODEANAIGES LIEV «

Les =

Shuudenni Ue ie 5 3 takushiide kaeruka dokokani tomarushikanai.

If (1) miss the last train, I'll have to go home by taxi or find some
place to stay (for the night).

431
tarumu-yurumu/ 72 St WA

. > rt. wjuubun

CG Kp 4 arf sangsd sample ; enough LE

WPLEROO RRR IE RBH 2 T. RCS SILT CWALITEKR

BES Ans, 16,17) “22 TAHCe Su UT LEE L TABI:
<A bS ESFORLET CA18, ‘19).
This denotes a state of having enough or more than enough of something to
fulfill a need or desire (ex.15,16,17). When combined with tariru or maniau it
emphasizes that an amount is much greater than what is necessary (ex.18, 19).

1h) AE-FR ML TSK, ae ) ER LCBELTKSV

oeceapste

Suptidoo dashisuginaiyoo, Nbr chuuishite untenshite kudasai.

Please pay extra-special attention to (your) driving so you don’t speed.

16) PINT
Up 3 3
BRLOC
na
BABEN 1:
Yuubewa shan netanode, tsukarega toreta.
(1) was able to get over my fatigue because I got plenty of sleep last
night.

17) vant ACltr a

PLIST es DUNNER DEMS.
Nureta aR me ie kawakasanaito, kabiga haeru kotoga aru.
If (you) don’t dry out your wet shoes thoroughly, mildew may grow on
them.

18) 3 AMOR ARDS, 1Al0AAAME+

A EVET.
AIOMDDPA WEED DEY FARA EPIBA Kr

Mikkakanno ryokoodakara, hitori juuman-en areba juubun tarimasu.

It’s (only) a three-day trip, so if each person has ¥100,000 it should be
plenty.

19) BRAGS ORFS DENSI, BRERA TOSEtAD.

Eigaga hajimaru an, Poy catmaniaukara, ochao nonde ikimasenka?
We'll be there in plenty of time for the start of the movie, so why don’t
we have something to drink before we go?

Ste
/ Wt
B farumu @ yurumu

432
 Te Ste Sts /tarumu-yurumu

@ tarumu
fe ab mto sag ; to slack off

DIRK EY EBs TURBO, (UTHS

OE FORBES HOST COL,
2), :
Tarumu indicates that something that was taut has stretched and begins to
droop (ex.1, 2).

ORLCW SRSA hot, BLES Bo KEREOET (G3)

To ade to the point of laziness or sloppiness (ex.3).

1) BOUT a, <7 TREATS,

Sentakuno roopuga, furukunatte tarundeiru.
The clothesline is sagging because it’s old.

2) BeaG BEDOAMIZOA Coh.

Futotte, onakano nikuga tarundekita.
(My) belly has begun to sag since I’ve gained weight.

3) IF<
72 bts, ABORT ROA TOOPbORITOAT | ee aIFILS
Aix
Bokutachiwa, shiaino atode “Tarundeirukara makerunda!” to, koochini shi-
karareta.
The coach scolded us after the game, saying “We lost the game because
you guys were slacking off.”

Wt B yurumu z
ato loosen ; to abate ; to slack off =

DEO HFM CV 7, 5 < 5 2 tk 2 TUTE DODANE < Kot OTSE

SET (PM,5). =
Yurumu indicates that something that was tight or strongly 9 CSS 4
stretched (pulled) has gradually loosened (ex.4, 5). wh f)

DESERVED. MLD
SLA VET BE >. Sith
PB id. DAPDIES +
Ts
BLPIEBLV. DRUK peel
It also denotes losing one’s concentration or letting down one’s guard
(ex.6,7). In Example 8 it means ‘to become mild’.

433
chigau- machigaeru-machigau/ A554 -ESARAS: EBB

4) Bh Dig TOs Ae DA, AIFZIMBT IAAT,

W Gaashine ee oe waruinoka, nekutaiga suguni yurumu.
Probably because I am not good at tying it,my necktie gets loose very
easily.

5) OMPAHOICAOSZAT. DOANLTNE.
Meganeno nejiga yurunde, tsuruga hazureta.
A screw in (my) eye glasses became loose and the stem came off.

6) Wary
BRAS, DAZART AIS sRPILEIT
Sue y=
TE.
Keikaiga, yurunda sukini, gootoowa nigeta.
The burglar escaped the moment security slackened.

7) OMARION
IATA
CAMDSEC, SEH LTV
Kurumano untenni narete kiga yurumuto, jikoo okoshiyasui.
When (you) get used to driving a car and let down your guard, it be-
comes more likely that you'll cause an accident.

ee SAIDOATCHED 160IR SHAM o

5H a7

roe Pee yurunde ‘umeno see, sakihajimeta.

The cold spell has lifted and the plum trees have started to bloom.

BO/ESRBAS/ EBB
w chigau w machigaeru a machigau

> LS @ chigau i
HAs 5) HE
Ler
| ewwrong ; different

D'RROTWS ELK BU eV BRCH (Pill, 2,3).

Chigau means ‘mistaken’ or ‘not correct’ (ex.1, 2,3).

(EDCHEENT. TENEPIUTILAN + BI LEW GLERRLET (Bild,5

EP PIT BIL, hele Lick TACOS I RRC
It is also used to indicate that one thing ‘is not the same as’, or ‘is distinct
from’ some other thing (ex.4,5,6). Examples 7 and 8 illustrate how this term
can be used to indicate that something is at a higher level than, or is superi-
or to, something else.

434
 bB5-EEBHBXLS-¥ 5A 5 /chigau-machigaeru-machigau

1) A: RRLCTAS,
Lon PERE
WAREA CTD.
Bor, BET
A: Shitsureidesuga, Yamamotosan desuka?
Excuse me. Are you Mr. Yamamoto?
B: Tie, chigaimasu. No, I’m not.

(ETO CWROC FRO CeCLEDK.

EWS Lk BH THA oe
Juushoga chigatteitanode, tegamiga modottekite-shimatta.
The address was wrong, so the letter came back.

BABY
ee
aANWOhRONCHRAWI
fe TR
RE, SmHAAR
OE
ok.
Ushirosugataga Jonni niteitanode koeo kaketara, chigau hitodatta.
(I) called out to him because he looked like John from the back, but it
was someone else.

BOL—-S—-ERZOWU
La HOC
EDAD,
WA PH Bre
AES
bs
S AES.
Pht SH
Kareno seetaato kanojonowa iromo garamo onajidaga, ookisawa zenzen
chigau.
His sweater and hers are the same color and design, but they are com-
pletely different sizes.

Ped dSbe DIE

At
CALLA
US
RKBNECAD.
je
Tamaniwa chigau misede hirugohan-o tabemasenka?
Why don’t (you) try going to a different restaurant for lunch once in a
while?

LOE
DA
SICK
AV bBok by al
WIA
RISAFA CILES GED
be
ADEDICHSD
Ue dm
5%.
Juunenburini yuujinni attara, karewa maetowa marude chigau hitono yooni
akarukatta.
When (I) saw my friend after not seeing him for ten years, he was
bright and cheerful—it was as if he were a completely different person
from before.

FILA E COAT SAM EROL, MA EoROTLES TEE.

372 SH Ryn & 2) ie “; iy

Onaji inugoyademo daikusanga tsukuttanoto, watashiga tsukuttanodewa ma-

rude chigaimasu.
The dog house that the carpenter built is completely different from the
one that I built.

ANC SPEEA IA.

Kimiwa nareteirukara tegiwaga chigaune.
You’re experienced, so your workmanship is special.

435
chigau- machigaeru-machigau/ 6255 -E6RRS- EBAY

Husk = = machigaeru 5
¥5BXG | Tad
Hie A ato make a mistake ©&

OS SCAIESS IEGS trWie eee Te Oe ee es DIR a oe waa

CHiJ9, 10, 11, 12, 13)

To unintentionally do something wrong, misunderstand, or mistake one thing

for another (ex.9, 10,11, 12, 13).

9) FA ItLERDES Hada fiatLAD

prt

Watashiwa eruto aaruno Peis yoku machigaeru.

I frequently confuse the pronunciation of ‘L’ and ‘R’.

10) Bl, (LR ae iA C 3m PAT L $572,

Watashiwa Eigono shikende sankashomo machigaete-shimatta.
I made three mistakes on the English exam.

11) atea> Ds2 BD eel ATHOM ILA EEF eae SCL) 25

narekaza ior ee machigaete watashino kaban-o motteitteshimatta.
Someone mistook my bag for his and walked away with it.

12) De eS) Ie ARSC fb, BEDYSANLEAIES ClEA DN.

Yuube osoku, michio aruiteitara, omawarisanni dorobooto machigaerareta.
(1) was mistaken for a thief by a policeman while I was out walking
late last night.

13) HERBOP MOR ahh AT. LIBS

CLE or.
Haishano yoyakuno Rivant machigaete, ichijikan okurete shimatta.
(1) mistook the actual time of my appointment with the dentist and ar-
rived an hour late.

ves > @ machigau

EBD49 THLE as9 ato be wrong 2

ELK BWODEBATLESLEM, BOLEKE VSMATLEIZET

F (Il, 15).
This is used when one selects the wrong thing or when one mistakes one
thing for another (ex.14, 15).

EBMor (BA res )* E61 WWS | ISEOIET PEFESVL, ee CU

SB IEUSTENY + BIE TEN IED ERERLED Cill6, 17).
436
 92> 5+% 64 /tsukau-mochiiru

The form machigatta (kangae...) or machigatte iru indicates that something is

wrong or unjust (ex.16, 17).

Md) FIRM CT—AE Fores, MCW

ELE CN CLESK.
Watashiwa hajimete keekio tsukutta toki, shioto satoo-o machigatte ireteshi-
matta.
The first time I baked a cake I confused the salt and sugar.

15) Feist
BoCWACLEok# lt, teatem Ber.
tee Seta rae Pectohe naosendi.
It’s difficult to correct (your) pronunciation once you learn it the wrong
way.

1) 209 Kiel lok fe EBA TLEok.

Kinoo nt, ahah econ juushoo oshieteshimatta.
(1) gave my friend the wrong address yesterday.

1?) ADB Ass CVS,

=A pAD Eb

Kimino kangaewa machigatteiru.

Your thinking is incorrect.

IPI DH”V™S
a tsukau @ mochiiru

DP} (RSI
oe
Df ABO Diz“Avie Bei o. ¢
UTS oer CA, wo, 4,
5). WAT SEV SERA IET.
To make use of or put to work someone or something for a certain purpose
(ex.1,2,3,4,5). Tsukau often has the same meaning as riyou suru.

DCE, HRCLARTSLLTH (FI6,7).

To spend things such as money or time (ex.6, 7).

Q! MeO GE5) its, EDNOZ LILO KAU ARES OC DEPART

(fil8, 9).

437
tsukau+mochiiru; OD5-vb%S

The expression ki o tsukau means to take careful consideration of one’s sur-

roundings (ex.8,9).

1) fh | Paeer< eS, LONT EEF

Watashiwa tegamio kaku toki, kono pen-o tsukaimasu.
I use this pen whenever I write letters.

2) SSAA, WE DOORCT
Hasamiwa, monoo kirunoni tsukau doogudesu.
A pair of scissors is a tool used for cutting things.

3) LOA LEARD PIL OCHEA LAA

Kono denwawa koshoochuunanode tsukaemasen.
(You) can’t use this phone because it’s out of order.

4) BOL YrClt, A500

A Oo TVS.
seal py}

Kareno koojoodewa, hitoo gohyakuninmo tsukatteiru.

His factory employs as many as 500 people.

5) AAaRORFeHt. AAGG LAME oTLV IT EEA 0

Nihongono jugyoochuuwa, Nioteoshite tsukattewa ikemasen.
During Japanese class (we) must speak only Japanese.

6) TC LV ASE ORE MCL ITT.

Isogashii hitohodo jikanno tsukaikataga joozuda.
Busy people are better at using their time than others.

7) S05, MH
WIAA
ToC. 1 5 C2 ZARA
AH DD oTLEK.
Kinoo, yuuenchini itte, ichinichide niman-enmo tsukatteshimatta.
Yesterday (1) went to the amusement park and spent ¥ 20,000.

8) PILES CLI, ALO RIRILBE

THRE D5 CN
Karewa watashidake-dewanaku, watashino kazokunimo totemo kio tsuka-
ttekureta.
He was attentive to not only me, but my whole family as well.

9) EMER ODDTINY CK ESV

Sonnani kio tsukawanaide kudasai.
Please don’t worry about (me) so much.

a mochiiru
HHS FA % | ato utilize ; to use |

438
 1 XDODA

aeBA) ODE ACKER DOBNT. BUTHIMALIOTZLY

D ZF1EF DE

Sax HES NOM TVR BC RD BE CiAd ROE £tA (filo,

11,1213). LD DIAKE GSCUB “WeAEORE Iyee DLT EV 3 OR
5K ALT.
To employ such things as a tool, method, or person for a certain purpose.
Mochiiru is a more formal expression than tsukau, and is only rarely used in
casual conversation (ex.10,11,12,13). It is implied that one is utilizing an
inherent ability or function the object or person possesses.

10) Sait, BRPODH FSH AV ONT

Korewa, toojino kooshikigyoojini mochiirareta fukusoodesu.
This is a costume that was used in official functions of the period.

MW) GCULB<S DEA Baal. VARA

We BH = tty
AV SNCS.
Imadewa ookuno denkiseihinni, Paton ashe mochiirareteiru.
Most of today’s electrical products make use of microcomputers.

12) EWEA
Bat Cid, KAA
Thahecz
AV PERRY
b BASS F<
TK eo CWS
Saikindewa, tennenmokuzaio mochiita kenchikuga sukunakunatteiru.
These days, the number of buildings built using real wood is decreasing.

13) Oghi RAS

SIS BRE PIR EH SLEDS.
Kono pede seikoosaseruniwa yuunoona senmonkao mochiiru hitsuyoo-
gaaru.
(We) will need to employ the services of a qualified expert to make this
plan succeed.

DA\xA
Pelt
a
1 SOOREBO CRA Foks
We
EWIAML, PHI
» ZA 4 YES BA Pa

A 1 S OFF > CHATINT 2 5 ($2 <|[FlCEU CT dr eS

yy x WAIE vk lA] £ puede: Alsi aeChr rea ey

DAR | ts | OAR twok KT EDARE SWS ARDDN

1dA IZA

ISEFF 3 CAT SPD ihe LOBES,

OD
1 EOE BENS
Alc Rare kth. ELC, REL SOsTK

439
tsukamaeru-toraeru; OPEXA: LORS

<4 = aie D Fis. (EAICIS BEF CITA TED > 2D

De LNREA HAT ODP AOR HHL CHOLI TH.

Gi Weel aiseaees LORI it 1 NDF EDV Cie Vanate 2
Br Ue

Db LAE OW NEL OAD LABEL arabs

Gli N75 nin a KL. FERIA
FAY % veEH
E LE I CORCVSF
Wz =
HOBIE
a oe
1 AT EVal
Ux
es iO caged pe eee

Issatsu no hon SSS

Michelle asked, “Are the sentences Kare wa issatsu no hon o motte
ryokoo ni itta', and Kare wa hon o issatsu motte ryokoo ni itta’ exactly
the same?” They appear the same but are actually different. /ssatsu no
hon refers to a particular book, with an explanation as to the kind of
book it is or why it is being taken to follow. It does not mean that
there is only one book. Hon o issatsu motte ryokoo ni ikimashita may
mean that a book, and nothing else, was taken. It simply refers to the
number of belongings or books that were taken on the trip.
In the same manner, sono ie niwa hitori no kodomo ga imashita’ is
used when speaking specifically of one child, although there may have
been other children in the house. Kodomo ga hitori imashita* indicates
that only one child was in the house.

He took a book with him on the trip.

He took one book with him on the trip.
There was a child in the house.
bh
—wn There was one child (in the house).

DI oye
a tsukamaeru & foraeru

DPEZSA ‘8s 2 2) @ tsukamaeru F)

= to catch

fla» D3¥BITTE E DI, as DOA, > (CILee OSI te>e

ays era cer,
+ Ca 2200 FlStas H5 Cz LTORAEROIIED, REE COLE
DABS

440
 DPELKS-%6Z4/tsukamaeru:-toraeru

(Bild,5)Py. F7Y—KLVEDSIE (G6,7)YBVEF.

To capture and keep something from escaping or moving away (ex.1, 2,3).
This expression may also be used when speaking of finding a person one has
been looking for, making contact with someone (ex.4,5), or stopping a taxi
(ex.6, 7).

1) BLT ALTER BODIE.

Nekowa nezumio tsukamaerunoga umai.
Cats are good at catching mice.

2) HOB FIA CANED EIB ONT CHIE A Ko

Yaar

Ano seinenwa, doroboo-o ee tsukamaeta.

That young man chased and caught the burglar.

3) ERS EIREA TIVE.

Yachoo-o tsukamaetewa ikemasen.
(You) must not catch wild birds.

4) re
BULICLUOT,
a)
TST EAS TEASER.
Karewa isogashiinode, nakanaka tsukamaeru kotoga dekinai.
He’s been so busy that (I) haven’t been able to get hold of him.

5) (UE DBE DIT. POL PARPSASLIEM

CE.
Nandomo denwao kakete, yatto kanojo-o tsukamaeru kotoga dekita.
(1) was finally able to get hold of her after calling several times.

6) es BUA S.072 U7 KEN 9D EGER OOH L120

Yoru, amega furidashitanode, takushiio tsukamaerunoni kurooshita.
It suddenly started raining last night and (I) had a hard time catching a
taxi.

7) Wei
UA ts
01 AUE,
©
FIT Y—DMBEA
ey
BNET
Hiroi toorini dereba, sugu takushiiga tsukamaeraremasu.
(Youll) be able to get a taxi quickly if you go to a main road.

~ s @ foraeru
v bx Fi S z 4S] ato catch ; to capture ©

DED - WASZ
LATE RENESAS BEG THEA SO1 LY DAVIE oo es
BB
pastes)

DDO +KBR UALET.AHIS EEIDT

rE la £0 fEV EA (fils, 9, 10).

44]
tsukamaeru-toraeru; OPDEXRS*-UbBAS

To capture something such as an animal or criminal. It is a more formal ex-

pression than tsukamaeru, and carries a feeling that the action is an extensive
or difficult undertaking. It is not used when speaking of ordinary daily mat-
ters (ex.8,9, 10).

DAF(5x BEE we L<Lom 1) AT OLE (fA, 12) AGN ADib%e UO

KOZ LY Cis, 14) e+,
To completely and correctly understand the characteristics or point of some-
thing (ex.11,12), or to charm or attract someone (ex.13, 14).

) Byala» uk!"BAAR ites, FN el HOA DNL

Doobutsuenkara nigeta raionwa, nijikangoni toraerareta.
The lion that escaped from the zoo was captured two hours later.

Ke) SATIRE
REDES ES
OAT SED GC TEAS MHOC ys
Ginkoo-gootoo-o toraeta joseino kijiga, shinbunni notteiru.
There is an article about the woman who captured the bank robber in
the newspaper.

10) ian Yan SA HHOATILAR, alePL ay CR LI.

t HAIZA BEDS UMA UK EF

Keisatsuwa, sekkaku toraeta hannin-o, shooko-fujuubunde shakuhooshita.

The man the police took so much trouble in capturing was released due
to insufficient evidence.

ll) [OWES
(2 BEA
ROKkn
Dn
RES
oF.
EOATWS.
Kono nigaoewa, kareno tokuchoo-o yoku toraeteiru.
This portrait really captures his features well.

12) BORIS, BREATH TODYOTV,

Kareno hanashiwa, yooten-o toraeteite wakariyasui.
What he has to say captures the essential points and is easy to under-
stand.

13) BROKE Bans. IFC DDRCEDA TLE DK.

Kanojono utsukushii kaoga, bokuno kokoroo toraeteshimatta.
Her beautiful face has captured my heart.

14) TTA EDM AVYOR fils, HB RRO WREBDA

Te.
‘x DAWA SE9LHS =zA

Susurinakuyoona baiorinno neirowa, chooshuuno kokoroo toraeta.

The weeping tone of the violin captivated the audience.

442
 DPts- (CXS /tsukamu- nigiru

IPts /\CXS
@ fsukamu @ nigiru

Ipt rT]Suhare Fe)

sto seize ; to grasp

bLDD— Hf CAMBODIA BBO LbHS) RFDOSCL IANO cHb

ERS- Let CAIN, 2. 3), LDYOA, wIF Te 9 EEap{75 CUS D
UL SICGS + MESEVESIT
SLUG HORE AIT, HS LY
PIES CHO EMSS, BLAR7 : HEPZTZEORRUMT SL EOHVET Poe rasi
Deb BAREELDAL DEBE L ADT BESIC OE Soils CPA, dO).
To strongly grasp part of aden (or all of something small) with one’s
hand (ex.!,2,3). It is implied that the purpose of the action is to keep the
object from escaping or moving away. Tsukamu may sometimes suggest vio-
lent or forceful action, and is often a more brief action than is nigiru. Fur-
thermore, it may be used when speaking of obtaining things such as informa-
tion, a chance, or the point of something (ex.4, 5,6).

1) THEAS OE |< FRU EDEL OC HDCT

Bom WAgfors
Kodomoga shadooni tobidasooto shitanode,
awatete udeo tsukanda.
My child was about to dash into the road, so
(1) quickly grabbed his arm.

2) ACAI E3IC Us es De IF ALD BZD

Be ACH oikok.
BERL 2)

Kuchide makesooni naruto, otootowa watashino kamio tsukande hippatta.

When it seemed my little brother was about to lose the argument, he
grabbed and pulled my hair.

3) Ee
& ees FHLEOT JEASE oSIC ORE UPI
tc ? 5 TV

Denshaga MMR ilanade. watashiwa tossani tsurikawao tsukanda.

The train breaked suddenly so I instinctively grabbed the safety strap.

4) aes FIV OEEpane BEILNSEV JHE OM VSTE

SSS,

Karewa, AUF ieee erabareruto yuu kooun-o tsukanda.

He was fortunate enough to be named lead in the drama.

443
tsukamu-nigiru) OD>te\CXS

5) POUL
Peicis, BHO RE ODA CHES
AUD
EEDOOMIEV
Kanojowa, hanashino yooten-o tsukande mijikaku matomerunoga umat.
She is good at grasping the main points of an issue and summing it up
briefly.

6) KOLA |yd? CIETHETA, Hee Arte zCMDR 0

Saigaino tokiwa, hayaku seikakuna joohoo-o tsukamu kotoga hitsuyooda.
In times of disaster it is necessary to get accurate information quickly.

& = gsnigiru 5
Nn #4 TES | mto grasp ; to clasp ; to seize ©

FOS ARCH
ce
ITS CE CH. BRO CUI,
up olay/1y
TROLS LET
Peni Veacele CPT). DEH OT oreidoL SAME ASB
Bs,RANK es Pe MALYTS Lop PAB, 9,10).
To firmly oe one’s fingers inward so that if there is nothing in the hand a
fist would be formed (ex.7), or if something is in the hand it would be held
tightly, with pressure applied to it (ex.8,9, 10).

PIL, 1214. HAFDODI< LCRES TEV. « FSA THC, alaSER

In Examples 11 ad 12, nigiru means to take and keep Seen for one’s
own, without letting go of it.

BUBVELTSI
SID otis C, PidtHokc ELEY LTK.
Tiarasoio shiteiru uchini kattonatte, karewa nigitta kobushio furiageta.
He became so angry during the argument that he raised his fist.

8) BALE BULA DE eGR HE 1

Wakaregiwani karewa watashino teo tsuyoku nigitta. ; ve
He held my hand tightly as we said good-bye. ann ee ip

9) BEAPMIA, LINKLERI
=
AE =< Ms ns
EN
Bo ber > Bb ok. Cu ~
Musukowa chiisai koro, dokoe iku tokidemo \
kiniitta omochao nigitte hanasanakatta. die |
When (my) son was little, wherever we went
he would grab on to toys he liked and wouldn’t let go.

10) JAinseaEe
TAHA
Cols MYLO, NYE EEF ICI As TLEF«

444
 POPNS:< UNS /tsukareru-kutabireru

Untenmenkyoo tottabakari-nanode, handoruo nigiru teni chikaraga haitteshi-

mau.
(I’ve) just gotten my driver’s license so I instinctively hold onto the steer-
ing wheel with all my might.

11) FAIS. BAS ID ATE 5 aE Ho TUS.

eaiestive karega bidins ts yuu shookoo nigitteiru.
I have gotten hold of solid proof that he is the criminal.

12) HDOEMORKE HC ADIL, ft ROKAT.

Ano kaishano jikken-o nigitteirunowa, shachoono fujinda.
The person who is actually in charge of that company is the president’s
wife.

IPNSA/ CANS
w fsukareru w kutabireru

DPS HN] Mo'ser to betired Al

HkORIENT SECAA DDN, PRM GSELUTT (Hill, 2,3).
Eh, PA DECADE RITE COPS, UVF BRE BULA
EAE AS. 6 DEFIEMOHpaeO
Fel—t CHEF =EBHVETF
To lose energy or spirit through excessive physical or mental exertion
(ex.1, 2,3). It may also mean to be fed up with something that has gone on
too long (ex.4). Tsukareru is occasionally used following another verb
(€X:5,'6):

) $e
PHEE UEIIZA
Mote CENTS.
Kanojowa byooninno sewade tsukareteiru.
She’s tired out from nursing the sick.

ADV FILA VEATCH Ok, BARNS.

Komakai jibakari yondeiruto, mega tsukareru.
My eyes get tired when (I) read small print all the time.

BP RRAEA Cl Ge Bel EP OMA Cb olt ie LHokOM CHNT:.

LAM = +5

445
tsukareru-kutabireru) OPMS-< 7tUNS

Shinkansenga kondeite, Tookyookara Shin-oosakamade tachippanashi datta-

node tsukareta.
The Shinkansen was so crowded (I) ended up. standing all the way from
Tokyo to Shin-osaka, so I’m really tired.

1) Late
A AB RS AEM
sores HLA
IS AEN
Attys 7»
TLE.
Shitsugyoo, shakkin, rikon...karewa jinseini tsukarete-shimatta.
He’s unemployed, in debt, and divorced——he’s worn out from life.

5) BPDIAILPSNKRAN
FIL, MIBN
Ro TLE oro
Okaasanni shikarareta otokonokowa, nakitsukarete nemutte-shimatta.
A little boy, scolded by his mother, fell asleep all worn out from crying.

D MOKED EIS RTEDY, ABN THI WIL bE oh

Kyootono terao achikochi mitemawari, arukitsukarete hoteruni modotta.
(1) went all around Kyoto looking at temples and returned to the hotel
completely worn out from walking.

< = kutabireru
< fa ANS mto be exhausted ; to be worn out K

DIR 18WTS RROI, TIP TERINE TEOZECT. BENS 1 £9,

Pot

TYE RREDT SR Cis ee oa, 8,9). PONS (2 BS OME , &bb

DeXvySERRE
KEW TCX
RNERLET.
To lose energy or spirit through excessive physical or mental exertion. Kutabi-
reru is a more colloquial expression than tsukareru (ex.7,8,9). In most cases,
kutabireru expresses physical tiredness.

QE orem, DINE < Bot VAT IES US HohkYTAZLECT

(fil10, iD),
To be old or worn out to the point of shabbiness from long use (ex.10, 11).

7) FEDS SH BT Shee SD 52O™ R72OAIES

Kyoowa, ichinichijuu depaatoo arukimawatta-node, kutabireta.
(1) walked around (many) department stores all day today and I’m dead
beat.

8) WERE
SRID ORINE, HOTT
om RUNTLEOR.
Yamaarukiwa kimochiga yokattakeredo, kaerimichide sukkari kutabirete shi-
matta.

446
 D¥-CAY/tsugi-kondo

It felt good walking in the mountains, but (I) got completely worn out
on the way back.

9) PALER
POCE BLL
ORFEDAEN 307) DEN CROC
Si BR x
BldFES LUNTLESK.
Bel
Kanojowa yakusokuno jikanni sanjuppunmo okurete kitanode, watashiwa
machik utabirete-shimatta.
She came a whole 30 minutes later than the time we set, and I got tired
of waiting.
10) ZO S Fell elsyn7eoe< TO UES 5
Kono kutsuwa, nagaikoto haitanode kutabireteiru.
These shoes are shabby because (I’ve) worn them so long.

11) BES<EONKI-bER WS.

Karewa kutabireta kootoo kiteiru.
He’s wearing a worn-out coat.

ELTAY
etsugi =kondo

SS at j
re a areal
Ae Eo TIADOD, FT CRIES ZOEOr, iit< SORES eG a care
DA
(Bill, 2,3,4,5,6, 7). IIBBOM BwOeZ LAD, pS (dae
Ae DBbOR, LON Revi IY HIFSESOR ECT
Tsugi refers to the ie et an object or event is next, following the original
point of reference (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6,7). It indicates that things are ordered and
are taken or occur in a certain succession.

1) AMER Oris Kea CT.

Wok 25% poy Os
Getsuyoobino tsugiwa kayoobidesu.
After Monday comes Tuesday.

2) Kid, DISD EASE CT «

Tsugiwa, anataga kotaeru bandesu.
Next is your turn to answer (my questions).

447
tsugi-kondo/O*®-cCAY

3) LDAKIKROARMECIELHTHWY
TCHS.
Loks 2¥ aye
Kono shiryoowa tsugino kaigimadeni matometeoite kudasai.
Please put this data in order before the next meeting.

4) A |athe EER -TERM AIRS LtLEs7z.

eed teiki,o katta tsugino hini nakushite-shimatta. *p.198
I bought my commuter’s pass, but unfortunately I lost it the next day.

o1 <DiBe S- F< AT arte KO fe Fel HissSELB A DET.

Kono michio massugu itte, tsugino ie hidarini magaruto toshokanga
arimasu.
Continue straight on this street and turn left at the next corner. There
(you'll) see a library.

6) ISRO C, MOKA.
72h Ee 7X tt tz

Watashiwa kazokuno nakade, anino tsugini sega takai.

I’m the next tallest in my family, after my (elder) brother.

7) WbILA LOOs alar CRO efi aHBACH.

DR bn O¥ hf 279%

Ichiban ueno anewa Vos, tsugino anewa tsuuyakudesu.

My oldest sister is a librarian and the second oldest is an interpreter.

SEA a kondo
CALYX Raya mwthis (next) time ; sometime rial

D'S]
LAA.
-LORU OED, REI WSIS ADL ARI he Oe CAS,
9) Heo CSE CPO, ID. Feb Blk Aa WBA oh
& (fil12) RGSS ESAT Ks tS Pa Pee Phe
BI TV. | ran Dx ee & finspoet. ie oe BileI Reet
WAS bp UPAIEA =Sp
fe Fils WAAE
Kondo is used like the expressions konkai and konotabi to refer to something
which is happening at the present (ex.8,9), is going to happen imminently
(ex.10,11), or has just happened (ex.12). In the case of tsugi, the focus is on
the order in which an event occurs, however with kondo, the focus is on a
certain time (e.g., ‘this time’ or ‘next time’) ; therefore, it is not used to indi-
cate order.

QW LVI RC. plc REO TEMES AE KEELES Pi3, 14),

356” hbSbd

Kondo may ales: an indefinite point of time in the future, in the same
way as the word itsuka (someday) (ex.13, 14).

448
 DEORE KCEf Oo) KLIC/tsugitsugi-zokuzoku-hikkirinashi ni

8) SREO-EMEH
of, a (eas). 10,3
CBRE.
<iz
wy [ede

Kondono doyoobini kunikara hahaga kimasu.

My mother is coming from our hometown next Saturday.

9) PRE lt. ARICEREN

FT OLE Iore.
Kondo raat leis i tenkinsuru kotoni natta.
It has been decided that he will be transfered to Osaka this time.

10) BROPEoIeGROIN. TateeFHAV.

Kanojono ee ree ate kyokuwa, Aronbsrs! hyoobanga ii.
The song she composed this time has been quite well received.

Il) SEOARISARU7.
Kondono kooenwa daiseikoodatta.
The performance was very successful this time.

12) SHEN VeLOR Als, KS1EKE BSC De

ak tonarini koshitekita hitowa, ookina inuo katteiru.
The person who just moved in next door has a big dog.
13) SEE, ROS bIHER
ONTK HSV
eeseeWeave Laka <
Kondo, watashino uchini asobini kite kudasai.
Please come to visit me sometime (at the next opportunity).

14) CORO MIL. ERG Gee baa

Eup, ah-5)

Kono hanashino he, ast mata kondoni-shimashoo.

Let’s continue our conversation about this matter some other time.

BLELC
ERK /ArkVELIC
Kee
5 w zokuzoku w hikkirinashi ni

> > m fsugitsugi 7

2 res2 % mwone after another

LOMB, TPAEPOBUTS EMODEE SKS TERLET (Gil

1293.)
Tsugitsugi expresses the successive occurrence of an event or thing closely fol-

449
tsugitsugi-zokuzoku-hikkirinashi ni/O¥O®-€<¢ € 6 Wok VBL

lowing another (ex.1, 2, 3).

1) fis- IF OED LV EH
weLT, He BEA WETIAD.
vr al tows

Karewa tsugitsugi mezurashii hatsumeioshite, seken-o odorokaseteiru.

He’s astounding the world with one unusual invention after another.

PA ERLE Dar OF OS CH LY MERAH MENTS.

Hrs pean! WPoltA

Konogoro, tsugitsugito atarashii zasshiga shuppansareteiru.

These days new magazines are being published one after the other.

3) Be LEDER ore Dir, O¥OXe Baad DoT ONTEMD fz

oe TA b

HiFi shiyooto omottanoni, tsugitsugito denwaga kakatte nerarenakatta.

(1) was going to take a nap, but I got one phone call after another and
I wasn’t able to get to sleep.

< $ w zokuzoku 7
€ < € < mone after another

ZEABAS BOE BLITERLET « PRN LO IBIAS Peas Ce

Pojeteo Gs ae ea eee ce 5B BAIT CGA, 5,6, Dy.

This expresses the repeated occurrence of an event. The frequency of events is

greater than with ¢sugitsugi and it includes the idea of rapid accumulation or
filling up (ex.4,5,6,
7).

) RK
<5
ASRARBHDL,
= WE EN
AS ($6 1ERLO AAS ELEC
aM IItk.
Sakuraga sakihajimeruto, sono kooenniwa ohanami,no hitoga zokuzoku
tsumekaketa.
Once the cherry blossoms began blooming, people began to pour into
the park to see them.
* ohanami Among the most popular of the seasonal events in
Japan is hanami. At the beginning of spring, people of all ages gather
beneath the blossoming cherry trees to eat and drink.

5) IMBABIORE FERRIC. BL OTE AEBV 7

Gaimudaijinno SA ea sees ieee hanatabaga zokuzoku todoita.
Congratulatory telegrams and bouquets arrived in a steady stream for
the foreign minister’ inaugural celebration.

6) KP ORBRIP URAL SLE OTE.

Kajino genbani yajiumaga zokuzokuto atsumattekita.

450
 D¢£:99¢-Xt/tsuku-tsutsuku-sasu

Curious onlookers gathered at the scene of the fire one after the other.

7) FERS IEE
ED Sie
FOR fi hs CSCS CIN CE
Halieiauaaeta, isekikara, eo ee zokuzokuto detekita.
Personal ornaments from the period kept turning up one after another
from the excavated ruins.

whikkirinashi ni =x
ey = y) 7 Lic B unceasingly

CIEAS, DATE
CHITLINE
IHL SLIT ERLEF CPB, 9,10).
This expression denotes the continued occurrence of an event without a break
(ex.8, 9, 10).

8) LOUISE OIL, BAO LISMORE’.

Kono michiwa semainoni, kurumaga hikkirinashini toorunode abunai.
This street is dangerous because it’s narrow, F ah #
yet cars drive through it incessantly. aN h aw
gay CS}.
i =. 2\98 5 Sa ee
9) BOR, WES ALIS Ge OB ak staf VRRY Ss
ieee He eo es 4b TAD avg A Yas 1

BOs* 01g LILD Do THK Ss SH

Jikono ato, kookuugaishaniwa toiawaseno denwaga hikRirinashini latanebia.
After the accident, calls for information flooded into the airline.

10) Pela. IDR CHHOOLS, SoFMHV oS V7 LIFTS CWS

Karewa, nanika yakusokudemo arurashiku, sakkikara hikkirinashini tokeio
miteiru.
He’s been looking at the clock constantly for a while now——as if he’s
got an appointment or something.

Biles FOG MMeHw

wg tsuku B fsutsuku B SaSU

a a tsuku 5
OMe [Ae < J mto poke ; to stab i

DEDMUYSDPEM 2 THS SOT, TIC HRB ZRASLLC

tsuku-tsutsuku-sasu)O¢-OO<K-xF

(frill, 2)
raas

To thrust at something with a pointed or sharp object in order to create im-

pact ((exzl 2), .

DH FA + AIOE
LS TA
BLE +BEM TCR CHRIS SCAT HTC3, 4). Filb.614,
FRITB LVS BORCT
To clearly point out a weakness, problem area, or the gist of something (Gx3,
4). In Examples 5 and 6 tsuku is used to mean ‘to support’.

1) fy Flt yet CUS ANR RESYUTR heWEES IGS.

twnaa 3A

Seinenwa umini moguruto, Oa 8 moride tsuite tottekita.

The boys brought back fish they had speared with gaffs while
diving in the ocean.

i) Tid, AOKI
od pPott—VE, BCR CREL CRCNhe
Aniwa, kino edani hikkakatta booruo, boode tsuite otoshitekureta.
My brother knocked my ball out of the tree by poking it with a stick.

3) BOWE, PotBS.
Kareno oR kakushin-o tsuiteiru.
His question got to the heart of the problem.

4) DINK WORE C. IPF

Eooes
OB AERC, ACEI Welt.
Kinoono ey nae nee karewa aiteno jakuten-o tsuite, migotoni yuu-
shoo shita.
He scored a brilliant victory at yesterday’s judo tournament by attacking
his opponent’s weakness.

5) feCESS
SIC. UTE RVC TEA. (F_ GBZ &
Shokujichuuni, hijio tsuitewa ikemasen. i
a Paget
(You) mustn’t rest your elbows on the table while eating.
}{| | 5 47 “wy
La |
6) BUVSAIL, >
CARROT
2

=D a
ORK.=
(9a fe
iy )
(&

AE
ss

tie

Ojiisanwa, tsueo tsuite aruite kita.

My grandfather walked toward us, using a cane for support.

29 ¢ m tsutsuku F]
ato pick (at)

HOLE OMWSOPBACET,
(9
BiGLivSEME
7th
SASL ECT

452
 9¢£-99¢-Xt/tsuku-tsutsuku-sasu

CA7, 8). bP eS PRATER, COLT CMT SESICOROET CA

9). "Ook AEBLIEIET, DUEBUTH CHILO).
To repeatedly and lightly poke at something with a narrow-tipped object like
a stick or finger (ex.7,8). Tsutsuku may be used when one points out and
criticizes a mistake or deficiency (ex.9). In spoken language, this may be pro-
nounced tsuttsuku with a slightly stronger meaning (ex.10).

7) BAR UCM REVELTOKS,

DELS SDS
REKRAPSOODNK.
EMRS
Jugyoochuuni inemurio shiteitara, tomodachini ushirokara tsutsukareta.
When (I) was dozing off in class, my friend poked me from behind.

8) IDeVAS, CSI ETH EIUTWS.

EC HA
eo
Sn
fuse
eo) Ww

Niwatoriga, kuchibashide jimen-o tsutsuiteiru. { a \ wha |

The chicken is pecking at the ground with its beak. aed LA ah
Aor = “y
9) ACSI ork, MBACP N TS,
LASAL
ae
Kijini eS ed attato, shinbunshaga tsutsukareteiru.
The newspaper is being criticized for a problem in one of its articles.

102) PET O5ODNT, WRB.

Karasuni tsuttsukarete, kegao shita.
A crow pecked at (me) and hurt me.

B SaSU 5
sF CHS J mto pierce ; to bite ; to prick |

HOB OREM WOK, DEUTKOVDSMLEOT SETH (Pl

TES agli)
To thrust at and pierce something with a pointed or sharp instrument (ex.11,
12, 13, 14).

1) LLe FELT SER, HCH ERILTLE ore.

Shishuuo shiteiru tokini, yubini hario sashiteshimatta.
(1) pricked my finger with a needle while doing embroidery.

12) LUC, WotR AIH A720

Yamade, ippai kani sasareta.
(1) was bitten by a lot of mosquitos while in the mountains.

13) WORD OM>b, RS ATE EFI LAE Te

tsukuzuku-shimijimi/D<O9¢-LACH

Hachinosuga arukara, sasarenaiyooni kio tsukete.

There’s a beehive near here, so be careful not to get stung.

) kiatt 7 AE RILT. MERE Oprt$572.

Karewa naifude hitoo divieosreba tsukamatta.
He was captured by the police after stabbing a person with a knife.

DDL SLASH
a tsukuzuku @ shimijimi

= w tsukuzuku
2, < 2 < ws thoroughly ; deeply Ma

WNIEIHLT RS BAStSNKY, BbL729, ZACDCEDES iL

at» Pan PALA Sis

DBS LSE BET (fall, 2,3, 4).

This word is used when someone is deeply impressed by, made to think seri-
ously about, or is deeply convinced of something (ex1,2,3,4).

1) BO BOAR SELSE, BAOURCDBAB

ORV EWS
(RCS.
Saikinno wakai hitotachito hanashiteiruto, jibunno sedaitono kangaekatano
chigaio tsukuzuku kanjiru.
When (I) talk with young people nowadays, I keenly feel the difference
in the way our generations think.

2) PRET CHEB L CUNO. AATDOBEO MLO BOK KBASEHNG.

Gaikokude nt eee piipeel pore spon chigaio tsukuzuku kan-
gae Saserareru.
When one lives in a foreign country, one is forced to reflect seriously
upon the differences there are in culture from one’s native country.

3) FAT HRIFRO E, DDS EOLA 7.72 CRUG.

Hikookini noruto, tsukuzuku yononakawa benrini nattato kanjiru.
Whenever (I) fly, I am deeply impressed by how convenient this world
has become.

4) fe HAIL DOC, BMS OBWAUMK kz

454
 D6D6-LAUS/tsukuzuku- shimijimi

Mainichi zangyoobakaride, moo hatarakunoga tsukuzuku iyaninatta.

Every day (I) have to do overtime ; I’ve really become fed up with work-
ing.

5 @ shimijimi
LH Us ekeenly ; thoroughly bd

BOLTEORS, GOMES bisects eae! SLATER BEM EUOET

(PIS, 6,7,8). RRBEER ULV 5 RUF, AR 1 BTRIPE DSVILSTD
CEO OOKFAAY
BA CWOET
Shimijimi is used when someone feels deep appreciation and gratitude for the
quality of something (ex.5,6,7,8). It imparts a sense of deep emotional, senti-
mental or calm feelings.

5) a LAS FAel) , HED» Lv SOSCO BBE LA CAEIRD oh.

Hisashiburini inakani kaeri, natsukashii furusatono ryoorio shimijimito aji-
watta.

When (I) returned to my hometown after a long absence, I really en-

joyed the home cooking that I had been longing for.

6) (AACE LTAT, BODUMLARLACACRLT.

Hanarete kurashitemite, hahano arigatamio shimijimito kanjita.
Having lived away from my mother, (I) now deeply appreciate her.

7) ea AS ANS B\LOOEN Hie fire ie LAUCACHS CHD t ZK.

Ojiisanwa, wakai korono ee SiG: shimijimito katatte kikaseta.
The old man sentimentally told his grandchildren about his childhood
memories.

8) MINI, EE IFIRM Zr:MOEN — ie PLAC AGEOHA» Byes

Et

Yuubewa, ig tomodachito, hitobanjuu te katariakashita.

Last night, (I) spent the whole night with my old school friends talking
sentimentally.

455
FICO SRR

Fi=Dit 4 HBL ‘HOW TO DRESS’ EXPRESSIONS

HM fF Hat yA4a
+ 1] } (34a is Eyeglasses
1
Earring(s) £45: Gloves (Pu Arliss
tats Sr i -EB)
t
ares ope:2
(ldmoA-F

et kal Wristwatch
(Feels F4
+b)

Z T4vx
Dress shirt
(FRAC ¢)
>

7 A :
Necktie LAG Jacket
(LHS-F% (FFSw2r¢)
=) :

} “JL Fb Belt
(LHS:F 44)

ALA
Skirt
(ld << ¢)
ATK Y
: Trousers
HitTYSocks (ld <2 ¢)
(lk < ou ¢)

HL Shoes
(ld <¢ #2 ¢)

In the diagram above, please note the differences in

terms within the parentheses next to each article of at-
tire. The words to the left of the <* symbol describe
‘putting on’ or ‘wearing’ the piece and the words to the
right of the < symbol describe ‘taking off’ the article.

456
 D3 S-YY 94-144 /tsukeru-toritsukeru-haru

NSH CUS ltD

g tsukeru @ foritsukeru a haru

g tsukeru
DItF [fT : ANTS | mto attach ; to fix o

HSSOE. IDOEOIN EWA DICBORO, MAKOTELECH

CNL, 2,3,4,5, 6). E72. PRCT I-LIKDEDILE
RefH]DOR HB 9729
DVIIDHA

TON GERBIL OROET CPT, 8,9). WE NGS + 8

FOj1D2O®DY, BOWL 7CII—-TEIA, BUTS EBOETAS (2
CRED BROOME CH CP EVEL»
To fasten or add something to something else in a such way that it doesn’t
come off or become separated (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6). Also, to cover the surface of
something with a substance that is in a liquid, cream, or powdered state
(ex.7,8,9). Tsukeru is written with either the kanji {{i+4 or #Flt4, the lat-
ter is used when speaking of clothes or accessories, however in most cases hi-
ragana may also be used.

1) BAUD
Fe. EAIESICA SNOT, BBNLED LomFk oh.
Senshuu, dorobooni hairaretanode, genkanni moo hitotsu kagio tsuketa.
A burglar broke in here last week, so (I) put another lock on the front
door.

2) FAL RIDOARGVYRENZICH Es DIF CHIFELEDD.

Waishatsuno botanga toresoodesuyo. Tsukete agemashooka?
The button on (your) shirt looks like it will fall off. Shall I reattach it
(sew it back on) for you?

3) AYIA
HPAL BALE OAT CORO, RN DBE SIs CHW
ey kas

Suutsukeesuni chanto nafudao tsuketeitanoni, darekaga machigatte motteitta.

Even though (I) put a name tag on my suitcase,
somebody took it by mistake.

4) Bh itORy tOMNLEEE GAC.

brEL & T PIHRLKV

Watashiwa robottono toreta teo secchakuzaide tsuketa.

I reattached the robot’s arm with glue.
tsukeru-toritsukeru-haru/OW4-eYVOt4+1L4

5) (ict, -FeK OU
PLRY Nb bohRFUReo TAR
PACE
Kanojowa, purezentoni moratta buroochio sassoku tsuketemita.
She immediately tried on the broach she had received as a present.

6) JPR
ifOy = id. $Anp Bel yrCHAZ)» BERELC< 72S Yay
WIM ¢

Hijoono he kyuumeiguo wwii funekara hinanshite kudasai.

In case of emergency, please put on a life preserver and evacuate the
ship.

) Beat, MBP
VitA DES
ESN IV AR OT THOS.
Kanojowa, maiban kaoya kubini tappuri kuriimuo tsuketekara neru.
Every night, she applies plenty of beauty cream to her face and neck
before going to bed.

Et 9 4 Dy kD, WAZSNI RV HAROW TB ZEIZ LK.

Dr l

Watashiwa daiettono tame, panni bataaya jamuo tsukenai kotoni shita.

Because I’m on a diet, I’ve decided not to put butter or jam on my
bread anymore.

TIVE TIRDV EA 5 TA BUTT DIES Thy DRE

ONT THE
TOBVETKe
Taishita kizudewa arimasen. Byooinni ikanakutemo, nanika kusurio tsuketeo-
keba sugu naorimasuyo.
It’s not a bad cut. Even if you don’t go to the hospital, it will soon
heal if you just apply some medicine to it.

YNODIKS WOT S @ toritsukeru Be

ato install

AUS STE CHEAP Bhot

pak Ce Ov “ei L 7D, le LO CG
ABET BLE (fil10, 11,12).
To secure a machine or part in a position with screws, nails, etc., so that it
may be used (ex.10, 11, 12).

10) FNFF LTO C, EBM ITH.

Kinoo hikkoshite-kitabakaride, mada denwawa toritsuketenai.
(I) just moved yesterday, so my phone hasn’t been installed yet.

11) LOBAT TIL, KIM ROGT LAST, EPL TS

458
 Dt4-%Y904-l44 /tsukeru-toritsukeru:haru

Kono ginkoodewa, tenjooni toritsuketa boohankamerade, tennaio kanshishiteiru.

The inside of this bank is watched over ie
by a security camera installed on the ceiling.

12) <DPP ITAL Bal OCI CEA LT

te 2) 2 )
Fy Nk tPF DY
YANTRA DFT LHL LZ dhNat As a { Sas
‘ Ad os
Kono fakkusuwa, denwani tsunagudakede tsukaemasu. we Bs ae Z
Tokubetsuna toritsukekoojiwa hitsuyooarimasen.
This fax may be used by simply connecting it to a phone.
No special installation is required.

z w haru he)
ee) tke ® J mto attach ; to stick ©

MISCO LS THE < THEW G OE FORK, DY) +F7-F7 [BIOS 2 ATRL

8 Hy iheren neo tsy 1518of aon (P13, 14, 15, 16).
To firmly affix a flat, thin object tooe surface of something with glue, tape,
thumbtacks, etc., so that it doesn’t move or come off (ex.13, 14, 15, 16).

13) IEDEAIL. PIV PERORAY—P

Eo TEDMAYN Al isk.
At LIOCA WELDS ae Att ps ce

Miseno shujinwa, arubaito-boshuuno posutaao tsukutte miseno iriguchini

hatta.
The shop owner made a ‘part-time help wanted’ poster and stuck it up
at the entrance to his shop.

14) D3 oP0LT, DERES EV CRANCEREANT

LES.
Tsui ukkarishite, kitteo haranaide posutoni tegamio ireteshimatta.
(1) absentmindedly put a letter into the mail box without putting a
stamp on it.

ER EDAS LEO
15) BUCY MPR
Ls & Se
lok.
Ashikubio nenzashitanode, shippuyakuo hatta.
(1) sprained my ankle so I apptied a compress to it.

16) ila
il
al ARYZ, < Dab e OEY
LYIED
EMREILV DAS
a
OBVE.
Shuumatsuni, kono sae kabegamio harikaeru tsumorida. Dea
(I’m) planning to replace the wallpaper in this room this weekend.

459
tsukeru-hitasu) OW 4-Okz

W6/ORF
w fsukeru gw hitasu

: w tsukeru 5
DItS BUTS | mto soak ; to steep ; to pickle 2

DBAORIEMEAN SETH (fill, 2,3). ANHOK MRERASB,

LURET SREDANADVET. (ORT EDY, PIT CRO
San

AEC. ROR UMA THC ERI ET,

To immerse something in a liquid (ex.1,2,3), for the purpose of changing its
appearance or to preserve it. In contrast to hitasu, the proportion of liquid
to the object immersed is greater, and the object is left in for a relatively
longer period of time.

D<TEOO + FR He ALLE. ARR ODICANT

BEDAVES 77>
Lom VERE
OT fz
» ELT NFBLE oy (Pld, 5).
To put fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, or the like into a seasoning medium to
flavor or preserve it (ex.4,5).

1) FEN ARL. GEAIOA 727k

viv AF
HIRT
Ve
TBS EUV
Yogoreta fukuwa, senzaino haitta mizuni hitoban tsuketeokuto ii.
It’s a good idea to soak dirty clothes overnight in soapy water.

2) We
AREALI
RH CHET
=)
TED S.
Itoo senryooni tsukete someru.
Dye the yarn by soaking it in the dye solution.

3) VATE TS, HINO, AB bIRV.

Ringoo muitara, shiomizuni are tsukeruto, iroga kawaranai.
If (you) dip an apple briefly in salt water after (you) peel it, it won’t
change color.

4) He
DH NE
Lid, eS CHIT CHD ELROD TT.
Umeboshiwa, umeo shiode tsuketekara hoshita monodesu.
Umeboshi are plums pickled in salt and then dried.

5) fe ERM
zt HES
CREF SARI HO dS.
Sakanao aburani tsukete iso hoohoowa mukashikara aru.

460
 DOts: ¢ Ste/tsutsumu-kurumu

The method of preserving fish by soaking it in oil has been around for
a long time.

= a hitasu
AkFt ley J = to immerse ; to dip in

LDR, BDAY < nde ED BD

aay
BED AK ANS — ETH
ewan
Hilo, 7,8).
RESETS
FIA
L SERED. RE CLDNIHA.
To put something into eee liquid so that it is entirely covered (ex.6, 7,8).
It is used in the meaning of restoring moisture content, not of preserving.

6) i fd, be abeaaric LTRASOM BESTT

WSS
re toosutoo kokoani hitashite taberunoga sukidesu.
My (little) sister likes to dip her toast in hot chocolate.

7) BAC
WtA
CH BCI. FUERRIMRE KIEL T. BEL
bMS TK<
TH OLES
KY BBAS7260 SAD Do
Nihonya Chuugokuniwa, hoshita yasaiya gyokairuio mizuni hitashite, modo-
shitekara tsukau ryooriga takusan aru.
In Japan and China, there are many dishes using dried vegetables or
seafoods which have been reconstituted in water.

8) A BRR LEACH
OR AWK.
[Naa regRe Saks Ux: ir Oy

Shoodoku-yakuni hitashita gaazede kizuguchio fuita.

(I) swabbed the wound with gauze dipped in disinfectant.

29%/ (ob
B tsutsumu a kurumu

B fsutsumu ie)
DODtp aot | eto wrap ; to envelop |

DIOR PHE OTHE DCS ET (il, Powe AEOe JENS

ays Woryeesowt re Bir k0%, pet AnsTENET. Pill, Y

Cs Dsails” ABB Celts 1 CHAP 3 Cid" ARBI- flts LINE. x

461
tsutsumu+kurumu) DOts: < at

CARL,
YI)
ALO
~) UWS
AMHSESIL,
TA
'~Ts C79, GENT OAK
>)
KEI
LP shyAio\

EEN aoe yest ~IZ CILBLEMBV Cus

UOITA

To cover something very neatly with paper, cloth, etc. (ex.1,2,3). Tsutsumu
implies more of a feeling that the wrapping is done more neatly and covers
all sides of the object than does kurumu. In Examples | and 2, the grammati-
cal particles are structured A o B de tsutsumu, while in Example 3 the struc-
ture is A o B ni tsutsumu. In the former, the wrapping material (paper, cloth,
etc.) is in focus, while in the latter, the condition of being wrapped is usually
in focus.

DHE
a Oa)
> He
*\)
TEED [el & Pits ex, HAV» ILA DDO
iO
ADS HALXTH~
(rgsnS1 DIETCpe rz) (Pil4,5). LDS ats BOLE BNO
ay
yy ZV Y or,
4 HY

saecoer may be used when something, such as smoke, mist or flames, sur-
rounds something, or when something is enveloped in such abstract things as
emotions or mystery (ex.4, 5).

1) Fee RR, STW TER CAL

Purezentoo, kireina kamide tsutsumu.
(1) will wrap the present with some pretty paper.

2) ite ACU CHEDEAR.

Mukashiwa monoo furoshiki, de tsutsunde mochihakonda.
In the old days, (people) carried things around in a furoshiki.
« Furoshiki is a square cloth, that is used to carry things.
3) Ft. MICAA CECE ae ae
Gamuwa, kamini tsutsunde sutemashoo.
Please wrap (your) chewing gum in paper and throw it away.

4) PE
\UMJASEOELS.
Eis, ee ggte Enc» ee
Yamano choojoowa, Kot kirini tsutsumareteita.
The summit of the mountain was wrapped in dense fog.

5) HMSHI, FGA BENTS.

Ano jikenwa, mada nazoni tsutsumareteiru.
That incident still remains unsolved (wrapped in mystery).

io t Sngawapecl
k

462
 DAT: << /tsubusu-kudaku

bOR, MOCABILE TS DEBE ICME Sacre Loe eSSLV DK

EBULEMREXK, Mats SETI Cathenk eeu AS 5 ib cae¢ eV 5)RU
cH. Lieto THDD9 rasHa eleTHD PA, PIG, 7,Se
To roughly wrap Sects oie paper (often for purposes of protection).
There is a feeling that since the object is not as neatly wrapped as it would
be with tsutsumu, a part of the contents may be exposed (ex.6, 7,8, ).

6) NB aes AAR TAR CS OA CHIE life

Yaoyawa, daikon-o shinbunshide kurunde kyakuni watashita.
The man at the vegetable store wrapped the daikon radish
in newspaper and handed it to the customer.

~“Nae ROC Ibe EEC

OA TCTANT Ko
Samuinode, akachan-o moofude kurunde dekaketa.
It was cold, so (I) bundled my baby up in a blanket before taking \
him out.

8) Ad,|Wh, PEEVE
RF adr RM SZAR BIRDS MEET
Watashiwa, aamondoo chokoreetode kurunda okashiga sukidesu.
I love chocolate-covered almonds.

AT/ CTEM
gw fsubusu a kudaku

> a tsubusu
DAF = to crush %

Opn trie bE AZMAT. JE < FLRORALY Oat ea=

(é Cad, i, 2,Dy

Tsubusu means to break down or change the shape of something by applying

force to it from the top or side (ex.1,
2, 3).

QT CCRIELTHELEAH, LEAL BAL+BA CA) +APB EEE,

OIL T LECT (fil4, 5, 6). Er PIT UF (ERR ZORTS
Md. ZEVCU Sleefey fa a>ake: i ce ot,
To one and lose something i had already been established, e.g., a com-

463
tsubusu-kudaku/ OST ¢ F<

pany, a plan, or one’s honor (ex.4,5,6). The expression hima (jikan) o tsu-
busu indicates that one fills a period of spare time by doing something (ex.7).

1) WCHeCSBWOoPoOELT, any TEED ET.

Yudeta jagaimoo tsubushite, korokkeo tsukurimasu.
(You) make croquettes by mashing boiled potatoes.

EP Ya- ADEs Hid, QUE CILIDNOV \ |

a) DA

Biiruya juusuno akikanwa, tsubushite suteta hooga ii. \

(You) should crush your empty beer and juice cans
before you throw them away. i>

DUFSTNTC, RAO WA WoOtA

Ne. Pie ‘a
(B
oe .

Gakekuzurede, iega ikken tsubusareta. ee

A house was crushed in the landslide. I

) A. DORE ICM SgImN. BORA coRENT LAK.

iSO

Haruyasumini, tomodachito Hokkaidooni iku keikakuwa, oyano hantaide

tsubusarete-shimatta.
(My) plan to go to Hokkaido with my friends during spring break was
wrecked by my parent’s objections.

Ram
par
AUCHEVLGKAe.
Kae) ENS 2) TNS Le
2KAOH
KEV. Le
RichokBFRBOSLTL
Sik 5) ty sc

tore.

Karega kurooshite tsukuriageta kaishao, nidaimeno shachooni natta musu-

koga tsubushite-shimatta.
The company he worked so hard to build went bankrupt when his son
took over as president.

Pelt
Par
KiEe. MOG
ERKS L H
OAH
DVL?
PLE DIC, TOUCBMTLEDRO
LEAN oe

car Bk ORSNRER SCS.

Karewa tomodachio, shiriaino kaishani shookaishitanoni, suguni yameteshi-
matta-node, kaoo tsubusaretato okotteiru.
He is angry because he lost face when the friend whom he had persuad-
ed the company to hire soon quit.

PboaDEOR BEC 1 RED AokOTC, BOAR TE Ch [ Ate BRA CRELEY

oe E mA E bA $52 TA L5ER OD E bA
LEOebi 2%
Machiawaseno jikanmade, ichijikanmo attanode, kissatende koochao nonde ji-
kan-o tsubushita.

464
 DET <¢ /tsubusu-kudaku

There was an hour left until (I) had to meet my friend, so I went to a
coffee shop and had some tea to kill time.

$ a kudaku
< Zé < Lie < ] = to break into pieces 2

OsOrvieeEWweo UT. LOKI PPbEU< SVU, CHCRICFSC

ETH CHi8,9,10). Coat sid. EDDIE SF LID BRLV TBE
Ds, AES shy DE THIS LYOO CME < DED DIF BIE UGLE
INES tr, ia Ge FAS sd, Whe Ai : AStos TSE DSS 75 EERE EAI Y
HOwe, TCE DTS CWOBOIEWET
Kudaku means to hit something so that it breaks into pieces and it’s original
shape is no longer recognizable (ex.8,9,10). While tsubusu means to break
or change the shape of something, kudaku suggests that the object is broken
into many pieces or fragments, and is a stronger expression than waru (to
break). Therefore, it is used with relatively hard or solidified objects, such as
ice, rock, or sugar cubes.

OF . EY BILCE WHR Deze CAO AICP (Pill).

To destroy one’s hopes or ambitions before they are fulfilled (ex.11).

8) PRISABLEORDAR, ISO TLIRITICH 6 RA,

cae Lowy».
~ /
Karewa shippaisakuno chawan-o, tatakitsukete dg a f RS
konagonani kudaita. { deg / Sag
He threw down the tea bowl that he failed to ba sez 1@ RE
make properly and smashed it to smithereens. as erat a

9) Fa AeSEBS, TEV KEES TSADIEATCHIS. =~

Re >
a> *
Ve }

Cpiason ss dep ee atsui koorio palermo susundeiku.

The Antarctic research ship moves through the sea by breaking the thick
ice before it.

10) VAFVA KS, Ket aye) WILY

WEDS lo
THEY» 123
Dainamaitowa, ookina iwao isshunno uchini kudaita.
The dynamite blasted the huge boulder to bits in a flash.

11) BOMBA.
n EF
ROA A oe is
So CH PNR.
Kareno yaboowa, minshuuno chikarani yotte kudakareta.
His ambitions were dashed by the power of the people.

465
tsumaranai-kudaranai/D#¥ bk: ( EbKY

DE bE CKb6RM
@ fsumaranai w kudaranai

@ fsumaranai
DFHOKRWY trifling ; boring o

DUB BULA EU BREE BUC EU EV SHSEE RL

ET (Pil,2,3)
Tsumaranai expresses feelings of dissatisfaction because something is uninterest-
ing, boring, or not enjoyable (ex.1, 2,3).

2B RTGS
UID
SWGOED, (EIT SAVE LERLET ARBKI< 7s.
A . %- TZ TEV 2 IEDBLVOBREEALT Cfill4, 5, 6). SE BTEN DD

2, A POWET SEEN, GACALTE

IRE of BH CH. HBL
W A Ar Vy )

SOLO eA Oa VIS Fo
It also means that something is unimportant or of no value. It may also
imply that something is a waste (of time, energy, etc.) or is meaningless
(ex.4,5,6). Tsumaranai mono (an unimportant thing) is a humble expression
used when one offers something such as a gift. Tsumaranai is often pro-
nounced as tsumannai in spoken language.

1) : PRIS LAr.

SF5A. DESIR THASUMH IL.

Eiga omoshirokatta? Was the movie interesting?
055
oshe
lag} Uun. Tsumaranakute akubiga detayo.
No, it was so boring it made me yawn.

2) VE< 720 SP BCEATO eae

Bokudake rusubandanante tsumannai.
This is no fun at all; (everybody is going and) I have to stay home.

3) HOLD FA, OLY COSI

IITA TUS.
Ano onnanokowa, hitoride tsumaranasooni asondeiru.
That girl looks so bored playing all by herself.

4) BORETER TN IEAT, PEbRIOAR.

Shumio motanainante, tsumaranai hitoda.

466
 Dt bKY-< EbRW/tsumaranai-kudaranai

(You) mean he doesn’t have any hobbies? What a boring person!

5) DESTVZEE TDS Owe, BART CdS oS ERNIES.

Tsumaranai kotoni kodawatteinaide, sunda kotowa sassato wasurenasai.
Don’t dwell on such trivial matters; (you) should quickly forget about
things that are over and done with.

Geet DESTEW ICT A, Cote SPEC AL La Y<TEXW,

Kore, tsumaranai monodesuga, pent 2 pees omeshiagari kudasai.
This is just something (I) picked up. Everybody eat some, please.

° a kudaranai
Rife DIENO eee civinly a@

MME DS75 UY (RISTC + BORER AUELY - [SOitOV LOEW SZETH Bil

1385.92 Codbiw ah REABOI WT OAL OOGRSe RL. '<rebis Sd

VIANA ORE MAUraeHT SRM ME SERLET.

Kudaranai means that something or someone is worthless, unsophisticated, of
a low-level, or is a waste of time or energy (ex.7,8,9).
Tsumaranai suggests that the speaker does not have much interest in some-
thing, while kKudaranai suggests the quality of the thing itself is low; and im-
plies the speaker’s feelings of contempt.

7) BATE ParBCS 7bIEN ile » BOLAM.THOABVSARA.

Annani eee kudaranai bangumio, omoshirogatte miru hitomo irundane.
(1) am amazed that there are people who enjoy watching such vulgar, idi-
otic programs.

8) <KbTEY LUNE DV GEA CH TEV YC ws Lidge 5BL Ear

Kudaranai mangabakari yondeinaide, sukoshiwa benkyooshinasai.
Don’t just read those stupid comic books ; at least spend a little time
studying!

9) DEDE TEN POY ATEN, CATES EBTEV FlLoeE 9 (iE DATE.

Usotsukide omoiyariga nai, sonna kudaranai oe segs en nai.
He is not worth hanging around with; he is a liar and has no concern
for others.

467
tsumori-~you to omou/O%)-~XLHYEDI

MDU0/~£5NULEBS
@ fsumori m= ~you to omou

9 % ) r tsumori C)
@ intention

DAA ORME 5 HAE UIN GB ESE +3 6 HaP7500 IIAO DLA

tARA
Hef 25D
AL
— aan
rs
23) pry~F BEV 5 HOE
L jon
BARABER | Byala
BE +O) PIECE ET (fila, 5, 6). CLISERS KUO REE
LEW t ; ar

eels SKN tt HI
PEM ae LTH S KUatBe
HOD * Wd < Th A

Tsumori is used when stating one’s feelings and thoughts. It expresses person-
al judgment or conviction (ex.1,2, 3).
When used in the form ‘V-dict. form +¢sumori’, it states one’s resolve or
intention to do something in the future (ex.4,5,6). It expresses intention
much more clearly than ‘V-you to omou’, and suggests that concrete plans or
arrangements have been made.

Qt
bass
e9 CTW OZ, EF CHOMDEFIEREFSIZEV Ngee vag)
(pil,8).
Tsumori is also used to indicate one’s belief in something which is contrary
to the truth (ex.7,8).

1) HISTALE LW OIBVPELINTEMINEY (ia»ONAL RD TSWSTL

nea)
Anatawa tadashii tsumorikamo shirenaikeredo, hokano hitowa soowa
omowanaideshoo.
You may think you’re correct, but the others probably don’t think so.

2) Silt
ae ROO) CHey aes BE GW TLEsk.
5 ile et
ae em itta kotoga, kareo kizutsukete-shimatta.
What (I) said to him as a joke ended up hurting him.

3) LATELY ESIOA UY BAERA COOIBAT. Wohl EWI Ob

VC.
Konna isogashii tokini nonbiri ochao nondeirunante, ittai dooyuu tsumoride-
suka?
What do (you) think you’re doing having a leisurely cup of tea at such

468
 DHY)-~k5 LHD 5 /tsumori-~you to omou

a busy time as this?

4) SEOAMED IE, RONDA BVRTSOWVCT.

Kondono nichiyoobiwa, yaneno penkinurio suru tsumoridesu.
Next Sunday (I) intend to paint the roof.

5) ¥x DIAEVABE OV CEB RAE Lreas, HPAL OVCH.

Kyoowa kazeo hiite gakkoo-o yasumimashitaga, asuwa yasumanai tsumori-
desu.
(I) caught a cold and stayed home from school today, but I definitely in-
tend not to be absent tomorrow.

6) CATIA IRAE, V5 LalcR WATS QOD ABV EEA.

Donnani kanojoni tanomaretemo, isshoni kaimononi iku tsumoriwa arimasen.
No matter how much she begs me, (I) have no intention of going shop-
ping with her.

7) aeal Ble BY 7e721FC,

Dts S
OIPIAREETR
1)* WA =
BIC.
Sekkeizuo kaitadakede, moo karewa ieo tateta tsumorideiru.
Just by drawing the blueprints, he thinks he’s already built the house.

ee ERUAOI, AREA CY SOW CA OPM CHISEL.

Oosamawa hadakananoni, fukuo kiteiru tsumoride hitobitono maeni deteiki-
mashita.
Though the king was naked, he went out in public thinking he was
wearing clothes.

‘Se v = ~you to omou

~& 5 Lid 4 bac S or eto think (one) will~ °

HQSCODS~FSEVIBAPRREMN SLES BET (Pil9, 10, 11,

12,13). EA EAUEL SAYRE
TU BVERD, WOLEK UMA OIE
SERVES.
This expression is used when stating one’s will or intention to do something
(ex.9, 10, 11, 12,13). It is also used when one’s plans are not yet firmly de-
cided, or when one is speaking with reserve or restraint.

9) SEEORAIIL,
ce ba
RABAT
SEDe
OSS
ILI
WN
CBs
BS
COEF,
Kondono yasuminiwa, Kyootoe ryokooni ikooto omotteimasu.
On my next holiday (I’m) planning to take a trip to Kyoto.

469
tsuyoi-joubu/ DEW: ke OS

10) EEO tH voles AUK RED ES CRU +t,

Kenkoono tameni, suieio hajimeyooto omoimasu.
(I'm) thinking of taking up swimming for my health.

I) FLEX MOORING, pH(26 SA Cl kD CILEY HA

UOIA

Terebio mirunowa sukidakeredo, ichinichijuu miteiyootowa omoimasen.

(1) like to watch TV, but I wouldn’t think of watching it all day.

12) RRRfBI7Z OC, CP CAVTAIEENOET

UC PA WA 3%

Jikannanode, sorosoro kaerooto omoimasu.

It’s time, so (I) think Ill be going along home.

) KOralt
>
3 HRI
ADhy =
PIL
O65
ICV
bb
ST
Tsugino kaigiwa mikkagoni hirakooto omoimasu.
(I’m) thinking of holding the meeting three days from now.

poeevar Uiras
mB fsuyoi w joubu

ain co B fsuyoi
= strong

DiEMPONEDOEY, AUMBELIFERLEF (Pll, 2).

Tsuyoi indicates that something or someone has greater strength or power
than others (ex.1, 2).

Der. Us, HAVILOOMBLaPDIYLTIT, iifAS ID S sedotla Gti

LUSESTERLET (PIB,4,5).
> Lhe SS

Tsuyoi also indicates that one’s body or mind, or an object is sound or firm
(in character or construction) and long-lasting, i.e., not easily broken or
destroyed (ex.3,4,
5).

OB HEE TEE AS, a LLY : SULWCGLIFERLEF (PA, ray.

It Aes expresses a ai or severe force or degree es

) diz
FA PEO MIF
FREER
P¥MF
DSB.
DE
Watashitachino gakkoowa yakyuuga tsuyoi.

470
 DkM-Us 53 /tsuyoi-joubu

Our school is strong in baseball.

2) lz
SUltte FIA TB.
Be VUE Os

Aniwa akuryokuga tsuyoi.

My (elder) brother has a strong grip.

3) BULA EAR OC, AATSIASH ENTS.

Karewa sekininkanga tsuyoinode, minnani shinraisareteiru.
He has a strong sense of responsibility, so we have confidence in him.

4) Peer CIPRO VHT.

Kanojowa hae ein. hip kimeta kotowa yaritoosu.
She’s so strong-willed that once she’s made up her mind to do some-
thing she sees it through to the end.

5) AACS AD AMBTFESN CVS.

ar. Dik

Netsuni tsuyoi garasuga kaihatsusareteiru.

A kind of glass is being developed that is resistant to heat.

6) DAY ANSE BETS eae Ou

Uokkawa tsuyoi osakedesu. (eae 8
Vodka is a strong liquor. ee

7) ¥ x SABE. ¥ OH .
Kyoowa kazega tsuyoi. ; ie
The wind is strong today. (It’s windy today.) i K aaah
ee
: > a joubu Zz
c x 5 ar [LX] mhealthy ; strong

DOTS MERICEV
LIT ERLET. Eh. VODDWYBL MILT,
CHMMECWLFIFOALET (Pig,9,10, 11).
Joubu indicates that one is in good health. Also, when speaking of an object,
it indicates that the object is well-made so as to be not easily broken or
destroyed (ex.8,9, 10, 11).

8) HRIAETHLAC KEW AE LRIEBDV EA.

Sofuwa totemo joobude, ookii byookio shita kotoga arimasen.
My grandfather is very healthy and has never had a serious illness.

9) Bids ie M CHEE THLRICDE Lio

471
~ teki-~ fuu)/~T#-~S9

Watashiwa, suieio hajimetekara totemo joobuni narimashita.

I’ve gotten very fit since I started swimming.

10) iPRAFHEOIA,
al =
Liew 2 FIBA ee td
FE =
HohOT. EMER.
2)

Karewa kodomono sca yamamichio ida aruite gakkooni Mf

kayottanode, ashiga joobuda.
He walked over two kilometers to school over mountain roads .
as a child, so his legs are sturdy.

11) MPSA, ACTH

AO TEES
Tsunahikiniwa, futokute joobuna roopuo tsukau. ne
(You) have to use a thick, strong rope for tug-of-war. Is
)Drea

IG XD
a ~ teki a~ fuu

a ~ teki
ge Scala aA (ae

Fe ee
asae
~teki is attached to nouns, in the form ‘noun +teki’.

o ~~ CHOR FE 7S) iki BO sat LAG Gy faa EV GLITERL

The expression is used to indicate that the object or situation described ful-
fills the definition of, or is very similar to, the noun (ex.1, 2,3).

QIWBSS » CBSE ~EULTOLEVFLITERLET (PM,

5,6).
It is also used to express that something is related to, based on, or equivalent
to the noun (ex.4, 5,6).

1) — DIREES
BII BBE Ake ifHOC HANI EAALK.
KALE D AMS ATX 7ewk5
Kono eigawa, girito ninjoo-o egaita kiwamete Nihontekina naiyooda.
This movie has a very Japanese theme depicting humanity and duty.

) PE ABET LT. BBEINIC AS.

472
 ~TH~55/~ teki-~ fuu

Karewa hiyakeshite, kenkootekini mieru.

He looks so healthy with his suntan.

3) HAO RIA,
HHO ASV.
VI VEA * 4D RG)
PRG3 BS bb

Nihonno kimononiwa, kotentekina garaga ooi.

Classical designs are the most common in the Japanese kimono.

4) RR
pL
(RARE Gis BOE SE ECT
Watashiwa kihontekiniwa, ee ikenni sanseidesu.
Basically, I am in agreement with his views.

5) PAXYAULHE ARIZ
EBD CT
Furamenkowa joonetsutekina odoridesu.
Flamenco is a passionate style of dancing.

6) Bh bt, HTET2 ON AAI7S P< EMF ODYitHY BUA.

Watashiwa, anatano kojintekina mondaini kuchio dasu tsumoriwa arimasen.
I have no intention of intruding into your personal problems.

a fuu
ow) Ca m appearance ; style s

Bll + 31 HEC COLI TL+»~DEDIBAB

ILO, APLEME
OBS eae ON Art- TRREISE ED CHIT, 8,9, 10). BATHA
aN ALLO DPR RDBALV I BORCia. FABON it,
Seem
- “RABIINE, "250 tipvoa ULNEEA.
In expressions in which fuu is attached to a noun, it describes the condition,
appearance, or methods of a person or object as being similar to, or in the
style of the noun (ex.7,8,9,10). Gakusha-teki na kangae (a scholarly opinion)
means ‘an opinion which is in keeping with the position of a scholar’, while
gakusha-fuu no hito (a person who looks like a scholar) refers to a person
who appears at a glance to be a scholar, but may not be.

TheRRC ae Vises
VV LO AIKeID.
RS

eee anh Ns Rae Ete, michio kikareta.

(I) was asked for directions at the intersection by a man who appeared
to be a salaried office worker.

8) BOA, —RREMINE, RISRABA CTE.

Anohito, ikken pe wr aoe Jitsuwa ishanandesuyo.

473
dekirudake-narubeku/ TX 423-7 4a~S¢

At first glance he looks like a student, but he’s really a doctor.

9) ACEO AD Feasts! eV.

Hok uoofuuno shirakino shokkidanaga hoshiti.
(1) want a Scandinavian-style unfinished china cupboard.

10) SAV AECH. ANEETRLA TMNT THA

Kireina jidesune. Watashiwa totemo konna fuuniwa kakemasen.
What lovely writing! I can’t write like this at all.

SSK
/ RON <
a dekirudake a narubeku

: & w dekirudake 5
TA4EW mto the extent possible Is

AWD FFT aia aC, HAV (LB e L CARE 75. 0 fa]a> tare
Py. (ONS IESaR ey. TOR yArerly) a BIDLTAT. ar BLLe
aGes cf, 2,3) 4)
This expression is used when one exerts strength or effort to do something to
the fullest extent possible.
Dekiru kagiri is used to stress the idea ‘completely’ (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

1) x DRA : L7fh seid. CSOK IT a Mea

CK Tea ihs
Kyoo onegaishita shigotowa, dekirudake isoide yattekudasai.
Please do all you can to rush that job I asked you to do today.

2) SRA, HEECILLOOOC, KAD Hid CRSRURIR

UIC LIEV.
LZe wert Bode U Dy EK +
Fudanwa, shigotode isogashiinode, yasumino hiwa dekirudake kazokuto
sugoshitai.
Ordinarily (I’m) busy with work, so I want to spend my days off with
my family as much as possible.

3) Bao TS, CROAT I FARE CHAI ET AWW,

Yukiga futteirukara, dekirudake atatakai kakkoode dekaketa hooga ii.
It’s snowing so you’d better go out in as warm an outfit as you can.

4) Bue Howe DERVIS, CEARWIOLER LTH TES,

a
eR

474
 CXAZEG-K4~¢ /dekirudake-narubeku

Tomodachiga komatteiru tokiniwa, dekirudakeno koto-o shiteagenasai.

When your friends are in trouble, do all you can for them.

> a narubeku
=[a
7 a~ < wif possible

"SUCSK5 + SUCH C XAT Re

BED ae DEREK LET (Pils, 6,
(et tok 5 el ell URS TBE ie Be ae as CBP |vil B30
J) RH LW% Ss CVG EDP
the tf IEPA
BAREIOIMLT.
SUELote fey
TRSX<S 51k
DS Gee 2fel YatCV DERE
Wy
TC, EATEIGRS
a)
(LDV EA Fee ANS RLRb
. a

BU CSOTUT
ESL TSEE SU dy RCT LEEK BA CSL EMCI
> ra we 2) %

ETD, HBS BGRLTC

HS ld, BID LFNCDE
DMD SBUT az = athe 5

PEL EVAICUVET. USEMEWAIL CVIMIREAA CHET

Narubeku is used to express the meanings ‘if you can’ or ‘if that is possible’
(ex.5,6, 7,8). It is used in the same way as dekirudake, but whereas dekiru-
dake carries a sense of effort or pressure, i.e., ‘to the extent of one’s ability’,
narubeku is not as forceful, and merely implies ‘if possible’. For example, if
you ask for repayment of a loan saying dekirudake hayaku kaeshite kudasai,
you are emphasizing the early return of the money. Narubeku hayaku kaeshite
kudasai, however, includes a feeling that some leeway is being allowed, and is
a softer expression. It may also include a sense of dochira ka to ieba, meaning
“if anything’.

5) DRT
ZAI
HD ODOC. TESEAMR
ee 5
AD 3712 ISBNS ESTO
DA
OICS
Konban mitai bangumiga arunode, shigotoga owattara narubeku hayaku ka-
eru tsumoridesu.
There’s a TV program (I) want to see today, so I intend to go home as
early as possible after work.

6) WAZ
PERRO 72 I<. ARAD BISONS 126 SARK EDC LTV.
Kenkoono tameni, fudankara narubeku takusan arukuyooni shiteiru.
(1) make it a point to walk as much as possible for my health.

7) Bis FOROC LOSS D965 VRET EFI RE ATF TS gag

HEL BRS
Watashiwa hayakuchinanode, narubeku yukkuri hanasuyooni kiotsukete-
imasu.
(1) tend to speak fast, so I’m taking care to speak as slowly as possible.

8) EONS 755, HINT SERIE OTH acer 3

475
~te (~kute)-~shi/~T~{ TD)? ~L

Narubekunara, ashitawa zutto ieni itainodesuga...

If at all possible, (I’d) like to stay home all day tomorrow.

a ols ede
a ~te (~kute) a ~shi

a~ ~k
AGASSI Ee
RH ODSA. B ZOU be CME UMNTCEDIRARCITA,
15 Wy VEDA
ADZEMS
RAT oBOZ LeeB5LXD, ADD. BAMD HDS TUT, |If(<
BOCs “AE Vs £9 CPM, 2,3). AMBORBMERG —COHVET PA, D, 6).
5 hb5p

This expression is used when one mentions two or more items (item A, item
B) in the same sentence.
It may be that one just happens to mention item B after saying item A, or
that A and B are part of an ordered list of things (ex.1,2,3). There may be
times when A is the reason for B (ex.4, 5,6).

1) A? PUSEATEATT
TL DE
D>.
B : Hz
FACT. BLOATT.
nes VE

A: Karewa donna hitodesuka? What kind of person is he?

B: Atamaga yokute, yasashii hitodesu. He’s very smart and nice.

D) EDIGLHAK FS CE.
Kono kamerawa, furukute omoi.
This camera is old and heavy.

9) AFR. BC COANTEIR OCT.

Chikatetsuwa, yasukute benrina norimonodesu.
The subway is an inexpensive and convenient mode of transportation.

4) ey
KAD BOM Tala,
O — LALIB<
AMB<
Oe BB
ORNS.
Oh
Yasumino hino Shinjukuwa, hitoga ookute tsukareru.
Walking in Shinjuku on holidays is tiring because there are so many peo-
ple.

5) PHOFISESNICE OPE BODIE TC BCODMBKE ECL.

476
 ~TU~6 TT) + ~L/~te (~kute)»~shi

Uchino kowa umareta tokino taijuuga sukunakute, sodaterunoga taihende-

shita.
Our son was underweight when he was born, and (we) had a lot of diffi-
culty raising him.

6) LEO AISS< CRN.

Koojino otoga urusakute nemurenai.
The construction noise is so loud that (I) can’t sleep.

a ~shi
cis U =e ~and

W< om BAHT TSDC IOR REL CHEV Pace (Pl? 8,9,10,11). 4

Dae He, BbbolCR Scat, ADS eR be BACH Asm
Be BOI ¥E, DENBOZ Ee oU lS SESTRES EY+t, Le
ot, ane ELEDT. CPW LITE Pe (fl10) DEBIHBL
LEODVET, LOL, FEAT CIS rN wo on EWIESA TLBAKNT
VasBLEOR BCT.
LIWA
This expression is used when one is listing several reasons for something (ex.7,
8,9, 10,11). It may also be used when the speaker doesn’t have his thoughts
perfectly in order, and is saying things as they occur to him. Therefore, when
the speaker cannot think of anything further to add, his sentence may sound
incomplete (ex.10). As a basic rule, however, this expression is used as an in-
direct way of saying “because...’.

7) HDF ILIA THRAOL, AL—ISF ODOMMB & ence

Ano kowa nandemo taberushi, supootsumo surukara karadaga joobuda.
That child eats anything, and what’s more he plays sports, so he is
healthy.

8) t5eES
HRRILA CHD SL,
UE (Se BE
MOUBOEY>.
wD AKA tm
Cardi
x5
72)
Tookyoowa hitomo kurumamo ooishi, monono nedanmo takai.
(Dakara kiraida.)
(I don’t like Tokyo, because) there are many people
and cars, and on top of that, things are expensive.
9) IAS LTE RANCAD/) MARSA TID.
B: 29CtA, REATIZELWOL, XS EOE,
DAs SALES

} BLODOVOBY EEZNNASC I.

477
Vala BL AD

A : Dooshite Mishima Yukiono shoosetsuga sukinandesuka?

Why do (you) like Yukio Mishima’s novels?
B : Soodesune, kanseiga subarashiishi, bunshoomo umaishi, shoosetsuno ne-
raimo omoshiroindesu.
Well, they are wonderfully sensitive, well-written, and his themes are
interesting.

A: fkibut, £2 S—-Oy
NCH A.
BAA, FGihtSCRIBED IS BLY L, BYBURST CAPE Leo
iP hae ss 3.3 btVe

A : Kyuukawa, mata Yooroppadesuka?

Are (you) going to spend your vacation in Europe again?
B: Ee, bijutsukan-ya hakubutsukanga omoshiroishi, machino fuukeiga su-
tekidashi...
Yes, (because I think) the art galleries and museums are interesting,
the scenery is beautiful...

11) < LeAlsihel, BELL L, PAOD Do

Kushamiwa derushi, atamawa itaishi, netsumo aru.

(1) keep sneezing, I have a headache, and I have a fever, too.

Wr Fae 24) alhesaoe

Poca VE

IE DA-K='z BAMA ELI. AeA EI pileless

mn“308 Eben up RtMONS FA Boies Teak ORa) BeElVE
E-F—BP LEE muting AEE et Ces Bak
WOODIZ Mrs ree gees oF PHF, WB EW

Mise
reins BIR\ fy
BEY LOBE LHSEW aAN a tale ake
AS
E-¥ Wk ER LOMA ELK.

Does ii otoko mean ii hito?

A burglar broke into a supermarket near Peter’s house. Later, when
he overheard a witness tell the police, “The burglar was about 30 years
old and he was chotto ii otoko,!” Peter thought, “Something sounds

478
 C4: THUS /deru-dekakeru

funny.” He wondered why the witness would say ii otoko when talking
about a burglar, when burglars are usually thought of as bad. Masao,
his roommate, kindly explained, “Peter, ii otoko refers to a man who is
handsome or good-looking.”
Peter has learned another interesting thing about the Japanese lan-
guage. There are some cases where ii otoko can refer to a bad guy.

1 a rather good-looking man

Th THUS
gs deru w dekakeru

: B deru
EC 4 (th % J ato go out ; to leave ©

Seer Sie <— ealy Se a eae

AMET SILEORL EBS ARTS LVS BORTT COB,
nae

2 HS. IEA DHHS SOOKE TF VES - aml 1

ee neysere ZIT T AS | IETS P~ 2s
Be SHS COW TENT EF.
To go outside, i.e., leave one’s present location or space (ex.1,2,3,4), or to
leave a group or organization. The expression gakkou o deru means ‘to gradu-
ate from school’ (ex.5,6). There are many expressions with deru, even when
counting only those concerning human behavior: e.g., terebi ni deru (to ap-
pear on TV) and denwa ni deru (to answer the phone); however, the exam-
ples listed below are limited to the expressions ~kara deru and ~o deru,
which are the counterparts of the verb Aairu (to enter).

1) # (tie
DIZ Us V3
7 BPI Ae ES
Ddeaiied maiasa ‘shichijini ieo demasu.
I leave home at seven every morning. a

2) ROGALE HCHO AFF

AMIS&, '
RERDVET. a,a
(ie S3
oles
Ekino kaisatsuo dete migino hooe Wits. ngee ee
koobanga arimasu. a
Go out through the wickets of the train station,

479
deru-dekakeru; TA-THIGS

turn right, and then (you'll) see a police box.

3) LE RSAME, LRU BIR NET. ERA CISA

PEL EDA RTESES t PRUNES pe
VU oreeiiasneates ichijikangurai maeni sotoe dete, mada kaishaniwa
modotte kimasen.
Mr. Yamashita went out about an hour ago and hasn’t come back to
the office yet.

1) 5
ISSR AMOHSL,b 4
BPE Ie 1 HAL
pirre aay

Chichiwa ofurokara deruto, kanarazu biiruo ippai nomu.

My father always drinks a glass of beer when he gets out of the bath.

5) Milt
Hid
Zee HT.
WH ig
OCDE
¢
LE LED CWS,
Anewa ieo dete, hitorigurashio shitagatteiru.
My older sister wants to leave home and live on her own.

(o>) AL t ieeezeHC TCO REE ore.

Bop Eo)

Watashiwn kookoo-o detekara sugu kurumano menkyoo totta.

I obtained my driver’s license soon after graduating from high school.

@ dekakeru
THUGS LiivisS.
c
mto go out
; to leave 2

POW ECE PEDALS LA, EEE MELT SE LAM, tt

geok
ee Dy»
° Hie
HDHE
BS FEUD Teac DRICAT< ages fate 2 OK Be
V9SpiieAHUET (AIT, 8,9,10). CH id “RO, ae SUES oy Dv B14
(ERS EMIGELEF. PILUSRIT BLN SHORTT.
To leave a place where one spends a lot of one’s time every day (for example,
a home or work place), for a certain purpose, such as to go to work, to go
shopping, or to travel. It is assumed that the person will eventually return to
that same place (ex.7,8,9,10). While deru is the opposite of hairu, kaeru is
that of dekakeru. In Example 11 it means to ‘visit’.

7) Bit, SHAT COSTA, ZHCIRVET.

Hahawa, ima dekakete imasuga, yuugataniwa modorimasu.
My mother is out now, but she will come back this evening.

8) FAISEfi C—O NAH A>OPES.

2 Ve i) cal

Watashiwa raishuu, funede Yooroppae dekakeru yoteidesu.

I am planning to leave by ship for Europe next week.

480
 URUX-UEYU- EC /tokidoki-tokiori-tamani

9) THO SELAIEDOC HHARIKL TCHS

Ima dekakeru tokoronanode, hanashiwa atoni shite kudasai.
(1) am going out right now, so please talk to me later.

10) BALM
POCE
AV SOMAKBAC
Rw + OS ¢
BALIZEACRIW
OA
EV.
Kanojowa dekakerunoga daisukide, hirumawa es
hotondo ieni inai. : iis | ovens
She loves going out, so she is almost or <f er,
never at home during the day. AlN f “ris .

1) SEPORMOISIZOBHDUIC
is: DEL ca
ESL. HAN
Hele
|) be
eer
-vB
7 ee
Kondo zehi watashino uchinimo odekake kudasai. LSP" Ge yep
Please come and visit us at the next opportunity.

CEM Bek ieds Dye fete

= tokidoki 8 tokiori @ famani

> 8 tokidoki
g 3 as és @ sometimes Ful

NOE aris NaS) TeLEVES < fAI& db THOS, HO WiatfAe BY TOO

TERTALSHWOET, (ESB) - REM LOVES, FOS cr
27 DADS ACH DWF bE

CAL, 2,3, 4).

Tokidoki indicates that something occurs or is done at certain intervals. Each
interval is shorter and recurs more frequently than those expressed by tokiori
or tamani (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) Pid,
DIEv cues
LEU.
Watashiwa shigotode, tokidoki kaigaie iku.
I sometimes go abroad on business.

2) & LEDKAIS BEALE SES EOC

Ashitano tenkiwa, hare tokidoki kumoridesu.
Tomorrow’s weather will be sunny with occasional clouds.

3) FIoBL CY, CELE EMEA,

Hikkoshitemo, tokidoki tegamio kudasai.

481
tokidoki-tokiori-tamani/ Vx UV X-UXBV- EIT

Even after (you) move, please write to (me) sometimes.

1) A, |LEER O72 8 4<, CEEST—W CAE EF

W ines a kenkoono tameni, tokidoki ot eh oyogimasu.
I sometimes go to the swimming pool for the sake of my health.

8 tokiori
x Rs} Y @on occasion Fal

(asia | A819 PDS d SESE 2eGhe Aree Aloe IAW ASIT TEV
DAM

Az, LW DCE Rda SABI 5 =i Het. HUE TIRES OE 845

BAD KT

Ni Oita di LaeS HM gt GIS, 6,7).

Tokiori expresses a greater interval of time separating events than does toki-
doki. It includes a sense that one has forgotten a matter or that something
unexpected occurs. Tokiori is a literary form of expression. Nowadays, in
most instances tokidoki is used in place of tokiori (ex.5,6,7).

5) ta¢ CHSBY) EB AMG CWS

es DATE th

Tookude tokiori kaminariga natteiru.

There’s the occasional sound of thunder in the distance.

6) CDHRVCI. CXBHVICW
FTOWS RAC ALT
‘Zt iy, © =

Kono ataridewa, tokiori uguisuno nakigoega kikoemasu.

We occasionally hear the call of the bush warbler around here.

7) BERESUESLS. LEEDS BLAIKS

Taifuuga chikazuitarashiku, tokiori tsuyoi kazega fuku.
There are occasional strong winds, as if a typhoon is approaching.

8 famani
te Ele @once in a while ; at times Fa

DTS O DEER 456.T BOI EM BS 72 VL LOG OE SEVEF Al

Soy NOY, i). ALLARD . OT OLW EM oRERE RULE ODVET.
Tamani indicates that something happens or is done at quite long intervals
(ex.8,9, 10,11). It may imply a sense of hisashiburi (after a long time) or
mezurashii (rarely).

482
 Y<-&¥mp>t/toku-tokasu

8) Ri,ba. TEANGAAIRS
Watashiwa, tamani disukoni iku.
I go to a disco every now and then.

9) Bit, EFI LCS.

war NASS

Karewa, tamani renrakuo shitekuru.

He gets in touch with me every once in a while.

10) EAILVO% BIRLA RIVET AS, 2EIBoCEK OLE OHVET

Watashiwa itsumo hachijigoro ieni kaerimasuga, tamani motto osokunaru ko-
tomo arimasu.
I usually get home around 8:00, but there are times when I arrive later.

I) LW CLAD, EEOTC ESV.

Tsogashii-deshooga, tamaniwa asobini kite kudasai.
(1) know (you’re) busy, but please come to visit us once in a while.

AY MeAyET
w toku w tokasu

: a toku
es <
Vi ke)

Lit < i ato dissolve ©

Pro eeoT BORE, JBL ORE CH IRC BIS FT

OSD oD FELARVET (Hill, 2,3).
This word describes the process whereby a powder or solid substance is
softened, or is dissolved in water or oil and made into a liquid or paste
(excl
2s 3)"

1) BAVIEB DCEO FAVRE

U
Kona-mirukuo oyude toite, koinuni nomaseta.
(I) dissolved the powdered milk in warm water and fed it to the puppy.

2) PIEDRA PLCIBU CNR Te.

Komugikoo tamagoto gyuunyuude toite, pankeekio yaita.
(1) mixed flour and eggs in milk and made some pancakes.

483
toku-tokasu) & ¢-& DF

3) cyFROM Dr7z $- Sal +5 st A OAC CHEITITIEA So

Uburaenare katamatte-shimattemo, oirude tokeba

tsukaeru. ; ~ VES
Even if the oil paint hardens, (you) can still use Wee
it if you thin it with some oil.

eat rylied es) Tele

tok
Be eirmer

WO MALO
» Qo
LT. i dKI-a co as +o ee 5,6). PAI? Sie
ea DET R LOI Te MBESILAD UW ERC.
Tokasu describes the process by which something is heated until it melts and
changes to liquid form (ex.4,5,6). Examples 7 and 8 are usages of the term
whereby something is mixed with another liquid substance so that it loses its
original form.

BEFIL, ABUL RT ER ET.

The kanji character describing ice or snow melting is fast.

4) DL ACs, BIL RESUA

LEM LTHEL TIS.
Kono koojoodewa, kaishuushita akibin-o tokashite saiseishiteiru.
They are recycling the returned bottles by melting them down at this fac-
tory.

5) 7—* OKI BPLRNY— EMAL.

Keekino taneni, tokashita bataao kuwaeta.
(1) mixed in melted butter with cake-mix.

6) FARR CILIKE IED LOCKEOK StS TH.

AXES
ag a
ees
Ge X

NGL koorio tokashite mizuo tsukurusoodesu. <- ©

(They) say that people in Antarctica make water /
by melting ice |a + a
7) COBY BSAA
LT a FEV PREE TK RSV, est
ne ae CD)
Kono konagusuriwa mizuni tokashitekara kodomoni nomasete kudasai.
Give this powdered medicine to (your) child after dissolving it in water.

8) fHDLIMINY
YY CED LTHELET.
Aburano yogorewa benjinde tokashite otoshimasu.
Oily stains can be (broken down and) removed with benzine.

484
 UEKND-Y 6 IC /tokubetsu-tokuni

AS Oe Se
w tokubetsu g tokuni

y <nN9 FEB m tokubetsu rs

@ special

WWD C [dE S - BBs 5 AS, Mal DED TERE

TV DsV
RS CSE can (Pl
1 A Boek, BOs Os
Tokubetsu describes something as an exception to the norm or different from
what is considered usual (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6,
7).

Dee MERSIN LAKINE, Bie

IN BATHS.
Kono hanashiwa naishodakeredo, anatanidake tokubetsuni oshieteageru.
This is a secret, but I’ll make an exception and tell only you.

LAUT AA OFFA
BULSRALS
TER SECT
&e RO UEE
Korewa byoonin-yoono tokubetsuna shokujidesu.
This is a special meal for sick people.

BE ROR OI AAI EEL ET D>.

Wakasao tamotsu tameni nanika tokubetsuna kotoo shiteimasuka?
Are (you) doing anything in particular to maintain your youth?

HOUNRISIEL BATE AS
rAmVy
RMI Hc Ayal FET ¥gXnRD
oiz.
Ano butsuzoowa mera ara aees tameni tokubetsuni misetemoratta.
That statue of Buddha is ordinally not displayed to the public, but (we)
were allowed to see it for research purposes.

EDF PIF AL, HAR OT OIA BUARE

TIP YU0
Sono dezainaawa, a ee tameni ei ae seifukuo dezainshita.
That fashion designer created a new school uniform specially for his
alma mater.

FRANSES TLDS.
eins
He PLOBITAY 1LabwOSI7E\>.
MI0kS Ab

Tokubetsuna riyuuga Agitircers kyuuryoono maebaraiwa mitomerarenai.

Except for special cases, pay advances are not granted.

FeV TCLAATEDL, AMINO. FER PDEV oT. Fl BK

VF OQBILTEV
CUBED.
0

485
tokubetsu-tokunt/¥ ¢<~0-% le

Kyanpudewa minnano kyooryokuga taisetsuda. Kodomodakara-toitte, toku-

betsu-atsukaisuru hitsuyoowa nai.
When camping, everyone’s cooperation is important. There is no need to
give children special treatment.

= ~> stokuni a
ve Cle HRS 8 especially ie

Vea» DODPLEBLOE €& ENTS ERO UTI OR sl LEOF SE

ERDED:

%P, YEA DYDELAAEBEME UIT TUS AS TERIE SEU ack

(PIB, 9, 10, 11, 12).
Tokuni is used to specify or place emphasis on a single part of a group, or
to describe something as far better than others it is being compared to (ex.8,
ONLOed 12):

) & BOHM py»TLE GB AMATESV plc PRR!(LR ADIK.

arian atoni kanarazu hao migakinasai. ich Pe nen-irini!
After eating be sure to brush (your) teeth. Be especially careful to get
the molars.

9) R BOLILROE DNC, GEILE

es FICR
PRICIS
Spay | yibin ae
Kyootono fuyuwa samuito iwareteiruga, kotoshiwa tokuni samui.
Winter in Kyoto is always (said to be) cold, but this year is especially
cold.

10) Ba (ARDS
BEE CT AS, plc“TERE ) ayo
BEETCT
Watashiwa honga sukidesuga, tokuni suirishoosetsuga sukidesu.
I like (all kinds of) books, but I especially like mystery stories.

M1) FAIS FLAP RFS Cit 7EV MINE, GEER

D1: Wt A KA COST.
Watashiwa gyuunyuuga tokuni sukidewa-naikeredo, kenkoono tameni mai-
nichi nondeimasu.
It’s not that I like milk so much; I drink it every day because it’s good
for my health.

12) FEB VG 31D CHIN TATA. PCR BAAD Spook.

Hijooberuga nattanode shirabetemitaga, tokuni ijoowa mitsukaranakatta.
The emergency bell rang so (I) went to investigate, but I couldn’t find
anything especially out of the ordinary.

486
 Yb6-Un-KIC/dochira-dore-nani

Ybb/EN /EIC
8 dochira = dore gw nani

> 8 dochira
ED Djsunichvoriucnn

D2ZIDIED | DeBXKE SS HNNLIL SC FMI TH

AIL, 2,3,4). "Eobildy SURE ACT.
Dochira is used when choosing, or having someone choose, one of two things
(ex.1,
2, 3,4). Dotchi is a shortened colloquial form.

QRS FAHSIED
1 OVI RRC ET. (EHS, id TEN TE
ce DUM ABV GACH. EF OBMBCERFNSEID | EH
Beis EGR IOCU DGEBACH Bis,6,7,8).
It also is a polite way of asking dore (which) or doko (where) when the selec-
tion is from among many items. Dochira sama, which is a politer expression
than dare or donata, is used when asking someone for their name (ex.5, 6,7,
8).

Wiehe RetaCaS CEOMRES TT >.

Udonto soba,to, dochiraga sukidesuka? * p.500
Which would (you) prefer, udon or soba?

2) A: Sl FO7 PALM LFOTZIAL, ESOMEWTHD.

Be ESDOAILTS
A: Tetsu ichikiroguramuto wata ichikiroguramuto, dochiraga omoidesuka?
Which is heavier, a kilogram of iron or a kilogram of cotton?
B : Dochiramo onajidesu. They’re both the same.

3) BRDPBED BU ROATAE, SNE INAAR IY GSMO aU

Ochaka ohanaga naraitaindakedo, dotchiga iika mayotteimasu.
(1) want to study either tea ceremony or flower arrangement. I can’t
make up my mind which would be better.

4) ROENAT OIL, IRATE

tt 2 7z
SobARU D7.
vy Oa) es LAPATA WP

Hakatae ikunoni, hikookito Shinkansento dotchiga hayaikanaa?

To go to Hakata, which would be faster, a plane or the Shinkansen?

487
dochira-dore-nani/ Ybb-UN- KIT

> : cH Hite o5CT a».

LOLA

B: EOP
ACHE CT
A: Goshusshinwa dochiradesuka? Where are (you) from?
B: Hokkaidoodesu. Hokkaido.

6) A: 2narby, ESSA SoLeWETA.

Bi dots 6ST.
A: Korekara, dochirae irasshaimasuka? Where are (you) going now?
B: Massugu uchie kaerimasu. (I’m) going straight home.

i eetEN CBbASMESA TT D>.

3m TE

Bide. ACT.
A: Dochiraga Okadasan desuka? Which one of you is Mr. Okada?
B: Hai. Watashidesu. That’s me.

8) KALTTAS, ESORETL AIM.

Lon

Shitsureidesuga, dochirasama-deshooka?
Excuse me, who might you be? (May I have your name, please?)

> = dore
ae a which (of three or more) ge

BOMEDSVOOHMG, LOEBRESHATFNSI
LECH (Hig, 10,1),
This is a word used when asking ‘which’ when choosing from among three
or more choices (ex.9, 10,11).

9) HITORMDILEN TID.
Anatano nimotsuwa doredesuka? Which bags are yours?

10) <IIHSAKOKRPC. ENM-BHOLAWTIM,

Kokoni aru honno nakade, dorega ichiban omoshiroidesuka?
Which is the most interesting of the books that are here?

11) RANE IE ERMA ARAM HV ET INE, ENIZLETAD.

Nomimonowa, koohiito koochato nihonchaga arimasukeredo, doreni shima-
suka?
For drinks, we have coffee, tea or green tea. Which will you have?

488
 Ybb6-UN-KIC/dochira-dore-nani

TRIS fT] sina

DDBEWEDPLEMS EEF EEO MFG EA ES LENE TH Al
12, 13, 14,15, 16), "bye
l ENOL ED’DOHD b LOS
ts»
DNCAHIEHA. Eh, PS ABA CID Ope O45) 5BERLE oe
Ay ISDE SIRES fal Aare fPlae
BITE DEAIZ BOVE 12912
TRANEA

CSSA ane
Nani is used when asking about or referring to some thing or event that is
not known (ex.12, 13,14, 15,16). It is not used like dochira and dore to select
one from among many specified objects. When followed by ~desu ka, ~da,
or ~demo, nani becomes nan.
It is also used to ask about quantity or type in such expressions as nan-bon,
nan-nin, nani-iro, and nani-go.

12) A: Za CTA.
TLA —

B: HUEBLU
AOA RA CTE. b yy Shees
a | [Ss
Ql fL
A: Korewa nandesuka? What is this? aS ee
B: Korewa mezurashii kaino kasekinandesuyo. be f ce
This is the fossil of a very rare shellfish. eae: es
13) A At Sif, fIBNEV.
LAA 7a
aay
B : COVE,
Tah

A Konban, naniga tabetai? What do you want to eat tonight?

B Nandemo iiyo. Anything’s OK with me.

14) $V ARPY CTA. {ASH oROCL DD.

Sugoi hitodakari-desune. Naniga attanodeshooka?
What a crowd! What could have happened?

15) BRIA HIUIMT COALS.

Okanesae areba nandemo kaerunoni.
(I) could buy anything if only I had money!

16) DITAS FEO Ay A&< Teste bite PSO7ZN eo Trd LA»

Anatawa annie ids ookiku nattara nanni naritaito omotte-imashitaka?
When you were a child, what did you want to be when you grew up?

489
totemo-taihen-hijou ni/& To: eOCAA-OU & DIT

YTOIYLEMNAY/AOL
£ IIS
@ fotemo 8 faihen whijou ni

a fotemo
¥ 6 % scompletely ; very

DIEM>OBEDR BET CHIVES. at

uLEO
x6
TMT
LARA
LOR BC
SEL EILICS<ONET (Pill,2,3). FH Teoh AEE SIS HB
BS OLAICEC VET Pld,5).
Totemo is used when emphasizing the degree of something. It expresses the
speaker’s judgment, and is used mainly in spoken language (ex.1, 2, 3).
Tottemo is often used when stressing an even greater degree (ex.4, 5).

Ol TaN | FREE BeEEVoL EN BEV. CAI BIA LU, AEF

PHE DORIA D- SCCREIELS SiG LE ORME RLET COAG,7
DIVE

wy).
When used with negative expressions such as ~nai or muri, it expresses that
the speaker feels that, no matter how much he may try, it is impossible to
do something because it is beyond his emotional or physical capabilities (ex.6,
TS):

1) SNBON-F
4th TOK L DS.
- KD

Kinoono paatiiwa totemo tanoshikatta.

The party yesterday was a lot of fun.

2) AS: TEAATEN 42.0 LIDLED

Bele DINE TORI ERRAT.
A: Genkiga naine. Dookashitano?
(You) look kind of down. Is something wrong?
B: Un. Yuube totemo henna yumeo mitanda.
Uh, huh. Last night I had a really strange dream.

3) BIE LTO, RRM DSEICRRO LTSIO TC aS SONG

I)Oykor
Unten-o shiteitara, totsuzen-hitoga michini tobidashite-kitanode, totemo
bikkurishita.
(I) was really startled because when I was driving, someone suddenly ran
out into the street.

490
 LTO RMONA-OL & 51C/totemo-taihen-hijou ni

4) LOR i LoCo BporAKR A,

WU bd ten
Kono yubiwa, tottemo takakattandayo.
This ring was very expensive!

5) A: LO7—, BA EORO. U3, BOLI

B DAR nia Gov LWd.
A: Kono keeki, watashiga tsukuttano. Doo, oishii?
I made this cake. How is it? Good?
B: Un, tottemo oishiiyo.
Umm, really delicious!

6) OR REVALET
DLT STC. ALE CORR TE.
Kono keisanmondaiwa muzukashisugite, watashiniwa totemo tokenai.
This calculation is too hard; I can’t possibly solve it.

7) FORO as e)
ACL. 95EH DOLE TO AB z

Imano watashino dn Aarne uchio kaunowa totemo murida.

With my current income, buying a house is absolutely impossible.

8) BATHE COBABEAIES WeCohenOy ROG fs Coney».

Annani majimena hitoga doroboo-o surunante, totemo shinjirarenai.
That such an upstanding person as he should commit a burglary is total-
ly unbelievable.

9) BOA
VE Dp
RL TC. UETHBORIZIL
can A
A Te.
Ano hitowa wakawakashikute, totemo hachijussainiwa mienai.
She looks so young; she doesn’t at all look 80.

<7 Staihen
fe WANA [KE] wterribly ; very ; terrible

Ores CORR Ok PARR ESIC (ites +7, TECKEOKE WACT.

thy RHEIN BARE BRS AEF CHILO, 11, 12, 13),

Taihen, like totemo, is also used when ede pt at the degree of something.
However, it is a more polite and formal expression. It also includes the
meanings of ‘out of the ordinary’ or ‘very serious’ (ex.10, 11, 12,13).

Ofer VLE PH ARIEL oT BOO, Bo OLTWS

KSI, [LOLTSOBPPERDWECHSIITERLET (PIM,
15,16,17, 18).
491
totemo:-taihen-hijou ni/& Th: eOVNA-
OL & DIE

Taihen also expresses dismay or perplexity at something serious or bad which

happens, or denotes that a great deal of effort or-suffering is necessary to do
something (ex.14, 15, 16, 17,18).

10) BEICPANTA BICHR

AZIDAVY

Omeni kakarete he kooeidesu.

It is a great privilege to make your acquaintance.

11) Ze Hit <FS STZOVR RSP IS LPGaR eee AKEAILLELIZ.

Senjitsuwa okoshi- Sat eat rusuni shiteorimashite, roe shitsurei
shimashita.
(1) have to apologize for being out when (you) kindly came to call the
other day.

LDaAvEa—F— + F—AlA, By FRR

a ck)
SOMHWTE CAB
TeWAA
EMAL. \LA

Kono konpyuutaa-geemuwa, ima, kodomotachino aidade taihenna ninkida.

This computer game is extremely popular among children right now.

1s) DEED
‘4
E RL NAKED D Dole
WAT

Kono hashino kensetsuniwa shea hiyooga kakatta.

An incredible amount was spent on the construction of this bridge.

14) ILA DAE LTO SHU»

eal pa Wen 5,

Karewa nanika taihenna jikken-o shiteirurashii.

He seems to be conducting a difficult experiment of some sort.

15) KB. OF BAF. BAN CEAILTLED.

Taihenda. Moo hachiji. Isoganaito chikoku-shiteshimau.
Oh no! It’s eight o’clock already. If (1) don’t hurry I’ll be late.

16)2
PILATESA729. FeO, Sx Wi KBs 1 AR of.
Kaban-o eerie Heciete okoraretari, kyoowa taihenna ichinichidatta.
(I) forgot my briefcase and I got yelled at by my supervisor. Today was
an awful day.

17) ip SE, Ce 2 Efe] DET OMILABRK,

ZAWA Le EMS Dh rz

Man-indenshade ibe mite ae omen See taihenda.

Commuting to and from work two whole hours every day on a packed
train is terrible.

18) i> HAE CH 5RIE D> ne, SIRE DAZ «

ate > AA

yhicoske eed pderaie ete jukenseimo taihenda.

Students preparing for exams have it hard, too; with nothing but study,

492
 UY <-9¢-koF4/todoku-tsuku-tassuru

study, study from morning till night.

. be Bhijo j
OA U d 4 Ic (FeG I J BySenora

co. bORE EO BARBS ESIC {E> DDD EID TWBEWG DEK

BHVET . seas. She Act. RRNTELD ML ERer (Bii19, 20,
Zs 22e
This is also used when emphasizing the degree of something. However, it
includes the meaning ‘different from the usual’. It is a polite, formal expres-
sion, and gives a feeling of objectivity (ex.19,
20, 21, 22).

19) FeELD
FRESCHEE
pone (2) =)
AP
ONE
TEL AS 75 EOS tHe
Senshuuno tatsumakide noosakubutsuni hijooni ookina higaiga deta.
There was a great amount of damage to crops from last week’s tornado.

20) CO'RISSE
Issa)
RICA
ONCEorn AS SOAR
Ennl MI
evs
LTH RASNET.
Kono shoowa hijooni sugureta sakuhinni taishite ataeraremasu.
This prize is awarded for extremely outstanding works.

21) AVY bs, FERC

ONES) = tA
TIES
ese
CT.
Sutantomanwa, hijooni kikenna shigotodesu.
A stuntman’s job is extremely dangerous.

22) IPBICENCLHSH, ABRO MMO BPS OMOF EMELNS

LEMS.
Hijooni maredewa aruga, eebiigatano ketsuekino ryooshinkara oogatano ko-
domoga umareru kotoga aru.
It occurs extremely rarely, but sometimes a child with type O blood is
born to type AB parents.

NE YB EGG (AN,
a todoku Btsuku w fassuru

&
ae es < it < J
wsfodoku
mto reach ; to arrive «
493
todoku:-tsuku-tassuru/)&&<¢-O<-ot4

DP EML, KOAKEODBIMSMICRELETH (Pill, 2,3).

AAS (ERC IBZ EH Rr: LUSLERRI UI CIAS FS
(tik#5 < Offi?
dsp
ARNT
v %
a3".
Todoku is used when a package, letter, or other sent object comes to the re-
ceiving side (ex.1,2,3). While tsuku means only that the object arrives at the
receiving end, todoku refers also to the fact that a person has sent the object.

DFP ELRILIOO- ra BAOe DANA U2 CHALE

tC |

t (Pid,
cana
5,6, 7). DUT oTHNB IEW DRCMHVET. DO. OFC,
BK ° = aly pa TSE BAITSIZD TSN » HOC SV CoE a CPS, 9).
piILOa> Fas Bs eal AOI FALEM CEB EV SEORTT
It is also used when a saat foot, or end of an object is able to touch an ob-
jective (ex.4,5,6,7). It is suggested that the hand, foot, etc. touches after it is
extended. In both definitions @) and (2) todoku may refer to radio waves,
sound, numbers or other abstract, shapeless things (ex.8,9). In Example 10 te
ga todoku is used to mean ‘to be able to have something for oneself’.

1) S5%, BOMB
‘ttt
Fe ENA RA
KR.
Sakki, hahakara tegamiga todoita.
I received a letter from my mother a little while ago.

2) ANEBt = EASiWIE XLTHODIA, ESTA.

BA ® Da SPSBbA ¥Y
Hon-yani zukan-o chuumonshite arunoni, mada todokimasen.
(I’ve) ordered an illustrated book at the bookstore, but it hasn’t arrived
yet.

3) HURL CAS Te BU7B, HOR cha Bi Bee AEBV 7. ZPARZASIL

Jishinde ookina higaio uketa kunini, St ih kyuuenbusshiga todoita.
Relief goods have arrived from all around the world in the country so
damaged by the earthquake.

4) RR Id Zs Oe iB > TW CLAW LE osCBSELED.

soeea chiisai kono tega todokanai tokoroni shimatte okimashoo.
Let’s put the medicine in a place out of the reach of children.

5) WT AET ST, RICE ABD TEV».

tes br bE zY
Isuga takasugite, yukani ashiga todokanai.
(My) feet don’t reach the floor because this chair is too high.

6) BOR Z\3, BECCHECK.

494
 Yh -9¢-bot4S/todoku-tsuku-tassuru

Kareno kamiwa, katamade todokisooda.

His hair looks like it reaches his shoulders.

7) BMAYYFOI—FASES
1 is AUD
CC. ELC
RICE
54H
CBD
ape
ZED.
Denkisutandono koodoga mijikakute, makuramotomade todokanai.
The cord for the lamp is too short to reach the bedside.
8) ZMH DiS FSA TOOT BRAD TeV a
Kono atariwa yamani kakomarete irunode, denpaga todokanai.
Radio waves don’t reach this area because it is surrounded by moun-
tains.

9) BPE RoRITNE, A RROD 1 (EPICS 7R M972.

Kifuo tsunottakeredo, mokuhyoono ichiokuenniwa todokanakatta.
(We) had a fund-raiser but fell short of our 100 million yen goal.

10) CATER BICUE, FOSSA.

Sonna takai kurumaniwa, tega todokimasen.
There’s no way (Ill) be able to buy such an expensive car.

a tsuku
‘B) < a ¢ | mto arrive ; to reach

DAPLOM, BAe S SteICRS—E CT CHILI, 12, 13, 14),

To arrive at one’s destination (ex.11, 12, 13, 14).

DOE LOO— REM, ABIDE CSICSMSLEMTISIET

# (GINS,
16,17). HVFRIES 1, BUROVDOEMATSLL
DCEO IBRE BA, UBM AICPA ISTE CH x ESD SLEM
CEBEVDBE COME ZA.
Tsuku may fhaicate that a part of the body or the end of an object touches
its goal (ex.15, 16,17). The expression takai tokoro ni te ga todoku means that
one is able to take something from a high place, while takai tokoro ni te ga
tsuku may mean that one is only able to touch the object with one’s finger
tips.

IDF eS LOB 159} 1 HEIR BRIAR 0

TiO

Kono resshawa, juuji juugofunni Tookyooekini tsuku.

This train arrives at Tokyo station at 10:15.

12) PE
Ale
ICARDA
4 “*)
TC,FE BMC ACARD CET
495
todoku-tsuku-tassuru) YY <-O<-tot4

Minatoni funega tsuite, jookyakuga zorozoro oritekita.

The ship arrived in port, and the passengers disembarked in a steady stream.

13) HOVE 726, Flo iBa URES.

~ {ns
Hoteruni tsuitara, uchini denwashiyoo. se HN
Let’s call home when (we) reach the hotel. oy iy
EL 6. Near
MW) BEVIN. oTyn 3< 2 b79
FeIRV 72
REDE Ss Se, LWdate

Ototoi musumeni okutta nimotsuga, kyoo tsuitasooda. \

It seems the things (1) sent to my daughter two days li
today. i <
ago arrived
Vy 2 Le
Le OO 7. RS THEDS DDTEV. bes te
Kono puuruwa, aan ashiga tsukanai. ve
This pool is so deep that my feet don’t reach the bottom.

16) FEAR abet rR {EV NC, WOE SAAS OV “CEs o,

Re EI tenjooga hikuinode, tatsuto atamaga tsuiteshimau.
The attic ceiling is so low that if (I) stand up my head will touch.

1) Woke
eB CHNT CT.EOOOMRICIETD.
Tattamama karadao maeni magete, tenohiraga yukani tsukimasuka?
Can (you) bend over and touch the floor with the palms of your hands?

> 3 B fassuru ial

fe 2F4 Sh a | mato reach ; to attain LS]

HOD ERAT AM RAT AEA TW 0 TC FIV S Sib Ry we Ik

F5VES FULDA
IKGR< Leet CHI18, 19,20,21, 22). KURLER DOM LET Se
VFS
BA COLT
Tassuru indicates that the action of a person or thing gradually progresses so
that a specific goal, volume, or level is reached (ex.18, 19,20,
21, 22).
An amount of importance or significance is implied.

8) iE FHA,
LESS WAZ
RRP
ee a)
PA £3255 1332 Lie.
Shoogo genzai, Tookyoono kionwa sanjuunidoni tasshita.
As of noon, the temperature in Tokyo had reached 32°C.

19) HONOR (ETS REIE IC, Lon’ SSA DIRT GEL.

Ano ifs ih Renate Ane watashino gamanmo genkaini tasshita.

496
 LYS -B< 4-EF/todokeru-okuru-dasu

I’ve reached the end of my patience with his irresponsible attitude.

20) ADB oREANV ORL, BEBO LUGE»

Hanninno utta pisutoruno tamawa, higaishano shinzooni tasshiteita.
The bullet fired by the criminal hit the victim in the heart.

21) — Oat bHE CIS Set), 1 HOA %, #255000 M1372

WIA < Vip 4 a

Kono yuuenchidewa, kyoo ichinichino nyuujooshaga

gosenninni tasshita. = N

Today’s attendance at the amusement park reached Sao dom

5,000 people. (aus aes
22) Suet. SRC
& FAR
TR EL A AA ash tay TS
(ee
ee ia

Tozantaiwa, kesa hayaku sanchooni tasshita. = = i

The mountaineering party reached the top of the = =
mountain early this morning. en (J =
Lo

LEU S/ BL Oa/RF
@ todokeru g okuru w dasu

YYUS Ug) Tose GHA

bLOLBF OM? A HOME TH > TIT2TRILETT. AACE U BA

Beito
CHT. eaeaC
TIE
dr Wi dy
b £7 PAG RIMBEE I MAC LCE 32
Oi Fins aoe Cpl, De By he iS))-
HEF

To take something and carry it to another person’s location or a destination.

It is used both when going in person to hand something over to someone, or
when having something delivered by another person or a delivery service (ex.
1 2gedc5):

1) ParRISACLESBORmS BID 7 VP SOUERE II To PEs

ated

Karewa joyuuno gakuyani fankarano hanatabao todoketa. {

He delivered the flower bouquets from the actress’ fans
to her dressing room.
22) SJE C.KOs AHMEDECIBBIOKLET.
BBE ene
Poon)
Gochuumonno shinawa nichiyoobimadeni otodoke-itashimasu.
todokeru: okuru-dasu/ % ¥it4-%< SEF

(We) will deliver your order by Sunday.

3) TAEPAD, = OPE ISRO HPA IIT CSM EAD.

WED MSDs 772 hk

Sumimasenga, kono shoruio soomukano Tanakasanni todokete kuremasenka?

Excuse me, would (you) please deliver these documents to Mr. Tanaka in
the general affairs office?

= Al (S€1E Fe(LEON ICA KIT TONOLI IC ati L7.

diz |

Watashiwa sobayani kitsuneudon, 0 todokete kureruyooni denwashita.

I called the noodle shop to have them deliver me a bowl of kitsune-
udon.
« Kitsuneudon is Japanese soup noodle udon served with a deep
fried bean curd. * p.500

5) Fh
L DB PI sito intz far a eeEE NASFido EY MY
Watashino ey peti nimotsuo kanrininga azukatte-itekureta.
The (building) manager took care of the package that arrived for me
while I was away.

33GBs saaGe goal

SREB
W5UA tk
COMA =A oT, FBF Ic & DAT < KDICTFSELET
F (fib, 7,8, 9, 10,11).
To send something to someone by means of mail, a shipping agent, or a de-
livery service (ex.6,7,8,9, 10,11).

6) bh TEV EK FES GALE CASAMSV.

BDIITA

Ochuugenya oseibowa, takuhaibinde okuru hitoga ooi.

A lot of people send midyear and year-end gifts by delivery service.

7) Fh ISAICEORY, fe SSI 7 Cok.

Watashiwa Sen tenkinno tame, nimotsuo fies torakkude okutta.
I was transferred to Osaka so I sent my belongings ahead by truck.

8) ACHE Os CASY pee De BIRT Ne

Hokkaidoono ojiga, kotoshimo kanio okuttekureta.
(My) uncle in Hokkaido sent us crabs again this year.

9) FI tin{Rael
LIAVA
ER
W5IUA
IO Re
XE
CRUE

498
 YL 4S:B< 4-EDF/todokeru-okuru-dasu

Shoohinno daikinwa, yuubinkyokukara genkinkakitomede okurebaii.

(You) can send payment for the merchandise in cash by registered mail
through the post office.

10) Fie Id. FryPATRVSET «9

Mitsumorishowa, dabude okurimasu.
(V’ll) send the estimate by fax.

11) Bh ba. BAERS CHC RT of.

Watches yuusin-o Ae kurumade okuttéitta.
I took my friend to the station in my car.

yep GB cetae pal

bLOEHSIGMD9, (EDOMMTTIMOCSCE TH. EMEC TRCIR IE
BEES C12, 13,14). IIS+ RO itk, AAGHBI CARS ECHR BeakL
CETAS, UAT SABRI IT CONSE GC, BME FayOt BES
tC, OEDLS AOFEMNS CVE AAS HNET.
To send an Esbiect from one place to oes by means of a postal or de-
livery service (ex.12, 13,14). Todokeru and okuru emphasize arrival of the ob-
ject at its final destination, while dasu is the entrusting of something to a
post office or shipping agent to deliver it. The focus is on the object leaving
the sender’s possession.

12) 303. SORE REM LT. jen le peasy

Kinoo, inakano hahani tegamio dashita. Se k !
Yesterday, (I) sent a letter to my mom PA oa
back home. ipor 4 >
es
13) PIS BDI, FoPOLTH TOR |a ry
ENT. ids soy |
Se
Kareni henjio kaitanoni, ukkarishite dasunoo
wasureteita.
(1) wrote him my reply, but I completely forgot to send it.

14) Sx oCHMR Fae. ApeeH LI{ToCS ES

Chotto Windeckuniode,. kozutsumio dashini ittekimasu.
(I’m) just going out to the post office to send a small package.

499
DAR

AV

HACIA EV REE L COA BART T IO OI

IZ IEA Ze coat Bw tz x 5)

ols 2als— SeeAp aeons se oF

EILIL CEILI ERAKTLE CH 0 BOE OBIRICLTOTT

bens WeSNS a Lakeemepircyncoge po
= co 2 BDOBEN
TOE TF.
sekoR
LEBER oh bOk. LEED BALD OIRE
CILCMECE
bt
GIL TRAEF.
Zh, FA VIA AOA E, TP EBL D BAU 2 — TVA
WIT<KA5 1 3)

NTRNB BOTH. ELSE AL Ges oe ee

WARNUE-—YaveaeD, TT CHEMTTRNET.

Noodles
A popular form of light meal in Japan is noodles, the most common
of which are soba, udon, and raamen.
Soba noodles are made of buckwheat flour, which is kneaded and
formed into thin, string-like noodles. The noodles are boiled and
served in a hot broth topped with onions or other vegetables. Soba
noodles are also enjoyed dipped in a cold broth.
Udon noodles are made from kneaded flour, and are thicker than
soba noodles, but served the same way.
Raamen noodles are Chinese style noodles which are served in a hot
Chinese style soup. There are numerous variations and ways to serve
all three types, but all are eaten in a slurping style.

Sian TABS ENE Z-HKY

A

WV Ply

500
 &mY-k£C/tonari-yoko

BTV odie
8 fonari a yoko

@ fonari :
cals Y LB e neighbor ; next (door) ra

DEOPACE BMORKE SEOMHS, CRVEDAIWA CHEF

BVO NORE TT LEV. Wh IBLF SD, RIUELOHEO Lo LOA
LNT, MERLV SUD IET. CHD PUAHLOBH TE CBs EUs
SEVELEEA CAML,2,3).
Tonari is used to indicate the position of an object or person which exists at
the side of something ; that is, parallel to and either on the left or right of
another object or person as viewed from the front. Things that are tonari
must be of the same quality or type and be perceived as equal in some re-
spect. Thus one cannot say Kare wa tsukue no tonari ni tatte iru to mean ‘He
is standing beside the desk’ (ex.1, 2,3).

OUR COHEN TC), MOU BISA 15S 6 OLILET

Cd,
5).Eis BOSE. LORD ARIEL BE BE LBV ES.
It is also used to refer to the nearest object of the same type, regardless of
whether the actual distance is near or far (ex.4,5). Also, a neighboring house,
or a person living in a neighboring house, is referred to as tonari or otonari.

1) DEOBNSTERT
CT £9 5. 2A

Uchino tonariwa yoochiendesu.

A kindergarten is next to (my) house.

2) BAILUII
RE= 5 1 eee os , AOBROMB
PPIRAL,
RAEI) Meee
or.
Kanai shoogakkoo-ichinenseino toki, watashino tonarino sekidatta.
Her desk was next to mine when we were first grade students.

3) BOOM DUI TAKAO HMSO BEA TT «

ern

Ano meganeo kaketa hitono tonarini irunoga, Takanosandesu.

Mr. Takano is the one standing next to the person wearing glasses.

4) HRD ORL HCH

wo igh

Tookyoono tonarino ekiwa Kandadesu.

The next station from Tokyo is Kanda.

501
tonari-yoko/ &7mY)-EC

5) TIE OPeEOC, HORECIFAUDHS.

VF; tips UnY WA

Kokowa yamano nakananode, tonarino iemade ichikiromo aru.

This is a mountainous area, so neighbors may be as much as one kilome-
ter apart.

= Pf 8 yoko
as Qo Bt mside ; width ; horizontal bul

DIOP ALE HS RKEIDLOMDS, OLVEPEOMMERTE®

UE bAoA

a exe 7, 8,9, 10). ApH B atk, EF ECHOEOA HY, TO

“15 )sDYNMRHALV» SRR BART. ey COO BKO Mla
ee
Yoko is used to indicate a position on either side of something, that is, to
the left or right of an object or person as viewed from the front (ex.6,7,8,9,
10). A no yoko ni B includes the sense that some other object is right next to
object A, which is the focus. It is used also to refer to the surface of the
side of an object (ex.11).

DOAD "eT [XFL TK FOARMAALET (fill2, 13a 4e

Tunes 125235 hod

It also indicates horizontal or flat position or direction, as opposed to verti-

cal (ex.12, 13, 14).

6) BEI ARO RORIK. ARAN DS.

ae

Kooenno tenshino zoono yokoni, mizunomibaga aru.

There’s a drinking fountain next to the statue of an angel in the park.

1) SASK HISTORIA RZOILEN CTD.

Sakki, anatano yokoni itanowa daredesuka?
Who was that person next to you a little while ago?

8) BAO BRIAFAM WO.

Oyainuno yokoni koinuga iru.
There are some puppies next to their mother.

9) ApSEERLTWAOIZ,
Ue 72
BRE TAC DOLFALL 4
Hitoga hanashio Bape 3 ae muiteirunowa shitsureida.
It’s rude to look away (to the side) when (I’m) talking.

10) trPit. beBPS AKEIAMRHCE

A 565
<40K.
Karewa, yokokara mita tokoroga chichioyani sokkurida.

502
 YD b> UHNIEY/dono kurai-dore hodo

He looks just like his father when (you) see him in profile.

11) F aA hORORMOCIAIL,> ae =
NUVE-RE
BV Thor.
cca 7m»

Chokoreetono hakono yokono tokoroni, Berugiiseito kaiteatta.

It said ‘Made in Belgium’ on the side of the box of chocolates.

12) I DMOKS SE FeC ISU ee 0a

Kono kamino ookisawa, tate juugosenchi, yoko nijussenchidesu.
This paper is 15cm long by 20cm wide.

13) RL POACHERS.
els VEY Axe pal un

Eigowa hidarikara migieto yokoni kaku.

English is written horizontally from left to right.

14) HRNKOC, BAIZTESTDURAR.

a) oe re
Tsukaretanode, yokoni natte sukoshi yasunda.
(1) was tired, so I lay down and rested a bit.

YDi
bw ENIEY
a dono kurai adore hodo

> e dono kurai 5

a2) < bw ahow much (long, far, etc.) i.

VEATCH TBODY, LEMBOEW ICOM BE BC CSIC E

t (ill, 2,3, 4).
Dono kurai is used when asking for an approximation of the quantity of ob-
jects, or the amount of time, distance, degree, etc. in question (ex.1,2,3,4).

iD) Awe LI PHHIELOREC LOK SWPPDVETD.

sae LES OV DVT.
A: Kokokara anatano iemade, donokurai kakarimasuka?
How long does it take from here to your house?
B: Ichijikankurai kakarimasu. It takes about an hour.

2) vl LWAYVYPAILEDKS BV DOMMBABDTCLE Die

Ar 5 DY yay

Atarashii sutajiamuwa donokuraino hitoga hairunodeshoo?

(1) wonder how many people the new stadium will hold?

503
dono kurai-dore hodo/ ¥D¢ bW- ¥HEY

BL, DRGM
) br BV GH
ED< CSD. DPVECAD, WR TCAET 0
RV 2 5 ‘A |

Watashino Eigoga donokurai tsuujiruka, wakarimasenga, ganbattemimasu.

I don’t know how much my English will be understood, but I'll do my
best.

1) EDK BEV RROD, Aas SE 5d; PE OINAHTS Tho CV 10

Donokurai netanoka, mega sametara moo ene sotowa kurakunatteita.
How long could (I) have been asleep? When I woke up it was already
dark outside (the window).

aor Senate Ia ©
TEO< bl CURR
CE ET. Go Si ae meni
PTD = WWF D

viEEM ae a SARC Ne < ) Tb, COOH CHEV £F (fil, 6, 7,8, 9).

This expression is used in the same way as Ane ne It may also be used
in the form dore hodo~te mo to emphasize the greatness (or smallness) of a
quantity, number of times, degree, etc. (ex.5,6,7, 8,9).

5) LARD
BB CEUEE OPE ASCHALE
TT 0
Kondono taifuude dorehodono higaiga diondip shinpaidesu.
(We're) worried about how bad was the damage in this last typhoon.

6) PRISPERLOKEAERELTLEV, ENIEEMDVULTISLEEAI.
Karewa nakayoshino tomodachiga tenkoo-shiteshimai, dorehodo gakkarishi-
teiru kotodaroo.
How unhappy he must be that his friend has moved to another school.

7) FAISFERR
? EV
BOM CEMUEE thal Teokp NEA.
Watashiwa gakuseijidai, ano hitoni aan sewani nattaka shiremasen.
I was indebted to him for so much during my school days that it can’t
even be told.

8) KOPBARILEMU (ZETERL TH, LYFSIULDVEHA.

Hino ee oie chuuishitemo, shisugiru kotowa arimasen.
You can’t be too careful about extinguishing fires.

9) Yn SERB CH CH, LO KONBMBDS DOO CLTEV.

es TEV EF

Dorehodo a erat sono hitono naiyooga kawaru monodewa nai.

No matter how much one tries to dress oneself up, the person inside
doesn’t change.

504
 LA-va< lH /toru-nuku-hazusu

CES
R6 (AFF
B foru gs nuku ge hazusu

@ foru
Lz 7) HLS | ato remove ; to take off |

DWUTWSHEO+> DWT LE DKOEDERWT. DOT AIK REIT S

ZECH Bil,
2,34,5).
To remove something which was attached to or part of something (ex.1,
2, 3,
4,5).

1) HYt-—F7-DEBEREROK.
AD WW KE Da

Furui seetaano kedamao totta.

(1) shaved the pile off an old sweater.

2) BEI. HOST RoC, ABBA COPED Sie.

Hahawa, nabeno futao totte, nikuga nieteiruka dookao mita.
Mother removed the lid of the pot to check if the meat was cooked yet.

3) Ar NWR EOINE, FAW NCROOILET

DV.
Shiroi shatsuni tsuita yogoreo, kireini torunowa muzukashii.
It is difficult to completely remove stains from a white shirt.

4) Rit, ISO LERo

rar
CHV SOL.
Karewa, booshio totte aisatsuo shita.
He took off his hat and greeted (me).

5) LOAD AINE RGIS TCS

t &

Kono honno kabaao toranaide kudasai.

Please don’t take the dust jacket off this book.

5 enuku 5
Ya < TK ¢ | ato pull (take) out ; to extract ©&
we

[LA TUS HOD + MS > THSHOKBl ko THEMTLEY, Ao

BWD + BX oTSbDEAIHL THES LTLESE SEV ET HIB, 7,8, 9,
10).

505
toru-nuku-hazusu) & 4-9 ALFFT

To pull out and remove something that is sticking out or sprouting. Also, to
remove a substance that is contained or mixed into another substance (ex.6,7,
8,9, 10).

6) HLALPEORER
AIR TET
Ashita niwano zassoo-o nukimasu.
(I'm) going to pull the weeds in my yard tomorrow.

~ EAT PIER
PA BDAIE ve |
CW 2 AYRE LT.
(EA wa

Gozenchuu haishade, hao nihon nukimashita.

This morning (I) Had two teeth pulled at the dentist.

8) FeV RIS oe EIF ARIS TEV

vDUF = A)

Yubini sasatta togega nukenai. Se"

(1) can’t get the thorn that’s stuck in my finger out. (A (kK

9) HERVEHA TSU IR, BEAULIEU

L R>
EF. =~
—
(3)

Shiboo-o nuita mirukuo, sukimumirukuto timasu.

Milk that has had the fat removed is called skim milk.

10) F~PFVI7OAIOVz2 LAM RIT TEN aA

Teeburukurosuni tsuita shimiga nukenai.
The stain in the tablecloth won’t come out.

> gwhazusu
ery LAS | mato remove ; to unfasten ; to undo ie

MABDS2TWSSEOK, BONER MICFSLETH CHIL,

12,13,
14, 15, 16).
To cause something which is attached to another thing to become separated
or loosened (ex.11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16).

M1) PLE COORYVEALT.

i al
HES O® Lice
Karewa sodeguchino botan-o hazushite, udemakurio shita.
He unbuttoned his sleeves and rolled them up.

12) PIOmi asian, PLAZEKICTE CV Yikes

Monno kakeganega, hazushita-mamani natteita.
The gate had been left unlatched.

506
 YSZ-¥atts/toru-nusumu

13) PSII DORO DET WxG@iaV etx WSIS CLEores

Kiihorudaakara ieno kagio hazushiteoitara, nakunatte-shimatta.
(I) took my house key off my key ring and lost it.

14) FRotIPC. ARC SOMOMALC. BIEN EDStK.,

5 Www a U5 WoL

Harappade, inuo kusarikara hazushite, jiyuuni hashiri-mawaraseta.

(I) took the leash off my dog and let him run free in the open field.

15) PEMD
MIE I LIZAAE ARIE ANTE yrORE §
Karega meganeo hazushita kaoo, mita kotoga nai. ie {us
(I) have never seen him with his glasses off. ae we

16) Flt.
br
VD COAMST SBT iFIRA 7,
HOLAMU db
en
foe yf
Watashiwa, itsudemo kekkon-yubiwawa hazusanai. ee
I never remove my wedding ring. li

LSB /LaATE
@ foru BnUSUMU

AEP ato take ; to steal 2

IADDVEDEDEBAODSODICFS—ECS. FIFI MODAN ESIC
Za CUT SUS ER EKMED OE REVOVE DCIOM BRHVET Cl,
253 48
To make someone else’s belongings one’s own: It is used both to mean to
take something stealthily while the other person doesn’t notice, or to steal di-
rectly from someone by force (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) tk
WHIL
id. ADIEND
PMAAPR Ronee
WGAi as > & Vy
TM7 KR.
Imootowa, watashiga ningyoo-o tottato itte naita.
My (younger) sister was crying, saying I had taken her doll.

#
LPL
4OBIs,
Lt BA25
RSCIpPOMl
aes
Mon CLEscKk
IU MHoKREIK.
Mukashi, sono shimawa, sensoode hokano kunini torarete shimattakotoga
attasooda.
It is said that in the past that island was seized by another country dur-

507
toru:nusumu) &4-¥att

ing a war.

OSE RN.
) ALAC
Hitogomide saifuo torareta.
(My) wallet was stolen in the crowd.

4) ADMbOH Ro Tdv Wt TEV 7

Hitono monoo tottewa ikenai.

(You) mustn’t take other people’s things.

PrPte CHE] sto steal

HAD 5EDE, BEECDHSZWKDIHSHLT. AAOOKL
CLAD SICH (fills, 6, 7). '~OR & A Cid CRM EVES
Il MODEM ISI IEW IRARCT CHB,
9).
To take someone else’s belongings without the owner’s noticing, and make it
one’s own (ex.5,6,7). The expression ~no me o nusunde means ‘while ~ isn’t
looking’, or ‘so ~ doesn’t notice’ (ex.8,9).

5) Bi LED Sy» 6b, 1EROReEA.

Bee a 25) Dra |) (s0Fr
Otokowa sono bokujookara, ittoono umao nusunda.
A man stole a horse from the ranch.

6) TEN DABIE DBI Fit Sim bBBD: ieee

DENT WE
Daremo shiranai uchini, bijutsukankara tasuuno
kaigaga nusumareteita.
A great number of paintings were stolen
from the art museum before anyone knew about it.

7) PnBisttdAA® LRA
sDAT
COPE.
Karewa hon-o issatsu nusunde tsukamatta.
He stole a book and was caught.

8) teaADA REACT < Bei LIt Lid te mes JADE Bali > 72.
CEISL

Jooshino meo nusunde, Ses Pini pied, Soh shiyoono den-

wao kaketa.
She often made personal phone calls at the office while her boss wasn’t
looking.

508
 (FIC)Y4+ (FIZ) H9/(te ni) toru-(te ni) motsu

9) HOBRBAC
Be bt
COF=EyRISER ACRE
F Eth OR BW
MLK.
#
Oyano meo nusunde, sono kodomowa mayonakani ieo nukedashita.
That child snuck out of the house in the middle of the night without
his parents noticing.

(Fie)
¥4/ Fic) 32
a(te ni) toru a (te ni) motsu

a(te ni) toru

(Fie) S a) ato take ; to hold (in the hands) Ed

LC RS + NOTRE
EA SPO BMORMIK, CLIHObDEIT—E
ASOFICSSLECH CPill,2,3,4). Lietot, REAL DBA Fic)
Eo Cro Ie OTeChevae Bie
To put something in one’s hands for some purpose, i.e., to examine it or to
pass it to someone else (ex.1,2,3,4). Thus, it is used in most cases in the
form (te ni) totte~suru.

1) LORMSE
Eg SODA
CISL, END Fic oT ROLEM TIS.
Kono hakubutsukan-dewa, tenjibutsuo teni totte miru kotoga dekiru.
At this museum you can pick up the objects on display with your hands
and look at them.

2) BILE OFA EL KOpPKtsG Beelt<n.

Kanojowa misesakino kyabetsuo ikutsuka teni totte, omosao kurabeta.
She picked up several cabbages (on sale) in front of
the store and compared their weights.
| na
3) TAEUAD, LORELEI, — LPL ep
Se a
Sumimasenga, sono hon-o totte itadakemasuka? ee 1B BI
Excuse me, could you hand me that book? ens aR

4) FA lkT-TFUD EDL DeCoTRICDER LK. =a

Watashiwa teeburuno ueno koshoo-o totte anini watashita.
I picked up the pepper on the table and gave it to my (elder) brother.

509
~naide-~nakute/~7\0T-~%e 6 T

ms a ni t
(FIC) OIE sen idfold Gna hand)
SECO RBC », BOSFT SLES CAS, 6, 7,8). CBS) “Bs
LN DEY IL Cafe, may CV 72 LET. PAN 714, SBT
S: 98 L<C ODER $. LOM PCLT tee TH, aid Att
Yet ANT Cd- Paty EVWvEttA.
To take something in the hand in order to carry it someplace (ex.5,6, 7, 8).
The object is kept in the hands or supported for a longer time than with (te
ni) toru. In Example 7 it means ‘to carry with or have on one’s person’. In
this case the object may be contained in a bag or other such container and
not held in the hand directly.

) WWAHLICH
A, Loo THIPEL AID.
Nimotsuga omosoodesune, hitotsu motte-agemashooka?
(Your) bundles look so heavy, why don’t (I) carry one for you.

6) raj Pte GD
Uy sone ves
FT DEB BAT Bul We Liz.
Ryooteni nimotsuo motteiru tokini koronde, kaoni kegao shita.
I fell and hurt my face when (I) was holding luggage in both hands.

7) FAIR OB, DILA DEBTOR

ABSEF OCOET
Watashiwa itsumo, kabanno nakani oritatamigasao motteimasu.
I always have a folding umbrella in my briefcase.

8) GOA eAAL WDO9 AVE o CHS.

Aneno akachanwa, itsumo taoruo motte neru.
My (elder) sister’s baby always goes to sleep holding a towel.

RAEN ESE IC
@ ~naide a ~nakute

~HWrt s ~naide ¥
a without ~ing

WOOLEY, FEOMSKO ERICH > TWS IE EBC LTH DET

510
 ~TMOT-~Ie § T/ ~naide- ~nakute

SLEERLET CAL, 2,3, 4). lncesveep Ve EVD CORNET (Pls, 6).

This indicates that one does something without performing an action that is
usual or expected (ex.1,2,3,4). The form ~zu ni is also used (ex. 5,6).

1) Al,ite iAP Heys TEV CHREV Hee

BAW ULiA A

enshie kono mondaio hitoban nenaide toita.

I went without sleep all night and solved this problem.

2) BARECS
TH MITSOIL, MRIS
RC 7RV0.
Chooshokuo toranaide dekakerunowa, karadani yokunai.
It’s not good for (you) to go out without eating breakfast.

3) Sx WLBT IE
SE LIBYT, EOF CISC FGA 9
Kyoowa eee shinaide, massugu teint kaeroo.
Today, let’s go straight home without stopping off anywhere.

4) Pk SABC Gohlers {TecB CLES.

Karewa yoku kangaenaide, omotta kotoo sugu koodooni utsushiteshimau.
He puts his ideas right into action without giving them careful considera-
tion.

5) LORIE, DEF IZ HOH Cd >< DIEDLTRA CS FOSS

Kono kusuriwa, kamazuni kuchino nakade yukkuri tokashite nonde kudasai.
Please let the medicine dissolve slowly in your mouth without chewing it.

6) pues dit DHT MEER NK.

Chichiwa, wakemo kikazuni anio donaritsuketa.
My dad yelled at my brother without even listening to his excuse.

gw ~nakute
~ T, < 16 = without~ ; therefore~ )

LEO RAPEAM, HSLEMIPNTOE

WADA
- SSKRTIEW
aa Kee gh ay IT, 8,9,10).
~nakute is used when the non-occurrence of an action, or the non-fulfill-
ment of a state or condition, is the cause or reason for another event or ac-
tion (ex.7, 8,9, 10).

7) Hh (a. LHSAMLEMILEB DD DbISS THs CWEF

511
naoru-kaifuku suru) S-DOHX¢ TS

Watashiwa, Uedasanno juushoga wakaranakute komatteimasu.

I’m really in trouble—I can’t find Mr. Ueda’s address.

8) ASCH MBE TC. GRVBOILDORMA

HO Lakic es
TVS. le) Ua)

Atsusade shokuyokuga nakute, tsumetai monobakari nondeiru.

Because of the heat, (1) have no appetite and I drink nothing but cold
things.

9) MicAvnkIA—bMborINE, baesMEYIES TRATED O10

Kiniitta kootoga attakeredo, okanega eae kaenakatta.
There was a coat (I) liked, but I didn’t have enough money so I
couldn’t buy it.

10) Bl, DFHRS PE oR ERE Le O Aloe eV Wis [FESTES CHD» >

He Core

Watashiga noru yoteidatta funega soonanshitatono shiraseo kiite, ‘norana-

kute tasukatta’ to omotta.
When I heard the news that the boat I was to have taken had had an
accident, I thought (to myself) ‘Thank God I didn’t get on it!’

kBS/PVOVA
TS
B naoru as kaifuku suru

We35% (BS: HS] ae te pated” ; to get well cl

® pie ee TR IGY VAR +RES sh2bOn, ZRIEO RU . TELL

Naoru indicates that something that is broken, wrong, or otherwise in bad

condition returns to its original or correct condition (ex.1, 2,3).

QR IF MTEED IK REDD, FERRER TE

RICH CSILI OAV, LOE
Nee cee Gilt, 5,6).
Naoru may also be used when speaking of an illness or injury being cured,
and in this case the kanji 74 is written (ex.4, 5,6).

1) Ha OAPI L TOK] BOtICS.

Syl
 3 S-POM¢ $4 /naoru-kaifuku suru

Denwano koshoowa, suguni naorusoodesu,

They say the problem with the telephone can be easily repaired.

2) (SPR
LPs if
LCM SBE
BAS, ahBoCeto Ck.
Shuurini dashiteita kurumaga, naotte modottekita.
The car (I) took in to be repaired came back running well (fixed).

3) ROBE A, WS Oo
COB SIU.
Kareno namakegusewa, ikutsuni nattemo naoranai.
He’ll never mend his lazy ways no matter how old he gets.

4) LONG HWOIW ATE, SAvsinidiass.

Kono guraino keganara, mikkamo sureba naoruyo.
A wound like this should heal in about three days.

5) BABA TH. TCUAREBE LANES TTL,

Kazega naottemo, suguni murio shinai hooga tidesuyo.
Even after you get over your cold (you) should take it easy for a while,
you know.

6) phaRORALO
UES
IRS,
a6
RADON.
Ww L® x
Kareno byookiwa moo naoranaito, ishakara kiita.
(1) heard from the doctor that his sickness is incurable. (The doctor told
me that...)

DORCTS PETS] Toten” E

OPAPT PARKS 20TH OMREMOSEFLETH (Hil7,8,9).
To return to health after illness or injury (ex.7, 8,9).

DEVI
HEIL TUIOO A, TOK REROSETLETH Calo,
1) ieee LO DFEIAD Ao CVS : ABC DERUR DET Pile,
13H ED, Ko ThES De HY 0 STEVIA BRODIT.
To return something that was in a bad condition to a normal one (ex.10, 11).
Kaifuku suru suggests the condition is more serious and takes more time to
recover from than does naoru. As in Examples 12 and 13, it may be used to
denote recovering something that was lost.

7) LOAM LI. RPECHATIATSET

4
5H WALI

513
nakanaka-kekkou-warito/ %&Dkp-ol 5 PVe

Chichino kenkooga kaifukushitara, kazokude ryokooni ikimasu.

When my father’s health improves, we'll take a family trip together.

8) Busts, BATHE
T SOMBFV.
Wakai uchiwa, tsukaretemo kaifukusurunoga hayai.
People quickly recover from fatigue when they’re young.

9) ROW It,
rn tT
PLP OBB
as Vr do < ,
>oTOE ITS
Kareno aoe sukoshizutsu kaifukuni mukatteirusoodesu.
He appears to be recovering from his illness little by little.

10) Hb,Rebt LARA YES O08 FFBich RCH D7

Rn tenkooga kaifukusurunoo matte, ryooni dekaketa.
We waited for the weather to improve and then went fishing.

11) BEI LOREOK ~», HOY 4 VILAVEO EB LATZLzTLV

5< Irvr
ds&

Rakurainiyoru teidenno tame, denshano daiyawa kaifukuno mitooshiga tata-

nal.
Lightning caused a power failure, and there’s no way of telling when the
trains will get back on schedule.

12) FAN we , BEDE Ease BYES OETES 1 A pmDone

Shujutsuno ato, oe ishikiga Cee maru ichinichi kakatta.
It took one full day for her to regain consciousness after the operation.

13) AoE
6 PSK
ME BIET SOIR, ABEL.
Ichido ushinatta shinyoo-o eee taihenna kotoda.
It’s very difficult to regain someone’s trust once it’s been lost.

RDB
/ sth /PVYe
g nakanaka a kekkou & warito

#8 nakanaka
75.275.2» mquite ; rather

DEGF PEERS CLEL UIE, CORSUMBULLEERLET.

Rub Lt 9. SOKO T SRS EAgACW aa can,2,3,4,5).
Nakanaka is used together with Sesipine words to express that the degree
or level of something is high. A feeling of admiration or praise is implied (ex.

514
 BD Wb3705-)Y & /nakanaka-kekkou-warito

15 2.3%4,5)
QM TEDTED~IN SEWER CFF OCA BES - FRRITIZ-ZOAK RE
Tah
kA DATA sales) 7S
LES?

VTLETEVEV LIT ERLET CHl6, 7, 8).

The expression nakanaka~nai means that something is difficult to do, or that
a situation does not easily come about (ex.6, 7,8).

1) SORBATE
RO Loh VCH 42.0
Kono kurumawa nakanaka norigokochiga iidesune.
This car is quite comfortable to ride in.

2) HOMEDA YT VP LTD TED LOC Ais

Ano miseno interiawa nakanaka shareteiru.
The interior of that shop is quite elegant.

3) (RISB Bvt CM CHK 2EKRVWINY, Tepiem

kbFICK.
pa Veen 7b A Est ob
Karewa shodoo-o naraihajimete mada ninendakeredo, nakanaka joozuni
kaku.
Although he has been studying calligraphy for only two years, he is rath-
er good at it.

4) HORFOSEMR
UM tA LS
KIVA, Ros pe HAVWVESE.
DEDIEA
Ano kashuno kondo deta arubamuwa, nakanaka hyoobanga iiyooda.
That singer’s latest album seems to have been quite well received.

5) KOE HICLNNTLOOD PIES BOIL, TeartsmitsF av.

Tsugino shushooni darega narunoka yosoosurunowa, nakanaka muzukashii.
It’s quite difficult to imagine who might become the next Prime Minister.

6) GM Zigel SEOMEADPLA TOO TED TS DYE IE LTE

WABICe
Konkaino kaigiwa, kakkokuno rigaiga karandeirunode, nakanaka gooini
tasshinaiyooda.
(We) just can’t seem to achieve a consensus at this conference because
the interests of each country are involved.

7) HAI A i<mes BABE Cit 72075 1A AEE OL EMTS TENNs

Chikaga takakute, shutokendewa nakanaka maihoomuo motsu kotoga deki-
nai.
The price of land is so high that it’s very difficult to own (your) own
home in the metropolitan area.

S15
nakanaka:-kekkou-warito/7zD>RD: PoC o-Pve

) sO a tepteas KT EI»- TEOCS HEAL FAS 7e.

Jikono tame denshaga nakanaka konakattanode, chikokushite-shimatta.
Because of an accident, the train didn’t come for a long time (I) ended
up being late.

a kekkou
Fo c 4 m quite ; rather Be

LDIEORED
PBL TOKEOKO ER, —RMETE SEVILLE
or oe (LU “Wha PARAS WDCHoheWIE EY Re GAS EMHOO
C,
CSE SATEEN LECT. |Cael 7s a BCT (G9,Hidewabestieyy
Kekkou describes something as being at a higher level than was first anticipat-
ed, and that for the moment one is satisfied with it. Care must be exercised
when using it, because there are times when the listener may take it to mean
that the speaker’s original expectations were low. It is a colloquial expres-
sion (ex.9, 10,11, 12, 13).

LOAESHS KE DC Bota PoChOkitol IBM oko

Kono shigotowa taihenkato omottaga, yattemiruto kekkoo kantandatta.
(I) thought this work would be difficult, but once I tried it, I found it
was rather simple.

10) ZZISEDVYCHDBWL, BDL. Wo lI PTE.

AY) BE LF ars

Kokowa mawarini midorimo ooishi, shizukadashi, kekkoo ii tokorodane.

There’s a lot of green around here, and it’s quiet—it’s really a nice area,
isn’t it?

11) BLLOWFZEDIK BRL oo DeCU ee

Yoru juujinanoni, denshawa kekkoo kondeita.
The train was rather crowded, even though it was ten o’clock at night.

12) PULVOBISMOO, BBEREL, Gol IBLeICIRS.

Karewa itsumowa mukuchidaga, osakeo nomuto, kekkoo oshaberini naru.
He usually doesn’t talk much, but when he drinks he gets quite talkative.

13) Sot FIL TST 1 BIRO, BRO) bit < CHEATED TC oz

Kokoni hikkoshitekite ichinenni naruga, ekimo misemo chikakute benrinanode,

kekkoo kiniitteiru.

516
 kPRAD-t57l 9-)Y &/nakanaka-kekkou:-warito

It’s been a year now since (I) moved here. I’ve come to like it quite a
lot because it’s so convenient, with the station and shops nearby.

8 warito r
ro) Y ja wrather ; fairly =

FEIEM. Sdofo CSTR, ERRATIC GLEE RLF

Bind, 15,16,17), ABER MIAEDNSIEBHVEF (fijl8).
Warito expresses that, although not conspicuous, the level of something is
comparatively good (or bad) (ex.14, 15, 16,17). There are cases in which it is
used to make a statement sound modest or reserved (ex.18).

14) Fa MALB LTS, DYED.

2) ers

Kyoowa juunigatsuni shitewa, warito atatakai.

It is rather warm for December today.

15) HOURS. AIL6S LACIRWGE, RroDVeEVLSiEpok.

AW pf

Ano eigawa, Paimciod omoshirosooda-kedo, mitara warito tsumaranakatta.

That movie has an interesting title, but it was actually a bit boring.

16) BOF IL, BENRENLOV

EP omoks, TOA
& SC BAS < 75.
aC ibs:

Ano kowa, umareta tokiwa warito chiisakattaga, imadewa iejuude ichiban

ookiku_ natteshimatta.
He was somewhat small when he was born, but now he’s the biggest in
the family.

17) Saves (=I

BTV TWH, Ye F< AAS Has = A ICeg on
Kyoowa ries suiteitanode, warito Kayak ee tsuku kotoga de-
kita.
Today the streets weren’t crowded so (we) were able to get to our desti-
nation fairly quickly.

18) GES
Seca
EDF —LINL, DYUEVWBEBBVOC
tALOo BK
BF CISMOLNE
PILEF

sere
Kotoshi uchino chiimuniwa, warito ii senshuga ooinode, yuushoo dekirukamo
shiremasenyo.
Our team has a lot of pretty good players on it this year, so maybe we
can win the championship.

Sil,
nageru-houru/7FS\E5S

RIF S/NESS
m nageru w houru

RUS wITS] IA, B

F| “AF of WDE K Tie < ARILS — ai Gg ae BK OSI Mote)
nye st20F4 Hpes Puree pi, OSs
To forcefully nal an object one is holding in one’s hand through the air to-
ward a distant area. In most cases an objective, i.e., a target or a person that
will catch the object, is aimed at (ex.1, 2,3).

1) ADE yFv—-ld, ETO PRAT S

Ano pitchaawa, totemo hayai tamao nageru.
That pitcher throws a very fast ball. =
practi
2) Pid, WeSC, I-IVORERIT
es matoo yoku neratte, daatsuno yao nageta.
He carefully aimed and threw the dart at the target.

3) BULB ERT CD bo iBa) thot.

Karewa ishio nagete eid otharatta.
He drove the crows away by hurling stones at them.

gwhouru
ES 5 4 BS | ato toss ; to throw <

OFF
oe ODER SKALIN, HOVILEDIZIAMISTF
LETH. BEL
TC. HFS ECE SIRS ZEOHVET CP, 5).
To make an object one is holding in one’s hand fly lightly up and away
from oneself. There:are cases in which houru is used with the same meaning
as nageru (ex.4, 5).

2) | Hho THK 11d, “GOES * BEN SAE TRS EVI RCT BI

Os
The expression houtteoku means to leave something as it is, or to allow some-

518
 HEME EY RW /nasakenai-tayorinai

one to do as he or she pleases (ex.6, 7).

4) A Bho CHEF TSA. CHALE

Hitoni monoo hootte watasunante shitsureida.
It is impolite to pass things to people by tossing them.

5) WHI Be ROE, Htc ADH ASIbtiote.

Ikeni ishio hooruto, sae mizuno waga hirogatta.
When (I) threw a rock into the pond, ripples spread out across the sur-
face of the water.

6) FED A MIL Bo THEI MU.

Kodomono kenkawa, hootteoku hooga ii.
It’s better to ignore children’s arguments.

7) ®OFLO LEA, Bo TRC

Moo watashino kotowa, hootteoite kudasai.
Please, leave me alone.

BREVGEO/RKVEM
w nasakenai @ fayorinai

PeeWee TEE] Themen &

HS <> rely
aay fe d REDO LLY | tht ABUSE, EVILITERLET
thADZ ele 82 ue Malae OAL acy (fll, Dee Wea):
Nataeene Fee ee a situation or condition as embarrassing, regrettable or
miserable. It may be used when speaking of oneself or others (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) KEE RDOEAT. five ok.

Tomodachio uragirunante, nasakenai yatsuda.
What a despicable man, to double-cross (his) friend like that.

2) GDF APO BRA ADCB TES EBIEL OED 972

aS
Konkaino tesutono ae cenarine, nasakenaku-naruhodo hidokatta.
My grade on this test was so bad (I) have to feel ashamed of myself.

9
nasakenai:-tayorinai/?r SWB EVRY

3) Ame USN 7EA THAT TW MEO BZ

Hitoo shinjirarenainante nasakenai yononakada.
What a pitiful state of affairs it is when (you) can’t believe in anyone.

4) fRUTTRV ZEN, FAILODECACBRAIENOA

TE
‘5x LAO Dt

Nasakenai kotoni, kongetsuwa moo hotondo okanega naindesu.

To my embarrassment (I) have practically no money left this month.

5) BUICISBEBNSL, BAST SL MA PAMAIT

TES Tho CEL
Ameniwa furarerushi, onakawa sukushi, nandaka nasakenaku nattekita.
(1) got rained on, I’m hungry, and all in all I feel pretty wretched.

EV le HOOT ene SI
BDOLEY PATE LT, TL ODO UTUMELY ERTS EY: BT
[SBE EOPVs ae) C. SSMOCVD
AIZE
REE hhRUDSLITERLETF
4-bh 5d
Chil
nv

Gy7.009))-
Tayorinai describes a condition in which one feels insecure or uneasy because
the construction of an object, or a person, is unreliable or undependable (ex.
Ona o9))s

6) GSE OIR C. SRRALL CRIT.

rae Wita

Karewa keikenga asakute, mada ishatoshite tayorinai.

He’s inexperienced, so (you) can’t trust him as a doctor yet.

7) SPN ROOK, CATV STEA b CL, DE oCREV TEM.

Kono kawao kudarunoni, konnani chiisana bootodewa, chotto tayorinai.
This small boat seems a bit unstable to take down this river.

8) COHABIZEIT
sy
Cla zk
RAO Zea, ATS BIB ae CPT
Rat tac Xe eC AD ap ELE
HERE LCS TSM
WKILA

Kono chizudakedewa tayorinaikara, iku maeni denwade bashoo kakuninshite

kudasai.
This map alone won’t be reliable enough; please call before (you) leave
and make sure of the location.

9) PRILSEA BETS LS CHOI RA SD, BON

CR GEV.
Kanojowa fudan otonashikute tayorinaku mieruga, igaini kiga tsuyoi.
That girl usually appears quiet and meek, but she is unexpectedly strong
in spirit.

520
 %KTS-E¥F4-CFS/naderu-sasuru-kosuru

TOE/ETFSE/2FS
B naderu B SaSUrU w kosuru

5 8 naderu
MEE va) @to stroke %

APP 1 2. EMOSTT ABH SLICE LK SH BLES ibis

D<DiBRLTH. JE COME SEA. HF EDDWUWE BD RFS. »?
SUS: WED OG ER Ta bo COEF (Pill, 2,3, 4).
To stroke or pet a human or animal with the palm of the hand. It may or
may not be a repeated movement, and it expresses a person’s affection or feel-
ings of concern or tenderness (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

1) DOUE
Rect BATH OVWACLIII YE, an»
TR beA DHE
AE
PAK EC.
Kanojowa “Nante kawaiindeshoo” to, akachanno atamao yasashiku nadeta.
She said, “How cute!” and gently patted the baby on his head.

2) WEDD ETETHE, AUF SRS E5105.

a = 3]

Nekono nodoo naderuto, kimochi-yosasooni gorogoro yuu.

When (you) stroke a cat’s throat, it purrs contentedly.

3) ual
Pla, FRC
=) ac
CRoK. ®
Karewa, koinuo nadeteyatta. depaertncee 9°
He petted the kitty. Ste J"

4) kB,
ped
CorLUEHRECT
SL. as
es
weak
> eae
Soyokazega, sotto hoo-o nadeteitta. ees Sf tay
The breeze gently brushed across (my) cheeks.

@ sasuru
= > 4 ato rub %

“ICH LIELALIEME CED, TRUTIETE< LISS < ORGIES B

HEC. SREPDOTHORYSELOFSERES THIVET (Gis,
Bis
Sasuru has almost the same meaning as naderu, but is not a one-time event;

521
naderu-sasuru-kosuru/7kTA:-XT4: CFS

the rubbing may continue for a while. This action is done in order to ease
one’s pain or to offer relief (ex.5, 6,7).

5) do do TBV > 1 EBS. WII ROR ERIT oho

eal

“Aa itai” to karewa, isuni butsuketa ashio sasutta.

He shouted “Ouch!” and rubbed the leg he knocked against the chair.

6) BRESAIL, FHOUSAILESE
CH PEST 5CP ok.
Okaasanwa, kodomono sekiga tomarumade senakao sasutteyatta.
The mother rubbed the child’s back until he stopped coughing.

7) ADBEATI MD. FRESTVELE IM.

Kibunga waruindesuka? Senakao sasurimashooka?
Are (you) feeling lousy? Shall I rub (your) back?

a kosuru 5
CHS sto rub; to scrub ©

HOD keMARC FRLIIFSASICLT. HRHOV

ILA AME SH
DTHETT (PI8, 9,10). “FSBO, FCOHBRE
Ro THD LVL
Ao PILMLIICTETUT
EV GUSOHYET
To repeatedly move something back and forth or left and right, while press-
ing it hard against something else (ex.8,9,10). The rubbing object may be a
part of the body, i.e., a hand or an instrument. As in Example 11, it may be
a one-time movement.

8) BOFiL, FRED Be IT skh.

BEE
ee = at »

Otokonokowa, nemusooni meo kosutta.

The boy rubbed his eyes sleepily.

9) DHCHFAZRITS|LV PETS.
Tsumede garasuo kosuruto iyana otoga suru.
If (you) scratch the surface of glass with
your fingernails, it makes a very unpleasant sound.

10) Faery th. AIERELT oCKEBL Oye.

Genshi-jidai, hitowa kio kosutte hio okoshita.
In primitive times, people made fire by rubbing wood together.

322
 AL I—E—THOTF

11) AFL —WIELF oROC BUCSG BOW,

Gaadoreeruni kosuttanode, kurumani kizuga tsuita.
(1) scraped my car against a guardrail, and it got scratched.

Aik aA EK FOO OF
Dieu

AS ADR, EERE EH
EDO VITS £ LK
a se Oy alae eee do
NESMAM OCT Ds CAMHS
II: feSBMaeek eR a a
Cy EMME E Le. Cae CO CTs ERSEF. %
LG TIES OVC CT BRO Ulcok a ASIC
VEBATT A, BREEN ENS HET. WU
TWB EVs CVS SBTC. CCl (LT. IEA
FOP SBE DE OOEMU CS, LKILADOPS ES
gd BATE Cs were, € ORE tS TRV NE Ss
VAG (29M DO Dida Ee A Ome lho SY
CATO Side
~ OBB Ia, FB] + BAT AT EAVES EMER AY
EAC Gis AEB RSonia Meals) OMe NR cece ee ely
Vos (2 CBRE Li 6 ORB PHT + Rips we. ELT I ~M
Vr tk Ries ° oe ERLED«

Watashi wa koohii de ti desu'

Ken, Emiko, and Kohei went to visit Ms. Wada’s house. Ms. Wada
asked, “Koohii demo iremashoo ka? Soretomo koocha ga ii desu idee
Ken replied, “Koohii wa ii desu,*” Emiko said, “Koohii de ii desu,” and
Kohei said, “Koohii ga ii desu.”

523
namakeru:saboru:okotaru/7 EI S-URSZ:ECRS

These answers appear to be very similar, but each has a different

meaning. ~wa ti means ‘I don’t want ~’, ~de ti is used when you
don’t want the other person to go to too much trouble, or you wish
not to say what you really want because you know it is troublesome,
and ~ga ii is used when you are clearly stating a preference.
The word before wa, de, or ga may refer to a variety of things, in-
cluding time, place, or people. In these cases as well, wa ii expresses re-
fusal, de ii indicates permission or compromise with hesitation, while
ga ii expresses desire.

| As for me, coffee will do (Ill make do with coffee).

2 Shall I make some coffee, or would you prefer tea?
3 As for coffee, 'm fine UI don’t need it).
4 Ill settle for coffee.
5 I would like some coffee.

RETS/VRE/BCORS
ga namakeru a saboru a okotaru

EGS (BUS1
Ny
ate
x
Toeiy 2
me»
DAF
RELA
5s
SCO FRE PERE CLEP HSEWIECS CBI.
I, oak ee a BDICE— He aml oP BIE LUM CLE CIC OLE
Wet.
To not do what one should do because it is troublesome, or one wants to
take it easy (ex.1,2,3,4); it also means to not do things seriously or eagerly.

1) Pde SP. ET CloALVISMYLTIS.

Karewa shigotochuu, namakete inemuribakari shiteiru.
In the office, he doesn’t work seriously; (in fact) he does nothing but
doze off.

2) AAOKH, ISEIF CIN Lisdoh2OCKoT ee

Yasumino aida, namakete nanimo shinakattanode futotteshimatta.

(1) ended up gaining weight because I was lazy and didn’t do anything
during my vacation.
 TRETS-URSZ-5 CLES /namakeru-saboru-okotaru

3) PReSEISe. HALRORECHVIETE.
ELS Epa Se
Yoshuuo namakeruto, ashitano jugyoode komarimasuyo.
If (you) slack off on preparing, you’ll have trouble in tomorrow’s class.

BV CEIILEIF TIL DVYWSE, WOME SS.

Wakai tokini namakete-bakartiruto, itsuka.kookaisuru.
If (you) don’t do anything but fool around when you’re young, you’ll be
sorry someday.

5 gs saboru ; 3
TAR 4 sto cut a class (meeting, etc.) &

Lists Sg Lee, RELRWRMIDSE LED 79, thgerd

AKISCE RTT. HOLE ACRAS LICKELECH
Vente fa)
(ls,
6,7,8).
RI-VapbO, (Pas
“Ee
HE< IRR
RCT
To not do what should be done because one wants to take it easy; also
means to be absent from school or work without permission or proper rea-
sons (ex.5,6,7,8). This is a colloquial slang expression derived from “sabo-
tage”.

5) PIARBRMHSL, LAL MDRE Ho CERE IRS,

PA LITA Pees a7: DI=F

Karewa shikenga aruto, tokidoki kebyoo-o tsukatte gakkoo-o saboru.

When he has an examination, he sometimes pretends to be sick and
skips school.

6) drL
FA va RR.
BK W U Kw
GSRCM@¥ ES IA CR
Aw Bo 4
ICTWy ore.
Watashiwa gakuseijidai, yoku jugyoo-o sabotte eigao mini itta.
When I was a student, I often cut classes and went to see a movie.

7) PHBUSata E Ro GRE
Hv t
IohOMRODST,
vy A
BEE
PWLe
BIC Tote
<U

Karewa shigotoo sabotte keibani ittanoga mitsukatte, kaishao kubininatta.

He was fired because the company found out that he skipped work and
went to the horse races.

8) FILET JOR Be Ths CHILL PNK.

pil NALS vais

Watashiwa pianono renshuuo sabotte hahani shikarareta.

My mother scolded me because I skipped out on my piano lesson.

525
nayamu-komaru-mayou/tePtr-C ES ELS

(eZ @ okotaru 5
roe ifs Lh © ato neglect |

WIR LIITHMEE DEWCLE, LEWLETH CPil9, 10, 11,12), 3549

LCh ten ARO LT UME, TRETRIBTDS IBIS eA BUCH. BINS KA WAWA

ba nel je AAPA ox) fh At ast DPPDEVWI woes{BLT

ted nai ill Vay ole

To not carry out a responsibility (ex.9,10,11,12); in many cases, carelessness,

negligence or absent-mindedness are the reasons. It is implied that the negli-
gence results in trouble for oneself or others.

) HOSBUL, PE
Ike Boh of OM RAL
WAWA

Ano jikowa, karega ichijiteishio okotattanoga gen-inda.

The cause of the accident was his failure to stop.

10) TRC BIS AF ip Be 5 — Tea Cla FTE.

5 EA CWAU 5 2)

Oyogu maeni, junbiundoo-o okotattewa ikenai.

(You) mustn’t neglect to do your warm-up exercises before you swim.

1) QUSPROPEEBIAoKOT AeeLoNK.
Dar +f A

Karewa zeikinno shinkokuo okotattanode, bakkin-o torareta.

He neglected to send in his tax report, so he had to pay a fine.

12) fr Se% Jed Ofc ES lc Be BA Te5 CULVWATEV

ee jootatsusuru tameniwa, tsuneni doryokuo okotattewa ikenai.
At anything you do if you want to improve, you cannot stop putting
forth effort.

ESB Sy(Rey
aoe AGS
ma nayamu = komaru m@ mayou

Trreoty at Bnayamu @
ato worry

DPD LAIE Cee, COLEERUOKAIEVBWSBRAGeseal re,a

a HREM
FHF
TpoteYiteatear om FILER ED LET Cf, 2,ae
=i4

To brood about how to handle a problem or worrisome matter. To feel men-

tal anguish because a solution is difficult to find or is nonexistent (Exclnmaie

526
 HPeL-CES-ELS /nayamu-komaru-mayou

©) Tchad LWIADId, JA BRETSCORM IK REA teprtem Rv TK RE

7 5 UkShe
(TIRE TELAT BEV tect CPA, 5.6).
~ni nayamu means to be distressed because an adverse condition such as ill-
ness, pollution, etc. is not improving (ex.4, 5,6).

1) PRIS,
eal
VSSF SRL CDRA
AAXES Wyte b
EMORY OCA
EO
CVD.
Karewa, ikura benkyooshitemo seisekiga agaranainode nayandeiru.
He is worried because, no matter how much he studies, his grades don’t
improve.

2) BZ Ald, DEDTEWIE TE SK LEME BOT.

Wakai korowa, tsumaranai kotode kuyokuyoto nayamu monoda.
When (you) are young, you always worry about trivial matters.

3) BEE EIRO AS ROX CTHRA TH ray

GITYM LLS56

Pay musumeno shooraino kotode nayandeiru. fAaai\ CB) BN

She is worried about her daughter’s future. ey fem (IS :
4) ue3th PATHS,a AOS
Alp} np.0 JS

1S IBD 2S!“fA T Ce, on Adee a

Cho kansetsuenni nayandeiru. ar ee: .)
(My) father suffers from arthritis. Y ang
)
5) BOAMISNER EIA CS. oo
Re. UL

Kareno kaishawa hitodebusokuni nayandeiru.

His company is suffering from a shortage of manpower.

6) dDrL
FA ORILHBIV
WA Dee
EOC, BORE
cies
aberye
IMEC
72?
COST
Watashino iewa kokudoozoinanode, kurumano soo-onni nayamasareteimasu.
My house is next to a national highway, so we are bothered by the
noise of cars.

a komaru
(ee a2 4 LIA %J wto be in trouble ; to be annoyed °

abies) LIBRWODDD SE ° MRT SOBETD LO - KEIR ye

HohKVSLER, BHPRAME
RUSE EVEF (FIT, 8,9).
This verb is used when one feels uncertainty or difficulty in solving a prob-
lem, has a feeling that a situation has become serious, or feels hardship or
constraint (ex.7, 8,9).

27
nayamu:komaru-mayou | Pt CES ELS

2)FR< Rete ESS PRR¢ IEE TB alaedear Av Ul tke

FUSE ev (P10, 1
Hip ALA Hwy ¢

fs Hit THTEVOI, HOTA Loh Die PERL PDT BLA FLEOH

yey pina, 13), #% “a TA hd. LD Alo CBN CATS fh A
HIDES ALU SHORT (lid).
It is also used to describe something as bad or bothersome (ex.10, 11). In
addition, it may indicate that something is not necessarily a bother, however
the speaker feels embarrassed or modest about it (ex.12,13). The expression
komatta hito refers to a person that is a bother to others, not one who is
himself disturbed (ex.14).

) RAT5 55A. SWISS UT Plo7:.

Ryokoochuu, saifuo nakushite komatta.
(1) was in a fix because I lost my wallet while travelling.

8) HATS OME EHETH TS. UCBATE CEA OS

Tokaidewa ookuno hitoga juutakunande komatteiru.

A lot of people are having trouble finding housing in the city.

9) Blof ali<i eT5 BAN 75. xClbseyes

UM5rs

Komatta kotoni juuyoona shoruio nakushiteshimatta.

(I) am in a terrible fix because I lost some important documents.

10) TAIL AIL EO TISAI ET 0

Konna tokoroni kurumao tometewa komarimasu.
Parking (your) car here will cause problems for others.

11) BUPE OK EA Om6, Hera Ltt £4.

Kazeo hikuto komarukara, atatakakushite dekakeyoo.
(1) don’t want to catch a cold, so I'd better bundle up before I go out.

12) LA IBMT
WOE <HEBIA TC METK,
Konnani kookana mono-o kudasarunante...komarimasuyo.
(You’ve) given me such an expensive gift. (I) don’t know what to say.

13) RAMSERATEDNT. Hobo.

Totsuzen sukidanante iwarete, komatchatta.
(1) didn’t know what to do when he suddenly told me he likes me.

14) BAIL DBITA ANT AY LChokARSK.

Aeba itsumo kenkabakari shite komatta hitotachida.
(They) are a bit of a problem because they fight whenever they meet.

528
 Pt CES-EL 5 /nayamu-komaru-mayou

pes = mayou
Eas 9) [eo mto be at a loss ; to get lost e

@v» SPPNOBDLED BAH, CHE BATION DPD PSTN ESP, iR

DOMEWESEV
ET (Pill, 16, 17).
To have difficulty deciding or choosing from several choices (ex.15, 16,17).

OP COMM PPMELELAC. IELTS

A Am b7s< feohkt& BIC
AS CEET Cs).
The expression michi ni mayou means to be unable to find one’s way through
a new or confusing place, i.e., to be lost (ex.18).

15) Rly bd. CORP LIAR CWS

PEL TED < Wy nee

Watashiwa, dono daigakuni ikooka mayotteiru.

I’m not sure which university to choose.

16) Hee BV 4Torene, CMU LED Mo TLE sr.

Kutsuo kaini ittakeredo, doreni shiyooka mayotteshimatta.
(1) went shopping for shoes but had difficulty picking a pair I liked.

17) BADE
CRA ne
LW CRoklels,
BY
KOPRTLEIIAW.
rE (325
Jibunga tadashiito omotta kotowa, mayowazu jikkooshita hooga ii.
When you feel sure about something, you
should proceed without hesitation.

18) ADA COLIC

5 OIBIIAV,
we ary Ads enle

3 ROARS
Ion TCLEsk.
EDA #4 zD

Hajimeteno tochide sukkari michini mayoi,

sanjikanmo arukimawatte-shimatta.
(1) got completely lost in an unfamiliar
area and walked in circles for three hours.

529
~nareru>~tsukeru) ~7z214-~OIt4

~BNS/~ O34
mw ~nareru a ~tsukeru

7 m= ~nareru =
~TNS ~TNS uwV+be used to

(HIEWHEERLICOC. "PA EL Te + BIS

OU Es BUA TUS + HEC
FUAS FEVr ypBW oyeer aec= Cine yeeee ¥e MEAN A (ASH
DMA

Ht EOL! Paes BHF SE. BLT ORAL nL CUBR fez

ALES (ls,
6).
This expression is used to convey a sense of familiarity, comfort, skill, adapta-
tion, etc., that is achieved through long experience doing something (ex.1, 2,3, 4).
It may indicate an absence of resistance or discomfort in doing something.
When used to modify nouns, as in suminareta ie (a familiar house) or ha-
kinareta kutsu (old, comfortable shoes), it indicates a sense of security or com-
fort imparted by that object (ex.5, 6).

) uy 126 TSE LY. RANA KE BFEOIZS DU.

UP aoe)

Zeitakuna ryooriyori, tabenareta ae, hooga ii.

(I'd) rather have the home cooking that I’m used to than some fancy
meal.

2) IOs EDL ADIsBUN TOODC,\ AROS TOBITS< OV

7.
Kono michiwa gakuseino korokara kayoinarete-irunode, meo tsubuttemo
arukeru kuraidesu.
(I’ve) been taking this street ever since my school days, so I could almost
walk it with my eyes closed.

3) TUPRIN
72
COZAIL.
Be
Farad
WZAYD v<
rev.
Tabinareteiru hitowa, nimotsuga sukunai.
A seasoned traveler has little luggage.

a) 3
ATAl< FathTUTE VY ats HO. RNA KS OOKA.
eee minarenai kutsuga aru. Darega kiteirunodaroo.
There are some shoes (I) don’t recognize at the front door. Who do
(you) suppose is here?

530
 ~hknN4-~O'4/~narerue ~tsukeru

5) EAN ABT & BEN SOULSO LV.

Suminareta machio hanarerunowa sabishii.
Leaving the town (you’ve) always lived in makes you feel forlorn.

6) (SINAN BCH DIT Te5, AT NAS TEC (Byes

Hakinarenai kutsude dekaketara, kutsuzurega dekiteshimatta.
When (I) went out in shoes that weren’t broken-in, I got blisters.

gs ~tsukeru =~
~DIt4 a V+be used to

VOBLTHSIEK + SEAMS LTS LIEK, COIEMEVOET

CG
78,9). '~HINS IEE, LEMOB
O ORO
NUME
T R SIS. RCE
th. BS AMES BIRR OB oO HPCE CRIS Mote 2113
BUTT. GE ONOIE +D» PDO ORE sk A ORES GEAR EM 2)
Tava. OVP CENTS LVSBC ET.
This is used when speaking of an action that one always does or has habitual-
ly done (ex.7,8,9). It does not convey the sense of comfort or security found
with ~nareru, but merely expresses the idea that something becomes custom-
ary through much experience. It also includes a sense of consciously having
selected or decided on something, as in, ikitsuke no mise (the shop we always
go to) or kakaritsuke no isha (our regular doctor), and means ‘the one we
have chosen to go to regularly’.

) BULIFSWUTTLV KEE TIED YI, ABBD IT WES7e3

Karewa mochitsukenai taikin-o mottabakarini, hitoga kawatteshimatta.
Just coming into possession of a much larger sum of money than he’s
used to having has made him a different person.

8) BEACVOUTTEN
VE LEO, MU IBS CRESIEV.
Fudan yaritsukenai undoo-o shitanode, karadajuu itakute tamaranai.
(My) body is so sore all over from doing exercises I’m not used to do-
ing regularly.

9) Ho PAE SOUT TEN BB EAE DE, LOMA THE AK — Liz7tH,

Higoro tsukaitsukenai keigoo tsukauto, ee hajio kaku kotoni naru.
Whenever (I) use honorific language, which I don’t ordinarily use, I
make mistakes and embarrass myself.

ao
~nikui-~zurai+~gatai/~\C (3 ~ Db: ~HRY

MELO
/~ db /~die
ew ~nikui @ ~zurai ws ~gatai

Ir a ~nikui 5
Yenc Va ares (to do)

(DOR PCH ED, BOI PRBICITA EL, Mei

Hae op pn, 2,3, Ae5), DIR APOEB EN BK OY
yasty CTDDPeM ET
EB SIE BU RE RCT
AWA

MWCXEEFXES

This expression indicates that, because of some reason or cause, something

cannot be done comfortably, or is more difficult to do than usual (ex.1, 2,3,
4,5). In many cases this is due to an external situation, for example, ‘the heel
of one’s shoes are too high’, ‘the tip of a pen is bad’, or ‘a food tastes bitter’.

1) ZORVEK
= VY i .
Kono penwa kakinikui. ane
Thisis pen is hard towritewrite with ee a ’(=X
pen 1s hard to with. ‘
¢ ‘§ a2 (

&
oe
Nigai kusuriwa nominikui.
fag ae loa
It’s hard to swallow bitter-tasting medicine.

3) hinoe BO 7s.TSOBITZ oP2 OC BIASET % FAIS Dok.

Sekiga butaino nanamemaedattanode, gekiga totemo minikukatta.
(My) seat was off to the side of the stage so it was very hard to see the
play.

4) <DeAtla DDE Asie39S CHSC ar

Kono kutsuwa, ee ee arukinikui.
These shoes are hard to walk in because the heels are too high.

5) HEot ae iewOCH A, Ze ELA Baw RLiCke RAV ECAD?.

Chotto iinikuinodesuga, senjitsu kashita okaneo aren itadakemasenka?
(I) hate to say this, but would you please pay back the money I lent
you the other day?

S @ ~ZzuUral 5
~DDW saifficult (to do)

Sy
 NK -~ 960 ~ BE / ~wnikui- ~ zurai-~gatai

LDLIERITIOMRET . ARETE CVS LECH (Pil, 7, 8, 9, NO), Pe

Vi SOC RRO RS ODER CRC. BURA BROT
EA LET.
Bx

CX 63D &

This expression indicates that doing something is troublesome or difficult

(ex.6, 7,8,9, 10). ~zurai suggests a stronger degree of difficulty than ~nikui
and implies an amount of physical or psychological pain.

6) Boll thOES hI OC DRDO, BNO.

EWA ld
Saikin haga warukunattanode, katai monowa, tabezurai.
Recently (my) teeth have become bad, so it’s difficult for me to eat any-
thing hard.

7) Eve)
BY CPO
THA Se
EANCUA CHAD.
£

Amede tegamino mojiga nijinde yomizurai.

The writing on the letter is blurred
because of the rain, so it’s hard to read.

8) ROE VORoC
be ahs
SHIM CHL, BRM CEST. Wx Sots
TLEM RODS TIS
DZERHVET.
Takai biruno tatteiru chiikidewa, denpaga jamasarete, terebiga mizurakuna-
ru kotoga arimasu.
In areas with high rise buildings there are times when TV reception be-
comes bad because high frequency waves are blocked.

9) Sf LV ste ttvreb, HEI LOMTCA CEEIbV.

H5 ox)

Atarashii kutsuo haitara, ashini mamega dekite arukizurai.

(1) got a blister on my foot after wearing new shoes, so it’s painful to
walk.

10) PU ABE LIEAT. FRI clteh

lL Obs.
Lod yi 7a

Oyaga shippaio shitanante, kodomoniwa hanashizurai.

It’s difficult to tell (your) children that their parents have failed.

= a ~gatai qj
~DBTeWw a difficult (to do) Hs

BOLELTSOME THEFTS, EEASTSERUIECH BIL,

12. 13,14, 15). "{gCS 5 MAS . FERED © ° fe . fe C% . BEALS | 7ZED

BUSES <, ROCS

TA MATE LEV ST. OLY
Fe CaSfele std, KEN HOE Fis TENE BV SADSS > CBEAUTZ S TEV ay
BL c

535
nigeru-nogareru (CIF S-OANS

2) AF SD FIVCWADCT.
~gatai ee that something is extremely difficult or nearly impossible to
do (ex.11,12,13,14,15). It is often used with words such as shinjiru (to be-
lieve), taeru (to endure), rikaisuru (to understand), eru (to obtain), suteru (to
discard), and hanareru (to be separated from), and refers to mental activity in-
stead of actual deeds. For example, sutegatai implies that one finds it difficult
to part with a memory or something one is attached to.

) ry
Pease CUT 1 fF
gfeais
CHEAT. TOME CMS ae
Karega takarakujide ichiokuen atetanante, suguniwa shinjigatai hanashida.
He won ¥100,000,000 in the lottery? (I) find it hard to believe such a
story.

12) a COTES Cy FARIA. eC bf lA} jeNiavs

Aonbeiee nakute, gakushadanante, totemo shinjigatai.
(I) can’t believe that he is a scholar; he has never even published a paper.

13 Age PSE me Sete Oued aale

eee

Dae Kafies Kd ATONE KIT Devers eS

A: Morihakasega nakunatta soodesune.
I heard Dr. Mori passed away.
B: Ee, warewarewa egatai hitoo ushinatte-shimaimashita.
Yes, we’ve lost a one-of-a-kind person.

Md) LOBPRIS
ERO AST».
33 <

Kono shoobuwa shirokuro tsukegatai.

It’s hard to decide who the winner of this match is.

15) BEI. Ce hea Clk sea e. TET) AS TV.

Kanojowa, totemo erakunatteshimatte, chikayorigatai.

She’s become difficult to approach since being promoted to her new high
position.

ICWFS/DOBNS
@ nigeru @ nogareru

ICUS (MISS) g nigeru )

mto escape ; to run away (from)

534
 CIF S-D2#AN 4 /nigeru-nogareru

BUDITTK SEOCOMESBULSIC, MC ICMNLSEFSLLT

$F. PLS SLAM MLD, BOPP E> Co Si PULL®
VPI EEE CHS DBLAICUIBVET Bill,
2,3,4,5,6.
To try to distance oneself from something that is in pursuit in order not to
be caught. It may be used when speaking of escaping from a place in which
one is detained, or avoiding something dangerous or unpleasant
(lle
%, Bs4 Ss,(5)s
PS

9a A—
1) SSRIS, PAIR DN THIET. anlage
Ce

Usagiwa, heer. owarete suni nigeta.

The rabbit, with hounds after it,
est =
into its burrow.

Watashiwa, tsukamaeta surioa ee ee tes battle nigerareta.

The pickpocket I caught escaped as I was taking him to a police box.

3) staves Syd» BibT CARRS IC Kort.

LIUROZAA

Raionga doobutsuenkara nigete oosawagini natta.

A lion escaped from the zoo and caused a panic.

4) <ODMOVT
I ARAICIENTH SOC, HOW TORTIE.
EAL y =

Kono kooenno risuwa ningenni nareteirunode, chikazuitemo nigenai.

The squirrels in the park are quite tame and won’t run away even if
(you) approach them.

5) | REDO UEIT ESET ATS. iff TULA PAIE, REISE Dee

LAA tz Ay

“Konnankara nigeyooto suruna, susunde supers 5 to, senseiwa itta.

Our teacher told us, “Stop running away from your troubles. Stand up
and confront them!”

6) AL DISA OED SbFO—LIL TSS.

WalaSnaachIve genjitsuno mondaikara nigeru kotowa dekinai.
We cannot run away from the problems of the real world.

& ‘ @ nogareru 5
DANS ENS | mto escape ; to evade ©

FEDRT EAR FE? xySTEEN DD TEV EDI CARARISES fo OBS DV 129. walt
x 7}
EkSKW Tih A tA x thé

535
nikoniko-niyaniya (UCT NCRITR

~~ WFSLECH. Eh, BE CRBALVPBILELBO COLE LI

, Bok 0tSleey AT. 8,9, 10,1.
To take steps to avoid, separate oneself from, or slip away from danger or
misfortune. It may also denote avoiding or neglecting to do an unpleasant
job or responsibility (ex.7, 8,9, 10, 11).

7) PULI F oH
EMLO ANT, RIROEMito CHK.
DVLA C Dp

Karewa yuukaihanno tekara bujini nogarete, kazokuno motoni kaettekita.

He safely escaped from the kidnappers and returned to his family.

8) BUS K BID of CSCO TD oIOTC Beeb 7 0

Karewa kajiga atta toki sono tatemononi inakattanode, nan-o nogareta.
He wasn’t in the building at the time of the fire and therefore escaped
injury.

9) KiLPAORMSLSEBNT. ROM CHET LEI LI.

Karewa tokaino sawagashisao nogarete, Braue edind
murade kurasu kotoni shita.
He decided to live in a remote mountain village
to escape the bustle of the city.

10) bEL
FA BISA
tA DP
VENT.
Dr
ESRC
=< Atv
HL Ze
KRIOLH2O

Watashitachiwa senkao nogarete, kokugaini dasshutsushita.

We escaped the war by fleeing to a foreign country.

1) BRA < Ee RRL

JA
TOI, SHROR
EE MNS IES TEV,
Randivet kurumao untenshite itanodakara, ee sekinin-o nogareru ko-
towa dekinai.
She can’t shirk responsibility for the accident because she was (the one)
driving the car.

CICS VICVIEP
a nikoniko B niyaniya

a nikoniko =
lc = Ic e msmile (pleasantly)

536
 IC TICS ICPIC/nikoniko-niyaniya

HRUWESPINLWES - PEDRO UWE SOR fac HAF I< Vala EN Beae G

ROR (Pil, Pree
Nikoniko refers to a smiling face one gets when one is happy, and which
makes a positive impression on other people (ex.1,2, 3).

1)) HL WASBionre
Bh ks ax peiticce
VED ESISSb Bot. @)
JAYS
Shuushokuga kimattato, karewa nikoniko-shinagara itta. / \
With a smile on his face, he said that he had found a job. | Ne

2) HOEHORT
PUNE? Dildo
IL. WOOlZZZULTW THEA WW. iS eerie’
Ss a”

Ano kaishano uketsukewa, itsumo isco shined kanjiga ii.

(I) get a pleasant feeling from that company’s receptionist because she’s
always smiling.

3) COP SRMAD ETI

2 Wy
LKR CRON, ALAGAS CWE LK»
PY fd ~ fs

Sono akachanwa imamade nikoniko waratteitanoni, watashiga dakuto nakida-

Shita.
The baby was smiling until a minute ago, but when I held her she start-
ed crying.

PIC Rave
BOLAWr OAS B75 CTE ALIA OE WLAYLT. O 9 Citi SE
LIEDELATED ULTHSLOR fics. a SEIDEN
VE)DRERALEA CPA, 5, 6).
Niyaniya describes the facial expression that appears when one is thinking or
imagining something interesting or vulgar, and enjoying it all by himself. A
facial expression described with niyaniya does not usually make a very good
impression on other people (ex.4, 5, 6).

4) PLAT
Dar Loigy
SCHRN D>9 LIZI ZOU PAI 0
Karewa shippaio suruto terekakushini niyaniya warau.
Whenever he makes a mistake he grins to hide his embarrassment.

5) Bld e500 7 PTF FeEgR 1ACK LPILPE LIDS billHED 0 OB

BAT Ay,
Karewa yatto gohyakuman-en tameta. Maiban hitoride niyaniya-shinagara

537
nureru-shimiru/ ¥a714-LAS

tsuuchoono zerono kazuo kazoeteiru.

He’s finally saved ¥5,000,000. Now every night he grins to himself as he
counts the zeros in his bankbook.

6) IRAE SHC OHHNTH. IVIPEIKITC Ho

yy,
Pad
, LL
ie Le Lida WEES TD ote. —_ File ah
PACA
Hanninwa keijini toitsumeraretemo, niyaniya waraudakede,
kanjinna kotowa nanimo_hanasanakatta. ‘ (
The criminal was questioned by the police detective, but he et? |
just smirked and said nothing of value. st ‘

VANS / LAS
mB nureru a shimiru

@nureru =
Yat ato get wet [

ATSC DARIN
REV
BIRD <EOC. OUTHKPERCCAVEF
VELIHDA aS yi.
(Pill,2
3,4),
Nureru means that a liquid, such as water, adheres to the surface of some-
thing or that something is moist (ex.1,2, 3,4).

1) JIT CWBA CARA WAI: «

ry Be Be
Kawade asonde fukuga nureta.
(My) clothes got wet while I was playing in the river.
2) DINAH o72 Cie5 Fan wad CV WA,
Yuube amega futtanode dooroga nureteiru.
It rained last night, so the streets are wet.

3) VAIL CAY EY FE SD SOEPETEN )

Nureta tede konsentoo sawaruto ne
It’s dangerous to touch an electric outlet with wet hands.

4) KORILODAN
CWA,
me ofa

Inuno hanawa itsumo nureteiru.

Dogs’ noses are always wet.

538
 Yat S-LAZ/nureru+shimiru

DAA 8 shimiru
=to soak into ; to smart ; to sting ; to irritate Co

DATED BRD BOIL LIDAD TIC ES (Pils, 6).

Shimiru means that a liquid, such as water, penetrates slowly into something
(ex.5, 6).

QE<tho + WEREO CRI

BK
RUA
LYX
RCSL
DA
CPi7,
nw
8,9). PS LAEA 2lB
HOUR
SD PA

C5NSLS (Pil0, 11) fEr*T

It also means that one feels physical irritation from things such as medicine
or smoke (ex.7,8,9). It can also mean a person is deeply moved by someone
else’s kindness (ex.10, 11).

5) DEWAR OROC LITYA-bEBUOROKPECLATLE nk.

Hidoi ame dattanode, reinkootoo kiteitanoni nakamade shimiteshimatta.
The rain was so heavy that (I) got wet even though I wore a raincoat.

6) DENRIVAIL, A—Ay NILA CWO5k.

Koboreta mirukuwa, kaapettoni shimiteitta.
The spilt milk soaked into the carpet.

7) Wr IKA, HILLARD.
2% AF (t
Tsumetai mizuga, hani shimiru.
Cold water causes (my) teeth to ache.

8) OS, BOVLA THY.

FY ETS Wa
Kusuriga, kizuguchini shimite itai.
The medicine makes (my) wound hurt.

9) HE
TE
AS EICLAS.
“”

Kemuriga meni shimiru.

The smoke irritates (my) eyes.

10) WEALD
AGIs eas
Res, fh AWDBea ns LAA,
Hontooni komatta tokiniwa, taninno shinsetsuga mini shimiru.
When (one) is really in trouble, he deeply appreciates the kindness of
others.

1) PECLATHELTOSE, RKEOAUEBHICLATH
DS.
Gaikokude hitoride kurashiteiruto, kazokuno taisetsusaga mini shimite wa-
karu.

339
nejiru>hineru/#2U 4-4

Since (I) have lived alone in a foreign country, I have really come to
understand the importance of family.

2C4/OR4S
mB nejiru w hineru

> menejiru
42 c 4 ato twist ; to screw ; to warp i]

OD HWEAL
i sin’ . NEN OAR DEAN TEDT— eee Fr iQ
WRB, YI-HERDTLEODVET (IL, 2,3,4).
=) £5263

EL at

To turn opposite sides of something in opposite directions, applying force.

Also, to turn one side of something without moving the other (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) Bok deed loCTRAD BRMOME Col,

HBTS icy(Cl esis
= Vay fc

Suwattamama karadao nejitte ushirono todanano <

monoo tottara, koshiga itaku natteshimatta.
When (I) twisted around to get something from the shelf 2
behind me without getting up, my lower back started hurting. \

2) PION SEARS GR IEL TAL akeby MNCLEok.

Furui kugio penchide nukooto shite nejittara, oreteshimatta.
When (I) tried to twist out an old nail with a pair of pliers, it broke
off.

3} sae eon VISTI. GO. Sab THs Tok.

Hariganeo kiru kattaaga nakattanode, guruguru mawashite nejitte kitta.
Since I didn’t have a wire cutter, I twisted and twisted the wire until it
broke.

4) BBs DEAL TERED 9 CH DUY LIF CAT L Care.

ae tsukamaeta doroboono udeo nejiriagete renkooshiteitta.
The police officer twisted the arm of the thief he had caught and hauled
him off to the police station.

540
 74 4-Cia4 /nejiru: hineru

g hineru
CO%aS eto rotate ; to twist ©

SOOT MEET AIC. MISRASLECH. “US LUO GF

PEN GRURDVET (5, 6,7). PIB IZBAAL + Kdbmbiwoewge
ITER PIE EBA IMS CEE DIE LALO ET
3h
To adjust something by turning a part of it. The impression is that of a gen-
tler action than nejiru (ex.5,6,7). In Example 8, it denotes puzzlement or hav-
ing to think deeply. In Example 9, it describes a problem that is contrived so
that one can’t solve it without a lot of careful or involved thought.

5) <DAT IF EAU OCBAD OSES

Kono suitchio migini hineruto denkiga tsukimasu.
If (you) rotate this switch to the right, the lights will come on.

A Alc“U4 7KGE IE Ai T. te
ENE Us COMME LEBDUETF
Fick hiniwa suidookanga nee Jaguchio hinettemo mizuga denai kotoga
arimasu.
Sometimes on cold days the water pipes freeze, and water doesn’t come
out (even) when (you) turn the faucet.

DUALS IL YEA. OMLHXET

Kono binwa sennukiwa irimasen. Hinereba akimasu.
(You) don’t need a bottle opener for this bottle. It’ll open if you just
twist (the cap).

SOR ALS< bps, BPAb Be > ClS.

Jikono gen-inwa yoku wakarazu, senmonkamo kubio hinetteiru.
They haven’t identified the cause of the accident;
even the specialists are racking their brains over it.

ae DDiRERIS Ook bes

BI o12DC
Peps de£0 E< Tae a
Kyoono shikenwa, Tee mondaidattanode,
seisekiwa amari yokunaito omou.
The questions on today’s exam were tricky,
so (I) don’t think I got a very good score.

541
nesshin-netchuu-muchuu/2>o LAR bw 5-H Hw 9

Nola ‘Robe 5 /Rbw 5

gs nesshin wg netchuu a muchuu

- . a nesshin [~
429 LA (Fe | meager ; earnest ; devoted

{ESE 5B HOVILF DEOL —WIOLEAWAH

+ hanBIST SLIFAALAT.
“ELOY BOX» BO A EE AMRUONET. MANDIRZ ELEY
XA wy¢ 2 Vy yr eA

ak (ifiV<fEVs,
Ulam ah
EVP
Aate
EPEV
Sh
EA CPi,
As
2,3, 4,5).
Nesshin is used when one does something (work, study, etc.) the best one
can. Feelings of seriousness, diligence, ambition, and enthusiasm are implied.
It is used to compliment others, and therefore cannot be used to describe one-
Self (exe 22435455))

) £nis BCS. TEN OI AL ah FeV > (Glace

nos eas

Sono tea, bineet nesshinni hanashio kiiteita.

Everybody at the lecture meeting listened intently to the speeches.

2) 4AES CONES eoee : BDBISWELAILS CEISIRS«

nh» ale) 2) = <

Karewa nesshinna gakuseide, wakaranai tokorowa sugu kikini kuru.

He is a very eager student. Whenever he doesn’t understand something,
he quickly comes to ask about it.

3) RAIA
PONCE
BAL,
*XEGWSNOLA
BAP
EV VE BRI
PI=5
KAT
We
CLIEE
Kanojowa Ne mae musukoo ii gakkooni iretaito hisshida.
She is very concerned about her son’s education and is desperate to get
him into a good school.

4) BEISRER ADRS 17 TB BMUTE

POEL ih Ah PIEF DOLA

Kanojowa nanmin-eno borantia-katsudooni nesshinda.

She is very involved in her volunteer work with refugees.

5) PALE Ua Chal$< DAULNC EY < te ABLE

Kanojowa majimede nanigotonimo nesshinni torikumu seikakuda.
She is the type of person that does everything 100%.

yn 5 4 rs 5 Cah Hf) mBnetchuu ce : ;

wabsorbed in ; enthusiastic about

542
 2oLA:27bw 5-t bw 45 /nesshin- netchuu-muchuu

BOIL XT LT. RESTS BELG. + SAORI SS 1 RE ORE C—vw ooAe hap

eae
io PLLVTSLITERLET. TA PHL TU Bs OIE, aa
ay (6, 7,8,9).
This indicates that one strives to do well in or concentrates on something
because he or she finds it pleasurable, fun, or interesting. The phrase netchuu
shiteiru is commonly used (ex.6, 7,8, 9).

6) HR
WEE
ISS.
WE
BRT PEDICAA
ay th26
HHL TVS.
3505
Imootowa ima, okashizukurini netchuushiteiru.
My sister is absorbed in making cakes now.

7) BBTLEOEPERIA BLT SSIS,

5 P05 5505
an LANT COR.
Chichiga terebino yakyuuni netchuushiteiru tokiwa, hanashikaketemo dameda.
It’s no use talking to my father when he is concentrating on the base-
ball broadcast.

8) FEOF HIS, DISA ORAGIT

LET AIA EL TS
Uchino kodomowa, gohanmo tabezuni terebi-geemuni netchuushiteiru.
My child is so engrossed in the video game that he has forgotton to eat.

9) (DBA ALT CE SEG ZMK FFOTEAV >,

Riz Db Ub A 8
Nanika netchuushite dekiruyoona shumio mochinasai.
(You) should find a hobby that you can really get interested in.

@ muchuu =
teh vp y) Le | mcrazy about

fl
7AVZ
OD= clobeepnT, V\EDOX CEB ORD TVs BiIcA®
HIE vt
ULV SAR feiWoC LESLSTERLET. BS ORIEN EIB EH3L7% 0
WY tWTHHAKRA

TWHEV SHORE BIT (P10, i.12,13, 14). Reha Cl s alee

C~(2eerpze paiarena 2 esha
« Fabs ree VLOVY CAI C EDIE ET
TbHd LOA Br iy

Muchuu indicates that one is so engrossed by one thing that he or she can-
not think about anything else. It implies a loss of rationality or reason (ex.
10, 11,12, 13,14). The expressions ~ni netchuu shite iru, ~ni muchuu da, and
muchuu ni natte iru are used in the same way when referring to a person’s
hobbies or interests.

543
nemuru-neru/}2%° 4-224

10) HeBILBS PERO pease xe ORT Miz » ABOPTEMdKo

ik 4 5d ° tiv

Dokusyoni muchuu-dattanode, aniga heyani haittekitanoni, kigatsukana-

katta.
(1) was so engrossed in reading that I didn’t notice that my (elder) broth-
er had come into the room.

11) a (BAEC OV VES BEA FE) ES NPrgllesee 572.6

G55 ALY

Hanashini muchuude, tsui denshao norisugoshite-shimatta.

(1) was so involved in a conversation that I forgot to get off at my sta-
tion.

12) BE BBE KARAT ARADO OTLEY ASE

DCK BIBLE 0
Ryoorichuuni higa Peneeanl moeutsutte-shimai, watashiwa muchuude hio ke-
shita.
While I was cooking the curtain caught fire and I desperately put it out.

13) RAILS PE, aa

PHCE PH tob5 ay eh
Kanojowa kareni muchuuda. \( vo \
She is crazy about him. = 2 ‘Sane
; Saree CB)
: :

14) DrzL
Eva PEI
tz
ADICEG55HE KOT, i— cai
3aS 2 a
Sy,

BIG REL TCVSDOADD

EM oh eet!
Watashiwa tada nigerunoni muchuu-dattanode, op a
ashini kegao shiteirunomo kizukanakatta.
All I could think about was running away, so I didn’t even notice that
I had hurt my leg.

tS /%4
Bnemuru Bneru

WateS [HES] aiosteep &

DAREPOCTDIED EMI A EAICT. (1% (RAs CR RDVE MR AEDES
ra it (fill,2,3, 4,5).
Nemuru denotes the unconscious state that human beings and animals enter
when both eyes are closed and the body and mind are very relaxed (ex. 1,2,

544
 fate 4-224 /nemuru-neru

3,4, 5).
QEKKBRINTWA-:
ILOVtA
FRI SMUT UNE UVEV SERCH BIG, iD.
It also means that something lee not been discovered yet (ex.6, 7).

1) ATP 2< OE ULIES BRS. L539

re -ya ookuno ad horny yoru nemuru.

Human beings and many animals sleep at night.

2) DUDIOP CHS eAIL RUF HRS CIHR TS.

Yurikagono nakade akachanwa, kimochi-yosasooni nemutteiru.
A baby is sleeping comfortably in the cradle.

3) ULIA
HAC oT URRAUL,
AG
PRULENS.
27s

Hitoban gussuri nemureba, tsukarewa toreru. yee / —

If (you) sleep well all night, you’ll feel Pom ks = pak
as good as new. ae BS ,

4) M5NIGES CRN bo at
or mines mare
WIN Eu a
Yuubewa atsukute yoku nemurenakatta. Pa
Last night, it was so hot that (I) couldn’t sleep well.

5) FA Vso
7 LIS, REBRRE
A BTe
bel at £S TWAAYS D

Watashiwa nemurenai yoruwa, suimin-yakuo nomu.

I take sleeping pills on nights when I can’t sleep.

6) HR CV SF BEX TIM CHUSET LEA CSSEVG.

Letey xWOD SANA &

Nemutteiru sainoo-o kunrende yobisamasu kotoga dekiruto yuu.

It is said that undiscovered talents can be uncovered through practice.

7) 9A
OKI
€=
REO
RAWth PS
Ro
At
ClO.
Umino sokoni nanpasenno takaraga nemutteiru.
The treasures of ancient shipwrecks are lying undiscovered on the bot-
tom of the sea.

, B neru 5
444 [4 | = to go to bed, to (go to) sleep ; to lie down ©

DRS LAURE ET (IBD).

Neru is used in the same sense as nemuru (ex.8,9).

DRRILD< + HRS AR WEISBoTV KES EVEF (GIO, 11).

545
nonbiri-yukkuri/ DAKY) -Wo¢ 9

To go to bed; that is, the process of moving into the nemuru stage (ex.10, 11).

SRERICA SE SEED
Por athe a”
(Pl2, 13), OOM
men ade
EK TELVOTH.
To lie down (ex.12,13). In definitions (2) and (3), the subject does not have to
be sleepy.

8) bizAit,
|
HA
Evicd
SRR.
Uma fa

Watashiwa, mainichi hachijikan nemasu.

I sleep eight hours every day.

9) i ThHOeSIs, RO STEM SON late

Neteiru tokiwa, okosanaide kudasai.
Please don’t wake me when (I) am sleeping.

10) F(t,
brL
fpHL
EWIEA
FCS.
U a o- Sat
¥
Watashiwa, maiban juunijini neru. a a ty, aN
I go to bed at 12 o’clock every night. =i ae z ; a ’ \
os et pile: alee
Ml) BOLE,
a
Nw VIMA
x
R. Ine BF
%
Ned
ee
ee
Neru toki, pajamani kigaemasu.
(I) change into my pajamas before going to bed.

12) EMS TFLER AAO BIB.

na A v4 Dd

Nenagara terebio mirunowa meni warui.

Watching TV while lying down is bad for (your) eyes.

13) BOLIRC. BRA COR5, I< Tok.

Rae Dit a #65 4 at
Kusano ueni nete, sorao miteitara, nemukunatta.
(I) lay down on the grass, and while looking at the sky, I became sleepy.

DAKY /Yo¢ 9
w nonbiri a yukkuri

. w nonbiri ~~
DAU y) w peacefully ; leisurely

Ly PRR, £1 % LIEW CIT LST ERLET (Pill, 2,3, 4,5). ES

A
RR
BED
ANECMWT. <OAW
OO SLITCH, $3495 DEVS 7 Ce

546
 DAKY > ¢ 9 /nonbiri-yukkuri

FOL, DAU LRA CRRLES. THONIDAVYLE

Ares CADPR CO TOBE TDS, aes TDA *WZAPPYVLTWS |
TSEDIECBFS BOC HLVMCHI D> CS IDILARLTT
Nonbiri is used when one rests one’s mind or body by spending time not do-
ing anything (ex.1,2,3,4,5), and generally refers to a tension-free, relaxed con-
dition. While yukkuri is principally an expression of time, nonbiri refers to
one’s mental state. The expression ano hito wa nonbiri shita hito da may be
used to describe a person’s personality. However, it may be taken to mean
‘slow-witted’; therefore, there are times when it should not be said directly to
someone.

1) KAD H (tf LIEVYE, DAONT

LIT ZLEIZLTWS,
Yasumino hiwa nanimo shinaide, nonbiri sugosu kotoni shiteiru.
(I’ve) decided that I’m not going to do anything and just relax on my
day off.

2) eC olzb, He COA HS LeWERVES.

Toshio tottara, inakade nonbiri kurashitaito omoimasu.
When (I) get old, I think I’d like to live quietly in the country.

3) FHNLDAVYF LER ACVB EIST»

Kesawa nonbiri terebio miteiru himawa nai.
I’m busy this morning, so (I) never have time to watch TV.

4) JICEIVELTWISE. DADVLERDIIVET. Can fe

daar Se ( oh yy RRL
Kawade tsurio shiteiruto, nonbirishita kibunni narimasu. TS >
When (I) go fishing at the river I feel carefree. : Vad

5) RAILDAVY LOW SITNE, TEHOR MILT ST =

DE = 2102 %
Kanojowa nonbiri-shiteirukeredo, shigotono kijitsuwa mamorimasu.
She works leisurely but always gets her work done on time.

boven ee kkuri ¢

(De T SOG ENT SLIFERLEF (Pl6,7,8,9, 10). PSRIBQIC

LE OMHZLIFR, BOW TCKOACLITORLETF.
Yukkuri is used when one takes his time doing something (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). It
implies that a lot of time is available or that one is unhurried.

547
HEICTR DT < 7ESO

6) FL DAD SH PEROGRET. DoS VBWOTT ACT

dr: | VR h » TF AX

Watashino iekara chikatetsuno ekimade, Suhel orate nanafundesu.

It’s just a seven minute stroll from my house to the subway station.

7) BAVCCwoFesls, MWaSKYVBSAIC A- TES RAL VEDDSVVY.

Tsukareteiru tokiwa, yukkuri uille haitte hayaku yasunda hooga it.
When (you’re) tired, you should take a leisurely bath and go to bed
early.

8) HITT. HW TH >< OBL TC HEV.

Awatenaide, ochitsuite yukkuri setsumei-shite kudasai.
Don’t rush. Just quietly and slowly explain it to me, please.

9) ALSO bo LesrA CT Ab, LDCID3< ONG GG Za

Hisashiburini irasshattan-desukara, doozo yukkurishiteitte kudasai.

It’s been a long time since you’ve visited, so please make yourself at
home for a while.

10) Fx PLE BOP CBORNEO Ma<YLTWSNTEWATCT.

Kyoowa shigotono is yottadakenanode, yukkurishite-irarenaindesu.
I’ve dropped by while still on company time, so (I) can’t stay long.

Mio TRS

BASAL, N-YASAORIA
A feSnelre N-YASAI
YT 7 VAR! ONT SL 5 wd}
By ee Oe we ieee
Wy LAF

E<WbolLewelhe EACH
VetgerC
KRfe Sag
KS ASAE Lo RIS ik Hy D>6 HEE S 1B
DVMEF

=e C,H ORI 3 A ABE ROI, EBM

eto 1 CF. WARS ALL, Hee AseaL Dit Cth YO Ft
Von Ny LEAL OBE BS ROT 2 Se?

548
 aast-le ote ¢ /hagasu-hagu-muku

Be 25) CIB S AERO & FE WENA 75D

WRPokOIW PES PRI L TCHS pet ite bedll Was
ee eee ae, x UMTLAAT none, a
&“Til
z| Yad

"ESBRoteo CHE LEI No YAS AICHE A

vd, KRSb Lig ps6 OR CL TaN >! BIC Cea oC
Ceav on LEDER OR LMA THITS lye

Raku ni natte kudasai'

Mr. Shimizu was invited to the Burns’ home. While showing him to
the sofa Mr. Burns said, “Welcome Mr. Shimizu. Doozo raku ni natte
kudasai.” Mr. Shimizu thought for a bit. Raku ni naru? means to be
released from hardship; for example, seikatsu ga raku ni naru? means
that one who was poor begins to live easier. Mr. Shimizu’s life was
not so difficult and he wondered why Mr. Burns felt sorry for him.
Then he suddenly realized what Mr. Burns meant. What he wanted
to say was raku ni shite kudasai, which means ‘please make yourself at
home’. When Mr. Burns again said with a straight face, “Doozo raku
ni natte kudasai,” Mr. Shimizu laughed out loud and told him he must
say either “Raku ni shite kudasai” or “O-raku ni (nasatte kudasai )”

1 please feel relieved 2 be relieved, at ease 3 living becomes easier

BT
L/L / te<
w hagasu gs hagu a muku

> a hagasu 5
sas mto peel ; to tear off ©&

BER iaetaenaa asa Aon RSs MPH SCORWSOERO

ViIIH

Elect (fall, 2, 3,4).

To take a thin and firmly attached object, for example, paper or cloth, off
the surface of something (ex.1, 2,3, 4).

549
hagasu-hagu-muku /\£28F LCE ¢

Dea va lee. PIVNADB/PIVIZD

br By
ERE 1 MLL
vas
LYLA

Watashiwa, arubamukara chiisai korono shashin-o ichimai hagashita.

I took a picture of myself when I was little out from a photo album.

2) Sx DREMRAILASLT, BLABY HERALD ET

PADMA Hr5 >< 7%

Kyoo kabegamio hagashite, ashita atarashii kabegamio harimasu.

I'll peel off the old wallpaper today and put on the new wallpaper to-
morrow. »
ats, : Qi
3) BHPKORAZIY—HIMELTIIVUT
EGA, y {ie =
tAx Nee
Senkyono posutaao hagashitewa ikemasen. ae = / |
You mustn’t tear down political campaign posters. SS ON) j
te
4) Fakelm i s. Brn LACE DEON
le tu DAG fe x| NS
Kangofuwa, kizuno bansookoo-o sotto hagashite torikaeta.
The nurse gently peeled the Band-Aid from the wound and replaced it.

> shagu
iE mto peel ; to tear off ©

i VIFDA[EI Ye
at
COEF CRISSL ETH CMs, 6, 7,8). AISLE
lets
Worels
CUS 6 Oe SLR ICRI OMS Lor,
To remove the thin surface of something Sieh one’s hand (ex.5, 6,7, 8).
The surface being peeled is an original part of or has become one with the
object ; therefore force is required. R

CRO DDI LIKRGHS. bs 2

) ROBE
Kino kawao haide kamino kawarini shita jidaimo aru.
There was a time when the peeled bark of a tree was ~/?.
used as paper.

6) BALE,
WA LUA
RO BELAY CRO KARI U7
BD wd Lx4D vs By<
oie a 0
Genshijinwa, kemonono kawao haide shikimonoya ifukuni shita.
Primitive humans skinned large animals and used the hides for floor cov-
erings and clothing.

7) CA TERE LC BHESTE OTC, BRILEFOSEARIAVZE,

Donnani okoshitemo okinainode, kanojowa musukono futon,o haida. *p.611
Her son wouldn’t get up no matter how many times she told him to,
so she pulled the futon off him.

550
 (~fe) EDY> (~f) &YTA/(~ta) bakari-(~ta) tokoro

8) wn
Plt, VIP
Wz
LILTSAOMMK
Boe D> DA
IVE.
Karewa, nigeyooto suru otokono kamen-o haida.
He tore off the mask of the man who was attempting to flee.

gemuku
t < = to peel %

PICHSEOeROMT LHI, IM & 4545 > TW SSEDEMY SB— ie

CH CPs, 10° 1s LOOP HPROBDISIC, rte ZEN RBA
AASER CEO SOIE it.
To remove the outside of something in order to get to the middle (ex.9, 10,
11,12). Muku is used when speaking of taking the skin off things like fruit
or vegetables in which little force is required.

9) ALY YOREECE A Rerpic WV VO ASE

Ansore ¢
Orenjino kawao mukuto, Be hoe il Pe hirogatta.
When (I) peeled the orange its scent filled the room.
rae
10) CeauBid, DCTHOREECUZIMEWLV. vee: oN
Jagaimowa, yudetekara kawao muku hooga oishii. we es Nig ‘
Potatoes taste better if (you) peel them after boiling. a ne ie 1
E / Y ox
ll) LOL BAC. AWAOMSeELV
Cb LC ET. =
SiS DASH oe}
Kono koojoodewa, kakino karao muite kanzumeni shiteimasu.
They shuck and can oysters in this factory.

12) PE. VALOREM

THUY FSINE, FILES.
Karewa, ringono kawao mukanaide marukajiri-surukeredo, watashiwa muku.
He eates his apples as they are, without peeling them, but I always peel mine.

(22) A AOS eas.

= (~ta) bakari = (~ta) tokoro

(sa fab 8 Gd aslela

BDIEDATDNTIO, HLVRPDIE TWE
GL ERRG
EESB
551
(~ta) bakari-(~ta) tokoro/ (~f) iV: (~k) ¥YCSA

Ev, 'SoS° Stee BAB

EA
pi
tAlfo
rhialarecs ITECBEOb OWES
RV oLelc Bz EMD), "ARMEDVEDO~TE LL SORA. D<xn
TUB IREAS HNEt Bill, 2,3, 4).
This expression indicates that something has just been done a short while
ago. Words that refer to a certain time point, such as sakki (a little while ago),
ima (now), tatta ima (just now), mikka mae ni (three days ago), and sengetsu
(last month) are commonly used together with (~ta) bakari to imply that
‘something has just been done, that’s why...’ (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) BBL. SoFFToRITHVTH. RMPHTCUULRLA.

Denshawa, sakki ittabakaridesu. Dakara suguniwa kimasen.
The train has just left, so another one won’t come for a while.

2) PIA peuTREE LIE DOCH

Karerawa, ee aie aA
They have just gotten married (recently).

3) AZ ASAM, HAVORIL DD CH FR OMDB SE < DPYETA.

Sumisusanwa, Nihonni kitabakaride Tookyoono chiriwa yoku wakarimasen.
Mr. Smith has just come to Japan, that’s why he is not familiar with
the layout of Tokyo.

4) aD MES Rohklspycy.
Kono kutsuwa, kattabakaridesu.
(1) have just bought these shoes.

(ayes yy k

COLEMAN CRCHS, EV FLEERG CMEWEF Pils, 6, 7).

ES ard : a Too Ge ea Lal“ EA BV SCT. CDIEN AT
DUTABwUE D5 EIEN
a7
TEV TEUEW FUR
DA
BREF
a¢

(~ta) tokoro indicates that something has just been done or finished (ex.5, 6,7).
Words such as tatta ima (just now), ima (now), and choudo (at this moment)
are often used together with (~ta) tokoro. It is implied that the speaker is
not far from the place where the action occurred.

5) 3
LEEKS
: OiU 302Sune
OM TAT
AD <i
SOBTAL?SUL ER TIN.
TAIEAA

Bye: %peli!PT a1CE BCT &

oro) v
 IF LYO- OL / hageshii- hidoi

Jookyaku : Hachiji sanjuppun-hatsuno Shinjukuyukino denshawa nanban-

sendesuka?
Passenger : What platform does the 8:30 train for Shinjuku leave from?
Ekiin : Sono denshanara ima itta tokorodesuyo.
Station employee : That train has just left.

6) A: RWIASREAM.
Bs heotzs BARCLABATT «
A: Shokujini ikimasenka?
Would you like to go out to eat?
B: Tattaima, tabeta tokoronandesu.
I’ve just eaten.

7) ASAK >O%LOL. FIIYSAlLW

bo LeWsETt aD,

A PISEN ome DES. Fito TRILL ACT PLEAS RSW

Sumisu-shi : Moshimoshi, Buraunsanwa irasshaimasuka?
Mr. Smith : Hello, is Mr. Brown in?
Braun-fujin : Choodo ima kaettekita tokorodesu. Sukoshi omachi kudasai.
Mrs. Brown : He has just come in. One moment, please.

ldIFLA OW
w hageshii w hidoi

x ; ul w hageshii
lait Lis LEAL & J whard ; violent Es

DOIEDBWA OULFICRUOLIFERLET (Pill, 2,3,4,5). FEA.

DICSLIENIZER EW FRE BAST
Hageshii indicates that the force of something is extremely strong (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).
It is implied that the level of strength is not normal.

1) Ted
Blasi
5
TOS, Bye BLASWL< Taf.
ee chikazuki, ameto kazega hageshiku natta.
As the typhoon approached the rain became much heavier.

2) STEDia Cid. Be E72 bMS WLS SOD OF.

Ragubiino Pep ias bianca hageshiku ras:

553.
hageshii- hidoi/\atF¥ LOWE

In rugby games, the players fiercely collide into one another.

3) Pelt. PREFORMED.
Kanojowa, yakusokuo mamoranakatta watashio hageshiku semeta.
She severely criticized me for breaking my promise.

4) bY DPbbT. Fab RE A Setar’ BLY.

EWA Tpaiek ole} i

Aikawarazu, shutokenno jinkoozookaga hageshii.

The population of the capital is increasing as dramatically as ever.

5) BEC.
ik %2m*
OLY BO CRKchEMEATZ
5499 “ees 285 Ue

Yonakani, hageshii fukutsuude kyuukyuushao yonda.

In the middle of the night (I) had severe stomach pains, so I called for
an ambulance.

tA y a a hidot )
g terrible

LDICOM REVHIED, SRL THWLIFERLET (filo, 7, 8,9,

10).
Hidoi describes the condition or degree of something as being extremely bad
(ex.6, 7,8,9, 10).

6) Fl, (290 7, DEV BUBBA OSE en

bel BAL
Art senshyuu, hidoi kazeo hikimashita.
I had a terrible cold last week.

7) BROS eo C. BEPIEFSCLEVELZ.
De CAL? &
Yukiga hidoku natte, denshaga tomatte-shimaimashita.
The train stopped because the snow became worse.

8) Eh lLGIOT A bDPeiginsd £ WODOEPoROGD BomVLELK.

Watashiwa konkaino tesutono seisekiga amarinimo hidokattanode, gakkari-
shimashita.
I was disappointed because I did so poorly on the last test.

9) OH ALAND SC. OCVBEE ITE LI.

2 ue) Ev

Kono chihoowa senjitsuno taifuude, hidoi higaio ukemashita.

This area was heavily damaged in the last typhoon.

10) BIPM
UD SRF OIEAT. (EALFICHONZOLV
ATT A,

554
 IUMTHEUDIC-ILUWIE/hajimete-hajime ni-hajime wa

Anatani ijiwaruo surunante, hontooni anohitowa hidoi hitodesune.

He really is a terrible person to tease you like that.

EMT UUDIT “1 UIE

a hajimete shajime ni whajime wa

LUDT (MOT) Te
time5first
FECT EBTE, SAMS LEAKE GEST ERT CSET CBA,
De OSLER 8,9).
Hajimete states that some event or situation has not occurred or been experi-
enced previously, and that this is the first time (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).

FL RAS—EF SOIL, X 2 FMPWOCCH.

1) DrEL
Watashiga sukiio surunowa, kyooga hajimetedesu.
Today is the first time I’ve ever skied.

2) HANILRALC ORE, ZA BISMOTHK.

Nihon-ewa nandomo kitaga, Nagoyawa hajimeteda.
(I’ve) been to Japan many times, but Nagoya is a first.

3) FhtT FULT. MOTO FET

Watashiwa ryooshinnitotte, Dis ape kodomodesu.
I am the first child for my parents.

4) Sx DRo5 = RCS
be =
EMM TOBA
Up &
EVEL.
>

Kyoo Tookyooni kotoshi hajimeteno yukiga furimashita.

The first snow of the year fell in Tokyo today.

5) PRIAPHELAC
LCHM TALK 83720
Karewa gaikokujintoshite hajimete oozeki,ni natta.
He is the first foreigner to become oozeki.
* Oozeki is the second highest rank a wrestler
can achieve in sumo, following yokozuna.*p.698

6) Pei HEA CHI CF AIT or AES.

WOE cae) eieL ie)

Kanojowa sekaide hajimete uchuuni itta joseida.

555
hajimete-hajime ni-hajime wa/lZUMTHUULHIC UDI

She is the first woman to have been in space.

7) HINO TRok MOLLE, TCORA TOES 0

Anatani hajimete atta tokino kotoo, imademo oboeteimasu.
Even now, (I) remember the first time I met you.

8) PI CART BLSors, ECHR RL.

reine hikookini notta tokiwa, totemo seaicbos hin
The first time (1) flew in an airplane I was very nervous.

9) edAlle ge CHAN CHEER dh 15 123d 5726

eaten natte hajimete kenkoono arigatasaga wakatta.

(1) came to appreciate good health for the first time after falling seri-
ously ill.

> zs a hajime ni
lz Udle Oe! win the beginning ; at first ra

TENE KO GBIS EF HI EW GLELAGF ESET CPil0, 11, 12,

13))

Hajime ni indicates that something comes first and before anything else (ex.10,
11, 12, 13).

10) 7IINOG A-F—AAS DPPOIKAT SPECT «

Burajiruno sakkaachiimuga juuichigatsuno hajimeni rainichisuru yoteidesu.
The Brazilian soccer team is scheduled to come to Japan at the begin-
ning of November.

11) FIORA SCL I< arte PHY SOM HZ

Kesano Saenger ‘capo shinshachoono aisatsuga atta.
This morning’s board of director’s meeting began with a greeting from
the new president.

12) FDIADAGA
(25 L
CISA @IRA.
LBA
KICHAYDBEDT1172.
3% BIK
Kinoono onhiaiste oes, ronbunshikenga, tsugini mensetsuga okona-
wareta.
At yesterday’s entrance exam there was an essay exam first, and then
interviews.

13) COKE ANON AANA 2 OE, DIRDKIRo1:.

556
 ~lkUD4S-~F/ ~hajimeru-~dasu

Sono kajini hajimeni kigatsuitanowa, wagayano inudatta.

The first one to notice the fire was our dog.

kU ie Coyiay Thai
I, BORERDSIEMOILBVT,
AltA RA
BIC DNS LEME MASLAK
ies pina, 15, 16),
This is used when mentioning an event that occurs first in a sequence or or-
dered set of events (ex.14, 15, 16).

14) CATE SOA OILET DLVITNEY RATRANN TCS BOOK.

Donna shigotomo hajimewa muzukashiikeredo, dandan naretekurumonoda.
Any job is difficult at first, but (you) get used to it gradually.

15) Bl,(LADOIAO AMIEANT CWE LIAS,

D V ‘
ILIV ITE YAELET
Watashiwa hajimewa meganeo kaketeimashitaga, imawa kontakutorenzuo shi-
teimasu.
At first I wore glasses, but these days I'm wearing contact lenses.

16) Pi eIESAAS< RRUTZ DRY, RED SBA TCIKS FECOE FIC teote.
bateeg hiroku kanjita kono iemo, kazokuga fuete semaku kanjiruyooni
natta.
This house, which felt spacious at first, has come to feel small as the
family has grown.

~UOS4/~RT
ge ~hajimeru = ~dasu

a a ~hajimeru
~WLUEDS [~#YS1 ato begin (doing) Cl

ENETCE ENS HE PITHIE C DODDSLLTT. HES TE DREADS 1 DEI

Wey BMA AIC TEV OOHBEMIOBM ST (Pill, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7).
To begin to do something different from the previous activity or behavior.
As in kuraku nari hajimeru (to start to become dark), it is also used to show

557
~hajimeru-~dasu) ~\£UH4-~RF

a change in a state or condition (ex.1,2,3,4,5,

6, 7).

1) Sa t y ROR BUTE wt ART 0

LASA

Chichiwa yuushokuno ato, shinbun-o yomihajimeta.

My father began reading the newspaper after supper.

2) BRICGDETC, ROLBAO
RAM 7. ee,
Hn mar BE WE ( \
Ongakuni awasete, karerawa odorihajimeta. Ni y }
They began to dance in time to the music. a x
ee
3) FEOF HIS. 1 UCTROHT HAMEL.
= Oy xu. re Dye ve
ee aana )
Bb
eo vee

Uchino kodomowa, issaini naru maeni arukihajime-mashita. ‘ ‘ ere huni

My child started to walk before he reached the age of one.

4) pr
FI| LA
thio
Dob iee
ty
BV
6
RamELK.
waeU

Watashiwa Se A stds ohanao naraihajime-mashita.

I began to learn the art of flower arrangement last month.

5) EKIct, RADA V vs
SERB.\t

Akini nari, kigino haga irozukihajimeta.

Autumn has come and the tree leaves have started to change color.

6) AONE LIC, BIROB BCID.

Taiyoono hikario ukete, yaneno yukiga tokehajimeta.
The snow on the roof began to melt after it was exposed to sunlight.

1) LALAB Bp AARh Se
Ae eS Paes CDA

Sorosoro denshaga komihajimeru jikanda.

It’s about the time that trains start to get crowded.

fey ey (~H a ~dasu

wto begin (doing) ci

LNETE BIND BATE PATHE & ODDS = EP BND AK HE

RICE cape an
Gr,
C{A8,9,10,11,12,18), ~ARdSs LAIUKSICBVET AS oH
~tROS 1504% RRC. ADO DES CORP OTT (a fev NEE Ave 2
fe HBS ELIZ. BBUF +AB HkROMUIBH
LVSLe CHA
HE SROPATE CBA

Veta Ghee LONE «TB «ARE FARLCU temo 5 Be uvex

DD BrA
PEEL, DIK tae gACH gi

558
 ~lkUD4-~F/~hajimerus~dasu

~dasu indicates that a new action starts which is different from the previous
one, or that a new situation occurs (ex.8,9,10,11,12,13). It has the same
meaning as ~hajimeru; however, it is used in more objective statements and,
therefore, cannot be used to describe something one does willfully. Also,
~hajimeru simply indicates that an action or situation is in its initial stage,
whereas ~dasu suggests that the speaker did not expect the action or situa-
tion to occur, and is therefore slightly surprised by it.

8) ZI-bORaw EAMG.
F 7%
Bodo
Dar
VEY
VEL 1
LE.
Sutaatono aizuga nari, karerawa isseini hashiridashita.
The starting signal sounded, and they all started to run at the same time.

OBO
DPN
HLE
DTD, HEWNLDBPLPoKO CD MMiIRsoCOoKRMAEOE
we ie POUL pos

Kareno ayamarikataga, amarinimo okashikattanode, hajimewa okotteita kano-

Jomo waraidashite-shimatta.
Although she was angry in the beginning, the way he apologized was so
funny that she burst into laughter.

10) BIH CWROI, FR OOH

CAI C LK.
malts ie 25 dH RF
Asawa hareteitanoni, gogoni natte kyuuni amega furidashita.
In the morning the sky was clear, but in the afternoon it suddenly start-
ed to rain.

11 <= AGI OWRAOF IL, BESADEE BREAN SLT

Maigoni natteita otokonokowa, okaasanno kaoo mitatotanni nakidashita.
The little boy who had been lost started to cry the minute he saw his
mother.

12) AVANVOREBIISE, Sr TeAHHH U7

Orugooruno futao akeruto, kireina kyokuga nagaredashita.
As soon as (I) opened the lid of the music box, a beautiful melody
began playing.

13) So E POAC HABA

=F Ps We ys
Le. BS HR BIC Fi DIE b>.
[eee eS anno WN
Sakkikara kyuuni haga itamidashita. Hayaku haishani ikanakucha.
A little while ago (my) tooth suddenly started hurting. I have to get to
the dentist right away.

559
hataraku-shigoto/ld?2¢-LTX

Bien eae
a hataraku 8 shigoto

: = hataraku
die 6 Tes Ia el
DERE Br: woe He i TV eMIZ, AM ENENM EK
stile
RS. tp Ge
+ (fill, 2,3)
To carry out a duty or job in order to earn money or to make a living
(Cxole2es))s

Vet Pld). (PASS. BRETS Cfls,6) ETH. PTIL, Bo

LERF SUV SPAETH
Also, to be active, to function, or to operate (ex.4,5,6). Example 7 is a spe-
cial use meaning ‘to commit a crime’.

) RPOUE
PASH hx
D OHRE
\fA
CES i725
HS
Kanojowa asakara banmade yoku hataraku.
She works very hard from morning till night.

2) DEL
th OSCILIA
TY.
EE CH
L PMA bth 65
Cl De
ae chichiwa taishikande hataraiteiru.
My father is working at the embassy.

3) Rls, ROWED. oO CMDS CORN WUT SEIR.

Karewa, oyano isanga haittanode hatarakanakutemo tabeteikerusooda.
It is said that he can live without working because he received an inher-
itance from his parents.

4) RAISER, HEYVGRAMB ATS.

iz ox HE bt

Watashiwa asa, amari atamaga hatarakanai.

My head does not function very well in the morning. (I don’t think well
in the morning.)

5) PABbSOOIL,
1D 5
5) NAMM
DAWESEG
COOPHTCT.
Monoga ochirunowa, inryokuga hataraite-irukaradesu.
The reason things fall downward is because gravity is at work. (Things
fall downward due to the effects of gravity.)

560
 laeeb6<-LCX¥ /hataraku: shigoto

6) KR FDOATVYIF—2MOCT, KERIB LE.

AUES WED » e a
Tenjoono supurinkuraaga hataraite, kajio keshita.
The sprinklers on the ceiling came on and extinguished the fire.

aes BEAR IST OVC TERRI Hi

fxr.
Karewa, nusumio hataraite keisatsuni tsukamatta.
He was arrested by the police because he committed theft.

5 8 shigoto
ie e (fea J = work ; job 2

DB,FEC. ACNEN BRU WWSL TEUFAUSTEE TENE + HED +

glnie ct als, 9, 10).
Shigoto refers to labor, duties, or work that someone is responsible for and
must carry out (ex.8,9, 10).

DEPLTSsOHEC. WAIL LTH EF CHa, 12, 13).

It is used as a verb in the form shigoto o suru (ex.11, 12, 13).

) FLOTe s LA ieAiKeun,

anes shigotowa kangofudesu.

I’m a nurse by occupation.

RAEaES $0 FBT SDAMLERCT

Gakuseiwa, benkyoosurunoga shigotodesu.
A student’s job is to study.

10) Litt AMER=) CHAS, fiRati

S15 SO CHM MISES
eS : : We

Ashitawa nichiyoobidesuga, shigotoga arunode jimushoe ikimasu.

Even though tomorrow is Sunday, (I) will go to the office because I
have some work to do.

11) Wit, BIR DOS A SPEC. SHC SELET

Eee

Aniwa, asa kujikara yuugata gojimade, kaishade shigotoo shimasu.

My (elder) brother works at his company from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm.

12) FELT SESS. USE LBW TKR

Shigotoo shiteiru tokiwa, jamao shinaide kudasai.
Don’t bother (me) when I’m working.

561
hanasu-iu-shaberu/ (XRT 5->LRNS

it » ftHe LTCV7EV OCILUD 5129

ADSTEV.
Karewa, shigotoo shiteinainode shuunyuuga ndi.
Because he doesn’t have a job, he doesn’t have any income.

EF
/(29 / LPNS
w hanasu giv w shaberu

Ore 5 shanasu
(sae tS J ato speak ; to talk 2

DNADHSLe*%
TW EF
Ble as leABE
on yf
BADLEMANTROTC
ETH

is TREN
Uaeasy
9. LORE BAZ EZ it
Ra fe
Fen \ ery
tev

CULE (Pll, 2. 3).

To speak about a particular subject. It is implied that the speaking is for the
purpose of communication. Therefore, there needs to be a listener, who it is
assumed is willing to listen or respond (ex.1,2, 3).

DbSR OSE PIL. CCHIT

LE NHEEET UST CHI,5).
In the form ‘(language) ~go o hanasu’ it means to be able to comprehend
and converse in a particular language (ex.4, 5).

) Dar
PL OO. bv
OWEoR, GET.
ETS.
~ceWR _L
Karewa itsumo, chiisai koede hanasu. ee if at } “
ate he
He always speaks softly. Neo

2) Yoko ORLA. 4
Es
:
Cane 4 5
yn
2 Ore
~~

Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasai. : ‘gp a se es

Please speak more slowly. / \ / }
Ti lhe \
3) Bes. ALOE SN KASEDX ceeel <n.
alt

Hahawa, re alien umareta eine kotoo hanashitekureta.

My mother told me about the time when I was born.

4) Pit, Rr vaee AARaa eae = Vi72

Karewa, Doitsugoto Nihongoo hanasu.

He speaks German and Japanese.

562
 WEF29*LeN4/hanasu-iu-shaberu

5) #hEs H— FADES EGE Ca LET.

acne & Gaanajinno basse Eigode hanashimasu.
I speak in English with my Ghanaian friend.

—— elu
Wa 5 Weyer! eto say ; to speak

DwNrerrels Cai) CRESS LCT, LUIOE Be Oc re

Sit, BS LGMEDUES TEMEOKEA, HEOSE TE BRIS
Be

UDIEEIBABLEIIVETLyHAC EUT BEV ORDIR

BART VWwOIt>
CX

(PiI6,7,8,9,10). Lieot, “EBLE IM, LSLES DEFRAY S080

HLS 9OVXtL, rE ev tHeFORM PSH

FAd>s 2ERORLET
To express something with words. Unlike hanasu, a listener is not required. If
there is a listener, communication may occur; however iu implies ‘speaking
to’ rather than ‘speaking with’ a person (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). Therefore, hanashi-ai
would mean a discussion where the participants exchange ideas, while ii-ai
would be an argument, where the participants speak out their own (opposing)
opinions.

QWOLER A PAN IDNSEI PHT SEX, C~EWILE HO) IME

PDEWANEF CPi, 12).
Tu is also used in expressions like ~to iu koto (mono) to state or explain
something objectively (ex.11, 12).

OREnI—ETH CPil3, 14).

a 66
1 ane a sound or a noise (ex.13, 14). a be
isSp Se
\ ) feces
6) PULESESOCU LEK E 5. sk e
; 4 / a / \

Karewa tokidoki hitorigotoo yuu. f \ eee \

He sometimes talks to himself. !
7) HOREIDT LVEVHSE fR id B90
Ano kashuga terebini deruto imootowa kyaakyaa yuu.
Whenever that singer appears on TV, my younger sister screams in
excitement.

8) EMEZELPOAL BROKE acre ;

563
hanasu-iu-shaberu/\z7T OH - URNS

Sonna kotowa yameroto ittanoni...

(1) told (you) to stop it, and yet...

9) SADIE FEU FLAS 18M 0 1 ERIS Boe

”
“Kimino aa nidoto mitakunai.” to karewa itta.
He said, “(1) never want to see your face again.”

1) RAP HCL. HLKIBKRSER OW.

Tenkiyohoodewa, ashitawa ameni naruto itteita.
The weather forecast said it will rain tomorrow.

11) AM: ieita ADI (ARETE EOL

Hitono ae yuunowa fushigina monoda.
What we call ‘the heart’ is a mysterious thing.

12) HOw eID DH MDHOEV Dame fs CET A>.

Ano heyani yuureiga deruto yuu hanashio shinjimasuka?
Do (you) believe that a ghost appears in that room?

13) Al, D5 BBL TL — Fe SEAM.

Watashino jitenshawa bureekio kakeruto kiikii yuu.
The brakes of my bicycle go ‘squeak, squeak’.

14 ~~ <DRIS A es bxotOW Cos75ATEN

Kono iewa furuinode, chottono pepeee madoga gatagata yuu.
This house is old, so even when there is only a slight wind the windows
rattle loudly.

: a shaberu ie)
U PN} ato converse ; to chat |

ORMLTARBOEWIER, HEVIB ABTS PICT SESE AAA

BLELOHPYO Cyr CALS, 16). pues DS SWCRUESNSLE
HET,
To casually utter something that has not much content, often only to pass
the time (ex.15,16). It may sometimes be seen as annoying by other people.

DHo TAUIFSWIL EWAICE >TLEIEEVEF (Hill7, 18).

To gossip or say something that must not be said to others (ex.17, 18).

564
 £224 -laF
te/ haneru-hazumu

5) #2 HLaerstlEDVWT,
CO¥ E555
3420 PETS.
Jugyoochuu shabette bakariite, urusai gakuseida.
That student is so annoying because he is constantly chattering during
class.

16) BREESE C BHOADT oe LAs TROT, KC BILAL Doze.

Eigakande, maeno hitoga zutto shabette itanode, yoku kikoenakatta.
At the movie theater, (I) couldn’t hear the movie very well because the
person in front of me was constantly chatting.

12) SHWE IVS Dar CF go wel

Le NOs eg ;
a7 cern (s a bee‘ Le
\
OO os omens
TOGeEY °
: hh MG
aan)
2 se!

Nees = 4 7
Korewa kokodakeno hanashidesu. Darenimo
shaberanaide kudasai. my Kel
This is only between you and me. Please Rs 8
don’t tell anybody.

18) DATE IEO SATION, DV JoPD AIK len CUS.

Annani kuchidomesarete itanoni, tsui ukkari hitoni shabette-shimatta.
(1) was told again and again not to talk about it, but being careless, I
let it slip out.

ld4ao 1ST
g haneru ge hazumu

W22aS (BRS) simp

OB, CUSMS CLT. EDOD RIC LODRSN MH OBS (Pill,
223) CUBR TEAS COME rasHOST (fil4, 5, 6). Baye AsMise
) e
OWYTLEIZED rine, ai et (7).
To jump or spring up. Haneru is used when an object jumps under its own
power (ex.1,2,3), or when a liquid or other substance splashes (ex.4, 5,6).
Also, to hit or knock down someone or something with a vehicle (ex.7).

1) MASAIINAT HICEOL AT.

Kaeruga hanete, ikeni tobikonda.

565
haneru-hazumu /\t24 AF

The frog sprang up and jumped into the pond. as

SREB CORE, EOE CN SALT. ON sigs ,

Noharao aruiteitara, woke battaga haneta.
As (1) walked through the field, grasshoppers flew up about my ae

Wy Sian (LID EASLIES KokbCHHM0TT.

Poppukoonwa, haneru otoga shinakunattara dekiagaridesu.
Popcorn is done when the popping sound stops.

RSbka Pal FRIES jihaitdac Hic PIFeR Lz.

ane ageteitara, ee hanete teni yakedoo shita.
When (I) was frying tempura, the oil splattered and I burned my hand.

Bee BoC 5, KAIST NT LEK.

Shokkio aratteitara, mizuga hanete see nureteshimatta.
While (I) was washing the dishes, water splashed and my clothes got
wet.

i? Hid, Vere idtare\ SEDI REO Cie Dae crc ae

Ameno hiwa, doromizuo hanenaiyooni kiotsukete untenshite kudasai.
Please be careful on rainy days to drive so you don’t splatter mud (on
anyone).

mePid. N41 7IISDON TIME LK.

Musukowa, baikuni hanerarete kegao shita.
My son was hit by a motorcycle and injured.

S . mwhazumu Se)
att at J mto bounce ; to spring ©

DA-VEEDL
G(T FIDBSEOM, PLVBDISOM.T, bicldta
BSLECH (Hil,
9).
To bounce or spring up or back after hitting a hard surface. It is used espe-
cially for resilient objects, such as balls (ex.8, 9).

OeTOINLI TD HOS EADY CDE, PALO, 11, LADLFIAEVEF

Hazumu is also used, as in Examples 10, 11 and 12, to express liveliness,
cheerfulness, or exhilaration.

) BOG ott Wid, KES BA CHOANLA

W072

566
 IPP - FPP”:
Fld 7 CWs/hayai-subayai-subashikkoi

Kareno ketta booruwa, ookiku hazunde sakuno sotoe tondeitta.

The ball he kicked bounced high and flew over the fence.

9) BRAORIGRA—Wid,
Sy 5 wv)
HEV,
lar
A?
Kuukino nuketa. booruwa, hazumanai.
A deflated ball doesn’t bounce.

10) >
SS CROER Fld, aod | cee
WA

BATE Core.
{sae
S

Kaoueienente musukowa, “Shiaini kattayo!” to, hazunda koede itta. =

When he got home, my son yelled out with joy, “We won!”

ll) WOUEK
2 RORVESTES EAA
m=
CHIE Cam
va7zl
O vt A CVS.
Yuushokuno shokutakuo kakonde kazokude hanashiga hazundeiru.
The whole family is having a lively conversation gathered around the din-
ner table.

12) HLF bE aisSDE. coy GELS 0

Ashitawa Pod ee: ne hazumu.
Just thinking about (my) date tomorrow makes me all excited.

PK LTIFPKY /FlfLo cw
w hayai w subayai w subashikkoi

k a hayai 7
FR” (gi > : af | mfast ; early

DIOIeeT
ORM OGL» RMD SECU ILIFERLET. H
fEPqT BEET (Pill, 2,3).

Hayai indicates that little or no time is required to do something. It may be

used for action or behavior (ex.1, 2,3).

Qnuyyl| - ee DV CE, TER COR Zl - REE CIa 7c %, (Bil, 5), Ry

jb 2 aoy/n *

fe]Sm i (Pil, ion faLREZ: $n D>pb Thvy (Als ) REDEST

BRUIT. B9, 10It. rare + guts DER OCs
Okt 2 eee, OlPs eRe eesis.

When referring to time or a period of time, it indicates “it’s not yet time...”

567
hayai-subayai-subashikkoi iS? FSP FILL Cw

(ex.4,5), ‘it’s not late (early)’ (ex.6,7), or ‘it’s simple and does not take time
to do’ (ex.8). In Examples 9 and 10, it means ‘right now’, or ‘in a hurry (as
soon as possible)’.
In definition @) the kanji j#\. is used, while in (2) ‘fv. is used.

) FEY ROVED
ASE DER.
bre AK SU ie
Watashiyori anino hooga ashiga hayai.
My (older) brother runs faster than I do.

“Hd, HRS ITECFess v

pa
a \ = uss SSS

Korewa, sekatichi hayai hikookidesu. sy 5 5en

om aks a eo
This is the world’s fastest airplane. y— += eS yf

bo CHR SZAD rTevre, BCR RN CLES.

‘ ho CAL (2) 3¢

Motto hayaku arukanaito, denshani noriokureteshimau.

If (you) don’t walk faster, you will be late for the train.

FED HOILER TRS TES CW TERE BASIE AV.

Niwano ichigowa mada akakunatteinaikara, taberuniwa hayai.
The strawberries in (our) yard have not turned red yet, so it is too early
to eat them.

Lennoesd DT tL DOD FEI, FERAL DEE TOS ES ana ke

Shabereruyooni nattabakarino kodomoni, jio oshieyoonante, mada hayaiyo.
It’s too early to teach the alphabet to a child who has just started to
talk.

DEDCLONY
BIS, RK DOE ERAT CVS.
Uchino sobano pan-yawa, asa hayakukara miseo aketeiru.
The bakery near my house is open from early in the morning.

HLARNRER
DDS. BCR
CH< MEK.
RAK ees ee) Heese) | 263
Ashitawa ensokudakara, hayaku nete hayaku okiyoo.
(I) will go to bed early tonight and wake up early in the morning, be-
cause tomorrow I’m going on an outing.

< OAL IEG, AK MUINAD POP SIZ DD cane

Kono shigotonara, hitoni eee jibunde yatta hooga hayai.
With this job, it’s faster to do it myself than to ask someone else to do
it.

9) KB BSBA,

568
 PK
-FIERO FEL CW/ hayai- subayai-+subashikkoi

Kajida, hayaku_ nigero!

Fire! Get away quickly!

10) FACES
iPWA
TLS CRITEEN
Hayaku genkini nattekudasai.
Please get well soon.

Tee iy b [ 7

— BEORUSIES, HECTOR
WILMA DA (aes eats) ve?
- BRLFELV
SLOT RLEF ILL,
* UA bdod cama

WD Ss, MAN IS)

This indicates that someone’s action or behavior is so quick that it looks ‘mo-
mentary’ or ‘split-second’ (ex.11, 12, 13, 14, 15).

11) FWRAVAWA, BRAG IEA HiCOMEAS.

Kamereonwa, mushio subayaku shitade tsukamaeru.
The chameleon catches insects swiftly with its tongue.

12) CAIE DIL, BRE TIES OBA CET C0720

Doroboowa, heio subayaku norikoete nigeteitta.
The thief quickly climbed over the wall and ran away.

13) BlsH
ROT IPCV.
Dar WV

Karewa keisanga subayai.

He is very fast at calculating.

14) ict.
POEL
A OBPNCT
tatty
IR BA te
LOdA ype

Kanojowa, senseino shitsumonni subayaku kotaeta.

She promptly answered the teacher’s question.

15)
HULL DIL ORM AT IL OVER BPE. ULFIEA

Karewa monogotono ketsudanga subayaito hyoobanda.

He has a reputation for having a quick decision.

5 a subashikkoi =
tlt Loch gnimble ; quick

LTH Ah ps Bic, HHSC S SLBA OBIMAOTEISIERLG ?

569
hayaru-ninki/\i?P4-\CA®

IO BSC OVS CHEV EF CHG, 17, 18).

To HOB SV APOE AVA

Subashikkoi indicates that someone or something moves or runs around very

swiftly. It refers to the movements of humans or animals that are relatively
small (ex.16, 17, 18).

16) (F< POMEKRKIELKHS, AT AATF IS Lol IF CLE oKo

Bokuga tsukamaeyooto-shitara, nezumiwa subashikkoku_ nigeteshimatta.
When I tried to catch the mouse, it nimbly fled.

17) Ela, HyA-F-LOP CW BILA MARINE, FIFLIZWOTEC

LEIA Ln» fag ML}

arI la | Say
Og
Shoonenwa, sakkaa-chiimuno nakade ichiban kogarada-
keredo, subashikkoinode suguni booruo ubau.
Although that boy is the smallest on the soccer team,
he is very quick so he steals the ball easily.

18) FHS. KMOOARATIL

LoL CUB soCHA WS. per
Kozaruwa, kikara kie subashikkoku tobiutsutte asondeiru.
The baby monkeys are playing by jumping swiftly from tree to tree.

LPS /ICAS
= hayaru gw ninki

w hayaru =~
LPS ato spread ; to be popular

DEDOPOAOEOET CH OM THB, hE 2 TWBEW isERC uses)

OOTH (Pill,2,3).
This word means that something is liked and widely used for a brief
period (ex.1,
2, 3).

QRANS< DAOC 5995 TB MNS— aoe (fil 4).

(Of a disease) to spread among a ie number of people (ex.4).

SE eC BEA ISEMERSSAROLETH (Hib,6,

Mo APO
lt AealCT CAS). BaelELTO MYS?OY
WV
LOND BRULEE
Vy Vy Ww sa»

570
 XP 4 -ICA% /hayaru:ninki

WEA. £729 ~SAlE APES OS | TEEE NICO CLEVE A.

Hayaru describes places such as stores or hospitals as having a very good rep-
utation and that many people come to visit (ex.5,6,7). Hayari is the noun
form (ex.8), but it cannot be used in the meaning of definition @). Also, ha-
yatte iru cannot be used when speaking of people.

1) FEO
Zale 5s
SL, REDLPSH
BRA
LV.
Kotoshino akiwa, chairoga hayarurashii.
Brown seems to be the popular color this fall.

SS.
UN
BvARbORM
bp Ve HW
CTA AZM PaCS.
Ima, wakai hitotachino aidade tenisuga hayatteiru.
These days, tennis is popular among young people.

LOA AIL IS Po 7aKAS, ZDNZALKRAL PsA,

Juunenmaeni hayatta utaga, konogoro mata hayatteiru.

Songs that were popular ten years ago are now popular again.

REY EIABASI LPs CVS Ab, =

bs > # othe Vas A Nag !
i as whe RE NO eas SSWesSp
Me
s OSTANEDAW WV, Cran here
a } Lap fe Nbr Sy Ne)
= NOLA fe SA eo en tle
Warui kazega hayatteirukara, kio i \ Pore aN \ oe
tsuketa hooga ii.
oN -@!
Be careful; a terrible flu is going around.

LODGE LILES THU LUN CE THILV 0TH.

Kono sushiyawa yasukute oishiinode totemo hayatteiru.
This sushi shop is very popular because its sushi is cheap and delicious.

HORRAILE TRL 5 TS. SSCP OTL & Ne

Ano haishawa totemo hayatteiru. Kitto udega iinodeshoo.
That dentist is very popular. He must be very good.

BRI OF— XV BILHSVIP HIELO ES dG Be toy a

Ekimaeno raamen,-yawa amari hayaranakatta-node, tsuburete-shimatta.
The raamen shop in front of the station didn’t get much business, so it
closed up. *p.129

Bais DILPYOARE ACh De

Kanojowa itsumo hayarino fukuo kiteiru.
She is always wearing fashionable clothes.

Sal
hayaru-ninki |i? S:\CAX

Ic A % A ] we ninki
# be popular

HOPS < DADE SEEM TOLL, STIAPENTHBLETH.

aN rs (i9,10,11, 12,13, 14), Liddo CARER CEILI
$4 A

Ninki indicates that something is liked by many people ; ninki may also be
used when speaking of people being well liked (ex.9, 10, 11,12, 13,14), but it is
not used when speaking of bad things such as diseases.

) Bb: = 8 rd 2 FRR SICA AMD S

Doobutsuenno koarawa, kodomotachini ninkiga aru.
The koalas in the zoo are very popular with the children.

10) HAD aK» FitMlZATeAUTNE

Le St:
NAM Do
tA &
plea? Vayswh
if Ko)

Ano kashuwa utawa hetadakeredo ninkiga aru. Wy ae aa

eee does not sing very well but is very oe ia uy BS oe
popular. Tes | (78,\\o we
Il)by 3. BACLBARRH
ID 1EA
oe

WW BHEAILA&
SAA aaprerm.
iv"
-7es
Ges
wy
HAS
Aenea
“

Ima, Nihonde ichiban ninkiga aru supootsuwa Ws a }\ NY

nandesuka? ;
What is the most popular sport in Japan now?

12) EYP WVEOLEnBsd. VWOMTETH

=<
A RNS. kin =

Mootsuarutono sakuhinwa, itsuno yodemo ninkiga aru.

Mozart’s music has always been popular throughout the generations.

13) HOBAIL, PICA At ws IZA

MA IV.
*

Ano senseiwa, gakuseini ninkiga nai.

That teacher is not popular with students.

4 mo KOMFaU—tk, en ROMER.
Wow KrA *¥ BD

Inuno Taroowa, wagayano ninkimonoda.

Our dog, Taro, is the favorite in our family.

372
 TUAEBRNE LED?

CISA EEN les eee

DAS Pig L TWSRORS Ald
CTOROC. REIEA LI ORT
DEAK PDV MBs CNET. K
OR IED DOL eer, A
eneyets Dee Aare Waghe
EES S Ligtsy woz CHALE SE Like Ne EK
EAI eb, TAK THE L295 LEOEL
Ro FOCPAIA okRMe LT. CUBED ok T
o4 Bes ise FES ANS ORCS 9 UE ice G seio ka ae
BATT OTL EI. ABMEVOTTD1 CHF ELK.
POD D TIE BNTHHMGNE,
NY ERNE LEB
SANSA EL SEls is HA Cid, KOR BROS ek ee:
As ERVETA, RBEFS) (ES I IUARBNS &
VIOCT. Shy eRe RSL EIT ees Ce Peis
AOS DIE CAE S. NYRPANTT 4B BASOL EOD
AOC.
Bemus CHIE SDE 3A a's as ee DEY & A
+—, BAW CECOY VA-WRK Bei Oe K ee
(ZEA LID

TH.

Have you eaten yet?

The landlady of the boarding house Sam is staying at is very kind
and takes care of him as if he were her own son.
Soon after he moved in she said, “Good morning, Sam. Chanto go-
han o tabemashita ka'?” “No,” Sam replied. Then she said, “Jaa, gohan

573
hansei suru-koukai suru/\aARO
TS: CHOPWOTFS

o tsukutte agemashoo.*” Sam, with a perplexed look, said, “But I am full.”

She then asked, “Datte mada gohan o tabete inai no deshoo*®. Are you
OK?” Sam answered, “Anoo... gohan wa tabete inai keredo, pan o tabe-
mashita*.” She started to laugh after realizing what was wrong. In Ja-
pan, cooked rice is called gohan, but to have a meal is also expressed
as gohan o taberu.
”
Therefore, if someone says “Saa, gohan o tabemashoo”,’ they may not
necessarily mean rice. What they may mean is bread, spaghetti or any
kind of food.
The same meaning is taken when one says sake o nomu®, as they
may want to drink beer, wine or whiskey. The word sake refers to all
kinds of alcoholic beverages.

Have you eaten yet?

Well, Pll prepare something for you to eat.
You haven't eaten yet, right?
I didn’t eat rice. I ate some bread.
Let’s eat (some food).
HO
CSC
WN
Bw to drink (an alcoholic beverage).

LAROTS/COPWOTFS
whansei suru a koukai suru

ARO TS BAT. ghansel suru @

ato reflect on

AAO
ES
LIE ES
3}
BS PohRDEIDE, PRYBK129,
> Se
KSM7 TWA?
TA

BD oIReEK
DS TA
SACY
PAD
< OBSEUKSIC
DPR
LGC BbRICE Ce Cll,
ny
2,
8 De

This is used when a person thinks back on something he has done to deter-
mine if it was wrong (bad) or not. Hansei suru means to think hard about a
mistake or a wrong one has committed so as not to repeat it in the future
(ex.1,
2,3,4).

1) REORAEKRENF—-Ald,
L&W Be beL
¥ 1 IORFORBELK.
Law Ath
Shiaino atode watashitachino chiimuwa, kyoono shiaino hanseio shita.
Our team reflected on our play after the game.

574
 AROTFS-CHPMOTS/hansei suru-koukai suru

2) AQa7 £OMs WWE, THEI Ra LCHONS72.

bate machigatteitara, sunaoni aon ayamarubekida.
If (you’ve) made a mistake, then you should admit it, and then
apologize.

3) BNAEWIASRARILLEODIZ, Bl RB SEIU AAT.

55 bP pH kA a
Aredake ookina misuo okashitanoni, karewa hanseishiteiru yooniwa mienai.
Even though he committed such a big error, he doesn’t seem to regret it
at all.

4) AON Fei ae Va HAPDE AAS Hor D»ae Ne Reston.

Konkaino dekigotode, ikani et Seen itis alte ooini hanseisa-
serareta.
This latest incident has made me think hard that maybe (I) was too op-
timistic.

SHOTS HTS] Melee” @

EDLEMD AAS Peter ageOe Ds UG IANG OFA PMCOY
SINieWom
mee RG
BUM KLE BS CEs bbTHEEMOK, HEEBSZ
ett (HIB, 6,7).
To regret a choice one has made, i.e., to think ‘I should have acted differen-
tly’ (ex.5,6,7). Koukai suru does not mean to consider whether an act or e-
vent was in itself good or bad.

5) BND DICLK SAGA SEL THT, VOMRETS..

Wakaiuchini takusan benkyooshite-okanaito, itsuka kookaisuru.
If (you) don’t study hard while you’re young, you are going to regret it
someday.

6) CATIA EBODIL6, HDESboER<

SARE Bo CHISiE Roo
tty EIBLTIS.
Konnani nega agarunonara, ano toki motto takusan kabuo katteokeba yoka-
ttato, kookaishiteiru.
Stock prices have really gone up, so now (I) regret not buying more
stock back then.

7) ge PHZBOA LTZTEE REL T By WILYUMALBOMTEV.

mf)
hantai-gyaku zr Ter: & % ¢

Imasara jibunno okashita tsumio kookaishitemo, moo torikaeshiga tsukanai.

It doesn’t matter that (you) now regret your crime, because what’s done
is done. Even if you do regret the crime, It’s too late now.

ATED
Be ¢
gs hantai a gyaku

ldAie\e aioe
Cat) wSeal
hantai =

bees 2 iy ene ae cha yc AO HTLED EVAN ICG TWSS

nn tee ORL ET can, 253540
Hanta expresses an opposing relationship between two things, as in “big and
small’ or ‘hot and cold’ (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

QHFO ER SAAC. BM
LG WCU IERERLET (Bis, 6).
At

It also expresses that one does not agree with ie opinions or way of think-
ing of his partner (ex.5, 6).

SX
WAR
DIET |
BS 5 EBD ERIC, FAGESN
OE CIS FETS TAKESTEBRITS
aft TEADBAX . BeeR ET (PI 1
vy Divs

When used in the form hantai ni it has the same meaning as gyaku ni, i...
to indicate that something has turned out differently from what one had an-
ticipated (ex.7).

1) “Rv 1 OR Mis FELCH.

V4 WAT tt

“Hiroi’ no hantaiwa ‘semai’ desu.

The opposite of wide is narrow.

2) v5BROIL
4
SES wDMLVa COADIZ, ROTHLPIA
YEA TeV
BIPVRAIAA
=
CIOS,
Doorono kochiragawawa suiteirunoni, hantaishasenwa zuibun kondeiru.
Although this side of the road is empty, the opposite lane is quite
crowded.

3) dirL
Ba laepAW24A,
by
ECOL
<7
AA RMR.
= AAT

Watashiwa chiisai koro, yoku kutsuo sayuu hantaini haita.

When I was a child I often put my shoes on the wrong feet.

576
 Ae: » ¢ /hantai-gyaku

4) Breaths. FIRELA FALE RMCAN IW EDIE RE OU TKS

DATA 5
Kandenchiwa, purasuto mainasuo hantaini irenaiyooni kiotsukete kudasai.
Please be careful not to put the batteries in with their plus and minus
signs switched.

5) Pid. dist DEL PEISRT CT bhATEVy

Watashiwa, anatano 7h cle, hantaidesu.

I don’t agree with your opinion.

6) BIEN
MEN TH, ROAIEIEVMT WITT.
Watashiwa dareni hantaisaretemo, kimeta ae yaritoosu tsumoridesu.
I don’t care who opposes me, once I dicide to do something, I’ll do it.

7) 1AAP BEEDB SUI I4fTok by BOAT HN.

ort oto wae omimaini ittara, hantaini genkizukerareta.
(I) went to visit my sick friend to comfort him, but he ended up encour-
aging me instead.

Hw ¢ cca a gyaku é Fy
Sow) @reverse ; Converse ; Opposite

bOI COI FF WEF

FIR)S9
- filceca BRH SNS HK HE
ETILE < . ADR
itor. Bar Biche o7YLTUS BLSTERLET CpiI8,9, 10). thy
WELT RLEV ERE 5S SISTFOLEEIS, BASSI BC Te oh cate
Wed CPI, 12).
Gyaku indicates that the order, direction, position, etc. of something is not
the way it should be; as in, left is where right should be, or the back is now
the front (ex.8,9,10). It may also mean that something that was expected to
turn out one way actually turns out differently (ex.11, 12).

8) BR oCPOREKCOEAT. MAAE CT
<BE

Kurumao kattekara tion torunante, junjoga gyakudesu.

(You) bought a car before you got your license? That’s doing things
backwards.

9) FOI Bc lc EOC
WoHtEj7DIC
WhyA-OPEOor
(Oe SS ae hashitte, patokaani tsukamatta.
A police car caught me when (I) drove the wrong way down a one-way
street.

iti
hikaru- kagayaku/O2>4-2>2*? ¢

10) Be| CAR FZ HOE, Fe oii oe

Rapid utsutta monowa, sayuuga gyakuni naru.

Things reflected in a mirror are reversed.

Il) PII BSEILEGE Bo THRO, WO BSAC CLES.

pti BOC
Kareni is dee omotteitanoni, gyakuni gochisooni natteshimatta.
(I) had planned to treat him to a meal, but I ended up being treated by
him.

12) SALI o CRC EEL, HICH TLE or.

Mookeyooto omotte banat teo dashitara, ica son-o shiteshimatta.
(I) bought some stock expecting to make a profit, but I wound up los-
ing money.

ODS / PAP <

w hikaru w kagayaku

w hikaru Zz
ADS J m=to shine ; to flash

DER EIAILDSEOM, —BCHWSKBSIETH. EDVENYUES

PEMD, ESLUVIEEBS CBSE SHORTT. KHL THESIZED
AEF (Bll, 2,34).
To give off light or become bright in the dark, even if only for a moment.
Also, to become bright to the point of brilliance, so as to stand out from
the surroundings; this includes reflected light (ex.1,2, 3,4).

OAOF REVERIE. TON WSL AMRIK S DM 2 TAUILITe

KLEF (fils,
6).
It is also used to indicate that a person has a special feature, e.g., talent,
skill, etc., that is particularly outstanding and notable (ex.5, 6).

1) <SdreC, Ve7zAn 72K SAH WS.

Kusamurade, hotaruga takusan hikatteiru.
There are many fireflies sparkling in the grass.

) QUAD EC, CABO IEFEMHSOR

AAS.
te 5 Up a

578
 O2D>S: >A? ¢ /hikaru- kagayaku

Sotowa hidoi arashide, tokiori inazumaga hikarunoga mieru.

There’s a terrible storm out—(you) can see occasional flashes of light-
ning.

3) DOFIL, HOVDeRICEHSE HMDS.

UP + dO LIPS ty
Karasuwa, hikaru monoo suni atsumeru shuuseiga aru.
Crows have the habit of accumulating glittery objects in their nests.

4) POUL. WIDE AA REA ne Ao

Kareno kutsuwa, itsumo yoku migaiteatte hikatteiru.
His shoes are always well shined and sparkling.

5) TA
FREES
SAMY
CL wnROEM
X<UA
SIFTA Ut?Ho CW.
Tenrankaidewa kareno sakuhinga ichiban hikatteita.
His works were the most brilliant at the exhibition.

6) RORRO—
aa SVR
SBDIMHoCWK.
CNet Un

Kareno saigono hitokotoga hikatteita.

His final words shone.

S ‘i = kagayaku >
DD? < LIB < | #to shine ; to sparkle

OBOM HS RIF Ti RAT SECT. HS (2 Be COoD EV EEAD

HEC
DO?
(DIESE
UP
SDE DCES LVAD ICPWWe<BATIC
TX
RAL CUS EV IRCA
tA L*? DA

HVEF (Mil7, 8,9).

To shine with reflected light. The light of hikaru may last only a moment,
but kagayaku imparts the meaning that light sparkles brilliantly for an ex-
tended period of time (ex.7, 8,9).

QV oF¥ LTBUIEH SN TW SR MEAG ESCO SF P10).

thy SDS
JE O<BENSLIETILO
LV BYE
BSC UESRRR 5LUI SEW GLERRLEF
Hd
(P11).
Kagayaku is also used to describe a facial expression that is vital and burst-
ing with joy (ex.10), or to denote being awarded a noteworthy prize or honor
(Exail):

7) ZpoRRR
a
RORRIL,
3815 *® it
SOXOUHVY
Pp
CIE.
£5
Sorakara mita Tookyoono yakeiwa, kirakirato kagayaiteita.

579
hiku-ensou suru/O<$-2At9FT4

The night view of Tokyo from the air sparkled brilliantly.

) AOPZED
5D YER
BSH
EC AD
TWH. mn Se \ .

Fuyuno yozorano hoshiwa kagayaiteiru. : ed

The stars in the wintry night sky are sparkling. a gre :

) HHA RAOT, A245 SED HN Wie on

Is
ain
Hx U oD» Vv es

Asahio abite, kigino wakabaga kagayaita.

The young leaves of the trees sparkled, bathed in the morning sunlight.

10 ) SFE D DoE OPS, BOUCHE YC.

~AP CHU MOLE MD LAS PA?
Kon-yakuyubiwao moratta kanojono kaowa, yorokobini kagayaiteita.
Having just received her engagement ring, her face was radiant with hap-
piness.

11 BO
MA
atid, GEORZVIBELMILEA
LEAD
A THE mde
7
Kareno shoosetsuwa, kotoshino saiyuushuu-shooni kagayaita.
His novel was honored (shone) with this year’s top prize.

AC /RACDFS
gw hiku Bensou suru

ce wghiku
he)
OA ¢ LE < | ato play (a stringed instrument) ©

EPS * IMAUY +FY—TSE ORE ai PHL

WAIEABO ae WA
SEee OF—ECTH Pil, 2,3).
To make sound from a piano, violin, guitar ortad keyboard or stringed in-
strument (ex.1, 2,3).

1) Bl, DRBRILET 7% AS eo CK
Watashino shumiwa pianoo hiku kotodesu.
My hobby is playing the piano.

2) RIEOT IES & SURE TARB, WV ADL

aa
Tomodachino gitaao chotto hiitemitara, ii otoga shita. be
When (I) tried playing my friend’s guitar, it made a good sound.

3) Al,Pips, BERK ORES CT

580
 UWWd- YXUE-EUBY/ bikubiku-dokidoki-odoodo

Watashino anewa, kotoo hikunoga joozudesu.

My (elder) sister is good at playing the koto.

ANCES TS WATS) veopertoom 2

OCI RE RID She Wl eee SF LETT TNTORBIC OW CE
&

wet (Pid, 5, 6).

To play an instrument in order to create music for others to hear. It is used
when referring to all kinds of musical instruments (ex.4, 5,6).

4) DATICIES SADA ye OMFR OM AVY ERS

RAS
OOSwe TRoROT
ECOm mL.
SABES
Annani takusanno hitono maede baiorin-o ensoosurunowa hajimete-dattano-
de, totemo kinchooshita.
(i) was very nervous because it was the first time I had ever played the
violin in front of so many people.

5) ARES
EA EADY
C. SKIRDO
RE EARS NZ.
FAM LEMSS53 AALS es
. 25 “ a)
Bansankaide, gengaku-shijuusooga ensoosareta. 3/8)
A string quartet performed at the banquet. WY,

6) Ri,(SAD bAYEIAToReS,
IO ONT IM TORRENT
Watashiwa Sukottorandoni itta toki, hajimete bagupaipuno ensoo-o kiita.
I heard a bagpipe performance for the first time when I went to Scot-
land.

ACA? (CRER BEBE

g bikubiku = dokidoki 8 odoodo

iS ‘ w bikubiku
OX < 6s < mato be afraid or nervous hd

iDBt
LAI
- REDA - BENTLE CRIS SDD LOBBb BIDE WLI FTVER
72 C
RAG
HH5dD
©

581
bikubiku-dokidoki-odoodo/W(UW¢ -UXER- EERE

SES Bate erarGN 7 FilPOI IEBSIEVY . EVI REF HORN CH

pall, Diese)
This expression indicates that because of worry, fear or nervousness, a person
is entirely unable to relax. It is implied that the speaker is worried or afraid
that something will happen to his disadvantage (ex.1, 2,3,4).

1) EeAiea OD Ptopen OO <lGlaS

Doroboowa, itsu tsukamarukato, bikubikushiteiru.
The thief waits in fear, wondering when they will get him.

2) ETD OAEE BAL THOR

Pelaae ReaD BATT OLATERM eager
COG 72.
Ginkookara taikin-o oroshite kaeru tochuu, darekaga tsuketekuruyoona kiga
shite, bikubikushita.
After withdrawing a large sum of money from the bank, (1) suddenly
became afraid that somebody was following me as I walked home.

3) Aas1 ae7s EB RCS BIE DESAI

WIUAIWEOWA

DENTEWDCOS UK LTS.
Inuga kiraina yuubin-haitatsuinwa, haitatsuno toki
inuni kamarenaikato bikubikushiteiru.
The mailman, who hates dogs, is nervous because
he’s afraid he might be bitten by one.

4) BP AE Boh FRR BIL, RD NBONTEODEOK OX ree

Madogarasuo watta kodomotachiwa, ieno hitoni okorarenaikato bikubikushi-

teita.
The children who broke the window were afraid that someone might
come out and scold them.

¥ % ¥ % 8 dokidoki )
© sto throb ; to pound

ID DSARIT OK STDS CH, TE2720. RELY, PEI oIz"

LA€5 ALS
FALL DH, Ls isi WODKVIE HT EEL ++ BIS, 6.78).
This word is an onomatopoeic expression for the sound of a rapidly beating
heart, and is used when one runs, gets excited or becomes uneasy (ex.5, 6,7, 8).

582
 WCW? - UxXYUX-BYUBY /bikubiku- dokidoki-odoodo

Sys RF x CORsALUC RAIDER AOC Lis PRES LCDs

feakae Bakes dealin norooto ohisiaiediodte shinzooga dokidokishiteiru.
(I) ran to catch the 12:00 train, so my heart is pounding.

6) Bh (ts CIO COAYG— bok OC BIA

EEUO en
Watashinitotte hajimeteno konsaatodattanodé, dokidokishimashita.
Because it was my first concert, | was nervous.

7) TeiBeC. ADV AOR COAWABAIRN USSF, CXEELA.

Mensetsude, Dae maede iroiro kotaenakutewa narazu, dokidokishita.
(1) was very nervous at the job interview
because I had to answer various questions or.
in front of executives.
BS \
SRO),
8) DLABAKBASLE IL, MaresragS,
ZWUY
Tod
U Ww
eran
A ote

Ashita LoBion aeruto Hanh munega dokidokisuru. ee (ae

When (I) think of meeting my boyfriend tomorrow, x:) aac)
my heart begins to flutter. a

+5 is y = odoodo @
mwto be nervous ; to have the jitters

Eaptc
Cay
Ale
AE
7g 0729, HAZEN AO BI
Oe eRe
72 9 LEESPR.
re
Hb POLEER
ah LA »
BY
CX
SEE HsMote
Ba vE<
etc) KLOREPBUADKEIT CH. LOKes
b. LOB b ADTEV) KSdIRART (Pil, 10,11). "UC UK FH ilk ©
DS ORAC. la BETS GEOES nSRAC
Odoodo indicates a feeling of uneasiness or fear caused by psychological pres-
sure or a lack of self-confidence. Compared with bikubiku suru, odoodo suru
suggests a higher degree of anxiety (ex.9, 10,11), and while bikubiku suru is
caused by fear, odoodo suru is caused by insecurity or diffidence.

9) CATABW AOTC, BYBELEWC fa ko CV ESV.

Donna erai hitono maedemo, odoodoshinaide, jishin-o motteinasai.
Even in front of people of high rank, don’t be timid and stay confident.

10) EBON AAMMCHOCBKEBET

SOKA).
Naze ano hitowa hitomaeni deruto odoodo-surunodaroo?
Why is he so nervous whenever he gets in front of other people?

11) aE Ati TH ADE DILBEBCLE MORO ANB A 72

583
hisoka ni-kossori/ WOt2\7- 29 €9

Shooninwa marude hanninno yooni odoodo-shinagara kenjino shitsumonni

kotaeta. ;
The witness nervously answered the prosecutor’s questions, as if he were
the culprit himself.

AtDIT/C97€Y
gs hisoka ni # kossori

\ => shisoka ni i
OEDIT wsecretly ; stealthily

TEPER
CxE
E. EPOACMS NIK ORION Y LEWEINGATIE
Bo
STERLEF Gill,
2,3,4,5).
Hisoka ni expresses a manner of carrying out plans or conducting business in
such a way that others do not know or take notice (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) BttWUA
Bin ObMV ytD
FED OLIN GEOHN TS.
Shinseihinno kaihatsuga, hisokani susumerareteiru.
Development of the new product is proceeding in secrecy.

2) PARI A. FTA LOZ DUCMIZOCULAR.

+t & BK pikes Ratio ae) BYP

Yoakemae, mikkooshawa hisokani funeni mogurikonda.

Just before dawn, the stowaways crept unseen aboard the ship.

3) Sit BOA EA.

UCRIobA Hv» HF
MBP
THZED
ko CO4 ONS MAN TLEsK. b 1f2

Bijutsukanno meigaga, nanimonokani yotte hisokani mochidasarete-shimatta.

A famous painting that had been on exhibit in the art museum was
stealthily stolen by someone.

4) BIS PRR SIC ROM bE EI, OCEAN IVAVAT VEY bE DE

leyze
Watashiwa kodomotachini mitsukaranai-yooni, hisokani kurisumasu-purezen-
too yooishita.
I got the Christmas presents all ready in secret so the kids wouldn’t find
them.

584
 OAtMIT- C5 €Y /hisoka ni-kossori

5) BSP‘Serus
ARS BLICILO EACH 1 FEE DV Ye
Kookoojidai, watashiniwa hisokani les rk senseiga ita.
In my high school days, there was a teacher on whom I secretly had a
crush.

\ a kossori . =
Cu) ae Y astealthily ; sneakily ; secretly

EDONCRIODN WLI, fiFPeTOLIFERLET PIG, Ue Dh MOD

TO4prrz jd, a POT 7s DOAN HATE woe fa aaa
PRIVEE DIED

TER CH A, rr 54, Ps “HBP TID DARIN UVaooleme

VSROREIR
BA TORT.
Ue 3 =A te *

This denotes doing something in such a way that others don’t notice
(ex.6, 7,8,9, 10), ie., stealthily, secretly, or on the sly. Hisoka ni means ‘do
something so that plans or information do not leak out to others,’ but
kossori includes a strong nuance of ‘not making a sound that would be
noticed by others’.

6) AA Vd, fh A aCe COREA C Lees

dL =

Watashiwa, aneno nikkio che yondeshimatta.

I secretly read my (elder) sister’s diary.

7) PittsUO FE HI
ES bDS
5 COR BRR
Sala wa
UC WRB » COR.
Ws
Karewa jugyoochuuni kossori kyooshitsuo nukedashite, pan-o kaini itta.
He snuck out during class and went to get some rolls.

8) EAI DIL, BMD otVGULA TE.

Doroboewa, madokara kossori shinobikonda.
The thief snuck in stealthily through a window.

9) BAILKRI Gee PIS—P CL 5 €))Sie Belo CVS 0

DOUE
Kanojowa ooyani damatte, apaatode kossori nekoo katteiru.
She’s secretly keeping a cat in her apartment without telling her landlord.

10) It, BV ROSRMMRE. FISMLORI

CI 540A LS.
ahah warui tenno tooanyooshio, hikidashino okuni kossori kakushiteiru.
My (little) brother is keeping his bad exam papers tucked out of sight in
the back of a drawer.

585
hitori de-jibun de;AX YT LSAT

OLUT/ ERAT
whitori de a jibun de

~ whitori de ¢
A& y)x6 # alone

DEMME Wo L&E, THES BMTEV

FES BVEF (Pill, 2,3).
Hitori de means to be alone, that is, not with other people (ex.1, 2,3).

DPA, 1. (EDO ADBNG RABY T ICO AR ADIT CED IRE

tvs
RS K
Fag
In Examples 4 and 5 it emphasizes that one does something without help
from others.

1) BiLHORIOCV
CEA TB.
Karewa ano ieni hitoride sundeiru.
He lives alone in that house.

to & FLV COCRASZLIKACERNSIIMBBW LV.

BES qe, BEY 7z
~®
Shokujiwa hitoride taberuyori oozeide taberu hooga oishii. Sy GIT
Food tastes better when (you) eat with a lot of &B
people than when you eat alone.

owSa P2EIILOCO
THATS SNOW OBOK.
Tamaniwa hitoride ryokoosurunomo iimonoda.
Once in a while, it’s good to travel alone.

>
SRI oAME. COOLIO CHULDS.
Sansaini natta musumewa, nandemo hitoride yaritagaru.
My three-year-old daughter wants to do everything by herself.

oneee cae BNI OR RE oRVCYI COV ete,

Karewa, aredakeno shigotoo tattahitoride yaritogeta.

He completed all of that work all by himself.

= ISS 5 x wjibun de ~
ULRSAT Lag Cl = by oneself

586
 ALYTIC:-L¥AIC/hitorideni-shizen ni

COLEAEIIT, EVIRORTEOET. BHC LOI BRTH AOL

DEEAILA

DCs DODESHEYI, "AAC OIEIMN! COAB

A ORET CURE
IS BALT C6, 7, 8,9).
Jibun de means to do something oneself or unaided. In contrast with defini-
tion @) of hitori de, jibun de does not focus on the number of people in-
volved, but rather implies that something will be done on the person’s own
responsibility (ex.6, 7, 8,9).

6) CNISLA
bELE
FOPRBROC.
LA BARY
Aa CHHRLET.
CBA pHs
Korewa watashijishinno mondainanode, jibunde kaiketsushimasu.
This is my problem so [’ll solve it myself.

7) 40¥15L
MOMS, LAS
KS has
SATCHP
eas
OROHIZIBDU.
Annes
Sotsugyoogono shinrowa, yoku kangaete jibunde kimetahooga ii.
(You’d) better think carefully and decide on your own the course you
will take after graduating.
~~
8)) HBOLEIAA
HAOLLISADACL
CLAS, pr. sentert
Yreod
Jibunno kotowa jibunde shinasai. a Nice
Do (your) own things yourself. 38 a ee
y oe i SA a

9) BPC srIeicus
BER RON, AES
UC BA I's EIA % oO =

Jibunde itta kotoniwa sekinin-o motsubekida.

(You) should take responsibility for what you have said.

OLYTtic/ LAI
g hitorideni a shizen ni

. a hitorideni =
Ax& Y Za IC mwautomatically ; by itself

AKL MoPODO WD Lo THK (LF OBOD, FIG LEC THE

WH EFRIREWDESRVEF. KECINEOM, RAM AMIE
VESID (Pll, 2,3). ARLCHUEHS CHIC Vb bP epg
BST EVES OR OEF (Pil, 5,6). E72, AAOREC BR

587
hitorideni-shizen ni/AW¥Y) TIC: L¥ AIT

6. ODO
HECHAMUT LE SES POET CHIT,8).
Hitorideni denotes that something that is supposed to move by some kind of
power or stimulus moves by itself; it is used when the reason or cause of
the movement is not clear (ex.1,2,3). It may also be used when saying that
once jts mechanism is set, a device will do something automatically (ex.4,5,
6). Hitorideni is also used when one’s body moves by itself or unconsciously
in certain situations (ex.7, 8).

1) EP DRA, OE CICBAY 7.
Lota

Doaga totsuzen, hitorideni aita.

The door suddenly opened by itself.

MBB OE ABOCYCIIBATL«
Heyano denkiga hitorideni kieta.
The room light went out by itself.

) Hh COTW OI, HO LOUOAROL OCHS CE.

CLA 727s DA

Jishindemo nainoni, tanano ueno kabinga hitorideni ochitekita.

Although there was no earthquake, a flower vase on the shelf fell off all
by itself.

DETAIL. RDSEOCY CHAIRS.

Kono bideowa, owaruto hitorideni makimodoru.
This video tape will rewind automatically when it is finished.

BA 6 RRC,
Hz E
OXY CIRTEANEF MAUET.
tavy

Asa rokujini, hitorideni danbooga hairimasu.

At six o’clock in the morning the heater will turn on by itself.

BBBICADASE, CVG —MENEAILT, OCU CB ANOX.

Heyani hitoga hairuto, sensaaga soreo kanchishite, hitorideni denkiga tsuku.
When someone enters the room, the sensor senses it and the light comes
on automatically.

BREE CSE, DEN CAMHS.

BAM, Dee Se
Ongakuo kiiteiruto, hitorideni karadaga ugokidasu.
When (I) listen to music my body unconsciously begins to move.

BADE
e EY COS ISIZ, OCOCUIRBH TSK.
PACE ttre * ATE a

Kanojono hanashio kiiteiru uchini, hitorideni namidaga detekita.

While listening to her story, tears started welling up in (my) eyes.

588
 DbEM- EY SE NORA /hiratai-taira na-heitan na

> = eshizen ni py
LYAIC LER | = naturally

FICS
ta 7RVE
LEWO - FEMARDISTHEBUOOIE, UxU seat
5G BOL EDIE SLIT ERG CSET (PIS, LOW; 2)< Blo TBS
CRIBS + POISE - MOTETCO IDRRERKLET.
& » BA THES nm” 6 Ww 4 b5b
Shizen ni expresses the idea that some event occurs gradually over time, al-
though no one has done anything special to bring it about (ex.9, 10,11, 12).
It expresses the meaning that something occurs if left to itself ‘without any
strain’, ‘with no resistance’ or ‘as a matter of course’.

9) JARED
he
<Dak
4
LCHENS DIC, ARIK COME FEAT Bes orked
Nandomo kurikaeshite kiku uchini, shizenni sono kyokuo oboeteshimatta.
(I) just learned that song unconsciously, while listening to it over and
over.

10) CORREO
THe
G25,
=F
MoTHW
CO BAITIASE.
t£5 LA ab

Sono teidono kizunara, hootteoitemo shizenni naoruyo.

A wound like that will heal by itself if (you) just leave it alone.

ll) KRbIZ,
DIZ
BAKE
L tA RES
oC ok.
Watashitachiwa, shizenni tomodachini natteitta.
We became friends very naturally.

12) FEPRICRA
ct BL
TES CO. anPb eA BAIL
SA
ULE RASOOR.
bir

Murini oshienakutemo, akachanwa shizenni kotobao oboeru monoda.

Babies learn how to speak naturally, even if (you) don’t go to any trou-
ble to teach them.

ObER
SEM bSE/ NORA
a hiratai gfaira na mheitan na

g hiratai 7
Abrew Lash aflat ; level

bOOE eka. M DEW DTERLEF BARS IEC ACE

Bjit7

589
hiratai-taira na-heitan na/ObdE- RMSE AMORA

UFECT
pf: t
(PIL,
hv
2,3). UeOER SGIE. DPVCTS AMER
by
MCE W IEW
ULIWA

BIRCH (fil 4)
ws A ns

Hiratai indicates that the shape of something is even and does not have much
thickness or depth (ex.1,2,3). The expression hirataku iu means ‘to say some-
thing in an easily understandable way using familiar words’ (ex.4).

LOR RD ERY BMD

54
TC EE.
Kono ryooriwa Weedbad osarani nosete kudasai.
Please serve this on a flat dish.

ZOEK FRE, INSAF I ADCO

UG wo vive

Kono hiratai hakoniwa, hankachiga haitteiru.

There is a handkerchief in this flat box.

AIST I ZN ME9e Llc Lt, DbEbIET.

Kakiwa hiratai hoo-o ueni shite, karao akemasu.
(You) shuck an oyster by first putting its flat side up.

> BORE EROAL ie, FDR BOLT. PEND HOHE leds

RENN CR a aia
Kareno teian-o hirataku ieba, roodoojikan-o herashite, yutorino aru sei-
katsuo shiyooto yuu kotoda.
To put his suggestion simply, (we) should lessen our work hours and
live more leisurely.

tai l—~
fe. brie Lene Shee oan ; horizontal
i

ES)OPLHOR Bl MAWES DF RRLET CBs, 6,7,8,9). rete el

ele WOOKOLITC "P57 id, LDLHOR HOLGT CH.
Taira na indicates that the surface of something is not bumpy (ex.5,6,7,8, 9).
Hiratai refers to the shape of something, while taira na refers to the condition
of the surface of an object or land.

5) TIVE, EAP
ICT SiH
Burudoozaawa, tochio tairanisuru kikaidesu.
A bulldozer is a machine used to level the earth.

6) PEOILAH A DAA OIAI—, F=AA—beU-F—-CEBIE lee,

590
 Ab}: RV bK- NORA /hiratai-taira na-heitan na

Karerawa asuno shiaino tameni, tenisukootoo rooraade tairanishita.

They leveled the tennis court with a roller in preparation for the game
tomorrow.

7) Al, te bid WDIDF SIBET——TFVMBDONCLT, BNACIERNK.

Winds liachine umibeno tairana ishio teeburugawarini-shite, Obenee=e tabeta.
At the seaside we used a flat rock for a table and ate our lunches.

8) INA EMD OAKETEDILOILG Did, DYtteTALV.,

Paikijio menboode tairani nobasunowa, warito muzukashii.
Rolling out pie dough with a rolling pin is rather difficult.

9) VEDYIZFEVPTUOOC POETS ET 0
Hakariwa kuruiyasuinode, tairana tokoroni okimasu.
A scale is easy to upset, so put it in a flat place.

swheitan na =z
NORA meven ; flat

ule Er. BISEDTES Peg ee. eee Rd ane

+. PS CE PADNETM, ae \T2 ATE vd Es, IB7SEIK ee £8
Vy teh CAL0, 11).
Heitan na indicates that an area of land does not have features such as moun-
tains, hills, valleys, or other changes in elevation. Although heitan na and
taira na are interchangeable in this sense, heitan na may only be used to de-
scribe geographic features, such as an area of land or a road (ex.10, 11).

10) Dye
FA DBAE ote) FRI,
UP Soy) ere) ho
OS DEON RATE(2EVS HVEF
Watashiga kayotta shoogakkoowa, yamano fumotono heitanna tokoroni a-
rimasu.
The elementary school I used to go to is in a flat area at the foot of a
mountain.

I) NWAVy Zn py pea
GIR, BEC LASSEN
SS eV ee
BEITSE. RASTK
a
Se
Heitanna inakamichio, kurumade ichijikanmo hashiri-tsuzukeruto, akitekuru.
(1) get bored after driving about an hour on flat country roads.

591
AADES

HA
KoOT
OTE
A ge OS 7a

HA CILMEO IAS kA OIC aes IR BUR RE 3

+. Barr Aoz eEC, COMBA AKA OILS Ike
OL 2G 1 YeOKS
ft Be Se fRUt28D BDAC
Se BYDK sb, HOA : en
(LBL OPIWEI
CH. ELMBO
BS. tid Ope oe. ee
PE EAC Ou
£12 SVE
EBD IL
Aerts FG, tyke D
K+ 8DKEEE DSBS, Lin Rik
Oia
fe or ATMS UO: OE Dit
omen ee 2 :
ples ACP NS PY OC — 2°23 Y
DIF IL, ENVIRO EB DBL BK LET La LRBRIS, Te
TARY CDPO EA. 2LDKOIEIM3ILDKEY
OE
Vad Nai a eect ao) CaaS Fe

Housing in Japan
In Japan, the size of a room is measured in joo, which is the Chi-
nese reading of the kanji character for tatami (or straw) mat. The
number of these mats placed in a room indicates the size of the room.
Generally, a tatami mat measures 90 cm 180 cm, although there may
be some differences. In recent times the mats have become smaller than
their traditional size. Rooms most often come in sizes of 41% mats
(yo-joo-han), 6 mats (roku-joo), 8 mats (hachi-joo), 10 mats
( juu-joo ), or more.
Also, real estate agencies often describe apartments in their adyertise-

592
 O4ARS:-O4F 4/hirogaru-hiromaru

ments as 2LDK, 3DK, etc. Under this system, the L stands for a living
room in which a sofa may be placed and a family may gather, D indi-
cates that there is a dining area in which a table and chairs may be
placed, and K stands for a kitchen. The 2 or 3 refers to the number
of bedrooms in the apartment. However, the true size of an apartment
cannot be determined without actually seeing it, because a 2LDK may
in fact be larger than a 3LDK.

OABS/O4AES
gs hirogaru a hiromaru

OSHS tigers) Tie,

~ > hi a

ta + aid
WE
=-H0| + SORASAS<
HAG Xe tiA Wy bE
eo TVX ZECH CPi,
rau
2,3, 4,5). HOILA
Aiba, ¥
Lond) IMs € fC <A) Eau
Hirogaru indicates that the area, width, or scope of something becomes larger
(ex.1,2,3,4,5). It suggests that the growth occurs from the center.

1) JBlAS gD Fe ies KES EV DFC) IB tofz.

Pe OE

Kazega tsuyokattanode, kajiwa atto yuu mani hirogatta.

Because the wind was strong, the fire quickly spread.

2) Fic RAS LT BELIJW LMS.

Fukuni tsuita shimiwa, kosuruto yokei hirogaru.
The stains on your clothing will only get bigger if (you) rub them.

3) AUITF9—Db RSE. PRATTSECINMEA

AD > CHSORD MDS,
a PYF Polit UA
Herikoputaakara miruto, karyuue ikuhodo kawahabaga hirogatte irunoga
wakaru.
From a helicopter, the widening of the river as it flows downstream is
clearly visible.

4) LIDS BEIIS, TANT BASIC,

ILBA> CWS.
Yamano fumotoniwa, rengebatakega hirogatteiru.
Fields of milk vetch flowers extend across the base of the mountain.
fui ni-futo) SVT HY

5) WS)
wit
EIT, KERB
THA ih BA O4
So. ees % 4

Tkeni aye nagetara, suimenni hamonga hirogatta. hee QNe rae

When (I) threw a pebble into the pond, ( Oa ‘be J
ripples spread out on the surface of the water. Me ar a }
a ek ao

5 wshiromaru =
O4A E5 4 Bs 2 |) ato spread ; to be disseminated ti

Ba PHA BE HPP IDIEEM, 2a DAR ICM ONT, BALIN LE

titel PARE UL DIA

CH (I, 7,8, 9).

Hiromaru denotes that something, such as a story, idea, reputation or rumor,
becomes widely known, popular, or widespread (ex.6, 7, 8,9).

6) Biv obsts, TOU) YES

$2

Warui uwasawa, suguni hiromaru.

A bad rumor spreads quickly.

7) HDRIBILIMHSEOI
IDSA, FRR SORCL EoD.
Ano ieni obakega deruto yuu uwasaga, ee ee ne, hiromatte-
iru.
A rumor that a ghost lives in that house is spreading among the chil-
dren.

8) NFLADEN TASER HELEDEV ISAT BbEsTECWW Se

Baransuno toreta ee shiyooto yuu palace gneey hiromatte-kiteiru.
The idea that (we) should eat well-balanced meals is becoming popular.

9) BAIL IEO CV DEF HAA Fore. ey

Kanojowa utaga umaito yuu hyoobanga hiromatta.

Her reputation for being a good singer spread.

AIT LAY
a fui ni a futo

munexpectedly ; suddenly

594
 AWC -Y (fui ni-futo

AMBIT CRS o72y PrBPR SNE LOBWUDIFEL, hAOSITE PITH

As oes Sas)

eee (Pill, 2, 3, a 5b LOTCHEI Hs 2 IADIESeEALT. TC

TPb, atte BOUT ECA. PS it, CORSE ADO
ee, 2”)

BRUIT SLY CI SED RARHYTE CATE a BABOCT.

Fui ni is used to describe the suddenness of a person’s behavior, or a happen-
ing without notice or warning (ex.1,2,3,4,5). It suggests that the observer
was surprised by the unexpected incident ; therefore, fui ni is not used when
speaking of one’s own intentional behavior. The sentence in Example 5 is pos-
sible because the speaker’s feelings are unexpected.

1) PERIL, SVVCATSIELSE, LEH EIR Ror

Kanojowa, fuini tachidomaruto, kochirao furikaetta.
Suddenly, she stopped walking and looked back.

2) PROMS, SVICTALETOOC FELDIGENSN CS.

370 0 tht

Butsurino senseiwa, fuini tesutoo surunode, gakuseitachini osorerareteiru.

The physics teacher gives pop quizes, so the students dread his classes.

3) Kid Ob, PRBS, HBTS.

Karewa itsumo, yokokumo nashini, fuini tazunetekuru.
He always comes to visit (me) without giving prior notice.

4) Daryn yes Aya AM ROW LTEROC

yey ALLE SS yapCae
Monokagekara, fuini hitoga tobidashite kitanode,
moosukoshide butsukaru tokorodatta.
(I) almost ran into a person because he sud-
denly rushed out of a shadow (into view).

DB) Berle BAST. BV PER AGP I< ie

doaee
Yonakani mega samete, fuini fuanna kimochini
osowareta.
(1) woke up in the middle of the night, and all of a sudden, I felt un-
easy.

abey 8 futo :
msuddenly ; by chance ; accidentally

595
fui ni-futo) SOIC? H&

€5 LESEBAKHIFTSEWO, each INS @ LE sev Exe

WET (PiI6, 7,8, 9). tse Be LEMP
Dies
LO At
BIE 7x BAVC)
EASE ADE
DATED, We REAR 3 HIMESH CLES ERIE EF. FAVS,
EDCELEOM BeSUT Ml AWS ES 5
Fire "BEAST ERL | REIS, OH
{Ft + SHE iH RNY wyTEDr: see LEHRLET. Ps BLrewia it hp
G Wls LYAMATS ?}

st LRSsaNT> ENV» xWP TEN FEAT EVDO CT (P10).

Futo indicates that one does something unconsciously or spontaneously with-
out any particular reason (ex.6,7,8,9). It suggests that one suddenly does or
thinks of something unrelated to his previous action. Fui ni indicates a feel-
ing of surprise on the part of the person affected by an event or experience,
while futo expresses that the behavior or action was suddenly and uncon-
sciously done; a futo shita koto is somewhat that happened ‘by mere chance’
or ‘because of an unexpected matter’ (ex.10).

) HScX, StS FROM DD BEEDS cea HiL72.

Aru toki, futo shoogakkoono apse ie kotoo omoidashita.
One time, out of the blue, (1) remembered one of my friends from my el-
ementary school days.

7) #i
EOEeC , HEECLE RSE, FAN OTEMIRVY CUE
= x ‘h x

Sanpono tochuude, futo ashimotoo miruto, sumireno hanaga saiteita.

While (I) was taking a walk, I looked down by chance and saw violets
in bloom.

8) SIRS
HSL TO SITNE, BLA RNBKICBSLEMDS.
Imawa tanoshiku kurashite-irukeredo, futo shooraiga fuanni naru kotoga

A tt (1) am enjoying my life at this time, there are times when I

feel uneasy about the future.

9) HERE) wheat OID SCT, HERB

CRA Toke
Suirishoosetsuo yomunoni muchuuni natteite, futo kiga tsukuto yoga ake-
teita.
(I) was absorbed in reading a detective novel, and before I knew it, it
was already morning.

10) HELI EMDR EAM DV ICTEok.

Futoshita kotokara kanojoto shiriaini natta.
(1) became acquainted with her by chance.

596
 drs ¢ 3205 /fuku-nuguu

dr / VALS
a fuku mB nuguu

w fuku
dr ¢ sto wipe 2

YZSYPPETW KABEBWREZLAB, AOMILETE F 9 Ges Able

GP) LETC. SAW MEN OBOE BBBVET (Pill, 2,3, 4,5).
To clean the surface of something that is dusty, dirty, or wet by wiping it
with cloth or paper. The focus is on (the surface of) the object that is
cleaned (ex.1,
2, 3,4, 5).

Il) Ops KPO BIDAR HSE ee

Kinoo, iejuuno madogarasuo fukimashita. =
Yesterday, (I) cleaned all the windows in my house. ce
\s
Sal
"1, j
2) Poors MBNS, SNWICHW
TLE OT HAV. ov
NS. a
|
Aratta ayeee kireini fuite shimatte kudasai. 2
Please dry the washed dishes well, and put them ile = Lm i
away. io ae
f
LOVAW CH Sl YOOVVY CSE,
Kono taorude aseo fuitemo iidesuyo.
(You) may use this towel to wipe off your perspiration.

y Heid, BE Re StIFit<9 LISD CT

Atowa, rookao fukeba soojiwa owaridesu.
After mopping the hallway, (I'll) be done with the cleaning.

5) OPMOrV Als, FW TePD IV ATT HVT, SHWUVCLET

Meganeno renzuwa, kawaita yawarakai nunode fuite, kireini shimasu.
(You) clean eyeglass lenses by wiping with a soft, dry cloth.

. mnuguu
¥a¢ 3) ny wipe off %

POI ° ae AVIS OE BOCA + FRECK OBS & (Cie CHG, TOs

ane Gey UUFBLLERT OT, an PAE TAS HOP:

597
fukuramu: fukureru:hareru/ s¢ bte- ds MSlENS

Fre WCF sit, MYVKSIWOIUE Et HAN fala, 5SMKITUAV.

U4
DH <
WtA Vv

DVT (iV tth, ZOLA 29 D5 tof Fe BLUMRIELALOM

DALIVEDWA vo hv

Cis ASNET.
o>
To remove sweat, water, or stains by wiping it with paper or cloth (ex.6, 7,
8). Fuku means to clean something by scrubbing or wiping, so it’s possible to
use it to mean ‘to wipe a dry object’, while nuguu focuses on the thing to be
removed, and cannot be used when cleaning large areas like those in Exam-
ples 4 and 5. Nowadays fuku is used interchangeably with nuguu, except in
idiomatic expressions like that in Example 9.

6) Pei (PECTED Bah Ge BUT Te 0

Karewa, aseo nuguinagara shiaio tsuzuketa.
He continued the match, repeatedly wiping
perspiration (from his brow).

7) BES fall OWRY-AZEFT FY CHC 5 Se

Kanojowa, yubisakini tsuita soosuo napukinde nugutta.
She wiped the sauce off her finger with a napkin.

8) BAIS HONORE ICBICBET IC, BRIE &:FEC 72

Kanojowa, afureru namidao nuguootomo sezuni, eigao miteita.
She watched the movie without even bothering to wipe away the tears
that came welling up.

9) BOSCO CHL BIL, DAMS MOL IIL eICVEBL.

Ano jikenni tsuite watashitachiwa, nanimo shiranaikanoyooni kuchio nugui-
tooshita.
We kept silent about the incident, pretending we didn’t know anything.

dC bE/RCNS/1ENS
w fukuramu w fukureru @ hareru

d< bt woul Be
mto swell ; to bulge z
=

bDOBEDS MOE DOEKS < GOZECT« RpSAS< Wud, Wy IUsads

< BEEK DIETE TUS SOLOW CTRWEF Cll, 2,3, 4,5).

598
 a < bt ¢ 14-154 /fukuramu:fukureru-hareru

ARDVIEF Pl 6 DLE OHBURKEK BOLITORLEF. TSK BA

REIT OLER, UEC HSEUS IEW ET.
TET
Fukuramu denotes that the size of something becomes larger than it original-
ly was. It is used when speaking of objects that always grow naturally under
certain conditions or after a specific period of time passes (ex.1,2,3,4,5).
Something described as fukuranda mono has a pleasant feeling of softness or
fluffiness. As in Example 6, fukuramu may be used to mean that one’s aspira-
tions or expectations become greater. The verb fukuramaseru means ‘to cause
something to swell or expand’.

1) DIAS
RUBLE RYT Ee, PARERILELEA SL BARS
ee ite ee dondon fukuranda.
The hot-air balloon became larger and larger as it filled with hot air.

2) NY ERISA TY Db, KC 3 6A THY LEDIBEIKNY EE Beeee

Pan-yawa oobunkara, yoku fukurande
oishisooni yaketa pan-o toridashita.
The baker took the soft, puffy, tasty-looking \ GES ee
bread out of the oven. ~ / cya \ SN

3) Hid, BYYIAE SOLU SOMERL. | ak]

ved = Z

Ss pe
Karewa, fuusengamuo fukuramaseru-noga tokuida. x = rie
He is very good at blowing up bubble gum. Bee

4) FECT {ENAITAM AS DAR. \

v és

Haruninatte, hanano tsubomiga fukuranda.

Spring has come, and the flower buds have swelled.

5) PADBIDEK
RK BEE CUSET <

Kaeruwa nodoo fukuramasete nakimasu.

A frog croaks by inflating its throat.

6) PHBL
Bt Vy aks
RASC, BBE SKEET. CNENOW SEA
CToke

Gakuseitachiwa sotsugyooshikino ato, kibooni muneo fukuramasete, sorezo-

reno michio susundeitta.
After the graduation ceremony, the students set off on their different
ways with hearts filled with hope.

599
fukuramu:fukureru:hareru) s¢ bt ds<$ 1S lENS

mfukureru =&
SR fs) ato swell Ig

DEON cae ERAS. FHpio if SS £5 RRRUTH SS B— Ga

BIT, 8,9, 10). TRONS nig ARUAS KSKVIATOb OA, alm»
ORY TKRSS Thok. LV SRA SHIT.
This ee dete that an Sheet spanner entirely or partially, as if being
pushed out from the center (ex.7,8,9,10). Fukureru implies that an object
which does not ordinarily grow larger has expanded due to some cause.

DAMES LILO, THAKYFSLIFERLET ©FHIF OLVIRRUAL

xd CPD.
It may be used to describe someone’s behavior as sulky or cross, and some-
what childish (ex.11).

7) BODE KES C3<NS.

Omochio yakuto fukureru.
Japanese rice cakes swells as they roast.

iL 56

Hashirani butsuketa odekoga fukurete, kobuni natteshimatta.

I bumped my forehead on a pole, and the swelling became a big bump.

9) E—PFALBOPTHK NODS, BAT FINVIEID

Piinatsuwa ino nakade fukurerukara, tabesuginai hooga ii.
Peanuts expand in your stomach, so you shouldn’t eat too many.

10) KHEDAA< 1S CHARS 15.

Onakaga fukureruto nemukunaru.
(1) get sleepy when I have a full stomach.

11) BAIL FEBSNSCT OSS NS.

Sha Sabiarhe sugu fukureru.
She quickly gets huffy if she is admonished.

w hareru ==
VE414 wsto swell Ei

EPO AiO, RPI CORFO

UAE
D,
ME
EM KOKS
ws

600
 aS: DOS: 56CE /fusagu-meiru:ochikomu

CH oKOFSLETH (Pill2, 13, 14, 15),

Hareru indicates that a part of a person’s or animal’s body swells and be-
comes larger because of illness or injury (ex.12, 13, 14,15).

12 iebicHeNT, BAN.
Hachini sasarete, ashiga hareta.
My instep swelled up because (I) was stung by a bee. AR

13) POEL
RADIAN 7
ROC,%
BAVEN TIS, ch
. /
Kanojowa yuube naitanode, mega hareteiru. law
She cried last night, so now her eyes are puffy. MS
Qe-
1) FN3ONoKERD. (in CH. &:
HLCU V7 ©

Kinoo hinetta ashikubiga, harete itai.

The ankle (I) twisted yesterday is swollen and painful.

15) Wats
PETATPROISN
| DARED
CSOT, RAIBREMSNTU
VAM © <a
GS,
Karewa kanzooga hareteirunode, ishani sakeo tomerareteiru.
His doctor has ordered him to stop drinking because his liver is swollen.

ASC LOOSE (BEE

a fusagu mw meiru ® ochikomu

> Be fusagu
ar re < ato be depressed ©

ARLAV HLARBEC Ba US 5 I-78 CILRANE < fas) (GELS)

cS SEE
PRLET.
AbD
AMIE
Dia
COSI DLIIZ, HED
WASWw
BADLITERT
CU SA bAb5bD
EVA
7D Dt:

ILLEVA (Pill, 2,3, 4).

This verb expresses that one has a dark, cheerless feeling caused by sadness,
hardship, etc. It cannot be used to describe one’s own feelings at the mo-
ment, therefore the sentence watashi wa fusaideiru is not said (ex.1,2,3,4).

1) MOEE
PARIERFRREWTHH, FoPVSIWTS.
Kanojowa musukoga ieo detekara, sukkari fusaideiru.

601
fusagu-meiru:ochikomu) SX ¢ OOS ESECE

She has been depressed ever since her son left home.

S SAL AMEE LT. BUILABS IVY CW SLIFTE.

LY EX XA »» *

Kaishaga toosanshite, karewa kiga fusaideiru yoosuda.

He’s been depressed ever since his business went bankrupt.

A: file2ATSUBA LCV BATHDre

B : EBADSEC WATER To
Nanio sonnani fusaida kaoo shiteirundesuka?
Why do (you) look so glum?
B: Shigotoga umaku ikanakute... (My) work isn’t going so well.

{0 ESattiLEVY CHRO CROAT. BEML SISIA TIS De

th Y ZASA

Nando ronbun-o kaitemo mitometemoraezu, kanojowa fusagikondeiru.

She is depressed because her thesis hasn’t been accepted even though
she’s rewritten it many times.

m meiru
MWS mwto feel gloomy ; to be depressed °

GMEKEWVCCELEINMAE SEL -HSS ASOTSACBB

te EMD SELORC. DISC) AIFSAUEK BE AIA E
F CBI, 6,7,8). QBS EBILEMBWCT.
Meiru is used when a person becomes downcast because of something he has
to but would rather not do, or something troublesome and boring (ex.5, 6,7,
8). It is often used in the expression ki ga meiru.

5) W<6 TRRATI Co TH, LOABOES FORE DSN MUETES TED

BSL.
BY
AROS,
=
Tkura fukeikidato ittemo, juuninmono bukano kubio kiranakereba naranai-
kato omouto, kiga meiru.
(I) understand the economy is bad, but whenever I think about having
to lay off ten of my employees, I get depressed.

ERAS IR OOILELATAS, FIBRE CAMOVS.

Natsuyasumini inakani kaerunowa Seendices -acehamio OUT IT omo-
uto kiga meiru.
(Pm) looking forward to going home for summer vacation, but when I
think about how crowded the trains will be I am less than excited.

602
 ASC DOSE HC tH /fusagu-meiru-ochikomu

7) #8 AY aT AlL PY CAM Do
EVI5<5
Mainichi kurai nyuusubakaride kiga meiru.
Seeing such bad news everyday makes (me) depressed.

CHILDORMISN WSL, “bbs CMs TLE.

Guchibakari kikasareteiruto, kochiramade meitteshimau.
By making (me) listen to (his) complaining, he’s made me become de-
pressed, too.

dsb Cte SAU] eet down ©

AMET. AEPLRER
>TUSLIFERLED. MLILIE
WA
CH ft
ny B EONEA (AY, 10,11, 12).
To feel down or lose confidence in oneself because of failure, etc. Although
ochikomu is often used in casual conversation, it is not used when speaking
to a superior or senior person (ex.9, 10, 11, 12).

9) BA, AEBHokKMFEOTF
AWD TABRED oROCRbIAA CUS,
POCE Een TIM< DA b =

Kanojowa, jishinga atta suugakuno tesutono tenga warukattanode ochikon-

deiru.
She’s feeling down because she got a low score on the math test she
thought she would do well on.

10) HILEMCRONTHD, Tod BSBA CSL5K.

Karewa koibitoni furaretekara, sukkari ochikondeiru yooda.
Ever since he was dumped by his girl friend he has seemed quite
depressed.

11) Bese DiCscAme

FB x GASES TH A.
B: PATRAS Io OTC BoA TOBA TT «
A: Dooshitandesuka? Kyoowa genkiga naidesune.
What’s wrong? (You) look depressed today.
B: Kikakuga saiyoo sarenakattanode, ochikonde-irundesu.
(I’m) feeling down because my plan wasn’t accepted (by my boss).

12) BNC HV DRE EATEN OIRETES TOUODIC

Areguraino shippaide, sonnani ochikomanakutemo iinoni.
There’s no need to be so depressed over such a little failure.

603
heiki- daijoubu/\~\Ww%-fe
UC& OS

ADE /BMOU £ OS
gw heiki a daijoubu

aN ek: [BAC] t heiki C)

Bee acalm

fBLDV PTR EP, FTE Ao

CH AUC LISIEC,OD ORGHH
IK ET
BNBEV SESTERLET CA, 2, 3, 4,5).
Heiki indicates that one is not worried about a particular trouble or problem,
and maintains a normal state of mind (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) oie
BAILED
aie oe
AEDHOOC AVS OES GDN TOTAL.
Kanojowa jibunni jishinga arunode, hitoni ikura ene iwaretemo_ heikida.
She’s got confidence in herself, so no matter how poorly people speak of
her, she doesn’t care.

2) itBADEAICBAILC.
esa EVES Bae
HEIGERSNCOFACHS.
thy,
bpI ENVY

Karewa mainichinoyooni chikokushite, senseini chuuisaretemo heikideiru.

He is late almost every day, and doesn’t care if the teacher scolds him.

3) FER erBCHE I< BISIUL, A 1 i TACO a PelCe PACT £.

Koiowmerrs kookooseinimo ies oyaga Pitan shots rusuo shitemo hei-
kidesuyo.
Parents can be away from home for a week or so without worry once
their children become high school students.

4) ISIE FEEKnaR Oe. lol. BLEFATHEW AZ eS CATIVY,

Karewa Phe aics tsuyoinode, komatteiru hitoo heikide miteiru kotowa
dekinai.
He has a strong sense of justice, so he can’t ignore people in need.

5) PULPASELT SITE, RULE

MB IEC VDTSS TKED LV.
Karewa heikina kaoo shiteirukedo, jitsuwa shigotoga umaku Te cle tai-
henrashii.
He looks calm, but it seems that he is actually having a difficult time
because his work is not going well.

Zee t 5S IK m daijoubu o
t eee wall right

604
 NOX EU : 5 3/heiki-daijoubu

TR
ULI
RCCU AEE, PSE
KORFIBWER-C,
-SIEIL ne
MP RHMH
Leana LATLA
Ch, CNUICME BATEVS

Va7EV> itz 51S UES 905 Se i CPG, 7, 8, he BOD ald FIR

510
REIC
UEDTEM.
OVET CP10, 11). DOTEMIEUK, BOLTH 5S « ties
EMF
ERE EAT
UE nv HALA A LAI.

Daijoubu is used to indicate that one is able to endure, or does not feel too
inconvenienced by, things such as sickness, the condition of one’s body, or
other problems (ex.6,7,8,9). Daijoubu may also be used when speaking of a
situation or the condition of an object (ex.10,11). It is implied that some-
thing will (or is expected to) go well, and therefore there is no need to
worry about it.

6) SOFIE TRAM oRUINE, bIK Yaihe

re EVEL SS
HLTH IONSTLE De wees
\
Kinoomade netsuga attakeredo, moo daijoobudesu. ‘eae roe:
Ashitawa okirarerudeshoo. ( .)
(I) had a fever until yesterday, but I’m fine now. fi SAAN
I’m sure Ill be able to get out of bed tomorrow. Ati et

1) FYMBLI THD. ALKCTD. a }

Kibunga warusoodesune, daijoobudesuka?
(You) don’t look well. Are you all right?

8) BELVMEBRUINED, BRRokbEY
TOK KKEAI.
BH wee pa ran EVEL SE
Muzukashii shigotodakeredomo, karedattara makasetemo daijoobudaroo.
It’s a difficult job, but if he’s doing it (I’m) sure we can trust him to
do it right.

9) AVESLELDA
WO matLOIRAD
DH oCHEDC, VWOHBRORTOAK
BRC Ok
ERK.
RVEL SE
Reitoo-shokuhinga juubun kattearunode, itsu okyakuga kitemo daijoobuda.
(1) bought a lot of frozen food, so we’ll be all right no matter when a
guest might come.

10) LOM
AN TIE, CATEK EC To TH OMNIK LK
Kono kinkoni ireteokeba, donna kajini nattemo nakano monowa daijoobu-
desu.
If (you) put your valuables in this safe, they will be protected from even
the biggest fire.

ll) ZORA
eu 36
UIE, Bae
EDA
RRVDAMIAK
ea
KAKCICT.
RWELIS

605
hekomu-kubomu:-hikkomu/~\cts- (Ft Ao Ch

Kono tokeiwa furuikedo, buhin-o torikaereba daijoobuda-soodesu.

This is an old clock, but (they) said that if you replace some of the
parts, it should work fine.

NOt, (Eb/Axrch
a hekomu a kubomu a hikkomu

a hekomu SI
ES I: sto be dented |=!

EDD HOM flim DAD MAD > TAMMIE

5 6¢\bD
AD & ATE IBI<age zag
(Pil, 2,3,4). FRI ALI a, OR -i ys As TE HEIREOGNIO,
ZN 72< TEV. WDD BENS CHET 0
Hekomu indicates that the shape of a part of something is pushed in because
of pressure applied to it (ex.1,2,3,4). In addition, hekomu is used to describe
changes in the shape of relatively soft or thin objects, such as a ball, can, or
kettle.

iD) HER
SSG AMC, DAS SS ee
WWrtD

Tsuitotsusarete, banpaaga hekonda. (males

(My) bumper was dented when someone fom
ran into me. aon
—

2) MLROBRELLEEAZA
554% Ph OB
CLESK. ee
7
vy
i SS
Koochano kan-o otoshitara hekonde-shimatta.
(1) dropped the can of tea and it dented.

3) ZDZA-—YF— Ald, TH ISTE CH BOC Hrot Hove Cov Cis,

SEATING:
Kono suutsukeesuwa, ganjooni dekiteirunode, chotto butsuketa guraidewa,
hekomanai.
This suitcase is strongly made so it won’t dent even if it is bumped
around a little.

4) <DBOILS r5ENA COPD Hh CWS

Kono kanzumewa chotto hekondeirukara yasukunatteiru.
The price of this can has been marked down because it’s dented.

606
 Note: (ERA Ct /hekomu-kubomu- hikkomu

> akubomu =
< (Kt ato sink z)

SOD EBSPYMUICANZA CVS, CLV SIDA TAK BRIS LECH

(Pils, 6,ae PADI Cito ChieROR IEICE b OBE
O Refi
Piea eesicoi As SOD DMD btsCTHPEVELA, ROR me E5703

BRT IRATE FEA eae TREDED TEAEY FGAN LAL CH,

Kubomu is used when a part of something bends inward or is depressed (ex.
5,6,7). Unlike hekomu, kubomu does not refer to momentary changes in
shape, but instead requires a certain amount of time. Also, pressure applied
from the outside is not necessarily required. It is most often used in expres-
sions such as kubonda me (hollow eyes) or kubondeiru tokoro (a sunken area)
that show resultant change.

5) Weed)
WIAs RR
He
BOSIFARPATC
wh
AA 1 Ux
EIA Shh
DEV,
Shioga hiita ato, iwano kubonda tokoroni sakanaga ippiki ita.
After the tide went out a fish was caught in a depression in a rock.

6) BOARS,
5 WW
fl FPOMHV
7
7, ABED PUT SISI. TV BoT
leew Letayes

Oterano ishidanwa, nanbyakunen-mono aida, hitoga noboriori-suruuchini,

surihette kubondeshimatta.
The steps to the temple are worn down from people going up and down
them over hundreds of years.

7) BSE CHROOT, BNTAAKIEA TLE oh.

Karewa shigotode tetsuyaga tsuzuitanode, tsukarete mega kubondeshimatta.
His eyes are sunken because he has been continually working late nights.

a hikkomu eS
Welexet oA sto withdraw =
Wrote

Oosnicrs SEN EGMHLTHS SOM, TLD AK HELH OB&LLE CPS,

SFTO, 1), HOV ABPLVEIOME LS Are ABeeo,
Hikkomu is used when something that sticks out or jumps out returns to it’s
original condition or position (ex.8,9,10,11). It may imply that the object
moves back to a more recessed position than before.

QR TU 6 OM AMER HE
RIC SB ISG P12, TSDEn ex
BETH

607
hoka- betsu/\&2>-~“O

A agretsh Reoie HMORLET Oe dias (1Fbe (AIBOZACTI DS

; 8 [-ne By BHC or
It also indicates that something that is exposed becomes less conspicuous, or
moves to a secluded place (ex.12, 13). While hekomu and kubomu refer to a
change in the shape of something, hikkomu refers to movement.

) Pia, HH sldorBtEm> DGloLe HIE ae FSIS 0h1B) 2 LTS,

Dar EVIZADOXADAL SD

Karewa, deppatta onakaga hikkomuyoonito, maiban fukkin undoo-o shiteiru.

He is doing sit-ups every night in order to reduce his bulging stomach.

9) Ye-TFaYYVBLDPNT, MMF o— £TSS TEP

Shaapupenshiruga kowarete, shinga hikkomanaku natta.
This mechanical pencil is broken and the lead won’t retract.

1) PRIOEVEOWRS, BOM IoLA TLE.

Katatsumurio tsutsuitara, karano nakani hikkondeshimatta.
When (I) touched the snail, it retreated into its shell.

I) AWS Lehass|olATLEIDIL, AFH.

Dekaketa kushamiga hikkonde-shimaunowa, kimochiga warui.
It feels weird to suppress a sneeze.

12) IGG LC. HCG lol Ar.

Karewa Be men inakani hikkonda.
After retiring he moved to the country.

13) LOMA 3
iY D>»a tokalo~ Ase ONC, AS TEV ADSeee
Kono misewa Pin eee chotto i ee shiranai hitoga ooi.
This shop is a bit off the main street, so a lot of people don’t know of
it.

Ep /ND
a hoka w betsu

a hoka 7
\ED> mwanother ; other ; else

HOWO INC UT! ENUAD SOI EET LEECH Pl, 2, 3, 4). %

608
 (ED>-\9/hoka- betsu

BIDE ENYAGO OM Cid, fel

aOAMer Bae, He HTSY
DRDYVEF. :
Hoka is used to refer to something that is other than the original subject
(ex.1,2,3,4). Although different, there is a commonality in standard or pur-
pose between the two things.

1) Pld. A AGECRABOIEANC
lA
AMT iB it.
oS %

Karewa, Nihongoto Eigono hokani Supeingomo hanaseru.

Besides Japanese and English, he can also speak Spanish.

2) ROWAN, ZATEVCAHDV
ESAS CAR AIZEN.
ua ed ls LSS AY

Kareno hokani, konnani komakai shigotoga dekiru shokuninwa inai.

Besides him, there is no other craftsman that can do such detailed work.

3) Bl, (EL < DDH OT TEM AVEO NIN TS SU Ye

Watashiniwa yoku wakaranainode, dareka hokano hitoni kiitekudasai.
I don’t know much about this, so please ask somebody else about it.

4) fh RAEARATLEDE, VEDNZTAZUEMTAdROTC FER Fike

Shukudaio oeteshimauto, hokani surukotoga nakattanode, terebio mita.
(1) didn’t have anything else to do after finishing my homework, so I
watched TV.

NID Ca] a betsu

ganother ; other

LEME PIR AERA, FIUTERVIESIOY, BISNKSO - RIN

oa DIZ 37 i 9 AD.

tb Oxrelet
—
(Pls,
VS
6,7, 8,9, 10). "lea td TENWIHOSO
vy Dies
| eR,
ive)

~Fad
PAA, “SRFWO1 BYGHNLWOIERLEF. PLO "pili
RRS G2) ~780 4EVER
Betsu is used when referring to a thing or condition that is different, divided
from, or classified differently from the original subject (ex.5,6,7,8,9, 10).
While hoka means ‘something other than’, betsu refers to something that is
different or separated. In Example 10, the expression betsu ni ~nai means the
same as toku ni ~nai (nothing in particular).

5) FRCL IABOIeK.
HAA Esta ie

Rironto jissentowa betsuno kotoda.

609
hosu-kawakasu/\&t- DDT

Theory and application are different matters.

6) A, |tase e RIS 705, All:ERB RATEV ves

br:

Watashiwa koogio kikinagara, betsuno kotoo kangaeteita.

My mind was somewhere else during the lecture. (I was thinking about
something else while listening to the lecture.)

~ PMR
SES A, MACAW SB eensoM.
Shinkansenni noru tokiwa, unchintowa betsuni tokkyuu-ryookin-o harawa-
nakereba narandi.
When (you) ride on the Shinkansen, you must buy an express ticket in
addition to the regular fare.

8) < OHH Cis ESB MS CS, PVA GECAF — MF heBM LALIT AU TS

Brey.

Kono chikudewa akikan-o dasutoki, arumikanto suchiirukan-o betsuni shi-

nakereba naranai.
In this area, (you) must separate your empty steel and aluminum cans
when you throw them away.

9) fi 72BOFIRCIL, Peas Ali AFZAIYPTET D.

perenne gakkoodewa, cesta kurasuga wakerareteiru.
In our school, classes are divided according to the grades of the stu-
dents.

10) FAISAL T OZ EAB.

Kyoowa betsuni suru kotoga nai.
(I) don’t have anything special to do today.

IES /PdDPSF
gs hosu s kawakasu

Ueda feginesStas dinarce”

to hang out to dry ; to air sole
ODI»
ee
BISA DE HRS Te Diz, DS LED BIFKD LG, U6
< OFF BHEPMICHT SLA EFT il, 2,3). Pld, 5SMEGIZ, wanT
VIR ODE TI LEOHVET. TFT CFT edPEIIEIC RAHOOTC,

610
 (EF -PdDDTt /hosu-kawakasu

ELROD AS LO FEC HED TER AAysFOTW TOoPEWEtA.

To expose Sobre to the sun or wind a oe or spreading it out in
order to dry it (ex.1,2,3). As in Examples 4 and 5, hosu also means to air
out something (a quilt, blanket, etc.). The focus is on the action itself, and
not on the dryness of the object. Therefore, it does not matter if the object
is not fully dried.

1) Pee e BELTS.
eaten niwani hosu. Pa
Hang laundry out in their yard. SN . =

2) RUSEELT. FUEL SELES. Gee (ence

Budoo-o hoshite, hoshibudoo-o tsukuru. |
Raisins are made by drying grapes.

3) & BL ELTRET SEED OHS.

LEXKUA Vz li €A WE9tEF GPL
a |
\\| \

Shokuhin-o hoshite hozonsuru hoohoowa mukashikara |

aru. iP US|
The method of preserving food by dehy-
dration has been around for a long time.

4) SPLIT RELETS 0
Berandani futon,-o hosu.
Air out the futon on the veranda.
* A futon is Japanese bedding stuffed with cotton wadding, down or
other filling. A futon set consists of two futons, one which is used to
cover oneself and one that is laid down as a mattress underneath.

5) eV EIRATICAN THY TARE ADICTS

ie BW

Nagai nida tansuni ireteoita Bie hikageni hosu.

Air out clothes that have been kept in the chest of drawers for a long
time in the shade.

pbrt Wirt) iy 2
YANTZHDR WAN OBI IK BEI BEF LS, bNOPE Ce Ble iP IK
a
BDNHE < TBA FIEFBLMEVEF (Pil6, 7,8, 9). Bee Bt - Al: KE
ied
TREBLE Ro TODEWETA LADS CHAR BESDIE, ry
Be hn
Re |a
om

TIC FT 1 CBE.

611
hobo: daitai-oyoso/\ElE: CMB EES

To get the moisture out of something in order to make it dry, or to com-

pletely dehydrate something (ex.6,7,8,9). Various methods can be used, such
as using sunlight, wind, or heat. Thus kawakasu, not hosu, is used to express
‘to dry’ laundry in a dryer.

6) eee FLCRDTFT.
tA C&D td Ui @)

Sentakumonoo hoshite kawakasu.

Hang laundry out to dry.

7) BYZROC. OEHED &BCRRIE

CHED U7.
eeiode sentakumonoo kansookide kawakashita.
Because it was raining, (I) dried my laundry in the dryer.

8) bYMPICMAN BIS,
DA
TOP
a)
LEIEIBVW, LAE
eT VS
Ameni nureta kamiwa, sugu kawakashita hooga ii. a Naf
(You’d) better dry your rain-soaked hair immediately. (© e }
J
9) AUER <fam GirGlaiar acadeal VO aC lata ver if bie:
i
Penkio ee kawakasuniwa, doosureba tideshooka? Co Ribs
How can (1) make the paint dry quickly?

IIE RORY BLE

8 hobo w daitai B OYOSO

~ mhobo =
VEIE gabout ; almost

VID LTHMRERSM PRE LITERLET. AMD ELA

YRS YRICHELLE SALT (GL, 2,8,4).
Hobo indicates a condition in which an additional small amount is required
to reach a desired amount or level. It includes the meanings of the words
daibubun (the majority), hotondo (nearly), and hyaku-paasento ni chikai (near-
ly 10096) (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

1) BRS ANSIFIOOA Alrcteor.

SLA EARA

Chokinga hobo hyakuman-enni natta.

(My) savings have nearly reached ¥ 1,000,000.

612
 IZIE- EM 1-3s kt / hobo: daitai-oyoso

2) RRP pohl DEVORE

RIT D7.
Nagai aida kakatta kono birumo hobo Hh fo ni chikazuita.
This building, which has taken so long to build, is near completion.

3) CDE EEE [HOB ACAI ACI AIC CoN.

SDINVYED, 70

Kono kookaidoowa tonarini aru hlsares hobo onaji koroni taterareta.

This public hall was built about the same time as the church next door.

4) LAV Ror
b
RILHMORLLEAULSCT.
GR FR OR BR OF
Kondo katta iewa maeno ieto hobo onaji hirosadesu.
The house (we’ve) just bought is about as large as our old house.

s = daitai 5
eve felo mabout ; roughly UB

HECTOR JEVEEE > BREF ATL THWEITR, BOF CORR

Ba i) eRUET. BES SILHEVOV WHALE ONLY,
EONS
a 75.05is8
EO peo STONBERIAEY ESE CBs, ei% 8).
Daitai indicates that the amount or level of something is not far from the
standard. It may also be used when speaking of a summary or the point of
something, when speaking in approximate terms of something, or when men-
tioning something else that is nearly of the same level (ex.5, 6,7, 8).

5) HISD BVI FeV. dDVYVELT.

Anatano iitai kotowa daitai wakarimashita.
(I) basically understand what you are trying to say.

6) IODA CISIE.Len SEW FEW ORYF ODUCT,

Kono ringowa poke daitai jussenchi guraidesu.
The diameter of this apple is around ten centimeters.

Ai,(SHIDO LAECIC RAVAY RAV\ 303)p> NO ae

Wins asano shitakuni ie sanjuppun kakarimasu.
It takes me about 30 minutes to get ready in the morning.

KOE Ol URW BRWOZeE FAS Ati Gea adae

Tsugino shigotoni tsuitewa daitaino kotowa Tanakasanni hanashite-arimasu.
Most of the details concerning the next project have been mentioned to
Mr. Tanaka.

613
KA ILIET SATH

Is k¢ @ OVOSO i.
msroughly ; approximately -

BM BLIRER SOD VBR CECI TU DESI AE

BRLKORAKNY, $30
WOOLEN ECA ih vs bey)

Wt. FEU PEUE LAE L SIE N ET OS, THLE OIZFAPPRE exe

x HCI Cpi9, 10, 11,12), £72 PALI Ne eNar se CVG RRTT
USIIWA hs VWs vs

Oyoso is used when speaking of the gist of something, or an approximate

amount. It is used similarly to daitai, but is a slightly more formal expres-
sion (ex.9,10,11,12). In Example 13, oyoso takes the meaning ‘not at all’.

9) LOERO AVA As 1 AiKeBs 1 AACbY MCwis

Kono ekino riyooshawa ichinichini oyoso ichimannin guraidesu.
Approximately 10,000 people a day use this station.

10) BHMHSLLULHIZ
SATA
KOMI
me eb
CT
Jikenno aramashiwa oyoso tsugino tooridesu.
The incident occured something like this.

Il) BEEOLEADDVELLAS, MOWER

OI BAL TK ESV
Oyosono kotowa wakarimashitaga, komakai kotoo mooichido setsumeishite
kudasai.
(1) basically understand, but would you mind explaining the details
again.

=boets RAC BIUSHEDBLAO AY NOAT.

Raigetsuni nareba jikenno oyosono kentooga tsukimasu.
(1) can give a rough guess as to what will happen next month.

13Se Linsey RTEAT, BLE RCCMHVEHA.

Yamaga ugoitanante, oyoso kiita kotoga arimasen.
(I’ve) never heard of mountains moving before.

DUET
PGE SAIED
SATT — YEE
WOSEFH LVI CIPe RV LRMBSTF +H, Fr GE
BP LEO ER EWE Lio EK (IKK AEE RAC
go WS Uy DTA DWOKE DW TWD Wie On oe Ve

614
 ¥2- x & /mae-saki

ROAST
5K BbAIFO
OA CTS Fie MM Se |e HRS 1 % eh
Cte Ox fia> DS DIRIZAT < eee ea, SS ie
BCH SVP. < Dihts = eats caetexiec CAS Vp ta
RALUA. Cai Eee= Db tz) DEC. # HeREM AYLI L
EPLOWE CAA SAITO

ha CIDE ALTA, Rae

POE
EIT
BAO
S | tba Lica Ie

Karada ga chinbotsu suru n desu

Eddie likes using difficult Japanese words, but unfortunately he often
misuses them. Today, he said something odd again; “I’m not good at
swimming. I try my hardest to paddle but... sugu ni karada ga chin-
botsu suru n desu'.”
Now just a moment. Certainly, chinbotsu suru means the same as
shizumu, i.e., to sink to the bottom of the sea. However, chinbotsu
suru refers to the gradual sinking of a ship or other large object: it
cannct be used for a small object such as a coin. Therefore, it may be
used when saying, ‘In these waters, mukashi kaizokusen ga chinbotsu
shita,” but sounds odd when speaking of a person’s body.

1 my body soon sinks (This expression is actually incorrect in Japanese.)

2 A long time ago, a pirate ship sank.

S77 SS
B mae B saki

ee “BY J a front ; before ra

ORE DY, FHL PERL Oi & fs LTE EF CPi, 2,3).

Mae is used to indicate a time in ies past, phen prior to the present mo-
ment or a point of time in the past (ex.1, 2,3).

QHOLEMHLVGEL MAE ALES Pia, 5)o

It may indicate a time prior to a certain event (ex.4, 5).

615
mae:saki/ ¥z%-**

J >SOOIE mot iaPARES CELE oe (Pe, 10

AHA vy £323 H5d

Mae is a used to express a position or direction that is directly in front of

something (ex.6, 7).

4 MHA TWS EDODMOHDIED LAF EME ST CPA, 9).

i) Broa2bBice 7 eBop sy HN CHEV E LA, LUCROMTEIR, E17
HCO aT.
ey SD pe)

Fi GHEE) 1 VELARENEN
In addition, it is i to indicate the beginning portion of objects that are ar-
ranged in a line (ex.8,9).
In a theater or classroom, mae refers to the area near the stage or podium,
and with vehicles it refers to a place near the driver’s seat, facing the direc-
tion of travel.

1) MBS. ANC ARKIeMHS.,

z same’
Kono ewa, maeni mitakotoga aru.
(I’ve) seen this painting before.

2) Ftd. 3 aleTABU HEPRS AEELKo

Wanetohe be ot ae ay Tanakasanni aimashita.
I saw Mr. Tanaka three weeks ago.

3) REDZVAVAD2 BAK, FRESH ELK.

Kyonenno kurisumasuno ee, koinuo moraimashita.
(We) were given a puppy two days before last Christmas.

4) RiSABORMTHIVeTS.
pn LE<l ZR M25 WO

Karewa shokujino maeni kanarazu oinorio suru.

He always says grace before meals.

5) Fh
pull,
(LIZA
eh Fos
I—E— REL,
D
IRN
at
TOA TT.
Watashiwa nerumaeni koohiio nomuto, nemurenaku narundesu.
Whenever I drink coffee before I go to bed I can’t get to sleep.

6) LOWFIC SEO
38 Chistes
BV ITS OWES 6
z

iced tends maede a Sear au kotoni natteimasu.

(We’ve) arranged to meet our friends at 12 o’clock in front of the police
box.

7) RAST
ISEE RELIC, 2?
SOAEME
MO TOTES.
Jugyoochuuwa yosomio shinaide, chanto maeo muiteinasai.
Don’t look off to the side during class; face the front properly.

616
 es Pala-Xx % /mae-saki

8) FL OGAASHEOC, WOOM BB CLAIDIEICT.

bEL ER BBO Lipoes F ER
Watashino namaewa Aononanode, itsumo shussekibodewa maeno hoodesu.
My name is Aono so I’m always toward the top of the attendance list.

9) ZOFHO,
ADL
Ai
Cate
2DESMylt Ae.
GSB

Kono resshano, mae niryoowa kin-enshadesu.

The first two cars of this train are no-smoking cars.

% [ ] 8 saki ry
Ann a(in) the future ; earlier ; previous

OF RPARAISL
TRV EF (Hil10, 11).
Saki is used to refer to the future (ex.10, 11).

OHA TIC ELS HOLMISLVIRRKCHOET

(Pre, 13).
It may also be used when speaking of a place further beyond, or up ahead in
the direction of motion (ex.12, 13).

QIOICOIIRUMALEFDS, KO BW:
WP
ROECV
ZFMOULE
GRR
W A
CHEV
bor/D
ET PIL4,
nv
15, 16).
Saki also specifies that something is earlier than or at the beginning of an or-
dered sequence of events (ex.14, 15, 16).

OV > (£9
ELISEO E IX 3 BAPE bOI L. HOVILAS HB
PONVLLIEKABLET CPILT).
ALLISOV CUES HLA PCIEMh eGRL, TAIL (ce
OID UAToReNM
As 9 4 SELES
Saki also refers to the pointed end of a knife, stick, needle, etc., or the tip of
something long or protruding (ex.17).
When referring to position, mae indicates ‘immediately in front’, while saki in-
dicates a position ‘further ahead’ or ‘beyond’.

10) 1a8 HECTAAI—-hO PHA, WwoldVY CT.

Worx

Ikkagetsu sakimade tenisukootono yoyakuwa, ippaidesu.

The tennis court is booked up (reservations are filled up) until a month
from now.

11) OED FEI E72 RATE

Kono shigotono sakiwa, mada mienai.
There is still no end in sight for this job.

617
magaru:soru:shinau) £254-€4-LKR59

12) LOOX FEI SEIN ALORSCH

Hyaku-meetoru-sakini aru tatemonoga, watashino kaishadesu.
The building 100 meters ahead is my company.

13) CMFA{TSILEVCT
Kono sakiwa ikidomaridesu.
There is a dead-end ahead.

14) SFU EeAe, Ze SOPRA. HER CW

Kokowa serufusaabisunanode, paki shokken-o kattekudasai.
This is a self-service place so please purchase a meal ticket first.

Ib) COHN
Doozo osakini. Please go ahead. (After you.)

16) HS5EILAALLET
Osakini shitsureishimasu.
Excuse me for leaving before you. (Good-bye.)

11) R-VBAILOoPoROC BOK COW CB Levee

Booruga kini hikkakattanode, boono sakide tsutsuite otoshita.
The ball got stuck in a tree so (we) poked it with the end of a stick
and knocked it down.

BO/tE/LES
B magaru @ SOrUu @ shinau

: = @ magaru
EDA HAD? % | mto curve ; to bend ; to turn «a

DAeoeszont CEO, FoF CCH KS ESN, (Pill, 2).

Magaru is used to indicate that something which was originally straight be-
comes bent or curved (ex.1, 2).

OQAMERATHELAOET (GIB,4).
To change Hibhaa while moving, i.e., to turn left or right (ex.3,4).

OEWWENSTHSLSEOET (PIS,6).

618
 EBS-44-L%& 5 /magaru-soru-shinau

To deviate from a proper location or position (ex.5,6, 7).

PIT DO! Hims722 esta, PBAIEA EE OE

EORCT
In ee 7, magatta koto means dishonesty.

1) ZORA EI) BOAT — idee HoT LEok.

adel MES
Sono choonooryoku-shaga nageta supuunwa mina, magatteshimatta.
The spoons that the man with telekinetic powers threw in the air were
all bent.

2) Blt, oda hee RED LY BIS thot.

Saikinwa, koshino magatta otoshiyorio amari minakunatta.
Nowadays, (we) seldom see old people with curvature of the spine.

KROARA
3) 3¥ IHASL, TOUAOR UHS.,
Pt UD £ bEL WR
Tsugino kadoo hidarini magaruto, suguni watashino iega aru.
Turn left at the next corner and you'll see my house right away.

4) WES Ley TVOR eS 42< EH D> THR Sa

Kawawa, janguruno nakao kunekuneto magatte nagareteiru.
The river winds through the jungle.

5) SRDATI TIS, VOb HAs CSL. |

\
Kimino nekutaiwa, itsumo magatteiruyo. es
Your necktie is always crooked. 3

6) BEAT
ARH Ao Ch.
ae Ze %
alee es
Kabeni kaketa ega magatteiru.
The picture on the wall is crooked.

7) Als|(AHA AS o72 2 LILAS HVS ike

Wateshinie magatta kotowa daikiraida.
I hate dishonesty.

y B soru
€4 RS | mwto be warped ; to be curved

FSIRoOA', BOK FICA-T UAE SUM ST PIB, 9). As

Di oe oe i NCES AK Fre La»AHR
ZA SW 5IEG IG
LOR, ad ou
OAT
25235
ir oee (p10) BEEF
Soru is used to indicate that something flat becomes curved (ex.8,9). When

619
magaru:soru+shinau, $254°*+4-L%5

used in speaking about a part of the human body (i.e., a hand, finger, etc.),
soru means to bend backward in an unnatural fashion (ex.10).

8) B¥bdicBY THY, AD FAIL. REC Bs

oe 4 B a2

Madogiwani oite okuto, honno hyooshiwa, suguni soru.

The cover of a book placed by a window will soon warp.

9) HARRI
U 3
THRG, RA toTLESK.
Wit

Hinatani oiteoitara, itaga sotteshimatta.

When (I) left the board in the sun it got warped.

10) HHASLOAIL.
pus vE = 5
BHA ITCT.
Yubiga soruhitowa, kiyoodasoodesu.
(They) say that a person who can bend his fingers backwards is skillful
(in handywork).

Li; 5 = shinau
ES mwto bend ; to be supple ; to be pliant Cl

HH F<KAYE
E42
8B FD KtPED HDBODS, FE MASI O . FURS CERIO
ee PS
BESEMEOTF (PI, 12, 13, 14),
Shinau denotes that something long, slender, and flexible bends when pressure
is applied to it, and returns to its original position when the pressure is re-
moved (ex.11, 12,13, 14).

ll) pet
ACHTASL7Z5
tit
TVS
Kazede takega shinatteiru.
The bamboo is bending in the wind.

12) KIVARPDoOC DIS BALIB5%. ye

Ookii sakanaga kakattanode, tsurizaoga shinatta. Cale,
My fishing pole bent because (I) hooked a big fish. y

13) BEROOKIA. k< LATHE

CCE CNS. *
Bootakatobino boowa, yoku shinau zaishitsude dekiteiru.
The pole used in pole-vaulting is made of flexible materials.

14) MORI, LION,

ILE Kile 5

Yanagino edawa, shinaunode orenikui.

Willow branches are hard to break because they bend easily.

620
 ¥UCS-¥X4/majiru-mazaru

EUL4/ESS
B majiru @ mazaru

abs mix(ed) =
= U @ UE OS ZEU 1]

HOWOOP, YD BORE 2 KBROEODMAYD CATS +EENLA

salaries Seah a Bi, aS; 4,5s LIVEN OPE -FETC oT
WC, RAS EMCHBEV WRECK BAST
This te ieates that a small amount of some substance has gotten into or is
intermingled with a different substance (ex.1,2,3,4,5). It includes a sense that
the respective properties, form, etc., of the mixed objects are preserved and
can be individually discerned.

1) ieHCI Siu
KAIL RCs TFRR
= YY
BORE
ba UO
TY TIO
Hamadewa otonani majitte kodomotachimo amio hiiteita.
On the shore, mingled among the adults, children were also pulling on
the nets.

2) LOKINLAY—O MAE Co TSS LAY.

Kono inuniwa koriino chiga majitteiru rashii.
This dog seems to have some collie (breed) blood (mixed) in him.

3) HEE OE eouG Loo CBURAS CN75\ Wa

Zatsuonga majitteshimatte hoosooga kikitorenai.

There’s a lot of static mixed in the broadcasts and it’s hard to hear.

4) BeaL ByCSV 71S TDN

SED
COEV SBD 972
Shokuhinkoojoode cee Oe piney B majirutoyuu jikoga atta.
There was an accident at a food processing plant, in which some ma-
chine oil was mixed in with milk.

5) phRb ARMS
Loe &
CUDnan
Flip crore.
Karemo shiragaga majiru nenreini natta.
He, too, has reached the age when gray hairs start to creep in.

B oes SB @ mazaru
ex 4 LYE Sys 2S | mto mix and blend ‘ea

621
masu:fuyasu-tameru) EF- SP F-EDOS

HESSD AMOEOMMD OOK ICS —Sere Gti ore

~HET BEV SORT, ERIKS rev ip ECF (PIG, 7,8, 9).
Mazaru indicates that one substance is added to another, resulting in a single
substance. It is implied that the substances melt or integrate into a single
unit, creating a state free of discord or incompatibility (ex.6,
7,8,9).

6) A: AP
7 ere fo “hy Gs
BEE LOVETT.
BilozA, BOVECA. PY yy
; fl
A: Mizuto aburawa mazarimasuka? Do water and oil mix? acs
B: Jie, mazarimasen. No, they don’t. anzal
Re Aten Weel
7) Fp ie BEC TBASE < HES 5 CUTE EBIOLS TLV ol
Doresshinguwa, suto aburaga yoku mazatteinaito oishikunai.
Salad dressing isn’t good unless the oil and vinegar are well mixed.

8) Ave OE Ste TR RED RD way LEA ese

LA
Shiroi enoguni akai enoguga mazatte, pinkuni natteshimatta.
Some red paint got mixed into the white paint, and it turned out pink.

9) DY NNED UBB RS 9B.

Kono shatsuniwa sukoshi asaga mazatteiru.
There’s a little hemp mixed in this shirt.

ET LPT /LOS
a masu a fuyasu mB fameru

a = masu
oe Ey J m to increase

WOICOMco) ‘2° FER

THY
MACNETIIOS ¢ TEELX, EBS T OEMS
ov (Pall, 2,3, 4,5). BSTBEANS A Del CO ~ AES CAEN. BST SES
LAAUBRET CSHB LAE IZA
BL eh & MILI

BY7RI EIS HET |LOk A

Masu is used when the number, amount or degree of something becomes, or
is made, larger than it was before (ex.1,2,3,4,5). When it indicates that some-
thing becomes larger it is used as an intransitive verb, i.e., ~ga masu, and

622
 EF- NOTED S /masu-fuyasu-tameru

when it is used to mean to make something larger it takes the transitive verb
form, 1.€., ~o masu. When speaking of an increase in an abstract matter
such as trust, popularity, interest, or friendship masu is the only verb that
may be used.

1) AWOHL, Jiitakaxaiwey,
bEAY Uo) AF os

Ooameno ato, kawawa mizukasaga masu.

After a heavy rain, the river’s water level rises.

2) BRILTSOLR
Be BRAT
LyaEew 5
Akini naruto shokuyokuga masu.
In autumn, (my) appetite increases.

3) BARC.
mn *
N-F1—-OHLIM—-BeML?.
OD WHA |
Karega kitekara, paatiino tanoshisaga ichidanto mashita.
After he came, the party became much more enjoyable.

4) (OBEWI HOR
LPULED
Bis LRRBISOOPSC.
HEIEH ei
UDA ah
HEIL307
PIT CEI<2009TT.
aA E ah

Kono chuushajoono ryookinwa ichijikan gohyakuende, atowa sanjuppun

masu gotoni nihyakuendesu.
The fee at this parking lot is ¥500 for up to one hour ; after that, it is
an additional 200 for every 30 minutes.

5) PIELER HS Ux Uxic zeke beUOWs726

Resshawa ekioderuto jojoni supiidoo mashiteitta.
The train gradually increased its speed after leaving the station.

HOT HOT APT] heres ©

BW.
ie)
BeENECLVAB<TSLeCH
yrS BB
(Hill,
nV
7,8,9). BARAT
rea)
[BA
a
DNS
SOLMEVEEA. SMAI ASCH. MR. BERL ET.
@ei7-.
To increase a number or quantity (ex.6,7,8,9). Fuyasu can be used only for
countable objects. The intransitive form is fueru. When referring to things
such as fortune, assets, etc., the kanji 9H°P¢ is written.

6) Burr
THE¢ OELYLES
HAKSD
<
CARO
Wty &
AB HEP
ATS S
LZ.
Gaikokuno shushooga kurunode keibino ninzuuo fuyashita.

623
masu:fuyasu-tameru) ¥F- SPF DOS

Because the Prime Minister of a foreign country is coming, (they) in-

creased the number of guards on duty.

~ 7hLeet PACU SEDICT7LS|IUS, BibiMEA SBP TRF AUL TES TEN 0

U5 art

Gaikokugoga jiyuuni hanaseruyooni naruniwa, goio fuyasanakereba-naranai.

To be able to speak a foreign language fluently, (you) must increase
your vocabulary.

8) Fh ORHALLLE
Dr vded
REPOS
TOS IISA
OT COEF0
Watashino ape searaliéo taijuuo uyasanalpoopt kiotsuketeimasu.
My mother is being careful not to gain any more weight.

9) Geld. AECREERER LEITH.

Karewa, kabude shisan-o fuyashitasoodesu.
(They) say that he increased his assets with stock.

m fameru
LOS mto save ; to pile up |

PLS OBEMA TI 9 dhORIG EC Lor HEC “dea Organ BCS

saeden E00 Ela: Brea BUT it MOT AT CTI
ISO EDH SOIL TRS | (tA OlLEO TODEWKCA (PALO, Lie
To save something bit by bit in order to reach a certain amount or quantity.
Usually, a desired amount or purpose for saving is clear. In the cases of
masu and fuyasu there already exists a certain amount of the object, but
with tameru, there may be nothing at the beginning (ex.10, 11).

Qiks RAIA A<LTLEDLE TH CPall2, 13,14). ABU EA.

Fieyaais |3B) ce
To end up accumulating something (ex.12,13,14). Tameru cannot be used
when speaking of people. The intransitive equivalent is tamaru.

10) 8 (STL BSBA BV RKC, BEEKMTS,

BEGAY Hre6 Cache >» wa

Otootowa atarashii jitenshaga kaitakute, okaneo tameteiru.

My younger brother is saving money because he wants to buy a new
bicycle.

1) ZOCWSARKE
TO TRAKIZL TVS,
DEAF a AF

Kokodewa amamizuo tamete nomimizuni shiteiru.

Here, people keep rain water and use it as drinking water.

624
 EF LV-UAI 5 /mazushii-binbou

12) PAHO
MENA
SES, AICI IRE ICT. ert at
Karewa kokyoo-o pee toki, meni ippai namidao tameteita. — BD:
When he left his hometown, his eyes were filled with tears. Oy

13) BNERDSOIL, PRICE, geval

Tsukareo tamerunowa, karadani warui. i = i
It’s bad for (one’s) health to let fatigue build up. wll So

14) fi eM TLEoROT, FARIA BR CP OTEK CAE BIL.

Shukudaio tameteshimatta-node, kon-yawa tetsuyade yaranakutewa naranai.
Since (I) let my homework accumulate I must stay up all night long and
study.

EFL /BAIES
gw mazushii a binbou

F gs mazushii >
LeSp Lis BL] m™poor ; needy

Dee
rel
rPpyrTcens
4D
ARSC. EGNE LOLITAS
abd
CSE £F (All, 2).
Mazushii deorrtes the state of not having money or possessions, and, there-
fore, one has difficult life (ex.1, 2).

OF4:
XWAFD
1OTE CDS, SANTIAGL
es
MACHO GLITTERS EEE
Be LIB OTHE CO, VOOEDIELAY BAC TBA EY PI?
“a i AD be AE 5

PALEORWAI,
ON
UDOBLWAL
SSARET VE
CHWOET
yi
CHP,
cau
4).
It is also used to denote a deficiency of talent or compassion. Therefore, a
rich person who thinks only of money and is not caring towards others is
said to be kokoro no mazushii hito (ex.3,4).

1) FH oF. MORIA LDohROC BAM RATA bd ok.

ns ae are lewa Cee ireh eee okomega kaenai himo
atta.
When I was a child my family was so poor that somedays we couldn’t
even buy rice.

) tht7bi<
EF pls, BASALLY F372.

625
mazushii-binbou) €¥FLW-WKAIE 5

Sensoo-chokugowa, Nihonmo mazushii kunidatta.

Right after the war, Japan was a poor country, too.

3) LAMIAECH. ETETLK
to TWIT.
Donnani binboodemo, kokoromade mazushiku nattewa ikenai.
No matter how poor (you) are, you should never be poor at heart.

4) fhDALV FRET vas JET OOILE COREL.

Watashino mazushii sainoodewa, nyuusensurunowa totemo murida.
With my lack of ability, it is impossible for me to win.

ss . a binbou i
OANE ) [Az | @ poverty

BPCHITEE DS ARSC. BGO LWSAT ERS CSTE cack (ils, 6,7, 8).
ry al wD

BEV RELL ALY,1O® LICH A, “Als,DEST AEtb o7z

Ka tHe 7s DA CIS yaEV EA.
PWLATS

This expresses the condition of being on hard times due to a lack of money
or things (ex.5,6,7,8). In this regard it is interchangeable with mazushii,
however it cannot be used in sentences like those in Examples 3 and 4 to
describe a mental or spiritual condition.

5) PUL 2 TEARS BEND,

ALES WA 3
BHUCKSH
Cores bHA'A b
bl ihhok.
Karewa binboona ieni umaretaga, doryokushite ooganemochini natta.
He was born into a poor family, but through his efforts, he became very
wealthy.

6) Fs, DRA BSKokiIne, FEE O55 CK Tok.

DEL OR CARS CES HC BA fvake
Watashino iewa binboodatta-keredo, shoogaku-kin-o moratte daigakuni itta.
My family was poor, but I received a scholarship and was able to attend
college.

7) Wales WRK, aU
ARS BoRtOr.
Binboohimanashi-towa, yoku ittamonoda.
The expression ‘poor people have no leisure time’ is well stated.

8) BZ COLNE DEMIS.
DGG oasad kokoroga yutakana hitowa iru.
There are people who are poor, yet rich at heart.

626
 ~¥ERtAD-~*EL4 5/~masen ka-~mashou ka

~ERAD/~ELE
ID
= ~masen ka a ~mashou ka

B® ~masen ar
~ERAD mwon’t you...? ; shall we...? S|

DRL PRS T SCE ae (Pall, eve HAF DEA

O PHAX VCs
+t, :
This expression is used when extending an invitation or making a suggestion
(ex.1,2,3). It is used when asking for the listener’s response or inquiring
about their intentions.

Qi~COMECAD NENIC TU MAME SDE REE AEF (Pld, 5).

~te kuremasen ka is used when one asks somebody to do something
politely (ex.4, 5).

1) 2. HPL oh AR FJSEEAD
SDE

Ashita, Kandano furuhon-yani ikimasenka?

Won’t you go (with me) to the used bookstores in Kanda tomorrow?

2) Fx WLEIBVOT R < DiS

WEL
(Lh Lz ZLEHAD.
Kyoowa moo osoinode, kono hanashino tsuzukiwa ashitani shimasenka?
It’s getting late, so why don’t (we) continue our conversation tomorrow?

3) JBLA 588< [EsGe aByAeros BERETA».

Kazega tsuyokunatte-kimashitane, madoo shimemasenka?
It’s getting windy, isn’t it? Shall (we) close the windows?

4) TAXPAD, Bale LT<netAD.

Sumimasenga, dentakuo kashite kuremasenka?
Excuse me, could (you) lend me your calculator, please?

5) MELD OWS0E Figo CUNEtAD.

Heyao katazukerunoo tetsudatte kuremasenka?
Won’t (you) help me clean up the room, please?

a ~mashou Me
OEE OD achat we. : Shall I. &

627
mata-mou ichido-futatabi) ¥f=-H5IV%bY- HEE

Wolext Saale LEDER & SEV Sac) (Pile, one

This expression is used when extending an invitation or making a suggestion
which includes the listener’s participation (ex.6, 7,8).

2) RBLET >LTHITEF )CFAL Ae, OMA OTT ALE ieDie

diz

<mh or (PIS, 10)

It is also used when making a polite, modest offer to do something for some-
one (ex.9, 10).

6) AXABBICLELZIM
Sorosoro ohiruni shimashooka?
It’s about time (we) went to lunch. (Let’s go to lunch.)

fi fee Fa—Vy TEREA £ Lote SHB: (ae

Kadanni chuurippuo uemashooka? ( U }

Shall (we) plant tulips in the flower bed? cs

8) HETHY
é ON “nike Ap apts wr
Atode ne rh ikimashooka?
Shall (we) go shopping later?

9) fame FV LELLIM.
Nanika otetsudai shimashooka?
Is there something (I) can do to help?

10) FRECHCHRYLEL IIM.

Ekimade kurumade ookuri-shimashooka?
Why don’t (I) take (you) to the station by car?

Fe /dIMBY /HEEE
gmata wemou ichido a futatabi

- g mata a
Ele LX]
#7z
@ again LE

AICO ea, & EM 0 ik

BSS EME $v All, DED.
Mata denotes the repetition of some event (ex.1,2,3,4).

628
 EE dDIMBY-SKLW/mata-mou ichido-futatabi

1) Seplsc ChisBIET m Wiekiz REF

Kyoowa ede (ei Ashita mata kimasu.
(Pll) go home now. I’ll come again tomorrow.

2) PSX x SOE IEAIT.

Dar Py eR

Karewa kyoomo mata chikokuda.

He was late again today.

3) TYPAATISR Lok. COERTER.

Indoryokoowa tanoshikatta. Zehi mata ikitai.
(My) trip to India was a lot of fun. I’d really like to go again someday.

4) EREAITFICASN Te. Ses Bl E Tes

Mata dorobooni hairareta. Korede sankaimeda.
A burglar broke in here again. This is the third time.

. 2 u mou ichido 7
% 4 wh Se Leo E mone more time ; again UE

ALO ce< DiRT ESET. SLE OGY: AST. 72. TC OEE EA

a LiL 3 VISE CH BLE RUD BA OTS RS
SMR BENTVET (BB,
6,7,8).
Mou ichido is used when one repeats an action. It implies that one is request-
ing, demanding, or hoping for something to be done one more time because
the previous time was insufficient or unsatisfactory (ex.5,6, 7,8).

5) L<BICALUA. SITKA CROCK

Yoku kikoemasen. Moo ichido ookii koede ittekudasai.
(I) can’t hear you. Would you say it again louder, please?

6) HOWRIEI ETOR Moh. DIT ERI.

Ano eiga, totemo yokatta. Moo ichido mitai.
That was a very good movie. (I’d) like to see it again.

7) BIE. BAERHRICELV IVs

Moo ichido, dataset modoritai.
(I’d) like to return to my student days again.

8) bITEEA TAHTHRSgt AS Feitaus Fi

Moo oiids ee naire nakereba, kaeroo.

629
mamoru:fusegu) ¥%S°H8¢

Call him again, and if (he) doesn’t answer, let’s go home.

w futatabi 5
are eM © OS] aati |
F

Aye lal em, S5le< DBS NS EMMETT CPS, 10). BAK

CW FREED | eye: PiIUESI BEV ETH CE Deb UDTez ULIWABl
TC OID Rae Ch Lb EDIE PHA. De ABI cag BERRI E
x5 =e HU~ fabs DESI £F CPL, 12).
This word is used when something is repeated the same way as before (ex.9,
10). Like mata, it is used to mean ‘a second time’, however it is a slightly
more formal expression and is only rarely used in conversation. It may be
used in strong negative statements in the form nido to futatabi ~nai (never
~again) (ex.11, 12).

9) FYI-WO, BOAR HABE MDS BL of.

Ankooruno ato, futatabi ookina hakushuga wakiokotta.
After the encore, (the audience) broke into enthusiastic applause once
again.

10) BUPUNAE RTE, PPL AUER BO LANA 5 CEto

Furui arubamuo miteitara, or eT ae futatabi yomigaettekita.
While looking at the old photo album, (I) began to recall fond memo-
ries again.

ll) HNLIATAROy,BT thes

MBL EC EN BOR
eae raf b
L Cit eb 7g.
Ano yoona hisanna sensoo-o nidoto futatabi okoshitewa naranai.
(We) must never cause such a tragic war again.

12) 9499 7 GSB KAT EC BUCORERT LATED 5726

Taitanikkugoowa umini shizunde, Aas Midas sono sugatao arawasu ko-
towa nakatta.
The Titanic sank into the sea, never to be seen again.

EOo/L HEC
= mamoru a fusegu

630
 ES ¢ /mamoru-fusegu

> = mamoru
Es% é [sf ®J ato protect ; to guard |

DEWE DESO? WEORUYR BRST Ro ORM AY LIAS GIR

2 EET CHI,
GH,2.8) | Be BPS)
CESKY

DEVFES 2,3).
To preserve or safeguard something important, or : aaa q ;
a favorable situation or condition (ex.1, 2,3). > te LAD

ORB) -MA HRALICLoT. eponcscee, Aa - |

oe Fe

LMI THT SLAM ET CGH, 5). are on

WED-E< \ >

To act or Bene in accordance with a law, rule, or promise (ex.4,5).

1) AALA ALD 6 FE FOR OIRD BE EAD.

Kamereonwa tekikara mio mamoru tameni karadano iroo kaeru.
A chameleon protects itself from enemies by changing colors.

bo LE SORE
St
HoOHotAtA
¥GSD EB
FORO ILA ROK NT.
Zetsumetsu sunzenno doobutsuo mamoru tameni Washinton-jooyakuga tsu-
kurareta.
The Washington Treaty was created in order to protect animals on the
verge of extinction.

3) TARE CHEE E59 CVD DAS DATE.

Sekaikakkokude chikyuuo mamorootoyuu undooga sakanda.
Movements to protect the earth have become more extensive throughout
the world (in each of the countries of the world).

A) BRIM T I RETOATS
BEL mae ¥i% ae
«
Kanojowa kanarazu yakusokuo mamoru hitodesu.
She is a person who always keeps her promises.

5) SiH BUMS POTS IULEV EEA.

Koplow ob ats mamoranakereba narimasen.
(You) must follow the traffic rules.

: = w fusegu
art ¢ BES | ato protect ; to defend

BUR MICE BEULSIC, VEORVIRICBCHE 5A BOO EB

DS Se
marude-choudo/ ¥4T- bk 5%

i AICATH > CTHIFSKDICFSLSHVET CA, THO, 10004 13 ch

*r cz FA = >)» Lvs y

Nd, FRR AN CHSAMEAVET.

tox l<ts CA

To try to prevent something that may cause harm or change in the present
condition from doing so (ex.6,7,8,9, 10). Fusegu suggests more active action
to prevent something than does mamoru.

6) MIORIGOARTSSAMAT, WPBEBSET.
3AM WZ £7 * 3 tr Hy» »

Umibeno iewa matsunokio takusan uete, sunaya kazeo fusegimasu.

Many pine trees are planted by homes near the sea for protection from
the sand and wind.

1
Urs
MIAS
nh
CRIT CIES FARE
> %
MISLED
th
RADI
Wy
USEC
SPs

Byookio naosu kotodakede naku, byookio fusegu kotomo ishano daijina

shigotodesu.
An important task for doctors is not only to cure disease, but to pre-
vent it as well.

KI7Y—(d, HAE ONY Fe mE CHW

Bokusaawa, aiteno panchio ryootede fuseida.
The boxer defended himself from his opponent’s punch with both hands.

ALF REIL CE HET OE, Mines

Gomutebukuroo hamete mizushigotoo suruto, hadaareo fusegimasu.
If (you) use rubber gloves when you do chores using water, you’ll be
able to prevent your hands from getting rough.

10) BEM
BA SAL BNE, EXSY REED ET.
Yasaiya kudamonoo mainichi chanto tabeteireba, bitaminbusokuo fusegemasu.
If (you) eat vegetables and fruit everyday, you will avoid a vitamin defi-
ciency.

FOG bree
@ marude a choudo

- m marude =>
3 AT ajust like ; (not) at all

DWDIEO SO HAR «ARIE LITLE, LOR BEERS HOD

632
 EAT: bs 5 Y/marude-choudo

WOR. KCMTWSEOIREATHR
MI SEHMVED. BOWE
PN ESE SARTRE LACIE, BU BEEREE EA CET
(Bill, 2,3, 4).
Marude is used in metaphorical expressions to liken the overall mood, condi-
tion, or appearance of something to something else that manifests precisely
those particular characteristics, or to a very similar object. In most cases it is
used with ~youda or ~mitaida, and includes a sense of slight surprise (ex.1,
2, 3,4).

@'e4C~Te > TD TEDL DIARY, HE SRECKLET BOT.

ie BAO EKO SAEED
ES (Pils, 6).
When used in forms such as marude~nai or marude~dame, it denotes a com-
pletely negative situation, or is used for emphasis (ex.5, 6).

1) Petal Has fea

TWxA
WRX, $4 CIV a9 -DEBE.
Karewa keisanga hayakute, marude konpyuutaano yooda.
He is very quick at calculation—just like a computer.

2) PAIL LABELS T. ESCRHOLITEAR.

POEL See ae nei AE HS

Kanojowa kokoroga yasashikute, marude tenshino yoona hitoda.

She is so kind. She is like an angel.

3) ERAS, DATE Doh RMESTIEOLIIC

Poke.
Kusurio nondara, annani takakatta netsuga marude usonoyooni sagatta.
It was amazing how my fever went down after I took the medicine.

4) BILSA DIED OSZ OD OLNEY IEA T. LO CHAIN TR CR

ZCI SIC EUMIMDSTESV 0
Obasanno isanga moraeru-kamoshirenai-nante, marude yumemitaina kotoo
kangaetenaide, majimeni hatarakinasai.
Don’t think about (foolish) dreams like getting an inheritance from your
aunt. Work hard (for yourself).

5) FRABORIUILESCRLD
ATEN.
war ayy DALLA

Karewa seijiniwa marude kanshinga nai.

He is not at all interested in politics.

6) WIE
PY 7AtLDEV DS, MLL OCHO.
AN fe

Anewa pianowa umaiga, utawa marude dameda.

My sister is good at piano, but she is an absolutely terrible singer.

633
marude-choudo, ¥4T-bk 5%

> mchoudo 5
5 x w x mjust like ; exactly as

DIDIEANIMPOWOERE ALTA UREVILITERL, CL 7

DOD? RUBWYTEIE HL PNB CT. ELS HT SESE ET. Se
~ gts Colo ihay ty IS

< AUS RENT: BOP BRAD CATE OD HIE AN EI EldY EttA

* +t)

SDS O~ESH. CVS AIA EF CHil7,

Bh 1d He
8,9).
Choudo expresses that something is nearly the same as something else, and is
used when clearly describing the two objects as being of the same type, or
having something specific in common. It may not be used in sentences that
refer to things which are very different, or cannot be explained concretely. In
most cases it is used together with ~youda (ex.7,8,9).

DR BASS
TD WED |
> RFAITZE DS HS AB PHBE CEU 9 fe B2TWS
LST ERTL SEYet DOE P91 SY OBEN SHIRESSAET
(P10, i. WD)
Choudo may also be used to indicate that things, such as volume, size, or
time, meet a certain objective or standard exactly. It may refer to a proper
limit or suitable timing (ex.10,11, 12).

) Sx DEAM
4
EM
=m
CIA POU
Us
CIO NMNSSIIC,
tm
BieSLORY
Te) ae)

(29 POI IZINTINS.

Choodo mizuga takai tokorokara hikui tokoroe nagareruyooni, denryuumo
den-atsuno takai hookara hikui hooe nagareru.
Just as water flows from a high place to a low place, electricity flows
from high voltage to low voltage.

8) SEDER
DD
EMKER
hs)AF
INTSEDICZ,
=YPFLPs
Bide
Pa YM
ee
“5 CHL VellaBeae
Hee LBS 5 LX
CAL
YATK=P5 ILL.
05
Choodo kawaita tsuchiga mizuo kyuushuu-suruyooni, karewa ryuugakusa-
kide atarashii chishikio dondon kyuushuushita.
Just as parched earth soaks up water, he rapidly absorbed knowledge
while studying abroad.

9) bs DEAL AS HeIG
ep
4 {Nicoy Alc Brac BLYKohsig)Rie Bt boy 71c¥ th
Wigs Tl A.

Choodo watashiga gakuseijidaini jazuni muchuuni nattayooni, musukomo

rokkuni muchuuni natteiru.

634
 KBHSYEAI?

My son is as absorbed in rock music as I was in jazz when I was a stu-

dent.

10 SS PULLORSS
xDEOBER CIE AF 972.
Karewa juuji choodono Shinkansende Sendaie itta.
He went to Sendai on the ten o’clock Shinkansen.

ll J “OHA, AESAH ILO.

Kono kutsuwa, ookisaga choodoii.
These shoes fit me perfectly.
(The size of these shoes is perfect for me.)

wa BRICAKE, bd BEGOR.
Ekini tsukuto, choodo kyuukooga kita.
The express train pulled in just as (I) arrived at the station.

WF
=
Da ee ian, ‘
U t ( )
Reale Hl tH Aaa DDTED LE Oe

(TED. WAWARR BMS TCS}

Jui Med Bree Sete aleeit 5
HOHDL ETI. BAe BAL
CORY 1 IORI. ADFOU > |
[2 IVINS BOOP L Te FS | BOTY 4 At
aeFae
EE CMCORREA DOE ALK? EO? FAOMS ELK.
YUEDS

“DOR. Bib kIT. = nist, BPH YO KOD

5 cl ee ks CARE IR BEALE, LGR S
4 ABUL E Li. TBE. 5 La OR RAREU

ZL. MA, CNERIDIED, TAMOKAM KS TL «x

4, "Epo KMHSs oa CHIDO, ETONTOHOLV Be

DE Uv (e Ps Bd

a Dion G Vow eerie el

635
mieru+>mirareru)/ 2x ZA-ABNAS}

Foo Putt Sei Sac £ LR. TL

ee
» KASS
ele inn 1). Apa Ce Ue SMeq(aeh
ae iS)
afp= \

3 Oiac BiAsner & 9 5 L 7 aR Bl» 5 KAS Hi £ DTS EWS

(LEA SAX EFS

RT SEL EARONKVS Zid, yo, GHW wei ro

Peaele72

Where does fire come out from?

Mike has become quite good at Japanese and is now able to use
many different expressions in his speech.
One day while Mike was walking in the park, he was hit in the face
by a ball that was kicked by a boy, and shouted “Ouch!” His little
brother, Adam, asked him, “Are you all right, Mike?” Mike said, “Ow,
that hurts. Kao kara hi ga deta'.” Then he ever so proudly explained
to Adam that “You use this expression when you’re in great pain after
being hit on the head or in the face by something.” After he finished
saying this, his friend Kazuto remarked, “In that case, you should say
me kara hi ga deta’. The expression kao kara hi ga deru is used by
someone who is very embarrassed about something.”
Adam said “That means that even though the hi ga deru part is the
same, depending on where the fire comes from, the meaning is com-
pletely different. Hey Mike, unless you study Japanese a lot harder,
you're going to have a lot of experience with kao kara hi ga deru.”
Mike looked embarrassed as he listened to his little brother’s words of
wisdom.
| Fire came out from the face (to burn with embarassment).
2 Fire came out from the eyes (to see stars after being hit on the head).

BRO/ BONS
g mieru @ mirareru

BZA a m@ mieru "7

mato be visible ; to appear ; to sem “4

DRLSELICK TH. BRIER

Ao TK B+ ABLE THBLV SLE
WET Cl, 2,3). i
636
 LKA-H%5HN4A /mieru+mirareru

Mieru is used when an object enters one’s field of vision naturally, or when
one can see an object without making any special effort (ex.1, 2,3).

QRAVEM VLA LER DEN, Oe MEV OVO Ds RRUDNSEW,

BY
H)MPCHEM LL
WAKA TWt< HOD
(GA,
ny
5,6,7,8).
It also expresses an inference or conjecture based on something one has seen
or heard (ex.4,5,6,7,8).

1) DATEL, ECONPPOOELWUM AAS.

Kono hoteruwa, dono heyakaramo Fujisanga mieru.
At this hotel, Mount Fuji is visible from any room.

HEIICRADON Elie CT Ca
Asokoni mierunoga, kokkaigijidoodesu.
What you can see over that way is the Diet Building.

LI DMED BABELANGISHV.
Dokoka umino mieru tokoroe ikitai.
(1) want to go someplace where we can see the sea.

HD NILA LIRTLAE I< EASA, AI PRD IS ACF se

Sap Ot
Ano hitowa taikakuga rippade joobusooni mieruga, angai karadaga yowain-
desuyo.
He has a fantastic build and looks so robust, yet he’s surprisingly frail.

IO IDE E THAD.
Kono fukuo kiruto yasete mieru.
When (I) wear this outfit, I look thin.

HOBBS, ADMBDIGILRASATT.
Wb pit VE Dh A

Ano iwano katachiwa hitono kaono yooni mierundesu.

The shape of that rock looks like a person’s face.

CIPO VHBoICAAT. ZhASHID < TSS

Dooyara amemo agattato miete, sotoga akarukunatta.
It seems the rain has stopped; it’s gotten lighter outside.

ee) BOFILETOBEDBIW
OU RCAAT, TILA 38 PO6PDVL.
Ano kowa totemo onakaga suiteitato miete, gohan-o sanbaimo okawarishita.
It looks like that child was very hungry; she ate three additional help-
ings of rice.

637
mieru+mirareru, AZRA-ADNS

3 @ mirareru =
AbNSA SLO NS | mwto be able to see

D'RSCEMTIS UWF RRC CAiJ9, 10).

To be able to see (ex.9, 10).

DFR PCA LIATHUEMKE KCHSEWVILECT Cpt, 126

ALL aoe” ele yey

Mirareru may indicate that a phenomenon, situation, or circumstance occurs

often (ex.11, 12).

D9 ~EREN CSIC EVEL

DPW BOM, CIBA
ENTS - sien TOSEV DEREK LET CPil13, 14).
In the form ae mirareteiru, it expresses that something can be considered or
judged to be a certain way, although it is not yet completely understood
(ex.13, 14).

9) “AX OSRA Bist. N71 ATE oNS.

=
Sieh (<2) BY

Kondono kaikinisshokuwa, Hawaie ikeba mirareru.

(You) will be able to see the next total solar eclipse if you go to Hawaii.

10) ZATRITISS LV Ya-tdy Motz KONE.

Konnani subarashii shoowa, mettani miraremasen.
(You) can hardly ever see such a magnificent show as this.

MW) ARO
U LA
ESL. HIRE RCNA TSEOR RMN.
Oojishinno tokiniwa, jimenno ryuukiya aie A genshooga mirareru.
During a big earthquake (one) will see such phenomena as upheavals
and collapsing of the ground.

12) BPEL, KR ABA RONSLITT.

Sabakudewa, oe shinkirooga mirareru soodesu.
(They) say (you) can often see mirages in the desert.

13) SHBLOIR A tig tie FD TREY cc RON BD.

Jikono gen-inwa untenshuno inemuri-untento mirareteiru.
The cause of the accident appears to be the driver’s having fallen asleep
at the wheel.

14) Pel LSae

PRS PASiT SADE REN ET.
Kabishestea kongomo sagaritsuzukeru-darooto mirareteimasu.
(They’re) saying that stock prices are going to continue to decline from
now on.

638
 AH /michi-toori

BG
/ LEY
B michi 8 toori

SB Aad Maeve ae
DAPHREA
<BE
iff ae HSCS Dear ARI
AdW
I C2
DCT. ARE
Wold
(378i iN HEPATIC ret i, 9,3) 4e
A road on whigh BSS cars, aN travel to somewhere. Originally, michi re-
ferred to a naturally-created pathway, but now it may be used to mean any
kind of road, street, boulevard, etc. (ex.1,2,3,4).

OTSA, DT DIED
ADE FALE EF (Hib, 6,7, 8,9).
It may also indicate a way to go, a way to live (one’s life), or a way of do-
ing something (ex.5,6, 7,8, 9).

1) CONE
SC Bs CINCO RE as
Ad PE \y zy tay DA) >

Kono michio zutto nobotteikuto, choojooni tsuku.

If you keep hiking up this path, you’ll reach
the summit.

2) DnJIRA
-€
ORV
iets
GEC.
Ad
tote Both.
A

Kawazoino hosoi michide, tokageo mitsuketa.

(1) saw (found) a lizard on the narrow pathway along the river.

3) aE Hs BK CETEN a SALON TC.

Kono michiwa, kurumaga ookute abunaikara kio tsukete.
The traffic on the street is heavy and dangerous, so be careful.

A) VW OO 78Sh CaBND of.

=3 Ub)

Itsumono as son avehitb toorenakatta.

The street (I) usually take is under repair, so I couldn’t get through.

5) ATE» AK, Fin BEAT S38

Be FED Nir.
Sina hitoni, Hon ipods “ip endo kikareta.
A stranger asked (me) the way to the art museum.

6) FFTFO eh iBI< MoT Lior.

Doraibuno i ten Ci mayotteshimatta.

639
michi-toori, Ab-Y%BY

(1) got lost while I was out for a drive.

~ Bhp» Siktt a LM Te.

Tasukaru ey hitotsushika nai.
There is only one way for (you) to be saved.

8) ES Pohk HE EOE POM

pth ty >
WF LEMTISRA
IM.
Doo yattara kareo akuno michikara sukuidasu kotoga dekirudarooka.
How can (we) save him from the path of evil?

9) Rls|tA\Oinl< VEG ALD DEI t AWRYVC.

Watashivie hitono michini hazureruyoona kotowa daikiraidesu.
I hate to do anything that goes against morality.

a el alt
AVHILED CID ATES SR OICPFONKECBTCH. 5d cHy
£5
DADO kts Li POA IBLE SACHET CPO, 11,12). CF
DOLD 7am» PHB
Va Tzh 72»
OO HO
B
Clthe< CH.
ae

Toori refers to a passage or road purposely created for people or vehicles to

travel on in order to go somewhere. Usually toori refers to roads in towns
and cities and very often includes the houses and stores on both sides
(ex.10, 11,12). Paths found on mountains or in fields are not referred to as
toori but michi.

0) BiBBit, OWMYICHLTOS
Zeimushowa, a toorini menshiteiru.
The tax office is on this street.

11) W014 BER OBE BAT AEA4 VCTS VES.

EILPTAEDLF

ey tooriwa iit, hiruma, hokoosha-sen-yoo-dooroni narimasu.

This street is (closed to traffic and used) for
(| @ (=
pedestrians only during the daytime on Sundays. r x ic|
Elta ——= |
12) DB 21 EC
<
DIZAILE PDIeB TCT He
jo
pen
al Be pal |
Korega Shinjukude ichiban nigiyakana tooridesu. aia li Is |a
This is the busiest street in Shinjuku. me FS As th

640
 ANVEA* ClEA /mihon-tehon

BEA
/ TEA
a mihon @ fehon

BEA (BA Toole

LAE D CH BME HISD PII UT LEB UBIO OES
LET. REDE DIE. EVI BORCAI OUTCOME COIL,2,3,4,5).
Mihon is something that is a representative sample of a product which shows
what the product is like. It is also used to indicate that a person is a typical
example (e.g., of a certain behavior) (ex.1,2,3,4,5).

1) x, : SOACHE AUC (16 ans reecei alas¥t D>,

FLESF

WED WWA,
TAWA
DNAS A MOLI
ANA
Oa esNOESLad2)

Kyaku : Kono keshoo-suiniwa kooryooga haitteimasuka?

Customer : Is this lotion scented?
Ten-in : lie, korega mihondesu. Doozo otameshikudasai.
Clerk : No, it isn’t. Here’s a sample. Please go ahead and try it.

2) SASHHb LI TERID ATS CIEE ORE

Korewa he thoes senzaino mihondesu. Doozo otsukaikudasai.
This is a sample of a new detergent. Please try it.

3) RALRRO
PRHAS, BSPLORIUEERS
TU,
Mihonto jissaino shoohinga, kanarazushimo onajidatowa kagiranai.
A sample is not necessarily exactly the same as the real product.

4) arte ECKEERONLB PAE DAR OX 972 KAS. VV ARTE

Kakegotode jinseio ayamaru hitowa ooi. Zaisanmo kazokumo ushinatta ka-
rega, ii mihonda.
There are many people who ruin their lives gambling. He’s a good exam-
ple, having lost both his wealth and his family.

5) BAP
oMbeckHS.MEAORROIITE.
Kanojowa asakara banmade yoku hataraku. Hataraki-monono mihon-
noyooda.
She works hard from morning till night, just like a model worker.

641
miru+mitsumeru+nagameru-nozoku/A4-AOWS-KBOS- DES

TEA ais sinodet &

WO ae Been en EDEDITIUL WVOpRE oO Ee LEOT
sigecnaZBWDDLECH (Pb,7). E72, EDDA DHea)19S SALIRTEA,
7 lt Ut

PEOPLE THROES (Pil 8 Je BEAL a5sre yHnET.

This is something that serves as a model to be copied or imitated when learn-
ing how to do something (ex.6, 7).
It is also used when saying that a person or a person’s behavior is worthy of
being imitated by others (ex.8). Otehon is also used.

6) FROL A. tAtY:
THEO REBT AIC LCEO BRBeli
Kodomono koro, senseino jio ps ma jino nae shita.
When (I) was a child I practiced handwriting using my teacher’s writing
as a model.

7) (HORE. JAERI
OB EAE RET NT.
TEVrUY & CDA THEI
are
| PA (Le i =

Taiikuno jikanni, senseiga tetsuboono otehon-o misetekureta. LED! 3

During PE (our) teacher showed us how to do the bars. eS wesmee

8) Hitt pnFArnSneemermnanon. | ZK
Oyawa kodomono tehonto naruyoona ikikatao shinakerebanaranai. ~~ —~—~__'
Parents must live in a way that sets an example for their children.

BOS PIDA/TEBDS/ ODE &

@ miru &@ mitsumeru @ nagameru = nozoku

B® (Fe%| see (at) ;“etonsee 2

OA Ce ake VER SODODEE - aK RISE SRC CBX eet CPA, D3

To consciously perceive the shape, color, condition, etc., of an object with the
eyes (Exal2= 344)s

Q'HINS +FEDS HBTS

- S TSE OR THR UVES (PIS, 6, 7).
ties He nssta! HESS ey SBORCT (PB, 9).
642
 BB*BODS BW S-O€ ¢ /miru-mitsumeru-nagameru-nozoku

To investigate, verify, or form a judgment (ex.5,6,7). The expression mendou

o miru has the same meaning as sewa o suru, i.e., to take care of someone
(ex.8, 9).

ai eden enh
ee
‘<—Nve x)
1) br
AL VSARGRBE
FECHA
CC. HER
SANE
Bir.
A yr
Ay
f ‘
<>
Watashiwa suizokukande, umihebio mita. ; oe ES J
I saw a sea snake at the aquarium. é SPR \ VY
AUS eee
2) We Och the16 Ch} ROL EMT or. x am\vadeadlf 8 ae
Dookutsuno ave ana nanimo mirukotoga dekinakatta.
It was dark inside the cave and (we) couldn’t see a thing.

ARKOFEDEOERDARV).
Se SS TSO
Anatano kodomono korono shashinga mitai.
(I'd) like to see a picture of you as a child.

SOIFIN-MAToRIGNE, BTU Ch BRD ED oh.

Kinoo depaatoni ittakeredo, mitadakede nanimo kawanakatta.
(I) went to the department store yesterday, but I just looked around and
didn’t buy anything.

Hhidiom DIS Hae DBHoi26F

Ce Bee ET.
Watashiwa eee tangoga attara suguni jishoo mimasu.
When there are words I don’t know, I look them up in the dictionary
right away.

BRC DREARY, Bese

BOR CES.
Genkanni dareka kitamitai. Chotto mitekite kudasai.
It sounds like someone is at the front door. Could (you) please go and
look?

Ahtd. EAN
QA7LVS Z
ROM BILE CATS
pee np nennaini kokkaino kaisanwa naito miteiru.
The way I see it, the Diet won’t dissolve within the year.

SeALHBe RONSORE,
KES WW VERAE ore.
Chanto mendoo-o mirarerunonara, inuo kattemo tito chichiga itta.
My dad said that if (I) could take care of it properly, I could have a
dog.

HAEIABELTOBE, ASTOR
DEL
Be 3BTS NT.
DAES
Watashiga Wh cielo) hahaga kodomono mendoo-o mite kureta.
While I was in the hospital, my mother took care of my child for me.

643
miru+mitsumeru:-nagameru-nozoku/A%:- ROWS ABO S-DE ¢

: @ mitsumeru 5
AIDS [kL % | mto gaze ; to stare ©

DADBRER. (EPOLOIA RMT. Cot RRIZS-ETT Cl

10,11, 12), " o0mS M1 LF OIRO - Pxl.to7spBdoeF.
Aa BS AS

To look continuously at someone’s face, etc., without looking away at any-

thing else because of curiosity, interest, or admiration (ex.10, 11, 12).

DIUPoRRBBTS-
MA ZD
FOES 1BKF SEV DEAR
Vy A
CHEV
ap»
SEG (P13,
Lvs
14),
To closely observe or seriously pursue something (ex.13, 14).

10) ASTM BVT, Ae Coe ROMO

Kanojowa nanika titasooni, watashio jitto mitsumeteita.
She looked fixedly at me as if she had something she wanted to say.

11) Ae TESS ssVc KOMSNSE 5 GRE DE LABICEAS

I)Sieh
Junshinna kodomoni mitsumerareruto, usoo tsuku kotowa dekinakatta.
It was impossible for (me) to tell a lie to my son with him gazing at
me with those innocent eyes.

12) > Paes aa FHt< Wwe

Crsth
AI= BEES WW ORLEOF ICE, Use hom TK.
Shoojowa, ao inugoyao tsukutteiru chichioyano temotoo, jitto mitsume-
teita.
The girl gazed at their father’s handiwork as he skillfully built a dog-
house.

13) RRIIL,
vx
EELS
UC SA
ROMSLE OMB
Ono)

Tokiniwa, jibun-o yoku mitsumeru kotomo hitsuyooda.

It is necessary to take a good look at oneself from time to time.

1s) Bh BIABEOIR RE ROOT. UOIFILARE FCoE

a. BAIRD IE.
Watashi-tachiwa genzaino jookyoo-o mitsumete, donoyooni shizen-o
mamotte-ittara tika, kangaenakutewa naranai.
Mankind (we) must take a good look at the present state of affairs, and
think about what should be done to protect the environment.

KBOA Wk % 1 @ nagameru |
mto gaze at ; to look at

644
 BB*AOWS EBODS-D€ < /miru>mitsumeru-nagameru-nozoku

VOOSEOBWBMERS IEC, BEE +AR + BELIEVES

TENN ne lth vs SF ADIT Wy Dv

(PALS, 16, 17,18). "DLali: ee ADbOE. Poh YVELRAD CHS 4

Ws 5% WANTED Bnet.
Nagameru is frequently used when looking at something in its entirety or
from a wide perspective—especially scenery or art (ex.15, 16,17, 18). It ex-
presses an objective feeling that the object is being viewed from a somewhat
distant location, and that the viewer is in a relaxed mood.

1) BORED TRO, BU BATRA CERISE

Sof,
Madono sotoo nagameteitara, mezurashii toriga tondekite kini tomatta.
As (1) was gazing out the window, an unusual bird flew by and landed
in a tree.

1s) RA AOS wR FE CBO SE, TREATS HO RAT 0

TGANRD7LVS) NED Rs oy 727)

Tenboodaino booenkyoode nagameruto, aes iku funega mieta.

When (I) looked through the telescope on the observation platform, I
could see some ships passing by offshore.

11) 5SiS Wok

BANIBIO ALPE ED L72 £9 1B
AAs
C7
Chichiwa Nihongano taisakuo kanshin-shitayooni nagameteita.
My father appeared to be greatly moved as he gazed at the Japanese art
masterpiece.

1) YBAPIITARVEBLMD CSE, ME ENTLES.

dlCS eh

Nanimo kangaezuni Bee kumoo een jikan-o wasureteshimau.

When (I) lazily stare up at the clouds without a thought on my mind, I
forget about the time.

we w nozoku 5
DE < mato peep into ; to peek |

DPFORCT SMREDS, MIF MERSEABEF CHll9,

20,21).
ae LoBh LHLOVT ISIC ROGERSESO 1E5
(Pl22), Sxot
CABLE LEU (ales, 24). Fula WiTEV ODE NEMS NTHTLEDE
VWSRLS ind Laypyet (B25).
To look aoe a small hole or crack at something on the other side
(ex.19, 20,21). Also, to look down from a high place with the body leaning
forward (ex.22), or to take a quick peek at something (ex.23,24). There may
be a nuance that the viewer is hidden and is looking at something that he

645
miru-mitsumeru:nagameru:nozoku/4Z-ADDS:EBWS- OE ¢

should not be (ex.25).

Di ~MO<s DIET \ bLNDEATCIS Yk ae Hb)DAS SLAL LORN I:YTAeS

pat (p82
When used in the form ~ga nozoku, it is implied that only a portion of the
whole object is exposed to view (ex.26, 27).

9) ios PRE DCK EHH ASEIN >THOOM AL

tA sek A Dice

Kenbikyoo-o nozokuto, saikinga ugoiteirunoga mieta.

When (1) looked through the microscope, I could see bacteria moving
around.

20) FEC. WEBLEDOC A-FYOF SMSO TAR, Hilz ore

Niwade, monootoga shitanode, kaatenno sukimakara nozoite mitara, neko-
datta.
(1) heard a noise out in the garden, so I peeked out from between the
curtains and saw it was a Cat.

21) FPOF SED

E3
oO RBEO
CK E. BRISA DE
ise)
AOE
te Lr
Doano aerate shinsatsushitsuo nozokuto, kangofusanga chuushano jun-
bio shiteita.
When (I) peeked through the crack in the door into the examination
room, I could see that the nurse was preparing an injection.

22) EO LDSAIRED OO ROEMSSAL.

Gakeno uekara tanisokoo nozoitara ashiga furueta.
(My) legs began to shake when I peered over the edge of the cliff at the
bottom.

23) Fil,iteBD IFETENT ECE DE OMELATT.

Watashiwa ega sukinanode, garoo-o nozokunoga tanoshimidesu.
Since I enjoy (looking at) paintings, I sometimes like to make a quick
stop at the art gallery.

2) ROBO, BRET NOS SAIERHVEL.

Kudamonoyao nozoitara, eeeaeh a ae sakuranboga arimashita.
When (I) peeked into the fruit stand, (I found that) there were some
cherries (even though they were) out of season.

25) hiOMLO
HQ DSK
TS
U
MHLED
z
ARS, Hace’
73 *¥5I35
ovr.
liv

Aneno tsukueno hikidashio nozoitara, nikkichooga haitteita.

(I) peeked into one of my older sister’s desk drawers and saw her diary.

646
 DhtetA A / minna-zen-in

26) BOAR OAT y PPHIWARBDLWTCOKOC EBL.

Kareno zubonno pokettokara saifuga nozoiteitanode, chuuishita.
His wallet was sticking out from his pants pocket so (I) called his atten-
tion to it.

27) ZOU Tan» Hs ga Wa. Bue DBHO< Tao

Kumono Daheane tsukiga “OS tat akaruku_ natta.
The (dark) path became brighter when the moon peeked out from be-
tween the clouds.

BAT
/ CAMA
g minna @ zen-in

= minna
ARES wall ; everyone ; everything LF

OBES - iLO - Ba IBTSES ENEND Hp 1 CHE LS, Niet thm

HEL. Enbeot, ae. hala SERCH (Bl, 2,3,4).
Minna designates as a group all of the persons associated with a certain place
or situation, e.g., the place one works, lives, pursues one’s interests, etc. (ex.1,
D304).

DQEDAD* RNC EWIBRC BS OAH METEL TEES

(ffl5, 6).
In addition, it is used to mean ‘anyone’ or ‘everyone’ in a general sense
(ex.5, 6).

OIFNT ENC ICH REDROKC, PROOLEIYHVET

(DIT,8).At CH)BCRORCIR, BOBS OABSA + ATES,
DESIRE THVT BIS).
It is also used for objects, events, or abstract matters in the same way as the
words subete (everything), doredemo, or nandemo (anything) (ex.7, 8).
Mina has the same meaning as minna, however, it is most often used in the
formal expressions minasan and minasama (ex.9).

1) AABDOE REO THO, MET AALS E.

647
minna-zen-in AATR CARA

Minnano iken-o kiitekara, ketsuron-o dasubekidato omouyo.

I think we ought to make our conclusions after asking everyone’s opin-
ion.

2) BOISE. RURLAATSL,
MD» €¢ WA
ATT.
*

Okagesamade, kazokuwa minna, genkidesu.

The family is all well, thank you.

3) Zt, PROB
RA ATT. AAISCRAELEI.
Kore, Okinawano okashinandesu. Minnade tabemashoo.
Here are some sweets from Okinawa. Everyone please have some.

1) UOAMERI REA
TS CH TISAI S ENT o%2
Tsugino nichiyoobini, kazoku minnade shiohigari,ni iku kotoni natta.
We (the family) are all going shellfish gathering next Sunday.
——» Shiohigari is gathering of shellfish, especially clams, at low tide.

5) LOO, AOR AA TERT CitRRO EttA.

Kono yononaka, daremoga minna shinsetsudatowa kagirimasen.
Not everyone in this world is necessarily kind.

6) BAISEUHC. AATEIAERSN CWS.

Kanojowa majimede, minnani shinraisarete-iru.
She is honest and is (therefore) trusted by everybody.

7) BRESA, Fx DONTE, KILO DAA TERESOPs beokd.

Okaasan, Kyoono shukudaiwa moo minna gakkoode yatchattayo.
Mon, (I) already did all of today’s homework at school.

8) BOR oS led, AA TE MTE EAA 0

Kareno itteiru kotowa, minna usodayone.
Everything he says is a lie.

9) es ARS. BIS EBEBAY BVECAD.

Caan minasama okawari arimasenka?
How has (your) family been?

TAMA [441 meen

wall the members :; everyone i
Ate
LX
-LMSRA
= A * Se BcCl-B\ ELH OYE PCP HICT
BATS
ST

648
 ~Ek~ BU -~ £5 |~muki-~muke-~you

NTOKDLECTH CPO, 11,12). TAAL. MBTLO. BNET

ATOREILIRV EADS, TSR ld. TAGRIFTUGWEY DEAR
bes x Vs OSH: » VW A =)

RCENET
Zen-in refers to all of the people who are affiliated with some organization,
group, or circumstance and who are involved with a specific location or issue
(ex.10, 11,12). While the term minna doesn’t absolutely mean that each and
every person is included, the term zen-in strongly implies that not one person
is excluded.

10) CORR vay 77 BAMERKCT

SESE
Sono ikenniwa, ea ee zen-inga sanseidesu.
Everyone in the class agrees with that opinion.

11) SEHI< Hot NAD Bh BARS S712

Jikoni atta basuno okie zen-in bujidatta.
All of the passengers on the bus were unharmed in the accident.

12) LOW Miia. BA AeA aS

SIM LTRIFIUETE STEN»
AVI 5 Uy WA At

Kono peered shinnyuushain zen-inga sanka-shinakereba naranai.

All of the new employees have to participate in this training session.

setheed
ews onl)
a ~muki a ~muke a ~you

a ~muki
~te& [~l4 =] msuitable for~ s

~8HLTWS - AMSA lGIWEW Ges EE LE~DE MIEN

DCH T%, ~VHLTaUE T TIS 1 EN Se aCe (Pill, 2, 3, 4,
De
~muki indicates that an object is fit or appropriate for something. It may be
used if something is suitable for some purpose, even if it was not expressly
made for that purpose (ex.1,2,3,4, 5).

649
~muki-~muke-~you) ~te®-~tit-~£5

1) LNBOT HAW. BOAMS?.

SE Fer/ ia VUE G

Kono kurumano dezainwa, wakaihito-mukida.

The design of this car is aimed at young people.

2) BMAFORLAIKEOAC.
yam t tT Wy Y)7)
AT RROK.
wD

Natsumukino suzushisoona irono nunode, kaaten-o nutta.

(1) made curtains using fabric in a cool-looking color just right for sum-
mer.

3) LOT LY FIA OBAMECT

LEAL SG

Kono gerendewa shoshinsha-mukidesu.

This slope is for beginning skiers.

> 3bOAL—-l4, FIRMZOHOTCT.

= ¢%& HECK

Uchino karee,wa, kodomomukino amakuchidesu. *p.702

My curry is mild enough for children.

5) = DBR IBN SEBEL YDS. BES CEASA OC ARABEIA S CULTL

at Wie|be tWD5 3% 5X 5B Wo >To &

Kono soojikiwa seinoowa iiga, omokute otoga ookiinode ippankatei-muki-

dewa nai.
This vacuum cleaner is efficient, but it’s heavy and noisy, so it’s not suit-
able for common household use.

~tlt [~ fay] cea s

WDe(oLUMRT SLA, WREESOO, HMO MebHesS
4¢

LWSZECH CHB, 7,8, 9).

This refers to the objective, target, or destination which is the aim of an ob-
ject’s development or manufacture (ex.6,7,8,9).

6) DLAC,
‘ai}| beli)
MHA
L Les tr
OBMBe
reno NERO
Eo CST.
AXE

Kono koojoodewa, yushutsumukeno jidooshao tsukutteimasu.

At this factory they make cars destined for export.

7) rime
BRAM,aie
Bt AAI OAC MEBSK<ALHA.
WALIZERLG wD Y

Ekimaeniwa, kankookyaku-mukeno miyagemonoyaga takusan aru.

In front of the station there are a lot of souvenir shops aimed at tour-
ists.

650
 ~te&-~tet-~ £5 /~muki-~muke-~you

8) OPAL PENT TEWHE KAGE CHB OLAV.

Kono bangumiwa kodomomuke-dakeredo, otonaga mitemo omoshiroi.
This TV program is for children, but it’s of interest to adults, too.

9) 7 DAMS BI SBIAT OK PDEASUAS ATS.

W5RZABO

Minatono sookoniwa, Fiisuncree Me yamazumisareteiru.

In the harbor warehouses, stacks of relief goods destined for disaster ar-
eas are piled up.

pe aS) a yee
BS 5) [ Fa] afor the use of~ £

Fleaiowa ee REST BSE CeRLEF (PaO, |

Wha RRS EIS J er ~
5d

PNT Lie. EA ANORESNTOS0~ ARO BEN ae

BL, BHLA HV RBAE PILES.
£586 TE . 2» rT.

~you designates a limitation on the use of an object (ex.10,11, 12,13). Unlike

~muki and ~muke, when an object is used for purposes other than that indi-
cated by ~you, there is a sense of inappropriateness or strangeness.

) Tbe AON PLT PRD TES SDM, Rian CHET Tia We

Akachan-yoono beddowa sugu tsukawanaku narukara, kawanaide karita
hooga ti.
Because something like a baby crib becomes useless quickly, it’s better to
borrow rather than buy one.

Wl) DEY
A SSADISS Ald. BASO NAASP ICK
Haiuetsoen en migikikino hitoniwa tsukainikui.
Left-handed scissors are hard for right-handed people to use.

12) LO BWA Wd, TABS

ED
AIK BIE3.
EWED

Ror ae suutsuwa, kankonsoosai-yoonimo naru.

This black suit will also be good for all formal occasions, too.

13) Hell. AREA

yD TWEF
i53tWrhage
x
VF O59 5NSATS.
Saikin, kateiyoo-joosuikio toritsukeru ge fueteiru.
Lately, there’s been an increase in the number of homes putting in house-
hold water purifiers.

651
musubu:shibaru)tst&- LlkE4S

tt / LIZS
ge musubu w shibaru

Se so musubu
teh is mto tie ; to connect |

ON WERE Ounce BUR (NBIC DIEW\C— DEF SLECH CA, Dees

OEMAERZTA BPe
- DAVIS OS LO TRNAS Cs OD): PAT. 8
(EPG PIERA ECA, WS ODOMATE O
ean 5EORCT.
To connect objects such as string, or to bundle a bey of objects together
so that they become one (ex.1,2,3,4). It may also mean to form a relation-
ship (ex.5,6). In Examples 7 and 8 it is used to indicate that things like a
road or railroad connect several places.

) HDFPAVOI, CxIFCMO SEHR.

Ano kowa chiisainoni, joozuni kutsuhimoo musubu.
Although he is still small, that child ties his own shoestrings very well.

2) Haze Fel ree

>t
xt, O-PRLoD OKOTESV.
Funeo kishini tsunagu tokiwa, roopuo eae mus ubinasai.
Make sure (you) tie the boat securely with a rope when
you dock at the shore.

3) ae EA OTLEY SH TEU AY DSRA CH 720

TAL

Toncerwe purezentoni, kireina ribonga hae er

There was a beautiful ribbon tied around the birthday present.

4) BOF IL, WOOBILUAY EGA TOS.

Ano kowa, itsumo kamini ribon-o musundeirune.
That child always wears her hair tied with a ribbon, doesn’t she?

5) EAM.
PH DEL
PRK te CHIEN CWS.
> @9CLD GF

Kareto watashiwa, fukai yuujoode musubareteiru.

He and I have formed a strong friendship.

6) pjTelit. PRIA eA TE.

Ryookokuwa, ieaon ie musunda.
The two nations concluded a peace treaty.

652
 tet S- LIES /musubu-shibaru

7) COAT,
Oe On
RLY
m0 ht
IZ ® 3 CPrAWA
RE CHEA
GF
CUS.
Kono hikookiwa, Narita to Bankokuo sanjikan-han de musundeiru.
This airplane links Narita and Bangkok in three and a half hours.

8) MRR AE SAMIR, EIMWIDCRES A

OUR LTS.
seen eR musubu toomei-koosokudoorowa, itsumo juutai shiteiru.
The Tomei Expressway, which links Tokyo and Nagoya, is always jam-
med with cars.

y 8 shibaru 5
>
LIZS LAGS | mto tie (up) ; to fasten ; to bundle ©

DOOBEEC WDE WEEDS he &Aaa

au Gils (Pro, 10). EDEL
A DICMET SLVIBROEALT.
SS WIV VK OPDIDRDE CES RARRDY, PUSS yverss a5
hs

DICKCHMS> BMT DICT SEVIER DVET

To tie together or bundle objects with string, etc. (ex.9,10). While musubu
means to connect several objects, shibaru means to gather the objects into
one, or to fasten something so that it doesn’t move.

Qe FlIrs TITLE TC, thA D 4TH & til RT S ER CHEN ao Cll, 12).
ees)

To limit a person’s actions ieee regulation or force (ex.11, 12).

9) az (33ROOK LoM YLitsC. RON Ae Be ChE

Coe ihele kuchio shikkari atsinoiies lamnerdreta hini dashite kudasai.
Please tie up (your) garbage bags securely and put
them out on the designated day.

10) CANTILEVER ULHNT LTHLODokK.

Dorobooni teya ashio shibararete, totemo kowakatta.
(I) was so scared when the burglar tied my
hands and feet.

11) Ala, FVORIRIPCIR BCs

LIL S6N7< TEV,
breL BR 8 46 PALOS
Watashiwa, furui kisokuya kanshuuniwa shibararetakunai.
I don’t want to be bound by old rules and customs.

12) PES ayBETEPIVOTC, BUR LIESNT, Ta 2»Ts.0> A EA

CANT SNTEV.

653
muda-mottainai, tpf2-% oP AY
a a a
Watashiwa kodomoga mada chiisainode, ikujiya kajini shibararete, naka-
naka jiyuuni dekakerarenai.
My children are still little so I’m hardly ever free to go out, what with
being tied down with housework and child-care.

zZ/LbhboeEMRW
a muda = mottainai

Si f = muda —~
Sy fa TREK mwuseless ; a waste

DOD RYH) Baek, DEDLEICRT

SLIT ERLET (Pill,
2).
Muda is used when one uses more effort, time, money, etc., than is necessary
(exsl,2);

DARA
5 >
TEV © PCIE TENS + Alt
Ving7° TEV LIT ERLET CPS, 45s
>< = 92S BD
It also may mean that something is fruitless, useless, or not profitable (ex.3,4,
my)

1) AOD BURE EP AR oTIAV IF TEV

Taisetsuna shigen-o mudani tsukattewa ikenai.
(You) must not waste valuable resources.

DP) 8) Hage! (E90 ECV ATgA CHF

SOL 7K.
Wb5IL6 EOF

Ichinichijuu atte miteirunante jikanno mudada.

To do nothing all day but watch TV is a waste of time.

3) FRICBRE PTO, EOL.

Butani shinjuo yattemo, mattaku mudadesu.
It’s useless to bestow pearls on swine (give pearls to a pig).

4) PV < DEBRA LTHLHTT.

Kareni ikura chuuio shitemo mudadesu.
No matter how many times (you) warn him, it’s no use.

5) PACE
RAMESH,
L CeSH>
GRIT
E72
PVL US.
Kanojowa shigotochuu, mudabanashi-bakari shiteiru.
She does nothing but chat idly while she is working.

654
 BE % oR
/ muda: mottainai

Dohme Prana ie
Dees Olen. LYE Bort FPREL TVG SESE ST CPil6, 7).
Mottainai is used when one is critical of, or feels regret for, something be-
cause it is a waste (ex.6, 7).

QAPOOO MES. LACED LUD EMEVES CPB,9,10).

It is also used to express that a person or thing is not being utilized to max-
imum capacity (ex.8,9, 10).

OBENBWIEREWGEMEWOET (fil11).
Mottainai is also used to express humble appreciation (ex.11).

6) tee Aas< ee 7A Loldte LIST OIA TAD oh FEV.

Hao migakutoki, mizuo dashippanashini surunante mizuga mottainai.
Leaving the water running while (you) brush your teeth is such a waste!

A: SBA SRAMME TCHS.

B : Hore TEV Yo

A: Mada tsukaeru kaguga sutete aruyo.

Somebody threw away some furniture that is still usable.
B: Mottainai. What a waste!

A TSHEIZ1O0Z
FBI DIEBoA TEV,
az RA 15

Konna eni hyakuman-enmo haraunowa mottainai.

Paying ¥1,000,000 for this kind of painting is a waste of money.

Bat HATERS QohwEWbWtlt5Lv AR

Kanojowa, anna ottoniwa mottainaigurai subarashii hitoda.
She is too good of a person to have that kind of husband.

10) CATIA pes Bae STEAMED

TEA TOOT TEV o
Konnani kookana shokkio, fudan tsukaunante mottainai.
To use such expensive tableware as this for such an ordinary occasion is
too much.

11) BODE AIABY FPboBILE BDNSIEAT. QokWBWwIeCT.

Ano yooni eraikatakara oreio iwarerunante, mottainai kotodesu.
It’s an honor for me to receive words of appreciation from such a great
person.

655
mekimeki-mekkiri D*XD*-Do kV

DDE “York YV
a mekimeki a mekkiri

a mekimeki Z
Y) %&Y % a(to progress) remarkably

WIE DHE MSS Bac RU TIANIC IDS BUVoa Shee KACONS

L
LAT Ps fs.) Ws

LST ERT CAVES (All, 2,3,4). eSic, FEA EON» BE ee

BEI
ESMOET
Mekimeki indicates that the progress of something is remarkable; i.e., the
speed and force of improvement can be felt (ex.1,2,3,4). Mekimeki is often
used to describe progressing ability, technique, growth, recovery and the like.

1) (IZHAND
1EALA
RR SASBAT. DHL
aa)
(ROH(2 IZAAalto SHS bELL.
Nihonjinno romoddenien fuete, kareno Nihongowa mekimeki jootatsushita.
His Japanese has shown remarkable progress since he made more Japa-
nese friends.

2) RIE AGT OWS, HAw=MM Laat.

Kateikyooshio tsuketara, mekimeki seisekiga agatta.
After (I) hired a tutor for (him), his grades markedly improved.

3) HOR ALi EM fio TH by TE) EWP MME DSBUTe

Ano aera nee kawattekara, uriagega mekimeki nobita.
That company’s sales rapidly increased after there was a change of com-
pany president.

4) ‘ilLV SRE RAR TH b, BOW ALS OS IEL TE.

Atarashii kusurio 4dnidtaibhciend rah Wiehe byookiwa mekimeki kaifukushite-
kita.
His recovery from his sickness has been remarkable since he started tak-
ing the new medicine.

a mekkiri T~
Doky = noticeably

DOLEMREA ‘et
PICKS CBT
Xp 5
SLIT ERT CSE ET (Bib, 6,7,
 DAY 5°-P o> /mendou-yakkai

8). BRK BACL CCR ORK BULLS

ORV ET
This indicates that the degree of something suddenly changes (ex.5,6, 7,8).
Mekkiri can be used to refer to either a change for the better or worse.

5) ine DDoS DSL< TENE L742

ee ee harurashiku narimashitane.
Lately, the weather has become very much like spring, hasn’t it?

6) 2MiWit BEN SE, DoF) NIBOVAP

TES 12.3.
Kono henwa higa kureruto, mekkiri Mosberen sukunakunaru.
The pedestrian traffic in this area suddenly decreases after nightfall.

7) aeass ee lex CIGiSIER O5x FRAY 72.

EeAi iS es <bar “

Karewa musukoo nakushitekara, mekkiri kuchikazuga hetta.

He has become considerably withdrawn since his son died.

8) DIAM EYER DINES CARO MASAO LI aot ReaLRe

Konogoro mekkiri shiryokuga ochitekitanode, meganeo kakeyooto omoimasu.
(1) think T’ll get glasses because my eyesight has become notably bad late-
ly.

DAY /(Pom\
mw mendou a yakkai

~ a mendou
DAY ) a 5 aes ; bother °

DODICARERETE °
. |aELt RUE <Teee< FRHMDDS & DTERL
£v (Pill, 2,3). "Tal<wr es ks (Oa Eth, btbpi<c =
DILEFEOIURTE + ERMPPSOIB SITE, EVIE
HARD

RLET (M4).
Hop

This indicates that something is complicated, difficult, or time consuming

(ex.1,2,3). The expression mendoukusai (or mendokusai in spoken Japanese)
expresses a feeling that something is troublesome or annoying (ex.4).

MBAS) MEDS
HALF
IDOL, PRR ORR CHEST

657
mendou-yakkai/ DAY 5 -PoDw

(fils, 6)
In expressions like mendou-o miru and mendou o kakeru; mendou has the
same meaning as sewa (care) (ex.5,6).

ls | PAIYRINOOM
1) Drl IEDC Av NLOEEB 5 ICT
a
DALS

Watashiwa airon-o kakerunoga mendoonanode, waishatsuwa sentakuyani

dasu.
I send my shirts to the cleaner’s because it’s a bother to iron them my-
self.

bo Fake ars Onsen eC. DN veal CHT)eau Cle Je

Tegamio kakunoga mendoode, tsui denwade yoo-o sumaseteshimau.
It’s troublesome to write letters, so (I) take care of matters by phone.

2s de RL BOR DHRENA, VEE ERIE HADES CHEAP

<3 chy BP ae) o b Vy pila) AA

Kookyoo-ryookinno jidoc-furikaewa, ichiichi shiharaini iku mendooga nakute

benrida.
Having (my) utility charges taken automatically from my account sure
beats having to go and pay each one separately.

) i, (AEB
DIZ
PES OARS
VES A NG
TUITE, Pek OUT LMI S 6 CIHTT
Watashiwa ryoorio tsukurunowa sukidakeredo, es mendookusa-
kute kiraidesu.
I like cooking, but I hate the bother of cleaning up afterwards.

BRILET
POU
Be Us ES ie
FYE
aeWHILE
vasOMe2) k< LET
Kanojowa He Shoogakusei-desuga, otootoya imootono mendoo-o yoku
mimasu.
Even though she is still an elementary school student herself, she often
looks after her (younger) brother and sister.

HIRUAL TSol BE DU SORA, BORLA FES 1 ACHES

LIU.

Sofuwa watashitachini mendoo-o kakerunoo iyagari, hachijussaio sugita

imamo hitoride kurashiteiru.
My grandfather doesn’t want to trouble us, so he still lives by himself
even though he is over 80 years old.

658
 DAY 5 -Pom/mendou-yakkai

5 Pla gs yakkai )
astrouble ; troublesome

DOwNTress EHEC BRT

DVItD
SOMBLWKITERLET.
H5D
Blok Ges
Do ae oI onWor< Tels « YTV |e SUF SEIR BHET (fil?
8,9). Te PSD KN % OP od 7s ferHs OAD yer: -
BATSON
KET
TIAA
oe 5k 05TRS ACV oe
Yakkai indicates that a situation is complicated and therefore difficult to re-
solve. It strongly expresses feelings of difficulty, not wanting to do, or not
wanting to be involved with a situation (ex.7,8,9). A problem described as
yakkai na mondai is considered to be much more troublesome and difficult to
solve than mendou na mondai.

QU BRBICES ) ADRICE SCV

ADZECHEL DI SLEERB LT
IRR CREST.
SEU BCH (gal10, 11).
AVE
SA Bs
BSSx D3
25 wt bp ZADE Wy Tz cans

It may be used to mean to ‘be cared for by someone’ or ‘stay the night at
someone’s house’ when speaking diffidently of one or one’s family troubling
others (ex.10, 11).

7) eI EACCee trl ES LENSE

ies ey
SINS
Kewioleutiopsae juutaini makikomareruto yakkaida.
It’s a real pain to be caught in a traffic jam on the freeway.

8) BPE UGE TOES HOLCPoDW RDS, Xk WLR <LI.

Kazeo kojirasete hidoku naruto yakkaidakara, kyoowa hayaku neyoo.
(I'll) be in a lot of trouble if I let my cold get worse, so I think Ill go
to bed early today.

9) CAST
FELCHee
S 5hLIL. PaPWREL
CUA
DPA CHEN
yD
ARE.
¥ A

Bengoshidearu chichiwa, yakkaina jiken-o kakaete tsukaregimida.

My father, who is a lawyer, seems to be tired out from his work on a
difficult case.

10) Aids RF
bE SEW DORORIC Pa DVUTED.
(BRR
Watashiwa, replated itsumo kareno ieni yakkaini naru.
Whenever I come to Tokyo I stay at his house.

11) KILBoIP5sCTAPLEDT HP
od WricTporke.
VeldAlt wx

Karewa yopparatte kenkashitanode, hitoban keisatsuno yakkaini natta.

He was drunk and got into a fight, so he was put in jail for the night.

659
mogu-mushiru-tsumu/%) ¢-tL 4-90

w¢ /(PL4ZA/(
9b
mw mogu a mushiru @ fsumu

> mmogu 5
b < mto pick (fruits, vegetables) 2|

JA LPORLHIE, LEMIRE K EOOPERE, KEEP SETIMAT

ae ty (Gill,2). fal oto YLT DL MREBIE EV SARL
PHYVET
To pick relatively large fruits or vegetables, such as apples or tomatoes, from
the branch by hand (ex.1,2). It is suggested that twisting, turning, or other
force is required.

He
} ee eee

1) FROLAIL,
Sey,
LHORE
pe Hh
OW TRALEOK.
=
(fier
ar
Kodomono korowa, yoku kakinomio moide tabetamonoda. \ ee x i
When (I) was young, I often picked persimmons i Cea
(from the tree) and ate them. \ See

2) id, LOMTLIA LEED HOW AIS NK.

Aniwa, makkana ringoo edakara moide, watashini kureta.
My brother picked a bright red apple off the branch and gave it to me.

a mushiru
t v 4 sto pluck ; to pull ©

BOE. FATEE ORV» EDO RIK Ka CW DDD. EVIE CMIAZIMNAT

TEANEA

Bla <eet pis, 4, ae OC ADL OF ONDE TAS TieLHstaly

< DbV2 NAIC OM AIL LESLLERLEF.
To pull out several thin or bundled objects such as grass, hair, or feathers
with one’s hand or fingers (ex.3,4,5). While mogu means to take objects one
at a time, mushiru means to take many objects at one time and by force.

R EDBiz ,
SHO=5
3)=), soa EORLELOPFETC
Kondono kyuujitsuni, niwano kusao mushiru yoteidesu.
(I) plan to pull the weeds in my garden on my next day off.

660
 %¢-L4-Dt/mogu-mushiru-tsumu

4) FH oA ME EEL, BX AEDVIO

bets Lot Ldok. a

Kodomotachiga itazuraoshite, saitabakarino Oe a
hanao mushitteshimatta. % &&
The children pulled out the newly bloomed poo. ti
flowers just to make mischief. : ra - Mi
= iIN
yee
5) BworiipevoVets LELLAR RTD,

ALISAM RABIN Thofe.

Shimeta niwatorino haneo mushiru tokoroo mitekara, watashiwa torinikuga
taberarenaku natta.
Ever since seeing a lifeless chicken being plucked, I haven’t been able to
eat chicken meat.

a tsumu
Ot Ht J ato pick ; to snip 2)

ae ILE PIV ODEOC IF VBE TIE ATE SLETH (Hi,

Be DPILMPOTREWODHED HOWDY ae
RECA HOET.
To pull off small objects er as a flower! a bud, or a ee one by one with
one’s fingers (ex.6,7,8). Tsumu implies that what is being picked is the end
of a long, growing object.

6) TRS ToT BLED IEW BAK»

Ties
Akaku natta ichigoo kagoni ippai tsunda. WA ae
(I) picked the ripe (red) strawberries and piled Al Dna
them in a basket.

7) BEDAERHIA CIC FFA BIGD ELT 0

OY cay
EN
Bins
/

Niwano hanao tsundekite, Meee uti kazarimashita. Me Ww

(I) picked some flowers from my garden and
decorated my table with them.

8) 2DH70 TCL, MELB OEKOAOMBROR EHUB BONS.

Kono ataridewa, shokani naruto onnano hitotachiga ochano hao tsumu suga-
taga mirareru.
In early summer, (you) can see women picking tea leaves around here.

661
moshikasuruto-hyottosuruto/}LAFSZY-AxroeTFSe

DLOTFSY Arse Foe

gw moshikasuruto w hyottosuruto

a moshikasuruto
sy Lat a) = 8 possibly

FE(II IAE DB, HC BP REEDHS IY MS?, BONS EME

EL Pde) t's

WRASEXBEVET,
2) oy
BOB
Bb if dy bw
~POLN
IN + ~CSEBVHAIM ITE
LEV SL EIST (PIL, 2,3, 4). “SLOLAS + BLOLTI BALES
VET
This expression is used at such times as when indicating that something has
a low likelihood of occurrence but that a valid possibility remains, or when
expressing a conjecture or speculation. In many cases it is used together with
expressions such as ~kamo shirenai (maybe) or ~dewa naidarouka (isn’t it
possible that~). Moshikashitara and moshikashite are also used in the same
way (ex.1, 2,3, 4).

lL) BEG OcSS PORE APRESS LATE.

Moshikasuruto kyoono atsumariwa chuushini narukamo shirenai.
There is a possibility that today’s meeting will be called off.

2) SLOTSLE, FR OIVE ITSO LATE.

Moshikasuruto, kon-yaatari yukini narukamo shirenai.
It looks like it just might snow tonight.

3) ZATEIRIOTEAT. SLPLESRILMRE
BNO DD LNTEN.
Konnani konainante, moshikashitara karewa yakusokuo wasuretanokamo
shirenai.
He hasn’t shown up yet—maybe he’s forgotten about our appointment.

4) LP LAS ETI SIC TRA OM LATE.

Moshikashitara mata chikai uchini shutchooga arukamo shirenai.
It looks like (I) might be taking another business trip soon.

a hyottosuruto
Aroe 4 e a possibly ; by some chance

662
 Hov-¥EFET-<X 5IC/motto-masumasu-sarani

AUDIT TUT S CE MIS SDbHLNTEVEV peeve eae C OWE

ita» 751K BLIEAL SIZ 4 9TRohR ba UTS, EV SMULBA TIE
“Fr (Pils, 6,7, 8). "Ost LES + OE ELT BACKED AE ET.
Hyottosuruto expresses the possibility that something unexpected might hap-
pen. It is implied that the probability of occurrence is quite low, and that
the speaker would be surprised if it actually does become reality (ex.5,6,7, 8).
The expressions hyottoshitara and hyottoshite are used in the same way.

5) Onna euPtietees Dit 78 On» BLNETA.

Hyottosuruto, kokokara onsenga derukamo shiremasen.
There might possibly be a hot spring here.

6) Brot FS, SHAE UC LODBLAIV..

Hyottosuruto, kotoshiwa takarakujini atarukamo shirenai.
Maybe, by some chance, (Ill) win the lottery this year.

7) Dxsk FOE, PEOLRD

ER ITENSDBLVEM.
oa SD Aly

Hyottosuruto, Paes kooenno ae narerukamo shirenai.

It just might be that (I’ll) be the lead in the next play.

8) Dsotlkb, BOE BMDP Braisalars

Hyottoshitara, kareno shoosokuga wakarukamo shirenai.
(1) might just have some news about his whereabouts.

BoeX/ETFETY SHI
= motto B masumasu B sarani

eee ae
tt

ZOOONLEE EAL T,FLIER EO OB ET MF SLAB ET

(Pill,
2,3,4,5,6).
Motto is used to emphasize a difference in level or volume of two different
things or conditions that are being compared (ex.1,2,3,4,5,
6).

1) Bot
ORL THEM.
663
motto+-masumasu:sarani/%oev- EF EF: S SIC

Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasai.

Please speak more slowly.

2) RAST HAVENS.
BWA ~ Yb a
Bot LWRIBIKV.
A, Wa lk)

Rainenwa kodomoga umarerunode, motto hiroi ieni utsuritai.

Next year (we’re) going to have a baby, so we would like to move into
a larger house.

3) BoEM BUC ROG RC Lic bpd.

Motto hayaku arukanaito tsugino denshani maniawanaiyo.
If (you) don’t walk faster, (we) aren’t going to make the next train.

4) %- CEP ISSIG VCC 7ESV, ZINTCILD ETA o

EB a

Motto joozuna hie kaite kudasai. Koredewa yomemasen.

Please write more clearly. (I) can’t read this.

5) ZIUEBWO LOBE, bot RAR.

Korewa oishii okashida, motto tabetaine.
These sweets are delicious. (1) would like to have some more.

6) BEWLVEVVY
YeOOls IAs, TCOLALAMLY SET,
Fujisanyori Kirimanjarono-hooga takai. Demo Eberesutowa motto takai.
Mt. Kilimanjaro is taller than Mt. Fuji, but Mt. Everest is even taller.

i a BMmasuUumMmasu i.
meven more ; more and more =

SECURE EDED 0TREO ODM, LOBILELALAMIS TUK &

SOURED. OOOLIL,PORBOUMCIN, ETET I, Aber
EAM KO BLES BoC EIFERLET (Hil7,
8,9,10).
This is used in situations in which something that has changed in volume or
level continues to change rapidly. Motto is used when making comparisons of
volume or level, but masumasu is used in situations in which there is further
and continuing change in the level or volume of something (ex.7, 8,9, 10).

i) STREET EC BLES ES SAW IIL E ize

Hatachio sugite, kanojowa masumasu kireini narimashita.
She has become even more beautiful since she turned twenty.

) HRB tot, VOM

ET ETA THELI.

664
 Hov-EFET-X 5IC/motto-masumasu-sarani

Kurumaga ooku natte, kootsuujikoga masumasu fuetekimashita.

As the roadways have become more crowded, the number of accidents
has been on the increase.

9) MCT,
£ 72>
BISET ETAL
HY var
oo TH.
Yonakani natte, amewa masumasu hageshiku nattekita.
It rained harder and harder as the night wore on.

10) HOR BIER Lo CMSETET AAMT.

Ano joyuuwa toshio tottekara masumasu ninkiga deta.
That actress became increasingly popular as she aged.

@ sarani
= bic a still more

SETOLEIMAS, HBVULO LHS -MISLWS LITE

A SLSGVET CHM, 12,13). Fe, PIM, IOESIZ, MAS Gi)
BME MNSLEwHVST.
This is used when there is an addition to some condition or thing, or in situ-
ations in which things continue to pile up (ex.11,12,13). It can also be used
when there is either an increase or a decrease in quantity, as in Examples 14
and 15.

I) HIER SO RIALRNC SHICFsal—hbRNK.

Aniwa shokujino ato keekio tabete, sarani chokoreetomo tabeta.
After finishing his dinner, not only did my (older) brother eat a piece of
cake, but after that he even ate a chocolate bar.

12) BOILES / CBIR eens SOIREE UI CI

Kanojowa pianoto ohanao naratteite, sarani eikaiwamo hajimetasooda.
Not only is she taking piano lessons and studying flower arrangement,
but (1) hear that she also started studying English conversation.

13) FEW
BAY 3 F5
HTD Th BOC SILC
aA? Prt =
AS 5IGR<
7k
7hO7EAI.
OS, chikazuite-irunode, kon-yawa kazeya amega sarani tsuyoku na-
rudaroo.
A typhoon is approaching so (we) expect stronger winds and rain to-
night.

14) BULB A oI oC 2 WATEBae LC. SEO

PRS I< 2 RSP SRL

665
modosu-kaesu/>¢ t-PA

Karewa gakkookara kaette nijikan benkyoo-o shite, shokujino ato sarani ni-
jikan benkyooshita.
He studied for two hours after coming home from school, then he stud-
ied for two more hours after dinner.

St 4e A RICE
BR yyALEMEDVEOIW,
tA | eae tl
4a
FLIS6I2
5 EAAA
AAV Bai
CREB 7e
Senshuu kareni okaneo kashita bakarinanoni, kyoo sarani goman-en kari-
taito itte kimashita.
Even though (I) lent him some money just last week, he came asking to
borrow another ¥50,000 today.

DUET /LPAT
a modosu a kaesu

> asi w modosu 5

% ey oe mto return ; to replace ©

DbOR MH of 729, WOILERD EIS?ZK He (aidt

Oo aceon
FNS Wy
(Gill, 2,3, 4).
To place something back in its original location or condition (ex.1,2,3,4).

2817 AC (EOF
LAE EDS D makes
ACEH
Neaayeaies)
Bo to Ody falls, 6). HL SstEa I al
WADE, ZORMCH, BIT SOK SIIL BY CES ZEDHVETAY
TONLE
ue
TR BEC HOUSE Sze: BOARD IEA.
To go éhe Oppose “aiectied from Te direction one was going (ex.5,6). In
this way modosu may be used to mean ‘to vomit’. As in Examples 7 and 8,
modosu may be used in conjunction with other verbs, however the basic
meaning ‘to restore to the original position or condition’ does not change.

OPI 9 bas SORRS 7B ah

~~
Ha eV Eat AFCO AK REICMSOIFSLETT
i Abig
Sa) EArt >

In Example 9 it means to rehydrate ume wey

) aah Bork Aare se

EAHA
VEATE 7S
FeLK.
Hr

Teni totta es baila hondanani modoshita.

(1) put the book I had taken back on the bookshelf.

666
 %Ut->2AT/modosu-kaesu

2) RABBI,
DOCL wd woe
EN TIAWSKRLK.
er

Kanojowa okaneo harauto, mata bagguni saifuo modoshita.

She returned her wallet to her handbag after paying.

F723
Sh BS
Blt,
Vie
TOBMCRLC
Lee {
HAW.
Tsukatta dooguwa, motono bashoni modoshite kudasai.
Please put the tools back after (you) use them.

Ws
Edn
xe FCI
ETC
Be yx
TOME FT HLVo,
Ichido kowareta yuujoo-o motoni modosunowa muzukashii.
It’s difficult to restore a friendship once it has been lost.

RAT
& vty
OSs
vt 0 HY
OA, We
U pa
RT UIE CATE.
Bx

Tokeino hariwa modoseruga, jikan-o modosu kotowa dekinai.

(You) can move back the hands of a clock, but you can never move
back time.

Hi (HT, RUT GS /ee

<Ss Ug yr

Kurumani yotte, modoshite-shimatta.

(I) became carsick and threw up.

ETA DT —T EL LTBWY CCHS.

Bideono teepuo makimodoshite oite kudasai.
Please rewind the video tape.

G5 CHA TRS RM Le VI RL ee IA\ ‘EK LTbbok.

Kiride hikookiga kekkooshitanode, ryookin-o haraimodoshite-moratta.
(My) flight was cancelled due to fog so my money was refunded.

PLLU ITS LBC

Hoshi-shiitakewa nurumayude modosu.
Dried mushrooms are rehydrated with lukewarm water.

PAT LES 3 yi | ee ©

DFO bD PH CR ODEBROB SEELEY, BROBM<¥9

ws
EI < ETH CPILO, 11, 12). AI TORRY JET CSET PIS).
To return something one has borrowed or taken to it’s owner or original lo-
cation (ex.10,11,12). When used to refer to people, as in, ‘to send someone
back home’, the kanji }t is written (ex.13).

667
modosu-kaesu) )¥t-PAT

Z Ra aed CATMETSLECH (Pld). OBE! Y

es VBP oe BEDESI, Hla de GU THESZEBHVET (Pl
15). lic S— BRC CEST SLAVS e+ (Pil16, 17).
To respond in kind to someone’s action (ex.14). In this case it is often used
in combination with another verb, such as yarikaesu (do back to someone)
or iikaesu (say back to someone) (ex.15). It may also mean to simply do
something again (ex.16, 17).

DRURE
tC 36
ISAT, BUF
< fan4
OlLETH (fA18).
Ly

To turn something over, i.e., upside down or inside out; to reverse (ex.18).

10) REIL A RT
¥ LEMMA 1ZA DR

Toshokanni hon-o kaesu.

(Pll) return the book to the library.

11) a LOMO
Dat
bee DESTEN
Karewa itsumo karita Shee kaesanai.
He never returns the money he borrows.

12) feO re BDILLI IES 7S< CIAV MATEY’.

Karita monowa kanarazu kaesanakutewa ikenai.
(You) must always return things you borrow.

13) GBT
TdF
ROT. PIEPER
bE RII
Tattuee, chikazuitanode, senseiwa penne ieni kaeshita.
The teacher sent the students home because a typhoon was approaching.

1) LF RDNTRETLLERHILLA, MED oOTI DD.

Soo iwaretewa kaesu kotobaga arimasen. Watashiga warukattano-desukara.
(1) have no way to respond to what you say, because I know I was the
one that was wrong.

1b) BNF MSs Pb, F< BS bEBLEAK.

Ano koga buttakara, bokumo buchikaeshitanda.
That kid punched me so I punched him back.

16) Al,(BED FACE (TRE BAIL.

bait ta

Watashiwa ite tegamio Spe yomikaeshita.

I read and re-read my mother’s letter many times.

17) BULA < Dik UTI KUL.

668
 (~UMb55- (~TN4S/(~te) morau-(~te) kureru

Karewa shippaio kurikaeshite tsuini seikooshita.

He finally succeeded after repeated failure.

18) oh RECT L. BeAcRik RL THTESV.

Seetaaga ie Sit Chanto omoteni kacshie kinasai.
(Your) sweater is inside out. Turn it right side out.

Guk pO DOr, pam Ct

= (~te) morau w(~te) kureru

a (~Ie)
(~T) % b ) ato ve omens do~ 2

Am oFESIC
EB TARER SLETH. LODOE RUE VLAILAILT,
PERBLLODVET (BIL,2,3,4,5,6. (WO WEEKld Chalets
av CT
This indicates that one has someone else do an action for one’s own benefit.
The beneficiary may have requested, demanded, or forced someone to do the
action (ex.1,2,3,4,5,6). ~te itadaku is a politer equivalent.

1) Al
dizL
(AR 54
BRR
GALE A
Bo ChbW ELE.
»

Watashiwa chichini jitenshao katte moraimashita.

I had my dad buy me a bicycle.

Ald IL,
Dra AHlz
MEDD DILVeLARBA TOOV ELT
Watashiwa anini, suugakuno neil ciate oshiete morai-mashita.
I had my (elder) brother show me how to do the math I couldn’t under-
stand.

Bis A+—OER as BILSAIC BLCSICITT

Karewa sukiino ee. oniisanni kashite morausoodesu.
He says he’s going to have his (elder) brother lend him his ski equip-
ment.

HERBOEW OTB, acc? DC bHotNEIAS Val WG@aidks

Sekiga hidoinonara, Preohite mite moratta hooga tidesuyo.
If (your) cough gets bad you ought to have it examined at the clinic.

669
(~te) morau-(~te) kureru (~T)3855- (~T) (HS

5 ere x.SNE Fik> THHAFHAD.

Chotto nimotsue ee ee iacealiens moraemasenka?

Could you help me carry my baggage?

oO “AX BERR LuTORRES OCT HE :

Kono binabiek etyakushite itadakitai-nodesuga...
(Pd) like to have you translate this passage into English.

a(~te) Kureru
Go < al 4 a (someone) to do ~ for me (for us, etc.) 2)

ADB > HAW t..

See nO uy SAORSOIAOABICESO ce

FSET (HA,8,9,
me
10, 1. (CHT) (HIB Iid, Ce Be» Fi
ee

73 BED, LF AICHHLTHEE.

This indicates that someone does something that benefits the speaker or some-
one else closely associated with the speaker (ex.7,8,9, 10,11). ~te kudasaru is
@ politer expression used when referring to the action of a person who is of
superior Or senior status.

7 fiz, BA<on 43SpE BA Hee (ho

PR DRL Rd 4

Karewa watashini, a ia yoku tsureru bashoo oshiete kureta.

He told me about a place where a lot of fish can be caught.
P ZR FED A, BEIM E> CA4a1i
os ee CASES
Korewa watashiga nan Koro, hahaga tsukutie kureta ningyoodesu.
This is a doll my mother made for me when I was a child.

0 Ris,y BAVA COSUMN DY, FILO TNS.

'Re ’
= =S5~5

Kanojowa, watashiga nayandeiru tokiwa itsumo, soodanni notte kureru.

She always gives me advice whenever I'm distressed.

10 MEI Fo 7 LAER Kita.

a2 DEL

Anewa watashini nekkuresuo kashite kurenakatta.

My (elder) sister didn't lend me her necklace.
li 2513. BILL WHE
Ae MWoBLKXFA5T,
== DHYABLII~\ EUS

Kyoowa, oisegashii tokerce irashite Kudasatte, arigatoo-gozaimashita.

Thank you for beingso kind as to come and see (me) today
at such
a busy time

670
 HkRICAL THIS

DETAR LTHITS
BEBCON
Ho CORE bE D

By FEC, FED 3 — UNM

AE Fe
=k5EM FES

Lik LEM bBWEs as7s nenaed

ICEL CHIPS 4 MDLIN Lwtit

WL Ex bn ELBREL, AY Feit
x5 UM

Au Fle Tt ere (tA OAC BED D4 LAALTH ZH

Loony

EL CHUS. OAUTH. CC HIPS | ($43)

2 [AISA
DAWES ig Bue 1TAs HF LITT CWS KF5 Coe Ca.
Lon

Uy lO?
= an |764. < DR BRL le ees tae oki

BO0ms Mare Nee DC Tee Oy 2 Se ON KEI B BS

TA tA TY bey bK D*EIUEHD

id LS OBORES, Ya—Ys EF CKBARUF CT.

Pll lend this to you.
George, a student, in handing his umbrella to Professor Ono who
was getting wet in the rain, said, “Anata ni kashite ageru'.”
The professor appreciated George’s kindness, but he was somewhat
disappointed by the way it was offered.
Using anata to a person in a superior position than oneself is usual-
ly considered impolite, as is saying kashite ageru. The expression ~te
ageru, if used when speaking to a person who is the same rank as you
or higher, may cause the other person to feel as if your kindness or
goodwill is being pressed upon them.
If George had said, “Sensei, kono kasa 0 okashi shimasu’,” he would
have scored 50 points. If he had said, “Sensei, doozo otsukai kudasai*,”
Professor Ono would have replied, “Thank you, George,” and would
have been that much more grateful.

1 Ill lend this to you.

2 Till lend this to you (a more polite expression).
3 Please take this umbrella.

671
morasu:kobosu/ }bt- Cle

bot
/ TES
gw morasu ws kobosu

b Ba HTT eRe
ICEL
TIAV IFIEUY ©BOVAVLHT
NS CULL RPOUMW
IG. IEFBUNLPHA
ERTLE 5
DETECT
5h I lt
SPY
- =
LI uw= Lx BE aopwereg) Pil
Lvs
1),
To slowly let things that should be kept inside, such as liquid, light, radia-
tion, etc., leak out through a small hole or crack (ex.1).

WEY? te HIZO MG Sa Ae eg Pil, 3). ERED

£5tE5
ITSAK FEIKTLOLER
pe. ane, “yy Vy care (Ald, 5,6, 7,8).

Morasu is also used for the leaking out of secrets or information (ex.2, 3).
The intransitive form of morasu is moreru (ex.4,5,6,7, 8).

) $e PU Re akNBII GWeg ayer

Peas oshikkoo morashiteshimatta.
The child unfortunately wet his pants.

2) eaUk BUDO ET Db, RIUZLHOSLTILVUT

Fav.
Korewa kaishano himitsudakara, darenimo morashitewa ikenai.
This (information) is a company secret, so (you) must not tell it to any-
body.

3) th RESOLD
£51k
AY sar.
Dis )

Soho morashitanowa dareka, choosachuuda.

(We) are investigating to find out who leaked the information.

4) RED ETC. BARONS RD orzo

Genshiryoku-hatsudenshode, hooshasenga moreruto yuu jikoga atta.
There was a radiation leakage accident at the atomic power plant.

5) ONLAAIAL—FORMG LK L CHR FEWE.

Moreta gasuni sutoobuno higa inkashite bakuhatsushita.
The flame from the stove ignited leaking gas, causing an explosion.
6) WAPI ILDEN DBO) ASbIVCK De

672
 %b6F-TlEF/morasu-kobosu

Doano sukimakara, heyano akariga moretekuru.

Light from the room is leaking out through an opening in the door.

7) Rats
WANA
Hs, CombHonCliok.
CE SVES

Shinseihinno joohooga, dokokaraka moreteshimatta.

Unfortunately, information about the new product has somehow leaked
out.

8) FEO ADRA LOC, TR CLAG 5 Sd Be LTS

Gaikokuno yoojinga rainichishitanode, keisatsudewa mizumo morasanu ke-
ibio shiteiru.
A VIP from a foreign country has come to Japan, and the police are
providing tight security.

, a kobosu
S ESi ato spill %

DANK
As WOOO abe Sube. Ane
CIF teOt LK
DLC ANHLTLESZECH CPi, 10, 11,12). SEF 1d, PSTEZCC
FSD OLLI ORS OT CHLET AS, CLIFT IAT RICH LC LEE
ds

To allow a part or all of something kept inside a container to spill out

through tilting or shaking of the container (ex.9,10,11,12). In the case of
morasu, something is let out through a small hole or crack and over time,
while kobosu means to let something out all at once.

QRPCHMLIEPOAIEAT
a AW
LETH Cill3, 14).
To tell one’s complaints or aiaautatiod to others (ex.13, 14).

9) WI DEICIEP WT FRoCV Fea ER UE LCL E5kK.

Isuno ashini tsumazuite, motteita koohiio koboshiteshimatta.
(I) tripped on the chair leg and spilt my coffee.

10) FMA EIISLEMSRN TVS.

Kodomoga gohan-o koboshinagara tabeteiru.
The child keeps dropping rice while eating.

11) BESAM BALA CSV. DEST LINER ON Ce

Okyakusanni ochao hakonde kudasai. Kobosanaiyooni kiotsukete.
Please take this tea to (our) guest. Be careful not to spill it.

673
yakusoku suru-chikau/*P<¢ €<¢t4:- 525

E.
12) PLs, COPERN CT. BRIELL
Pape LATE

Hahawa, sono PE: kiite, namidao koboshita.

My mother cried when she heard that story.

REIL, LOLA YMA TIS THOENELTW GS.

tid SD Lats a

Hahawa, konogoro bukkaga takakute komaruto koboshiteiru.

My mother is complaining about how hard things are due to recent
price- hikes.

(itleeOE Otc, te gasrots VE ZTIEFLTIEMDIVWS

pas autabini, shigotoga isogashiito koboshitebakari-iru.
Whenever (1) see him, he complains that he is busy at work.

sk i Oi ao Pe)
gwyakusoku suru a chikau

PLECHS WHT|) Noweeow fw

AF, ZFLEGEROSLETT (Pll, 2,3,4,5).
To make an agreement or promise to do something in the future (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

) FAIS, RAI EEEB12 eB EN CITS CARL.

Palihele alebeade an odes umini tsureteikuto yakusokushita.
I promised to take my children to the beach during summer vacation.

ALCORSO
RELT
Watashito karewa kekkonno yakusokuo shita.
He and I are engaged to be married.

Rl, (i 2 BE
dprEL
SPICER CAEECR IRTRE LCV Bs
Watashiva nijini sh jomod Bene au yakusokuo shiteiru.
I’ve got an appointment to meet my friend at the station at two o’clock.

LILYPIE POET.
Chichiwa kanarazu yakusokuo mamorimasu.

674
 6454-65 /yakusoku suru-chikau

My father always keeps his promises.

5) AROS CGR, ISH IIEL

seEARLCCL EFob
Yakusokuno jikanmadeni kaesanaito,
aniwa moo nidoto kurumao kashitekurenai-deshoo.
If (1) don’t return my brother’s car by the time

ass w chikau
bmA>9 Le J = to vow ; to swear
> |

BFVADAA, HAV (SHEE x SO HL) Ve WL ae "Eyer Bie

ROBLECH CAG, 38; 9), TRACT BUT EDSSDOETM, 2
DIMAPAFC PERT SBSIw BET.
To make a resolution to someone else, ots or a sacred being (God, Buddha,
etc.) to do something without fail (ex.6,7,8,9). There must be another party
involved when yakusoku suru is used, but chikau may be used when making
a firm resolve on one’s own.

6) FEyeAUay
A vtBHC, Vadss
bI TE FER SLT Cot WEIS 7x» tBok.
Watashiwa hahani, moo ae kikenna bashodewa adie ss chikatta.
I swore to my mother that I would never play in a dangerous place
again.

7) MM
OG BITE CARIBE LILVC, lahore
Ichininmaeno yakushani narumadewa peek ente: hINS, kokoroni chikatta.
(I) made a vow not to get married until I became a full-fledged actor.

8) ak ASABE BND Ce Bok.

CEDIA

Shooninwa cite, noberu ate chikatta. (AR

ae
The witness
i swore to tell the truth. Lh N \

9) fi oC, ZDZESEIMUZBBVEA. mh
Kamini chikatte, kono kotowa darenimo timasen. ; Si
Se
(1) swear to God, I will not tell anyone about this.

675
yakeru-kogeru+moeru/P\tS-ciFS-dXS

PIS CWUS/oRS
w yakeru w kogeru = moeru

rc ) a k =

PIF S BET S| te ae ; to fire (pottery) kd

DITA A Kieko THE THIET S— ACTIN: KEE CAILEDTZON TILE

12% » BPC RB IEE CRA BESO EET (Pil, 2, 3).
Yakeru means that some matter or substance completely changes by means
of fire. It may refer to destruction of a house by fire, or to the making of
things such as food or pottery (ex.1,
2, 3).

DAK ZECATEIO BLP 6 DD BARA } SECT

— CPA, 5)o
The color of an object or a person’s skin changes due to exposure to fire,
heat, or light (ex.4, 5).

) NeEK Wok
eas e
Als UeeoeeE< BETS.
45
Usuku kitta nikuwa hayaku yakeru.
Thinly sliced meat cooks quickly.

be NY BBE DBE SE lies

Panga oishisooni yakemashita.
The bread looked delicious after baking.

ies)= DINADKB CHAS 5 HET

T2O LV.
Yuubeno kajide iega goken yaketarashii.
It seems that five houses burned down in last night’s fire.

) 34
aS —HEC HICKET
vu
CT. 37xBOGAAIRS
bE bY
Trot.
Umide hini yakete, hanano atamaga akakunatta.
(1) got a sunburn at the beach, and the tip of my nose got red.

sy) AWL—-ADA—FUA, 1 ECR SBE T LES.

LA aA x WA Co

Shiroi reesuno kaatenga, ichinende kiiroku yaketeshimatta.

The white lace curtain became yellowed by the sun in one year.

SUA sie
ato burn ; to scorch ‘aa

676
 PIF S- TU S-O2%4/yakeru-kogeru-moeru

KORE. LDOK HP Bb)rasFRE PR OIF < tho KORODE FICS

~ ect. HIS ORIG AB
BST:ageH CBG, IOs
Kogeru means that the Wate or a part of something turns brownish or
blackish because of fire or heat. The object may sometimes become charcoal-
like. The degree of burning is stronger than with yakeru (ex.6,7,8,9).

6) REKI HOST SSCHRA AFSL.

Takibini Se ies fukuga kogeruyo.
If (you) get too close to the bonfire, yow’ll burn your clothes.

7) BAD KGET SOC BOX MILES AIL C, HAE Ror.

Gasuno higa tsuyosugitanode, ice hyoomenwa makkuroni kogete, na-
kawa namadatta.
The gas flame was too high, so the outside of the fish burned complete-
ly black, but the inside was still raw.

8) 15S KID TEER Bake LOM 26, YF aD CRNDNTEK

iseiGe

Nabeo hini kaketamama nagadenwao Sshiteitara, shichuuga kogete taberare-

nak unatta.
Forgetting about the pot on the stove, (1) talked on the phone for a
long time, and the stew got so burned that (we) couldn’t eat it.

9) A: WMI CWAIBWATHAE,
Tz a i" J\

Bid. WOK. Proven tosetonak.

ce 2
V4 { ‘
[ly
A: Nanika kogeteiru nioiga suruyo. 5 Ra 7
I smell something burning. K | “eA a
B: A, ikenai. Airon-o kaketeiru tochuudattanda. yy =o \)
Oh, no! I was in the middle of ironing! os Sy)

BAS WAS] tobom a

DEDEM BBE KMD WTR

RAH — Cer (Pill0, ies 23)
To catch fire and burn (ex.10, 11, 12, 13).

OF * WF9
& fa: ABO 75. FR
K NON
Tay vay
L < ek S— ELE Cpll4, 15)¢
To experience a very Pears feeling or emotion such as hope, affection, or

677
yasashii-kantan) PX LW-PARA

anger (ex.14, 15).

1) “MESS, Uh TW SOTH RRA TEV 0

Kono makiwa, shimetteirunode yoku moenai.
This firewood is damp, so it won’t burn well.

1) RRA DI ACHRA
TeV CAL, BIT TH LTS PSV,
Moeru one mderita gomiwa, wakete Gashceaesen,
Please separate (your) burnable trash from your non-burnable trash
before putting it out. |

12) BRO C, EXMBWECRATIS,

KA 4 fi Wah 4
Danrono nakade, makiga ikioiyoku moeteiru.
The firewood is burning well in the fireplace.

13) KECH! AORAMRA TSA TT!

RREOP
1H5IZFS LR
A Cha!
Kajidesu! Watashino iega moeteirundesu!
Shoobooshao yonde kudasai!
Fire! My house is on fire! Call the fire department (for a fire engine)!

1d) A (dA
DEL = 1F5
CRRA TKI
% Wa < has
AK.
Watashiwa kibooni moete daigakuni haitta.
I entered university burning with expectation.

15)PIAPEAITIT
SRA SBOE FARIA 72.
Pan WMOELE Tove % BY TBA »

Karewa kanojoni taisuru moeru omoio tegamini kaita.

He expressed his burning love and admiration for her in a letter.

PSLYV PARA
B yasashii gs kantan

x Li BLO : LO 8 yasashii
measy ; gentle ‘

i ICRI SEMA : LOI CORE I < (CGN MECH G,<EUWY

ESTERLET (Pil, 2, 3). earl

678
 PEL: PALA /yasashii-kantan

Yasashii indicates that something is easily understandable, not of a high level,

or not difficult (ex.1, 2,3).

DSPACE O 25 HD+ BilzIcDAMHS - RUF EB DOMME TK

DOVER? £ SPERLET (Pid, D)o
It also describes the atmosphere of a place as friendly, or a person’s personali-
ty as considerate and easy-going (ex.4, 5).

Mts TAL
=
Tas, @it BELV
~
eey art den
In definition @) the kanji %L\» is used, while LV» is used in @).

1) OAS ALv H 7Sae cae ‘CHA,

Kono nae yasashii wich bde kaitearu.
This book is written in easy Japanese.

DNA TENS AL\s al Fis, iN Janel Ig Be

Konnani yasashii eer tea Cee dekiru.
If it is such an easy calculation as this, even an elementary school child
could do it.

3) BOPULAL<
BEAL TK RSV.
Ge Wes OWS
Moosukoshi yasashiku setsumeishite kudasai.
Please explain this in a little simpler way.

4) BIS BELV ACT

Kanojowa yasashii hitodesu.
She is a very kind person.

5) UBL
BCE REMOR.
Hahaoyawa yasashii koede komoriutao utatta.
The mother sang a lullaby in a soft and tender voice.

pAteAy Cie] TSR DAT

DPPELVIOOEMUED, TF MLS BOLI MARCHED (HIG,

7,8).
Kantan has the same meaning as definition @) of yasashii, i.e., not difficult
(ex.6,7, 8).

DQeDIEMIAAW
YD TIVELY +BUETILV> + ESE PF RID D5 EU. 3
679
yatara to-muyami ni/-PTeb& PANIC

. Ber: BAEC ILIFERLET (PAS, 10), LrASsTC, fi 8

DM park ATS BABB I ' Fe}
FEO TR ate BAPIES TC. nga D>
DoE ER j Lerner.
It also indicates that something is not complex and does not require much
time, or is plain and unpretentious (ex.9, 10). The kantan na shiken of exam-
ple 8 may mean either ‘an easy examination’, or ‘an examination that does
not have many questions so it will not take much time to finish’.

6) 5 xIsh Catt, He Sk.

sA, DATA

Go Te go nante keisan, kantandayo.

A calculation like 5x5 is simple.

7) HE DER
<BE FATA
A CECT
DAA
Kurumano untennante kantandesu.
Driving a car is easy.

8) HAD
ROR,BE
ARLWA AHVET.
bith
Mensetsuno atoni, kantanna shikenga arimasu.
After the interview, there is a short test.

9) cSBAGis] Bid,
Ptr
Gee
P— AP CRIT
PATZA
EEL.
Chooshokuwa, koohiito toosutode kantanni sumasemashita.
(1) had a simple breakfast of coffee and toast.

10) ADOBE CHEV BH BET HT YORE,

RATA aS diz
FLICOPEN
2<¢
ET.
Erimo sodemo nai kantanna dezainno fukunara, watashinimo tsukuremasu.
If it is a simple design for a dress without sleeves or a collar, even I
could make it.

PPE DE /tPPAIT
m yatara to Bmuyami ni

g yatara to
Pie b es mrecklessly ; excessively ie

PRWBAGLIC MPeFOLITO, WOLEOBBE

CA SLIT
Bos car (Gill, 2,3, 4,5).
680
 Pe bY -tePAlC/yatara to-muyami ni

Yatara to indicates that someone does something without moderation or deep

thought, or that something exceeds a limit (ex.1,2,3,4,
5).

1) Balt. RRC PEL EME AA CHR OOH,

st ekimaeni yatarato jitenshao oku hitoga fuete komatta monoda.
Recently, the number of people who carelessly leave their bicycles in
front of the train station has increased, causing lots of problems.

2) BOA. PROCHLY MeaeA HTS.

Konogorowa, yatarato atarashii zasshiga deteiru.
These days, there is an unduly large number of new magazines being
published.

LEMT, Pbk
3) FRBDPLSOVA
BASIE CILN Fa WOT.
Kodomoga sukoshigurai shippai-shitatte,
yatarato sawagi-tatenai hooga tidesuyo.
(Your) child made just a small mistake,
so you shouldn’t make too much fuss about it.

4) BARD, PRECDEMMDWTLEDATEV.
BRNKILM, EbotpbPrtt.
Nandaka, yatarato nodoga kawaite shooga nai. Hiru tabeta karee,ga ka-
rakatta-karakana? * p.702
(I) don’t know why, but I’m extremely thirsty. I wonder if it’s because
the curry I ate for lunch was too spicy.

5) NT 1 —~CREIS, PHDMETES PREER Me HVE NEG@yavice

Paatiide kanojowa, darekareto naku yatarato aikyoo-o furimaiteita.
She was trying too hard to please anyone and everyone at the party.

SpOAIT Bmuyami ni ie
= thoughtlessly ; unnecessarily -

REBATE
Bees
at lf & 7 < AA
Trt ctv d
ERIE (57> EG OLIF ERT CME =
eo Ps, LE
BDLWEESRIC, ala SEORVDVIT CHI, 7,8,9).
This indicates that one does something without thinking about results or con-
sequences. It can also mean that something is beyond what is necessary
(CX09 Ono):

681
yatto-toutou-tsuini/Pot-% 5% 5-OWNE

) LVM. MPORMACHBI TAT OO ‘ LP AILBBE LED OO Cd

3 2) otf »ah Dt, ah

HYNEHAL.
Hoshii monoo, tsugikara-tsugieto kaunante.... Muyamini okaneo tsukau
monodewa arimasen-yo.
(You) keep buying everything you want. You shouldn’t use your money
recklessly.

7) VSO BED BoT, VAIL TILV FTE

Tkura gaichuudakaratte, muyamini sae koroshitewa ikenai.
Even if it is a harmful insect, (you) shouldn’t kill it so thoughtlessly.

8) Hid, DCAM TAU.

Kusuriwa, muyamini nomanai hooga ti.
(You) shouldn’t take medicine unnecessarily.

© APOEVAICBEEIBISE, 3FT OHS KECT

TWAA
«
Hitokara muyamini okaneo Biers kaesunoga taihendesu.
If (you) borrow money recklessly, it is hard to pay it back.

nichesltali| tal Wedel pane NPNfe

@ yatto @ foutou w tsuini

= yatto -
Bde, @ mat last ; finally LE

DfFo Th RIEVBAT TLE, EH LA DORFEAD mofe 0) LCABLK

£45
LS. DD\2 TPC.
CPA
BHRICMT
< 45 tev
SRS
PAEEF
COTHVET
7
Cl,
rau
2,3,4).
Yatto is used when emotionally expressing that something one has been look-
ing forward to, waited a long time for, or taken a great deal of trouble to
do has come to pass (ex.1,2,3,4).

DEED
» SDI DZ DIK REIS;ie eS. “NCI SIC E
zy Se Scan hes! >

STEALTH ao CLF BON WVPnvtyag AG ta +t Chills, 6,

ee ee at ARLE EIK TEV BERR EEA.
It may also indicate that it has been all one could do to somehow, in one
way or another, achieve a certain state or condition; and may appear in the
form ~suru no ga yatto da (ex.5,6,7,8). Yatto is only used when speaking of

682
 P72¥-Y HAL -DWIC/yatto-toutou:tsuini

things that have become reality, and not in negative statements.

1) ROARED),
72 3b 5
CSUR
DV BASE.
H7z7z iS *

Nagai fuyuga owari, yatto atatakai haruga kita.

The long winter ended, and the warm spring finally came.

2) P2100
5 AT Eo72.
ZARA

Yatto hyakuman-en tamatta.

At last, (I’ve) saved ¥ 1,000,000.

3) PotlcB5k.
eS
Yatto maniatta.
(I) made it in the nick of time.

A)j ch 76 Ee SIT C PotlA Hed

Sy=|ayKar
= EAB HS Dd eee DS
Kyuuna yamamichio Ree yatto choojooni tsuita.
(We) kept walking up the steep mountain path,
and finally reached the summit.

5) Bel(SRI 5 CWT, EK On OIE Biles

a ys

Karewa tsukarekitteite, i oFet yattodatta.

He was so exhausted that he could barely walk.

6) COREE TC. 3 AVEO VOA VERA SBIR oh.

Sono yoruwa kiriga kokute, sanmeetoru sakino monoga yatto mieru teido-
datta.
That night, the fog was so dense that (we) could barely see things three
meters ahead.

7) BAILS OY sy 7THAOSIFF Wo Ch EOPER o1z.

Kanojowa jikono shokkude kuchimo kikezu, tatteirunoga yattodatta.
Because of the shock from the accident, she couldn’t even talk ; she was
barely standing.

8) BETES Peo
vad fie
Fld?ok 4 RicMeokls
z
MV ofk. <5)

Hahaga nakunatta toki, watashiwa yatto yonsaini nattabakaridatta.

When my mother passed away, I was barely four years old.

B foutou
e y) g 9) win the end ; finally LB

ORV DDok), BALE, WAWARIEMH ohNINC, BS

72% CRA

683
yatto-toutou-tsuini/Poe-Y 5 5-OWNE

RE PRS NERC okt, BOVE ECO WEREST

ty.“i THK FEV ROEM a ee
NeEDR DI BATT Eo, 10, 11,
12) Lave
Toutou indicates that, although it has taken a long time or a great deal of
trouble, a result which had been to a certain extent predicted is achieved. It
expresses emotion such as joy or relief at a favorable outcome, or disappoint-
ment at an unfavorable outcome (ex.9, 10,11, 12, 13).

DREALTWINTNE, PRIM
oCHD LTLEDLIF
RAL CET
(fill14, 15).
nv

It is also used when one cannot endure a situation any longer, and finally de-
cides to do something about it (ex.14, 15).

) PLE CI PBE RW.

Karewa tootoo kinkoo-o mitsuketa.
He finally struck gold.

10.) ESEDBM PT CERUIACS

LUC eok.
Dy Lepr < RA

Tootoo yumega kanatte shuyakuo enjirukotoni natta.

At last my dream came true, and (1) got the leading role (in a play).

11) ia L205
HH FELT. LILIAMANZ RS REED DIT K
An

Karewa nijuunen kenkyuushite, tootoo ganni kiku kusurio tsukuriageta.

After 20 years of research, he at last found a drug that was effective
against cancer.

12) La AfForiine, CFE DMEM REL RIS D1

Ikkagetsu mattakeredo, tootoo lant henjiwa konakatta.
(1) waited for a month, but in the end I didn’t receive a response from
him.

13) it= JAA CHACICITSN Mhok.

pater Biaenile sengetsu tootoo nakunatta.
He finally passed away last month after a long illness.

14) ED< bv VEO A5 DAIS >C 7ITNE, LS IROTE IE IB ts

Donokurai ikiga tsuzukuka mizuni mogutteitakeredo, kurushikunatte tootoo

684
 P7¥-Y HY 45-DWNC/yatto-toutou:tsuini

kaoo dashiteshimatta.
(1) stayed underwater to see how long I could hold my breath, but it
got so painful that I had to come up for air at last.

15) BELTS
ps
Fe
alr is
Gs EPs)
BORECIEIFR LK.
iba Jigyooni ie jibunno ieo tootoo tebanashita.
He failed in his business and, in the end, had to let his house go, too.

2D Wr Ic a tsuini . i
min the end ; finally

ORSVYLYDI3It>
& 3FRO »
WCE SI< fe SochroanNoe DIMAS T “NECNEF * Al
BE, HOVisy protas ATH GARI AIS SaBU Heaacr et
(fil16, 17, 18).
Tsuini is used to express strong emotion when a final result is obtained. It ex-
presses the idea that some degree of hardship, difficulty, or time has been
overcome and that no further progress or action is possible (ex.16, 17, 18).

QRRET + BARIILEV FRR CHET CPAII, 20). TOVME

IILIEEAL
a ies LatsDa Sol DEBHSIM, ESES SERS COMO
ERICH BAHN, TOV tte LCV Asolz, BES RDS
€ 49 UOSTA CoA LAMA D5 TA

post. CUCPLPEV BWC

It may also mean ‘until or in the end’ (ex.19, 20). Tsuini can usually be re-
placed with toutou, but toutou emphasizes the length of time or amount of
hardship involved in obtaining a result, while tsuini focuses on the instant or
the fact that something is realized. Tsuini is a somewhat formal expression.

16) ABRIL.
CADW
vy (oF ec ECT KIC orkke
Jinruiwa, tsuini pen thirillde ikuyooni natta.
Humans have finally reached the point where they can go out into
space.

1 ROVNeRL DBD SPThok.

ce) N€

Tsuini watashino nozomiga kanatta.

At long last, my wishes have come true.

18) OVVALOBEO
eae)
ADPEM#5
KBAt\y
EAN o
Tsuini hile Te risoono danseiga arawareta.
At last, my ideal man has appeared.

685
yahari-sasuga Pix) -S Fd

19) 2 RFS FoOLOIK, DY (RAILS D7 «

MOU

Nijikanmo mattanoni, tsuini kanojowa konakatta.

(1) waited a whole two hours, but in the end she never showed up.

20) VX HEBEL TOF ER ERUA

DE PDE OT AASOVIC AEC
ey kh we)9 FF
Ikura chuuio shitemo kodomotachiga kenkao yamenainode, watashiwa tsuini
oogoede donaritsuketa.
The children wouldn’t stop fighting no matter how much I warned
them, so | finally shouted at them.

PIL ETA
@ yahari B SasUuga

w yahari
PIE Y mas expected ; as well °

DI4nzeAS PRT
eo) HATA
C Bp EWES xo CPi, 2).
Yahari is fe when something meets one’s expectation or judgment (ex.1, 2).

QEOLEIT SMI — BO BA «Hh

Hb tot THD SLAVE
$ IB,4).
It is also used when acknowledging that something agrees with ideas that are
generally held, or is common sense (ex.3,4).

DBA ICEFILSS : THEY. Boasts gs CPs, 6).

In other situations it is used to mean ‘now, as in the past’ (ex.5,6).

OEMDA +OO >ee uae al ANGORA ss dae a CfAI7, 8). P32

tS 1SEBLE aa ecron ClRIU HEY WO
It may also be used to indicate that something is similar to an other person,
place, or thing (ex.7,8). Yappari is a more colloquial expression which is used
in the same way.

1) FOF Ch ARE
Dd
<MOIL, PILDBHEAR ICT.

686
 PLY > XFAs/yahari-sasuga

Kinoo denwao kuretanowa, yahari Sakuraisanda soodesu.

It was Mr. Sakurai that phoned (me) yesterday after all.

2) PEO x DLAI Teor

Yahari kyoowa ameni natta.
It did rain today after all.

Bem Opeth 2 5B )>.

Slik

Yahari yokozuna,wa tsuyoi. +*p.698

Yokozuna rank wrestlers are strong, indeed.
* Yokozuna is the highest rank attainable in swmoo wrestling.

4) PILD RMA.
bp ® —BB
VbiA SRS.
BF
Yahari wagayaga, ichiban ochitsuku.
Ah, nothing beats being at home for relaxation!

5) SCORILY, HEPOBREAPAT CHET = AT

Imademo yahari, anatano otoosanwa ginkooni otsutomedesuka?

(1) suppose your father is still working for the bank, isn’t he?

6) FEDRY, PILY AFIT OBNTT

Kotoshino fuyumo, yahari sukiini iku tsumoridesu.
Of course (I’m) going to go skiing this winter, too (as usual).

7) BREACH Sek TALE, Pld) OF TAS IEIV

Oniisanmo sega takaikeredo, yappari otootomo sega takai.
The older brother is tall, but the younger brother is really tall.

8) IY AitBORED SCLIN Ge Ale Roe ee Feit SRD L426

Furansugomo muzukashiikeredo, yappari See muzukashiine.
Of course, French is difficult, but Chinese is also difficult.

x Hs @ SasSuUga e
mas expected

Dat HC
DE SEA
OTK - EAWHNSEIIOI LHS. CVIESROTSAA
PALA

FOE
4
GA CHEW
- erp
ET (Pil9,
caus
10).
Sasuga is used to express admiration for something or someone because it
measures up to or is worthy of its reputation (ex.9, 10).

DEAL oO AAO CGs fk pnSTEVYEVY DE iileyet C1, 2):

A Wt tp

687
ypuderu-niru-wakasu/ ‘TAN SDT

DIL tPIL, MDL FI. TROPA DEER

Wt
CAGE
} <
CS ROA OL BABII
WNOBEN STMIC~ TE DI CEI LEMBWCH
It also expresses the notion that some event or state is natural, expected, or
unavoidable (ex.11,12). As shown in Examples 13 and 14, the expression
sasuga ni ~nai is often used to imply that the resultant situation is not ac-
ceptable but was unavoidable.

9) DA TEHELY MEDEA ARS TAC. STAG FEV DNOTNFO

ESS.
Anna muzukashii mondaio tokunante, sasuga shuusaito iwarerudakeno
kotowa aru.
He solved a difficult problem like that?! He really is a genius.

1) STAR Ra. AWB.

Sasuga Tookyoodane, hitoga ooi.
Yep, this is Tokyo—full of people.

11) LORE
CE PA
DSPEAK
Gee AD
ARV eB, STA E OMS
AL Wie
Thor.
Juujikanmo yamamichio aruitara, sasugani ashiga itakunatta.
After walking in the mountains for ten hours (my) feet started to hurt,
as you can imagine.

12) (DINU CHEE LEDC, STANCE 4 FISHY

Yuubewa tetsuyade shigotoo shitanode, sasugani kyoowa nemui.
(1) stayed up all night last night working, so it’s no wonder I’m sleepy
today.

13) EHO UHR = 5 ii< Tho Clty STANCE AETV

Tochino kakakuga koo takaku nattewa, sasugani tega dasenai.
With the price of land going up like this, there’s no way (I) can even
touch it.

I) SF ANC LOOARL TEL EIS BV DoF.

AA vs if
Sasugani “Hyakuman-en kashite hoshii” towa tidasenakatta.
Of course, (I) couldn’t come out and say “Please lend me ¥ 1,000,000,”
after all.

DTE/IE/ DEF
m yuderu Bniru = wakasu

688
 WTSIC4-Da>tF /yuderu-niru-wakasu

S B yuderu
DT 4 ato boil %

BR IN: As AISEERE DISAB RICAN CRT SLETH

PV
(Hill,2,
3,4). Me MATO CELE ge LEST CPI 5). CHR
ot AK
PRILRSILE
WHS EBV ET.
To cook vegetables, eggs, meat, fish, etc., in unseasoned boiling water (ex.1,
2, 3,4). To cook in water to which salt has been added is called shioyude
(ex.5). Yudaru is used to refer to the final, cooked state of something that
has been boiled.

1) v7u0 1G BALK L< TEV,

Makaroniwa MeaeSP AG oishikunai.
Macaroni isn’t good if (you) boil it too long.

2) A: SNAYSLELLIM.
B: 39WCCK HAW.
A : Tamagowa dooshimashooka? How should (I) do the eggs?
B: Sanpun yudetekudasai. Please boil them for three minutes.

ice)a Dapper. LILSDCRIZDVIEDC BAS Chl Oca ss

Kono toomorokoshiwa ima yudetabakarinanode, atsukute oishiidesuyo.
This corn has just been boiled. It’s hot and delicious.

> (S901A Hd, WDCBS7LM et) AU RGR

Hoorensoowa, sideusIRaE Toon shitek udasai.
Please don’t over-boil the spinach.

on PANFHACED Che LTRS.

Asuparagasuo shioyudenishite taberu.
(1) eat asparagus boiled in salted water.

BnirUu
to simmer ie)
C4 [a ® J ato stew >;

ETR ° Bs RILOR, Hin REWITO P< AN, RDN < ¥ECTHS

PIE ONG, An ETS Lop CPle,7, 8), CXBH ive.AK El HOzZY
RAB IEB ey (fil 9).

689
yuderu-niru-wakasu/ WT S\CS-DHF

To put vegetables, meat, fish, etc., into a seasoned broth and cook for a cer-
tain length of time until done (ex.6,7,8). The completed state is referred to
with nieru (ex.9).

6) RicWSe, BAA Fa—BRNKS 1S.

Pare e

Fuyuni naruto, hahaga nita shichuuga tabetakunaru.

When winter comes (I) long for my mom’s simmered stews.

~ HADRUET Wd, BRACE LAI - SEF + WEE TATRAS A

(2 HEA

PD)| RLS PEOET

Nihonno kateidewa, yasainadoo shooyu, satoo, sakenadode nite taberu
‘nimono’o yoku tsukurimasu.
In Japanese households they often make nimono, in which vegetables and
other ingredients are stewed in a broth seasoned with soy sauce, sugar,
sake, etc.

8) LOBES Rac
OR CORSA
‘cr 2)
EDTLV 0 :
Kono nikuwa ikura nitemo yawarakaku naranai. 5
This meat won’t get tender however much (you) stew it. : en Vi

9) AL—-BRARBSZLAILLELED. gg
: a =k. PS .3 Ne a 5% ‘

ve aS Se
Karee,ga nietara gohanni shimashoo. *p.702 a i
Let’s eat as soon as the curry is done. ore)

tha, 0 wakasu
OF) 22) Palma eS pare bes ee)
IRE PAL TH BIT SETH (PALO, 11,12). Ae FIC OE ET,
&

To heat water or milk until hot (ex.10,11, 12).

BBS
LeK PK EBV ST (HIS).
To reach the boiling state is called waku (ex.13).

0) HYLYMLTHRLANEL«3.
Oyuo wakashite ochao iremashoo.
(ll) boil some water and make tea.

Ul). 2515
LE Bh
oD
Go CRT, ee ClSI IE LIME WUT THERM.
Gyuunyuuo wakasu tokiwa, fukikoborenai-yooni kiotsukete kudasai.
When (you) boil the milk, be careful not to let it boi!. over.

690
 WOot-*xX sx mt4S/yurusu-kyoka suru

12) 2. BR BELW
BPSELATH.
Ima, ofuroo wakashiteiru tokorodesu.
(I’m) just now heating the bathwater.

13) BBM Re bihy MCANTHV WES

Oyuga waitara pottoni ireteoite kudasai
When the water boils, please fill the thermos pot. __ PR

WAT /LRELPTS
@ yurusu akyoka suru

3 @ yurusu
lary J ato forgive ; to allow ie?
Dot

DANH PES PRR, ECE, ens 72018 RLICY CAWIECT

CA, 2,3).

To refrain from blaming a person for their mistake, failure, crime, etc. (ex.1,
22).

Oe ae KEIO. <a) WADI SEO fe) (Bila, 5)o

To grant a request or demand ae allow it to proceed (ex.4, 5).

OJ fiETS IK Riss, CVD ARCHES Chil

6Do
aise is ae used to mean ‘if conditions permit’ (ex.6).

1) RAPES ARBOR, RUGEEAS.

POCE ile CBE DATALO ho DS
Kanojowa kodomoo haneta kurumano untenshuo, kesshite yurusanaidaroo.
She will certainly never forgive the driver of the car that hit her child.

2) ph
Rit. OSD
es
OREN
Emh Be
CREB.
x pork
FLCP OK.
DS
Karewa, machiawaseno jikanni okuretekita kanojoo, yurushiteyatta.
He forgave her for being late for their appointment.

691
yurusu-kyoka suru) \WWOF-X xk PFS

3) Fait, RAOM AEEETEN wp 4

Watashiwa, kanojono usoga yurusenai.

I can’t forgive her lie.

SOUSA
A ORE Tho 7E SIZ, VLUWT l NTHATT OP EEELTC NK 0
BH pk = Ue) FSD b

Chichiwa watashiga juurokusaini natta tokini, hajimete hitoride ryokoosuru-

noo yurushite kureta.
My father allowed me to travel alone for the first time when I turned
sixteen.

) BASF ie ZF TH 3 ARI, Pot AMES NI.

Karega abies Sencar mikkagoni, yatto menkaiga yurusareta.
He was finally allowed visitors three days after his operation.

) FIA
CDA
soe SBD am Lh ee telT EL Ds
Jikanga yurusu kagiri, hanashiaio tsuzukemashoo.
Let’s continue (our) discussion as long as time permits.

4 akyoka suru
ZAEDTSA Figk |] a permit ©

RAV OB Ae aC COWIE SIE, EDI

~L THRU CHS
Lot Git, 8,9). palL0, is ZsAE LTO ACT
To grant a request or demand and allow something to take place. In other
words, to give approval by saying ‘you may~’ (ex.7,8,9). Examples 10 and 11
show the use of kyoka as a noun.

7) BRI RAR SPO. AIRE IDLELK.

Koahton seitotachiga hookago, kalephitke tsukaunoo kyokashita.
The principal permitted the students to use the meeting room after
school.

8) BAIA COD ENE SD ii Aw aN.

ED aD

es ee sono oS ae kyokasareta.
She was allowed admission to the high school.

9) LD BOP CO festAltepel SACU» TEV.

XDAV

Kono oterano nakadeno satsueiwa kyokasareteinai.

Taking photographs is not permitted inside this temple.

10) PEROAAI
T UL, COMEFE PO ASLES
ICHV.
PACE tem td

692
 (YE FAR) + (~)6ULM/(~)you (mitai)+(~)rashii

Shochoono kyokaga nakereba, kono kenkyuujono nakani hairu kotowa deki-

nai.
(You) cannot enter this laboratory without the permission of the super-
visor.

I) BOIL, BBL LORA TH oC, BAT EROSNK.

, RWS |] 5X

Ano misewa, datsuzei-shiteitanoga mitsukatte, HE bots torikesareta.

That shop was stripped of its license to operate after it was found guilty
of tax evasion.

CK OI BIEN MY NEN
a(~) you (mitai) = (~) rashii

ix) BS 9 (Hew) Srhcoant eherioee

OAREDTITNE, TERA E DICE IEE ET Fitz ORV 720 Sok

YLk, BROTH SCT Cll, 2), BrRERSITCeDbAK
BD, CW
SRRVEALT (IB,4).
EBA WAKA Twydss ay TEATS W

(~) you (mitai) denotes that something is vague but seems to be a certain
way. It expresses one’s personal judgment or conjecture based on having seen,
heard, touched, etc., something (ex.1,2). It is also used when saying some-
thing gently, without being conclusive (ex.3, 4).

QlEAECHWLTITLINUINE, HESSD EEMODS OIA TH IESE

Wed (Pil5, 6,7, 8,9).
It may be used to liken some object or event to another (ex.5, 6,7, 8,9).

OPE ULTHRIFSE SHOT Cl, 1D.

Btw WEBER EV AC A Bes Bpnas as, Rplclt, 24) an
CHLTRUS + FHF TEEN NSS epiDOLT
It is also used wie mentioning something as an example (ex.10, 11).
Mitai is a frequently used colloquial expression, but can sound impolite,
rough, or childish at times.

693
(~)you(mitai)-(~)rashii) (~)K5(H#RWY) + (BLY

1) RATWOLITH A Bi aE MED Ke
Tsukareteiru-yoodesune. Kaoiroga waruidesuyo.
(You) look tired. Your face is pale.

HN, HEED» 7S. PLibn het iy iie OR

Are, jishinkana? Sukoshi yuretayoodakedo...
Hey, was that an earthquake? It seemed like (we) were swaying.

<DRERACHIBADEN
th
TEVEDD. Eh: GABENE) HCHAV.
” Wyre é AWA *

Kono kusurio nondemo itamiga torenaiyoonara, mata (byooinni) kitekudasai.

If the pain doesn’t seem to go away even after (you’ve) taken this medi-
cine, please come back (to the hospital).

ALS OIC BEB & ait172 5, ETO MIR CTE > CV MC {eR
Be 125

ice
Hisashiburini bokoo-o otozuretara, totemo rippani natteite, michigaeru-yo-
odatta.
When, after some time, (I) paid a visit to my alma mater, I found it
had changed so much for the better that I couldn’t even recognize it.

Fim
FAAAZEI
CROCE
A tb
DEES
Lz
CADAIILHSLIE,
ca) ER

Booenkyoode miruto tookuno shimaga marude menomaeni aruyooda.

When (I) look through the telescope, the distant islands seem to be right
in front of me.

PAM AMLKDEDIZTATN..
MOEL IEE BETO sols)

Kanojono kokorowa koorinoyooni tsumetai.

Her heart is as cold as ice.

FRRoILFAOL DIED £1 > CHEAT De

Kodomotachiwa koinunoyooni hashirimawatte asondeiru.
The children are playing and running around like little puppies.

ILLES CIO PEATE IHR TVS.

Karewa yohodo tsukareteitanoka, shindayooni nemutteiru.
He must have been thoroughly tired out—he’s sleeping like the dead.

BNSF = XYEALVNCKRR
POCE BoA
DIF CME.
* er
ax
=)
Kanojowa kodomomitaini oogoeo agete naita. ma, oe
She cried, wailing like a child. eas )
+ Kid ROL TSALIRTS ERAICTE IOV. SPA i
Lx5 6M

694
 (~)ED(ARW) + (~)BLW/(~) you (mitai)-(~) rashii

Shooraiwa chichinoyoona rippana ishani naritai.

I want to be a brilliant doctor like my father someday.

M1) FhWAICAIKDEDIICBV DV EOLA.

vat T

Watashiwa ninnikunoyooni nioino tsuyoi monowa nigateda.

I can’t take strong-smelling foods like garlic.

a (~) rashii 7 >

CS b LW aseem ; appear ; ~like

DMEM» TUT ALE, AATSSure OE OUCH BTL Feo CHE BL TCE

BEF (GNI2,
13).BSW, JSONB BALES AICHE
NBLSUVET (Pil4, 15). AERA oT UCT,
£55 XPATH D

(~) rashii is used when making a judgment or conjecture based on some-

thing one has seen or heard oneself, though it may not be certain (ex.12, 13).
It is also used when stating objectively some information or hearsay (ex.14, 15),
and imparts a feeling of disavowal of responsibility.

Qirare DEORE VES BIDE CANT WBEVIAESEV ET CPil6, 17,

18).
It is also used to indicate the manifestation of some typical characteristic or
trait (ex.16, 17, 18).

12) BRAM OWTUTEV

ELAR ASE, PULVIEVGELIY.
Denkiga tsuiteinai tokoroo miruto, karewa inairashii.
He seems not to be in, judging from the fact that the lights are off.

13) ARDUBLTS. X CCH H 312 LV.

ao >D

Hitodakariga shiteiru. Kootsuujikodemo attarashii.

There’s a crowd. It looks like there was an accident.

i) SH8IESE, HOWTPIEOBL
GW.
Uwasani yoruto, ano ginkoowa keieiga kurushiirashii.
From what (I) hear, that bank is in financial difficulty.

15) KA Pic Lad, ERD OWENS LV.

Tenkiyohooni yoreba, gogokara harerurashii.
It seems it’s going to clear up in the afternoon, according to the weath-
er report.

695
(~ni)yotte-(~ni)oujite) (~I) kot: (HID) BIUT

16) SxFHC LSC. RPO LW RET Sih ed ore.

Kyoowa isogashikute, shokujirashti shokujio suru himaga nakatta.
Today (1) was so busy I didn’t have time for anything you could call a
‘meal’.

17) dr:
Al (SFE
We
CHAS
U};5*
LV Ula*
IRR LIZZ EATEN
Watashiwa imamade byookirashii byookio shita kotoga nai.
Up to now I haven’t been sick with a real illness.

18) ZLATLOESTENV KRW T SILA T. V DOORS exorednns

Konna tsumaranai shippaio surunante, itsumono karerashiku nai.
It’s not like him to have made such a silly mistake like this.

(male dred. ovioarnacl odsDeae

= (~ni) yotte a (~ni) oujite

a (~ni) yotte
(~l2) boT a depending on~ s

V KODOR fFOOE DVe DIC MET SEM BIR REM DOE SUGEEST
(Bill, 2,3, i ADSI: aX, BOY Bid
Yev ESI, Reet
ETS cA LOPES WAV AbBLV. CSO
ae yotte is used to state a contingent situation or condition which will de-
termine some state or course of action (ex.1,2,3,4).
It is used to indicate that there are various possibilities available, which are
brought about depending on the conditions, for example, if A then X, if B
then Woxetc:

1) BUR
& ACLIDIA
BIEL
Es Les Hh Fic LoTHIES.
Fuuzokuya mats chihooniyotte kotonaru.
Manners and customs vary from region to region.

2) FAVACTEAT ICE 5 CED BAA ES

Amerikadewa ginkooniyotte yokinno kinriga chigaimasu.
The interest rate on deposits varies by bank in the U.S.

3) Ako TE ILEMEDE
UE
SUM CRA LI.
696
 (MO) KoT: (“105 UT/(~ni) yotte-(~ni) oujite

Hitoniyotte yuukotoga machimachi-nanode konranshita.

(1) became confused because each person gave me a different story.

4) MRL AAA Ch Odd

Cet756, HPHNCbs TIS RICEBET
Denshawa ichinichijuu kondeiruwakedewa naku, cee ae se
suwaremasu.
It’s not (true) that trains are crowded all day; depending on the time,
you can easily find a seat.

(ME) BOUT IC) BET] TO

BR PORALIC
Trak “AA
St TUDLEMTDNSEMARVEF (fib, 6, 7,8).
ee AHMET
WHI
= EA SOROS
DS. BH
= RL, P~tChRCT
Way LEMEOBS NTH LTS - KR BEY easSOIR
2k
RL ET.
AOSD

This denotes that something happens in reaction to a ieee in some condi-

tion (ex.5,6,7,8). The expression (~ni) yotte is used when there are specific
conditions relating to specific situations; however (~ni) oujite implies respond-
ing to or dealing with a change in some condition.

5) TEA LS
ICSU CB)
DALI
VERIO
3AXS
FBR RALLIES
Taieieinl oojite undooryooya undoono eye kaeta hooga ii.
(You) should adjust the type and intensity of exercise according to your
physical strength.

6) LOI CBOE SIIECTV DV DILT—F EES

s 3%
CKNB.
Bd

Kono misedewa kyakuno chuumonni oojite iroirona keekio tsukutte kureru.

This bakery will bake any kind of cake to meet customers’ demands.

7) Ve
RAISEDAE?BOR CIO CRE
Gieote

Ishawa kanjano re oojite ie dasu.

A doctor prescribes medication according to the patient’s symptoms.

8) DAVIS NEES TOOT, AY —brea ec. ABDIIG

UT AuAtefieurgi acCSS
Kono hooruwa setsubiga totonotte-irunode, konsaatoya kokusaikaiginado, mo-
kutekini oojite iroirona tsukaikataga dekiru.
This assembly hall is set up so that it can be used for any sort of pur-
pose—whether it be a concert or an international conference.

697
 HADES CRD 5 bY REED KD SIAC TS 3 PMS 18
fe >

HACMoO
wv. ¥ HU
PDtam
POSDoe aDNTOEF.
= MEOM CEO
3) vs

Siap yhals Eh feos CHL Raa

S TT
Dae “U = (2(O Eo)

iR ry RL Abdne10D $e} ad ae
Fv 7 ik Siete io pea CLAP. ADE
fx
+tt
BIApit + vii»
LGétTU
BI BZ
EAMLS

cEEF 0 Atex BEEBEMILES

RT
BizWE LENAEL
TE RIE ad
pil aad Ze Ze
DS BE LABS & adh Nt, Beil Ton $
Stal
A ¥ vy VAs HAT Ae Wx,Ie

Sumoo
Sumoo is the national sport of Japan and has existed since ancient
times, however the sport in its present form is said to have been devel-
oped sometime between the early to mid-18th century. The object of a
sumoo match is to force one’s opponent to touch the ground with a
part of his body (except the soles of his feet) or to push him from
the ring (dohyoo). There are 70 different techniques that may be em-
ployed to do this.
The highest sumoo rank is yokozuna, followed in descending order by
oozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira. A wrestler who has at-
tained the rank of oozeki may rise to the rank of yokozuna if he wins
two consecutive sumoo tournaments, and has demonstrated consistent
strength to the satisfaction of the Japan Sumo Federation.

698
 kd: ¥4a¢ /yobu-maneku

a/
¥ia ¢
mw yobu @ maneku

KS (pss) sto
BO call
Ba ;Si on
to call (invite) over |

OFFIC ID SHI BEDIFS— UCt (Pill, De

To call out to someone in oe to get their attention (ex.1, 2).

QEADELACREKSICSESLLTH (HIB, 4). RCBELTHILSY

1. zt (PIS). ;
To have someone come to where one is (ex.3,4), or to invite someone as a
guest to one’s home (ex.5).

OLMIS -HTSIETCH (HI6,D.

To name or designate something (ex.6, 7).

OPSMBIT
EVI BORTHOET (GIB,9,10).
Yobu is used also to mean ‘to cause or bring about’ (ex.8,9, 10).

1) <P bATESADAMEFOET mPiLa Myavy 4 ge LiGsie&

Vv. Ah
N
Korekara minasanno namaeo yobimasu. Yobaretara : \
“hai” to henjio shite kudasai. £& iw }
Now (I) will call everyone’s name. When (you) are AX An <
“ ” “> SE
called, please answer “Here”. ) ‘4erans & \ \
ae

. 4 = aN /«
2) PERRFE |CPAISIC. PISA
F E5RARH
LIRY AZ.
k bi, 3 Sie ts i
Os
jin
fee
“Satoo sensei” to yobarete, watashiwa ushiroo furimuita.
I looked back when someone called out “Mr. Sato”.

3) RMEIT MAROC MAAR CRALMAT.

54 a~Ah prL ia Ww LX? &

Chichino yoosuga hennanode, watashiwa isoide ishao yonda.

I hurried to call the doctor because my dad was looking ill.

4) Pi OPINT. EBT.
Watashiwa Bist Fotlahel HEM tsiint itta.
I was summoned by the president and went to his office.

699
yobu-maneku/ &S- Fi ¢

5) Beat $7 $GB% 3. SWEAT.

yale EOSrs TALE
Kanojowa, kinoo tomodachio sannin shokujini yonda.
She invited three friends over for a meal yesterday.

6 Be LT CHK Alo ANT. BEDS AAS EMFILIVCM Do

Karewa nandemo yoku shitteirunode, tomodachikara ‘Kyoojw to yobareteiru.
He knows a lot about all kinds of things, so he’s called ‘Professor’ by
his friends.

7) EVIVIS, HAROBROHIN CS.

Himarayawa, sekaino yaneto yobareteiru.
The Himalayas are called ‘the roof of the world’.

8) FARRIS WEIL COTLVNAA TEN RETEA CUS

Sumoo,wa, kaigaidemo taihenna ninkio yondeiru. * p.698
Sumo is even becoming very popular overseas.

9) OBEROI,
BL?
AUCORB CAST a
Sono kagakushano keikokuwa, hitobitono aidani ae hankyoo-o yonda.
The scientist’s warning caused a great sensation among the people.

10) PU sEO7U—N—Id, VEE S EWDNCWV 4.

SD

Yotsubano kuroobaawa, ee yobuto iwareteiru.

(They) say that a four-leaf clover brings good luck.

RT ig RE eal
OMALILT, CES 7S her Be L THIS BAEV. ao
NYT qv PER ee CPL, WP 13).
To request someone to come to one’s home, a party, etc. It is used also to in-
vite someone as a guest and is a politer expression than yobu (ex.11, 12,13).

OQHSPREPSIT LETH. BCOWR. LTV RISERS

+ (fil4, 15).
To bring about a certain consequence. In many cases, the consequence will
not be good (ex.14, 15).

Wl) FL BOW FOR CL, FE. BRETT. BARE ORR LTH

Wy ¥d7EL
 ~KYWWO-~LYVEL/~yori tic-~yori mashi

Watashitachino kenkyuukaidewa, senjitsu, senmonkao maneite, Nihonkeizaino

hanashio shitemoratta.
The other day, our research society invited an expert to speak to us
about the Japanese economy.

12) SED
EYL)
hh EOBRF—-LOR
bELED O25 DAES
SCLC WORE
Be 5
REO LLHER
# sal

Eze)

Kotoshikara watashitachino yakyuuchiimuno kantokutoshite, moto puro-ya-

kyuusenshuno Yamada Shigeo-shio maneku kotoni natta.
We invited the former pro-baseball player Shigeo Yamada to be our
team manager starting this year.

13) PAS, KEMETIC) FRO wvepaa

BRIA 72.
POUL PieeViled Nseriexcoy le Esel
Kanojowa, kekkonshikini shoogakkoono onshio maneita. i
| “ a |
i ein
She invited her old elementary school teacher to | ASH PS.
. (
her wedding. &Se ave a
oH! %)

14) HEFB
le TAY ait
BL AS, AK?aga
ate Bvt. hh| coma otLL
tab!
Murina oikoshiga, ookina jikoo maneita.
It was an impossible attempt to pass that brought
about the big accident.

15) Al, OaAAASEVR DoROC, Bivad

er ia CLEok.
brL OHVs ibe Be PSN 27)
Watashino setsumeiga tarinakatta-node, omowanu gokaio maneite-shimatta.
Because my explanation was insufficient, it unexpectedly invited misunder-
standing.

~kYVMWY~ELVEL
a ~yori ti w ~yort mashi

~kYw gs ~yori li
ws better than~

TALYUB (OA) MW OPEC, HICAE BOHR (Pl, 2,3,

4).
This expression is used when comparing two things in the form A yori B (no
hoo) ga ii (B is better than A) (ex.1,2,3,4).

701
~yori ii-~yori mashi/~kYVOW-~XVEL

yA EPRRAITSECAD.
Bar EFLUAL—D FAW 750

A: Pizao tabeni ikimasenka?

Won't you come out for a pizza with me?
B.: Pizayori karee,nohooga tina.
(I'd) rather have curry rice than pizza.
-*‘Curry (rice)’ is among the most popular dishes in Japan. It con-
sists of a stew-like sauce that is seasoned with curry powder and served
on rice.

bo FDILV EG Hav MiGs

PEWA

Kinooyori kaoiroga tidesune.

(Your) complexion looks better than it did yesterday. (You look better
than you did yesterday.)

3) Blt, BID DISMIVAD

TAAv.
Watashiwa, kaunonara nekoyori inunohooga ii.
If ’'m going to keep a pet, I’d rather have a dog than a cat.

A) Sox WARY Db, AA-KKV ARIZ LiF Wak,

Kyoowa samuikara, sukaatoyori zubonni shitahooga iiyo.
It’s cold today so maybe pants would be better than a skirt.

eng y + L = ~yori mashi i.

mnot good, but better than other options

TALOB (DF) DELIV ET ASBOEBSORS AEF

Mics ea bib peal zal RBIS ENIT BOG MV VEU EME ET
(BIS,
6,7,8). "~LY OMI
SDE LEbHVET,
This is used in the form A yori B (no hoo) ga mashi. It is used when both
options are not desirable, but if a choice must be made then B would be bet-
ter (ex.5,6,7,8). Sometimes the word ~yori is left out of the expression.

5y WAS BA
< eV
4 Ca As,
> SOILVELCI AY EBD LET
Guaiwa doodesuka? How do you feel?
oa
bd
DoSKinooyori mashidesuga, mada zutsuuga shimasu.
Better than yesterday, but I still have a headache.

702
 LY DDS-d 24 / yorikakaru-motareru

6) SATSEPWBODEBNSS BW 7E5, FISBNTEV ABELL.

ke 72h eZ 125

Konna mazuimonoo taberukurainara, nanimo tabenaihooga mashida.

If (I) have to eat this stuff, ’'d rather not eat at all.

7) At E5LL, IDIONBFOTAL,
oy ike
WRK.
TA
By SAD FGPELRE. IEC TEA DZALBO.
Lb a) TA

A: Dooshiyoo, kinoono suugakuno tesuto, nijuugotendatta.

What should (I) do? I only got 25 points on yesterday’s math test.
B: Kimino hooga mashidayo. Bokunanka nijuttendamono.
You did better than I did. I only got 20.

8) BAOMADCY AL, BLOPLEL Cok.

Kanojono fukusoono sensuwa, asin toe sukoshi mashini nattane.
Her taste in clothes has improved somewhat from before, hasn’t it?

LYDDPS/ DENS
& yorikakaru = motareru

8 yorikakaru
x Y DDS ato lean (on, against) |

PROMOS Gs Wo YoU LTO OD CSTES KP, KOS, WE

AIL SVR pee APbOKSTTS SRS LE <p on, 2, 3).
“RANIZTS- BOIL THSI LVRS SENCSOC MAZHTICL
*zL
7 ORR ot 0F BER BPEL ae (BIA).
To support oneself by placing one’s body, or a part of the body, e.g., hand,
shoulder, back, etc., against another person or an object (ex.1,2,3). It in-
cludes a sense of dependence or of receiving assistance, so it is used also to
mean ‘to depend on’ or ‘to count on’ someone (ex.4).

1) OHS FNAITTHODH, LYDMSCPETEV teas

Sono heiwa kuzurekakete-irukara, yorikakaruto abunai. weeds
That fence is about to fall apart, so it would be a7 Hh 7
dangerous to lean on it. a aaa Geel ;
\ { kx

2) eS EVae0) Cy BED leuZEN DAD CA Be “Tore 5 (pl ess A

»
yorikakaru-motareru) LYUPPS-dKNSD

Ashio kujiitanode, tomodachino katani yorikakatte byooin-e itta.

(1) sprained my ankle, so I leaned on my friend’s shoulder and went to
the hospital.

3) BHOKPICEV po CThSe, PA CCIE EV»

Denshano doani yorikakatteiruto, aita tokini a aah
Leaning against the doors of the train is dangerous because they may
open on (you).

4) PKR HST BRC LV Do CES CV ISM Cy IEDM TEV.

tr

Hatachio sugitemo oyani yorikakatte ikiteirunante, darashiganai.

It’s shameful to be living off your parents once (you’re) over 20.

@ motareru
; : be)
BENS sto lean (on, against) ; to recline ‘©

LUMPS ITALIC, ABO

SA bY
CMC Bo RYFTSOTC
(47ES, LEPEARSOLSFUTLES
CEDWALA DE
oa Ogle wory PO jLOD,
Ke BVA 7a)C FICL TVS B- FEIN TWH EV x aads CAs, Oy Dye
Like yorikakaru, this means to entrust the support of ae upper body to an
object or person rather than standing or sitting under one’s own power. How-
ever, it has more of a sense of leaning for relaxation, to be comfortable, or
to relieve tension than yorikakaru (ex.5,6,7).

5) YIP ACORN CE RERN C75, OO Fe <a T Le eies

Sofaani motarete ongakuo kiiteitara, itsunomanika nemutteshimatta.
When (1) was listening to music while reclining on the sofa, I just
drifted off to sleep.

6)FILED,
AICOLNTEL EMH COME ok.
Watashiwa kodomono koro, kini motarete kumoo nagameteirunoga sukidatta.
When I was a child, (I) used to like to lean back against a tree and
gaze at the clouds.

7D) MBENTW CC, BHObeicarncinaty |

ETOP. Lon ( ~~) Ean ON
Ikura tsukareteitemo, denshano nakade hitoni motarete ~
inemurio surunowa Shitsureida.
It’s rude to lean against someone on the train and
91099991
nap, no matter how tired (you) are. oe

704
 kp)”: 44 /yowai-moroi

LY /HAW
8 yowal = morol

ible (Be) et
7] XIE O TEL . Aes al DLITERLEF EAC Navas)FRAG
ate
Rit Call, Dey. ra PS ity SECENLIS DEKE
Yowai indicates that something or someone is lacking in strength or is small.
It is implied that the object or person is not of sturdy build (ex.1,2,3,4). In
Example 5, yowai is used to mean that one is not skilled at something.

1) FAISHHIODAEVOC, BARRE CIAIT CIEDYWS,

PaTalee CCU) FIA: 3ICFHG 5a

Watashiwa udeno chikaraga yowainode, udezumoodewa maketebakariiru.

My arms are not very strong so I always lose in eae

2) 6BE
BIL PYRoCV
D
SE, bUFEMFH
kbd
73.5. ae
Gaal
ne
Kurumanibakari notteiruto, ashiga yowakunaru. be SEY nPo
If (you) always travel by car, your legs will lose oeSh \} SS
theirj strength. nil(f= /}
‘
xe. y (as Ye
8) BILE OC, fe Po TURE
LPI
LILY. MD) ules)
Karewa ishiga yowainode, nanio yattemo nagatsuzuki- shinai.
He is very weak-willed so he has trouble sticking with things for long.

4) PFVA-W3 POA» ADT WISROETF

AMR yowai kakuterunara nomemasu.
(1) can drink cocktails if they don’t contain much alcohol.

5) Fla(AHR
GSV ATH
Wate kikaini yowaindesu.
I am terrible with machines.

bAW = moroi
ua fragile ; brittle

te
SERED
Ra RASOOB, GES
RIL FNVT<K, LDNOETWVEW
FERLEF (Hib, 7,8, 9).
705
ryakusu-habuku-shooryaku suru) ) (FALSE DV eK FTS

Moroi indicates that something is easily broken although it appears strong

(ex.6,
7, 8;9)-

6) A: COAIFCH<STNSDL,
Badass DAWA.
A: Kono ishiwa tedemo kuzureruyo.
This stone can be crumbled even by hand.
B : Zuibun, moroi ishidane. It is very brittle stone, isn’t it?

7) AWVAILDASES BEABBAS TED Lf ree

Karushiumuga fusokusuruto honega morokunaru.
If (you) are deficient in calcium, your bones will become brittle.

8) EATELETHNBIEAT. 2 ADEILBAV BOON.

Sonna kotode wakarerunante, futarino aiwa moroimono-dattanone.
(I’m) surprised they separated over something so trivial. Their love must
not have been very strong.

9) PSE COREAS CT, DW CIS EAE RM REI CRE EF

Hahawa totemo namidamorokute, kawaisoona hanashio kiita dakede na-
midao kobosu.
My mother is moved to tears easily, so she cries whenever she hears a
sad story.

Yee T/ARC/LE
GV SLFS
a ryakusu a habuku w shooryaku suru

meryakusu
y) P < tv Res | eto abbreviate ; to shorten |

WDILOKDEBBE EB UG. Hed Che < FSLECH (Pill, 2,

Be BHM B Wee. SGBIRE ROD COS ERIC. KET.
To shorten something by removing what is unnecessary and keeping only the
important part (ex.1,2,3). It is often used when referring to the shortening
of the name of a company, organization, etc., or foreign loan words.

1) (Yboy eWIgOlL, UV E—bav

ba |MBL
eI CT,
Hee

706
 Yop S<-Ls FSC FS /ryakusu habuku-shooryaku suru

‘Rimokon’ to yuunowa, ‘rimooto-kontoroorw’ o ryakushita kotobadesu.

Rimokon is an abbreviation of the words ‘remote control’.

IBGE ERG LC EEE EV.

PIN che S O abt atk “Kokuren’ to yuu.
Kokusairengoo (the United Nations) is
abbreviated as Kokuren.

TU-F°O,&\.5MId, ‘unidentified flying

object OE aSFRAT OS)
fcOO Ses
ERELOOTCT
‘Yuufoo’ to yuunowa, i eet flying object o ryakushita monodesu.
‘UFO’ is an abbreviation of ‘unidentified flying object’.

> = wghabuku
lads < weeJ wto omit ; to cut out
> |

To leave sR or remove ashing ne is extra or unnecessary HINO

4) HAGaIS,
aS Roe
Ean keAs —TEMS,5
Nihongowa, shugoo habuku ae ool.
In Japanese, the subject of a sentence is often left out (not stated).

WAV DIE RRO BINT REO FHI FEV. SAIS Da iTs ioe
Troirona se ee okagede, kajino temaga daibu habukeruyooni natta.
Thanks to all sorts of electrical appliances, a lot of the trouble of house-
work has been cut out.

SREB ESL.
AP 2) )*
ERATE BEAD WAL pass
ODUCT .
Bunshoo-o kaku tokiwa, piacere shuushokuwa habuita hooga wakariyasui.
When writing, it (what you say) will be clearer if (you) omit any unnec-
essary modification.

nA a shooryaku suru
ae 4 y ? < TS a Hey %J sto omit ; to abbreviate <

BMP FRA DD oA DIC. HOLEVLEM HO BETOYC,

BIT SLE (PIT,8). ERIKB fe eee) vee 20 7.
To simplify something by removing or omitting some part, so as to save time

707
wegemama-katte DAE FE-Po T

or trowte (ex.7.8) It is often used when speaking of such things as proce-

dures, or the eee involved in a job or writing process.

z REE:72 =
SOAS.
sce
RRS TRL ite BETS—ILbHS.
SCRS a> Bees

Rirekishome gakurekine ranwa, saishuu- xateks igaiwa shooryakusuru ko-

Rome art.

Seme people only put their most recent school record on their résumés,
and ave out the rest.

wz AURIS BUT. AOR ODER LET.

— a LE3 HX ius 2 Fx¢

Komakai setsumeiwe shoorvakushite, daitaino keikadake hookokushimasu.

(TM) omit the details and report only on the overall progress.

DHREE MP rT
= wagamama u katte

bKEE LES B
ZEDCPO EOS ERE Wr
PMOCPYURAZLIeER © baiSREES.

Wagamama Peer @ person as selfish. ie.. doing only what he or she

wishes. without thinking of how it may annoy others (ex.1,2,3,4). Also, the
phrase wagemanaz @ im may be used when speaking of a person who wants to
Ge exactly as he or she pleases (ex.5, 6).

1) MIDAIIAOT MMWAPORIESVMOKAS,
Karewa wagamamananode. nandemo pies omeutoerini yaritagaru.
He's 2 selfish person, so he only wants to do things his own way.

Ikura kedemoge kawaitkarate itte, yuukotoe kiitebakari

iruio. wagemamana kodomoui natteshimauyo.
Ne matter how sruch (you) love your children, if you
 DAE ¥E-P > T/wagamama-: katte

let them have everything they want, they’ll become selfish.

3) LODRESEBR BARC, RGA

MPTCERVOEBS LE.
Sono wagamamana seikakuo naosanaito, shin-yuunanka ee omouyo.
Unless (you) change your selfish personality, (I) don’t think you can
make close friends.

4) BASTF RIFUL I TST. CATED BEES REE CidaEONEA«

Fee. ay iinante, sonna wagamamawa dantaiseikatsu-dewa yu-
rusaremasen.
Selfish behavior, such as thinking only of oneself, will not be allowed
within the group.

5) DAEEEEIL, SATICHEDNS.
Wagamamao yuuto, minnani kirawareru.
If (you’re) always saying selfish things, nobody will like you.

6) BFE LACRNAUGAT. CAT DREYER

CUI EEA.
Okashio hitoride tabetainante, sonna wagamamao ittewa ikemasen.
(You) mustn’t be so selfish and say you want to eat all of the sweets
yourself.

a katte Z
Do Ag BF mone’s own way ©
“

Os AED TECE, AAOEDCHOEPSE—L, HS

WILORV BOX Le(Cap C7, 870,10), ices BKIDX pet Aaicemes
As Zone er.
Katte indicates that one does as he wants at work, in life, or in dealing with
people; it may also refer to actions done in such a manner (ex.7,8,9, 10).
Kattena hito may also be expressed as jibun katte na hito.

OQPBECE, PTSRFEWT RECE TH (fil11,

%
12, 13).
eee xi > 5
To do work, etc., without permission (ex.11, 12, 13).

cen REF ATES T. SBF LI

2 (LOROPPE MOTOS DIGI, Seen eaeeA
ner
Katte is generally used to describe actions, while wagamama is used to de-
scribe personality.
Also, katte may used to mean ‘circumstances or methods’, as in kono ie no

709
wazuka-tatta-honno! DF2- or \EAD

katte o yoku shitteiru (1 know this house well).

7) BAL DBENOEwWRASLD * D TL Y CHEF

POCE D2 T
IOP SIH V9 L AVAL reSER L126 7510
Kanojowa hitono ikenmo kikanaide katteni yarukara, isshoni shigotoo shita-
kunai.
(1) don’t want to work with her because she never listens to other peo-
ple and only does what she wants.

8) SIE DERATICB INF SOSLIEVOS, FADE

en iata moleen sankasurunomo shinainomo, kimino katteda.
It’s up to you whether you go on the next trip or not.

9) LATE “ALDH TAT TLV D7R6, SOP Ec L7SENVN.

Sonnani watashino chuukokuga kikenainonara, moo katteni shinasai.
If (you) can’t take my advice, then go ahead and do as you like.

10) FARIS ISAK.

PEAT
ABs EIST eMteESNE».
MN een an faiaaiutene koodoowa yurusarendai.
It’s a group tour, so they won’t let (me) go off on my own.

11) El BRE OA I F<“FF DUS TEV CK 12S

Toshokanno hon-o katteni mochidasanaide kudasai.
Please don’t take books out of the library without permission.

12) ie CF D>. ALO 5|= thLEBER OIE

Daredesuka, watashino hikidashio katteni aketanowa?
Who did this? Someone opened my drawer without my permission.

13) DE FE IRF ICAsti WEA.

te ees i) rey ie

Kenkyuushitsuni katteni haittewa ikemasen.

(You) may not enter the laboratory unless you have permission.

DFP/
kok /VEAD
Bg wazuka @ fatta = honno

8 wazuka =
ot 2» afew ; little Ly

{BOR BERENS TODAULITERLEF (Pill,2,3). Ere,

o

710
 YTD bo EAD/wazuka-tatta-honno

hie As L00FT + SA EDL ITER ORIN COC, Diese 58

(lA C TEWTX Pipe sox < oS)

a les: i i
ae expression indicates that a volume, level, amount of time, etc., is extreme-
ly small (ex.1,2,3). Also, by placing wazuka in front of a concrete number
(e.g., one day, ¥100, five people) the smallness of the amount is emphasized
(ex.4),

1) kDBLP FRE REWRVIIDT

DCRBWAAWPD
OL
DE,
Tanoshikatta gakusei-seikatsumo nokoriwa wazukada.
There’s only a little left of (our) carefree student days.

2) BeaIS. DTD SARE

LA CH COS.
Kanojowa, wazukana jikanmo oshinde hataraiteiru.
She works hard every single minute.

3) ADB REoR RBI, ODTDEECOKS<RUSLEMHS.

(ONE Al oF & 73>» BE BB DA

Hitoga neshizumatta yonakawa, wazukana otodemo ookiku kanjiru kotoga

aru.
People are sometimes startled by even slight sounds late at night when
everyone else is asleep.

4) BT LS COR IEA, bTp1 DATCOSNT Loz.

Atarashiku dekita misega, wazuka ikkagetsude tsuburete-shimatta.
That new shop closed up after just one short month of business.

@ fatta —
fe 2, fe monly ; mere He

Te aH Y

PLEMEDYS EISsya
LALOR ge IB
maf:19T, EEPME KS
DISS ih ASSES et CB,e 7.8), 'DTD + lZAD 1 LN BED
p>t EOI vc So 3mIMeINT a9. okG. HORA
(380 Duy UETCaY aoa “EADSa3 HartiAs ((EIBV OUT TEM
YEboAT
VE vy

When placed in front of concrete numbers (e.g., one day, two people, ¥50,000)
or amounts of time, it emphasizes to the listener how small the amount is, as
in ‘only this much’ (ex.5,6,7,8). It implies more of a feeling of surprise than
do wazuka or honno. A person who has tatta ima dekaketa may be chased

711
wazuka-tatta-honno/ DFP: Bok EAD

and caught up with, while a person who has honno ima dekaketa may be too
far away to be caught.

) ANT OH Heh B12 2ACCRDHUSEAT BLAH OR,

Aredakeno ee tatta sfutseitetida owaraserunante, karewa taishita monoda.
He must be something special to be able to finish all that work in just
two days.

6) RE t, HATES yA Fle e572 LATHEA CHD.

DOU +

Kanojowa, annani hiroi ieni tatta are sundeiru.

She’s living all by herself in that big house.

7) CATEGORY
ZX Bye
P Nba, ote 9 APACHE
Wy >
GNSIEA TEV.
Konnani ekini chikai apaatoga, tatta kyuuman-ende karirarerunante yasui.
It’s amazing that (you) are able to rent an apartment so near the station
for only ¥90,000.

8) A: WOSAls
RECS

Bi tok Sttfiohigaimb, ERED SLEIE.

A: Yamaguchisanwa? Where’s Mr. Yamaguchi?
B: Tattaima deteittabakari-dakara, mada sonohenni iruto omouyo.
He just left a second ago, so he must be over there somewhere.

w honno
EAD gjust ; only UE

Bae a a ox oot RED GRERG G8 Dull lg cD21S SR{wT}

eh NS ey CBS, 10415 12% “spLim RODS AAA BADD Lien
A Pre crse PAL3i2, UNA OER BeoH,
Honno he emphasis when placed in front of words like sukoshi, chiisai,
and wazuka (ex.9,10,11,12). An example of its usage may be; a person who
is described as being a sukoshi osake ga nomeru hito can drink a little more
than a person who is honno sukoshi (osake ga) nomeru hito. In Example 13,
honno is used to make the speaker sound more humble or modest.

9) LIZA D2. BSH TRELK.

55 BAER DK ES

Chichiwa honno nisanpunmaeni kaettekimashita.

My father came home just two or three minutes ago.

10) BA SAAT IVT —EISA DYLAN CRUD DESK

412
 DS-ChHt/waru-kowasu

Watashiwa koochani burandeeo honno sukoshi irete nomunoga sukida.

I like drinking tea with just a touch of brandy added.

I) (SADDAM
RBALA TICKS SHEIL SLI, HOB Aledo.
BW Gt ge ove BS UWA Hn par

Honno chiisana dekigotoga konnani ookina jikenni narutowa, daremo kan-

gaenakatta. d
Nobody thought that tiny incident would turn into such a big problem.

12) (EADOEIL
FVD UeAV CASb LEAS,
AW Db GALS
SHR
Atpis
OL
DA
Mok.
Honno hitonigirino hitobitoga okoshita heiwaundooga, zensekaini hirogatta.
The peace movement, which was started by just a handful of people, has
now spread throughout the world.

13) acees ISADBALOLOLTT jt Fa Lh eis CR

Kanojowa “Honno oreino shirushidesu” to chokoreetoo mottekita.
She brought some chocolate, saying “It’s just a token of my gratitude.”

DS/CHDT
@ waru a kowasu

r@)4 Ui 3! :fchbical 2

ONMDb, FHIA> Bai : asa. SAFI EP CRI Lt29

EAS ees We a D Ad

BEI FSELECH (Pal, 2,3, 4).

To break an object, such as an eggshell, glass, pottery, or a board, into two
or more pieces by striking it with a hand or object (ex.1,2,3,4).

QHORLTSILTT (Hib, 6).

To mathematically divide a number (ex.5, 6).

OMA,
T5ES
HBERBKOEWIECT
UDA ws
(Hill7,8).
Aw
To show that something is less than the designated level (ex.7, 8).

OnE DOB EEE TED SLE CT (PI 9 ).

To dilute a liquid by adding another liquid (ex.9).

713
waru-kowasu/D)4-cyHty

1) CMATESV, HAAR BIZNES . tt eraser poe

ee hid » ) 7 TIN NH Les
Gomennasai. Garasuo wattanowa watashidesu ib ae y) ))
I am sorry. | am the one who broke the glass. yer

Che aHEGs Ibi Blo TH CRS.

Hiyokowa kuchibashide, karao watte detekuru.
A chick cracks the eggshell with its beak and comes out.

3) fh, DUNS
drEL At pre
FAL EEOC, FORE
ESI EM TASS
Watashino aniwa karatega tokuinanode, tede atsui itao waru kotoga de-
kimasu.
My (elder) brother is an expert in karate, so he is able to break thick
wooden boards with his hand.

ZOOIA YI FAS RODTBOC Hl 7a\ BUCA DIAC 7280

Kono waingurasuwa taisetsunanode, waranaiyooni kiotsukete kudasai.
This is a valuable wine glass, so be careful not to break it, please.

6S 2143 CF. C6273)

Roku waru niwa sandesu.
Six divided by two equals three.

Ro5f25000Nw% 4 AC#HI5T, 1250477 MHI.

HE AA WA dD

Amatta gosen-en-o yoninde watte, Bt PS aa RR 2 waketa.

(We) divided the remaining ¥5,000 four ways, giving each person ¥1,250.

SOW RABE
DoT OT, RICE oh.
Kaigino shussekishaga kahansuuo Wadannae saiketsuga dekinakatta.
Because attendance at the meeting was less than 50%, a vote could not
be taken.

TRONS (ZIL
KGORRABD,
EDUA LETS
EARLE
EA Dp
oK IK.
Kotoshino daigaku-nyuushino jukenshasuuga, teiin-o wattasooda.
(They) say that the number of students who took the college entrance ex-
amination this year was less than the limit.

Rl VSI A¥—BIK
DEL AF
CH
ib
CHE.
D
Watashiwa uisukiio mizude watte nomu.
I drink whisky diluted with water.

= kowasu
CHT LRT | ato break ; to destroy |

714
 D4-ChHt/waru-kowasu

DIE FBISIK
UVES)
RICH SOOR,
UDEV
Fe <bdD
Mh
mMArz90. sPorry UCHR A TEU MK RE
ee
IEFSLETH. ROI FSEVIBKRTH (Pill0,
11, 12). =n SIL OLE
zo (pis,14),
To make something which is in a normal condition useless through force or
injury (ex.10,11,12). It may also be used when speaking of abstract matters
(ex.13, 14).
QfWASDUED
BR 1K TEs
BEASTS < TEE CH (PIL, 16).
The condition aeone’s health becomes bad (ex.15, 16).

10) EAIRSd, BODTERLTAcKOLY.

Doroboowa, madono kagio kowashite haittarashii.
It seems that the thief broke the lock on
the window and entered the house.

11) Rohit DY ORFsale rac LTEELT LEok.

Kattabakarino se otoshite EME,
(1) dropped the watch that I just bought and broke it (to my regret).

1) EFARV PHU THEI RK HEV.

Bideoo itazurashite kowasanaide kudasai.
Please don’t play around with the VCR and break it.

13) HEOEZ A, Pod ECEV MUTE REL T.

Dar LWA

Kareno shitsugenga, sekkaku matomarikaketa hanashio kowashita.

His slip of the tongue destroyed our agreement that, after much difficul-
ty, was about to be finalized.

1) B5OGA DOB C. RLV AAR

Karerano kenkano okagede, tanoshii fun-ikiga kowasareta.
The pleasant mood was destroyed by their fight.

15) EATENIK EAS 4 ATV-LEBNBE, brpreZpots.

Sonnani takusan aisukuriimuo taberuto, onakao kowasuyo.
If (you) eat so much ice cream, you'll get a stomachache.

16) BAOKIL. WATS CRE DULCLEsK.

D7) ie

Kanojono ottowa, hatarakisugite karadao kowashite-shimatta.

Her husband became ill due to overwork.

715
haa GA
(1) $F ehi] Consonant Verbs (AEA Five-Step Conjugation)

fF BEER an ee meee = J BIE AMET WIE

Ex Eng Stem Dict. Pol. Neg. Past
a < write kak- kaku kakimasu kakanai kaita
{7 < go ik - iku ikimasu ikanai itta

Uk < swim oyog- oyogu oyogimasu oyoganal oyoida

ht put out das- dasu. dashimasu dasanai dashita
meds read yom- yomu yomimasu yomanai yonda
aa die shin- shinu shinimasu shinanal shinda
mp ss call yob- yobu yobimasu yobanai yonda
2h) hit ut- utsu uchimasu utanai utta
a) a) cut kir- kiru kirimasu kiranai kitta
HED wash araw- arau araimasu arawanai aratta

(2) ahi) Vowel Verbs (—E¥jEFR One-Step Conjugation)

fl FAR ep 6 AETE WATE

EX. Eng. Stem Dict. Pol. Neg. Past
i= put on ki- kiru kimasu kinai kita
A sleep ne- neru nemasu nenai neta

(3) AFBI E)F)] Irregular Verbs

il CIN an Mae TEE BEN AT

Ex: Eng. Stem Dict. Pol. Neg. Past
KA come ku- kuru kimasu konai kita

gee do su- suru shimasu shinai shita

Exe) 2 Example Neg. : Negative

Eng. : English Cond. : Conditional Potent.: Potential
Dict. : Dictionary Volit. : Volitional Pass. : Passive
Pol. : Polite Imper.: Imperative Caus. : Causative

716
CH WRIETE Bwe mp JAE ATE NETTIE
te-form Cond. Volit. Imper. Potent. Pass. Caus.
kaite kakeba kakoo kake kakeru kakareru kakaseru
itte ikeba ikoo ike ikeru ikareru ikaseru
/ ikareru
oyoide oyogeba oyogoo oyoge oyogeru oyogareru. oyogaseru
dashite daseba dasoo dase daseru dasareru dasaseru
yonde yomeba yomoo yome yomeru yomareru) =yomaseru
shinde shineba shinoo shine shineru shinareru.—_ shinaseru
yonde yobeba yoboo yobe yoberu yobareru yobaseru
utte uteba utoo ute uteru utareru utaseru
kitte kireba kiroo kire kireru kirareru kiraseru
aratte araeba araoo arae araeru arawareru arawaseru

CHE WGETE Boe mae Wer SAI BH

te-form Cond. Volit. Imper. Potent. Pass. Caus.
kite kireba kiyoo kiro kirareru kirareru kisaseru
nete nereba neyoo nero —_—nerareru nerareru nesaseru

CH IWiEHE Be mp WHER SATE (ERT

te-form Cond. Volit. Imper. Potent. Pass. Caus.
kite kureba koyoo koi korareru korareru kosaseru
/ koreru
shite sureba shiyoo — shiro (dekiru ) sareru saseru

717
 Hae NIDA
C ~A ) ee oie C ~e ) ee oBhia

HMA rise HIPS raise

a < open dit S open
Ht hit a) hit
HDEA gather HOWMD gather
6% appear — bHopt show
HVA be rough bot damage
4 D3 float APr~yA float
4< float 23) 7 OF float
pet move 3), AEE move
DDO move; be reflected 5) Gk move; copy; project
2D E4US be born 4 ts give birth
INS sell 34 sell
B24 get up rae oe wake; get up
BHA fall pote, Oh drop
BYAKS be surprised KYAT surprise
BND go; come down BAT lower
bnS break bSA break
bd come to an end BAS end; complete
DAD return DAF return; repay
DDD cost; take DITS spend
DSnSA hide ( one self) Dot hide ( something )
DSL be piled up DsnS pile up
DRES become hard Pte B harden
DSA wear DPRtSDA cover
DAD < dry ( up ) pbpt — dry
pps change DAD change
x AA disappear Ww make disappear
See GA) be audible x < hear; listen
xf be decided XDA decide
SHA break x4 cut
<SlLt% © suffer <4LM%4_ make suffer
<bbs participate <b24 add
aie scorch UNSGP scorch

=lENLS spill TET spill

EAINS roll Sayin roll
Zpns break One break
 C ~A ] ee oma Ce VASE ical ]
SBS come down xIFB lower
SWS rip x < tear
aS stick; be stuck xy stick
SMA become cool RIEecE cool
LHts sink LHHS sink
Beas close LoS close
oS pass; exceed nee ah spend ( time)
rae) grow (up ) £T2TH raise; rear
car) bend 4H bend ( backward )
“END become complete LARA make complete
PABA fall ASS fell
REDS be saved RWS save; help
2D stand WEES make stand
JZ£H accumulate zDS save
5 bts shrink 5EMSD shrink
oe) scatter bot scatter
aK be attached DIFS attach
oy ee OF) be transmitted DRA transmit
DIPEMA be connected De connect
DU be crushed Ee crush
CA come out RS take out
“ebsS go through tas pass through
alps melt; thaw Las melt; dissolve ( in )
euWS become loose 8 loosen
BK reach; be delivered LEWES deliver
(28) stop LDA stop
ay da) be taken; come off aes take
kB} be fixed BET fix
Te MAA flow EAS flush
[ROT disappear PRK lose
7g & 3S line up 54D line up
as) ring o> ring
ZK be boiled aes) boil
IWS escape assy let escape
valt come off Ya < pull out
wit A come off < take off
vane get wet Wot wet
Hl, lie down; sleep Amt lay; make sleep |

9
 ~s ) ee Sina ( ~ke )] re Oba
IDE) remain Create leave
“DYO>) become longer Mitt lengthen
AA get on; ride DS put on; give a ride
(424 grow prey grow
(tS peel off (sayy peel off
4CES begin (4 EHS begin
atngs become loose Earn loosen
\t75414 separate vatety separate
OAS become cool OPT cool
O35 <4 ZA be turned over Oo YMAT turn over
Os 2dr draw back Os IHS draw in
OABSA be widened OAITSA widen
ahem increase ESOGe increase
6 bt become inflated Bi oye inflate
SODA hit OWS hit
2B decrease ABT decrease
(ZEUS become untied WEES untie
EMD bend EIFS bend
£1 lose SeGh make lose ( =win )
aS mix eS mix
BEA be mixed sagen) mix
Bela se) be brought together EEDS bring together
£DS turn; revolve ion turn
BAD be visible AD see; look; watch
ALRUNSD be disarranged ART disturb
RODS be found BAA find
wRADA burn ‘eT burn
HES return OET return
ONDA leak HoT leak
PItH be burned AGS burn
eg ts rest PTH} make rest
ATA rip PES rip
DAts become loose DAMA loosen
48 2A become dirty 3 ae make dirty
teas be weakened kDDSA weaken
PPNS be separated pit S separate
D< boil pps boil
DNA break 4B break

720
 O65 ASTER
A KS |

O 6 #7318
BRS |
[B] VO7eVNEs trdae = 78
WHW5H*VEDDED 80
HW FbIZ 1 Vibd 2 EY HAG 82
HPSA+DZA 3 Umi COON2 er ON
HX -DPb 7 WHERAE *W5E5R*OEXD 86
He bps fzLm 9 WHI
- WoaNAle 89
HItS-O6<¢ 11 WhItA + Sb5k% 90
~BITS > ~X4-~BDSA 14 Wvo Rls OEWSIZ 93
HtS+XHSH 16 WottA DED? WbXKD 95
Ore & iy Bila, Ne Ge 1S Wotlic: EAU 98
Hire h -WaAtry 21 Woe? BOWS5T 100
Hretzepvr + waAv» 23 Vas ayer, syOuecgrs gee all
Dre) + ~fh 26 Viol D - a7zZtZ5 103
Ht2D+>SOMD 28 WYD - VOO5ER)
"Rls a Bp D
HortO+- X5IE0 -mO55k Fl 105
DO
Oe beet SoS Vigne < Ge
= hair ~ 108
HOMSA+ kA 35 WE VAS
+ LHW 110
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132
 Uv FRR5| GO X
atsukamashii shameless ;
[a]
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achira (over) there 19 atsumaru to gather ; to assem-
afureru to overflow 44 ake 333)
agaru to rise; to goup 3 atsumeru to collect ; to gather
~ageru to finish 14 35
aida ni- during ; between =1 awatadashii hurried 75
akeru toopen 11 awateru to panic ; to get fluster-
aki empty ; vacant 7 ed;torush 77
akiraka obvious; clear 9
akiru to be tired of 410
Lb]
akumade to the last 314 baikyaku suru to sell 133
amari~nai———not very... ; not so... ~bakari— only~ ; about~
46 414
amaru———o be left over ; to be benkyou suru————to study 170
too much 49 betsu another ; other 609
angai unexpectedly 60 bikubiku to be afraid or nerv-
aratameru to change ; to re- ous S81
vise 52 binbou poverty 626
areru to be rough 58 ~buru to pretend ; to pose as
aru to be ; to exist 56 226
asaru to hunt for ; to scrounge butsukaru to hit (against) ; to
319 run (into) 30
aseru to fade 16 butsukeru to hit (against...) ; to
aseru to hurry ; to fret 77 crash (into) 39
asoko (over) there 18
Le]
assari light; easy 31
atakamo justasit = o chanto neatly ; correctly 244
atari neighborhood ; around chigau wrong ; different 434
(here) 26 chikagoro recently ; these days
ataru to hit ; to touch ; to win 302
(a lottery) 28 chikau to vow ; to swear
atatakai warm 23 675
ateru to hit ; touch ; to expose chiyahoya suru to pamper
ioe Su 171
ato still ; remaining ; later 40 chotto———a little ; a moment 370
ato de later; after 42 choudo——— just like ; exactly 634

733
OV FRIES %
ay 594
fuku——to wipe 597
daibu-———-much ; very 220 fukuramu to swell ; to bulge
daijoubu —all right 604 598
daitai———about ; roughly 613 fukureru to swell 600
dake— only 413 fureru——to touch 337
damasu———to deceive 424 furi o suru to pretend 227
dasu to send 499 fusagu-——to close (up) ; to plug
~dasu———to begin (doing) 558 (up) 351
~ datte——— too; either 316 fusagu-——to be depressed 601
dekakeru to go out ; to leave fusegu———o protect ; to defend
480 631
dekirudake- to the extent possi- fusoku suru to be lacking ; to
ble 474 be short 427
deru to go out ; to leave futatabi———again 630
479 futo suddenly ; by chance ; ac-
dochira —which (of two) 487 cidentally 595
dokidoki to throb ; to pound fuu appearance ; style 473
582 fuyasu to increase 623
donaru to yell lat) ; to scold
Sy)
ea
donna ni~temo no matter how ~gachi tendency ; inclination
69 254
dono kurai how much (long, gakkari—1o be disappointed
fappeic 503 207
dore which lof 3 or more) gaman suru to withstand ; to
488 make do 308
dore hodo how much 504 ganbaru to persist 234
doujini at the same time 99 gangan———ache 367
douka please 387 ~garu to want ; fo seem
douyara apparently 423 225
douzo please ; go ahead ~gatai difficult (to do) 533
389 genzai the present time 11
geragera———
laugh (out loud)
Le]
279
ensou suru to perform 581 ~gimi tendency 253
gimon doubt ; question 343
ot al
gomakasu-———to deceive ; to
fui ni unexpectedly ; suddenly cheat 425

734
 OV FRG |RigO

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goto ni every; each 150 566
~gurai ( kurai) around~ ; hazusu to remove ; to unfasten
about 310 ; to undo 506
guruguru (turn/go) round and heiki calm 604
round 281 heitan na even; flat 591
guuzen by chance ; by coinci- hekomu to be dented 606
dence 272 hen area ; neighborhood 27
gyaku reverse ; converse ; Op- hen strange ; odd 184
posite 577 hidoi terrible 554
gyakutai suru to mistreat 72 hijou ni extremely 493
hikaru to shine ; to flash
[h]
578
habuku to omit ; to cut out hikkiri nashi ni unceasingly
707 451
hagasu to peel ; to tear off hikkomu to withdraw 607
549 hikkurikaeru to overturn 412
hageshii hard ; violent 553 hiku to play (a stringed instru-
hagu to peel ; to tear off ment) 580
550 hineru to rotate ; to twist
hajime ni in the beginning ; at 541
first 556 hiraku to open; to start 12
~hajimeru to begin (doing) hiratai flat; level 589
BYsi7/ hirihiri burn; smart 366
hajimete first time ; first 555 hirogaru to spread 593
hajime wa —at first 557 hiromaru to spread ; to be dis-
hanasu to speak ; to talk seminated 594
562 hisoka ni secretly ; stealthily
haneru to jump 565 584
hansei suru-———to reflect on hisshi desperatelly) 236
574 hitasu to immerse ; to dip in
hantai opposite 576 461
hareru to swell 600 hitasura single-mindedly 377
haru to attach ; to stick 459 hitotkini at a breath ; at once
hashiru to run 202 93
hataraku-———to work 560 hitokiwa especially ; remarka-
hayai fast; early 567 bly 88
hayaru to spread ; to be popu- hitomazu for the time being
lar 570 102

735
OV ERGIREO%
hitome————at a glance ; at first ie house ; family 64
sight 96 igai unexpectedly 61
hitori de———alone 586 iikagen -irresponsible ; ground-
hitorideni automatically ; by it- less ; limit 62
self 587 ijimeru to tease ; to pick on
hitoshii- equivalent 177 70
hitotoki———a brief time 85 ijirashii touching ; pathetic ;
hitotsu hitotsu— -one by one ; lovable 293
each 81 ikanimo———as if; really 22
hitsuyou--1o need ; to require ikinari suddenly 262
117 ikken (at)a glance 95
hobo about; almost 612 ikkini atabreath 93
hoka————another ; other ; else ikkoku a short time 86
608 iku togo 66
honno— just; only 712 ikura~temo— no matter how
hosu-———to dry ; to hang out to dry much (many...) 68
; to air 610 ima now 110
houru -to toss; to throw 518 ima kara——— starting from now
hyottosuruto possibly ; by 113
some chance 662 ippai a lot of ; full 145
ippen ni atonce 90
i
ippou one side 103
ibiru to be mean to ; to be iremono container 119
hard on 71 iroiro various 121
ibusu to smoke (something) iru to be ; to exist 57
108 iru to need ; to require 115
ichiban number one ; the most ; isogashii busy 74
best 90 isogu to hurry 76
ichibetsu-———lat) a glance 97 isseini at once ; all together
ichidanto (a step) further ; 98
greater 86 isshoukenmei (work / play)
ichido ni atonce 89 hard 235
ichiichi one by one ; in detail Isso (1) would rather 100
80 issou all the more 87
ichiji a brief period ; once itai painful; sore 78
84 itamu to be damaged ; to ache
ichijiteki——temporary 224 Dai,
ichiou just in case ; for the time itsu demo——always ; at any time
being 82 106

736
 OV
FRG RG
ahh

itsumo always 105 324

ittan once 101 kakeru— to be lacking ; to be
iu to say; to speak 563 missing 428
iya to dislike 264 kakomu to surround ; to encir-
cle 203
Ed
kamu to bite; to chew 206
jibun de by oneself 586 kanarazu certainly ; without fail
jimejime moist; damp 348 215
Jitto fixedly ; intently 376 kanari quite ; extremely ; very
jiwajiwa gradually ; steadily 219
359 kanashii sad ; sorrowful 213
Jojoni gradually 358 kandou--—— impression ; to be im-
jJoubu healthy ; strong 471 pressed 232
Jouzu skill ; proficiency 356 kangaeru —to think about ; to
junban ni—— in order 354 consider 181
juubun ample ; enough 432 kanshin admiration 231
kantan simple 679
Lk]
kara———empty 8
kabuseru to cover 220 karatto clear; crisp 33
kado corner 210 kari———temporary 223
kaeru to change 53 kasaneru to pile on ; to layer
kaeru-——Io return ; to go home 156
196 katahou--——one side ; one of two
kaesu to return 667 104
kaette contrary (to one’s expec- katai- hard ; strong ; tight
tation) 194 247
kagayaku to shine ; to sparkle katazukeru to clean up ; to
579 straighten up 347
kaifuku suru to recover katte one’s own way = 709
513 kawaisou pitiful 252
kajiru to bite; to gnaw = 205 kawakasu todry 611
kakaru to take ; to require kawarugawaru in turns 355
116 kawasu to evade ; to dodge
kakaru to be about to ~ ; al- 229
most 199 kawatte iru unusual ; different
kakeru to start to ~ ; to be 184
about to =:199 keiken -experience 288
kakeru torun 201 kekkou quite ; rather 516
kakeru to hang ; to hook (on) kekkyoku-—eventually ; in the

137
 FART

end 290 298

kemuru-———to smoke ; to be hazy kogeru to burn ; to scorch
110 676
kenage-——admirable ; brave komakai detailed ; minute
293 287
keredomo———but ; however 294 komaru———1o be in trouble ; to be
kettei suru-———to decide 256 annoyed 527
kibun———mood ; feeling 259 komu———to be crowded ; to be
kichinto———properly ; exactly congested 304
243 kondo —this (next) time ; some-
kikareru-———to hear ; to be heard time 448
240 konogoro nowadays ; these
kikoeru———— (can) hear ; to sound days 301
(like) 239 konzatsu suru to be crowded
kiku———“10 be effective ; to work ; to be congested 305
237 koraeru to endure 307
kimatte invariably ; without fail korekara starting now ; from
217 now (on) 114
kimeru to decide 255 korobu to fall down ; to tumble
kimochi feeling 258 over 311
ki ni naru to bother ; to worry korogaru——to roll 312
; to feel anxious 250 korokoro -roll over and over
ki ni suru to worry 249 282
kinodoku unfortunate ; pitiable kossori stealthily ; sneakily ; se-
25) cretly 585
ki o otosu to lose heart 208 kosu to be more than ; to pass
kirai to dislike ; to hate 263 299
Kirei beautiful ; clean 270 kosuru to rub; to scrub 522
~kiru to use up ; run out of kotaeru to have an effect on ;
14 to be hard on 238
kiru to cut 267 koukai suru to regret 575
kitanai dirty ; filthy 241 koutai de in turns 354
kitanarashii dirty 242 kowai scary ; fearful 167
kitsui tight ; hard 246 kowasu to break ; to destroy
kitto (almost) certainly 216 714
koboreru to spill ; to drop kubomu to sink 607
45 kudaku to break into pieces
kobosu to spill 673 465
koeru to go over ; to exceed kudaranai— silly ; trivial 467

738
 O-V FARR &
kudaru to descend ; to issue 632
189 ~masen ka won't you...? ;
kugiru to divide 275 shall we...? 627
kurasu to live ; to earn a liveli- ~mashou ka shall we...?2 ;
hood 381 shallaet? 627
kuru to come 67 masu to increase 622
kurukuru (go/turn) round and masumasu even more ; more
round 280 and more 664
kurumu to wrap 462 mata again 628
kusaru to go bad ; to decay matomaru to be collected ; to
Dae, be united 34
kusuburu to smolder 109 matomeru to gather ; to collect
kusukusu giggle ; chuckle 404
279 mayou to be at a loss ; to get
kutabireru to be exhausted ; to lost 529
be worn out 446 mazaru to mix and blend
kuwaeru to add (to) 284 621
kuwashii detailed 286 mazushii poor; needy 625
kyoka suru to permit 692 meimei each (person) 400
kyuuni suddenly 261 meiru— to feel gloomy ; to be de-
pressed 602
[m ] mekimeki (to progress) remarka-
machigaeru to make a mistake bly 656
436 mekkiri noticeably 656
machigau to be wrong 436 mendou trouble ; bother 657
mae (in) front; before 615 michi road ; way 639
magaru to curve ; to bend ; to mieru to be visible ; to appear
turn 618 ;toseem 636
magure by chance ; a fluke mihon sample 641
274 minna all ; everyone ; every-
mayjiru to (be) mixled) 621 thing 647
mamoru to protect ; to guard mirareru to be able to see
631 638
manabu to learn ; to study miru to look (at) ; to see
169 642
maneku to invite 700 mitsumeru to gaze ; to stare
maniau to be enough ; to be in 644
time (for) 430 mochiiru to utilize ; to use
marude just like ; (not) at all 438

189
VERGO %
modoru-———to return 197 ~naide———without ~ing 510
modosu-—to return ; to replace nakanaka quite ; rather 514
666 ~nakute without~ ; there-
moeru-———to burn 677 fore~ 511
mogu to pick (fruits, vegetables) namakeru-———to be lazy 524
660 nani———what 489
morasu-—— —to leak (out) 672 nanigenai————casual 335
moroi——— fragile ; brittle 705 nantoka somehow 388
moshikasuruto possibly 662 naoru to be repaired ; to get
motareru to lean (on, against) ; well 512
to recline 704 naosu to repair ; to cure 54
mottainai awaste 655 narau to learn ; to study ; to
motto———more 663 take lessons 168
mottomo———most ; extremely 92 ~nareru V+beusedto 530
mou———more ; already 41 narubeku if possible 475
mou ichido one more time ; nasakenai———shameful 519
again 629 nayamu to worry 526
muchuu crazy about 543 nejiru —to twist ; to screw ; to
muda useless; a waste 654 warp 540
~muke aimed at; for 650 nemuru to sleep 544
~muki suitable for~ 649 neru to go to bed, to (go to)
mukou beyond ; (on) the other sleep ; to lie down 545
side 20 nesshin eager ; earnest ; de-
muku to peel 551 voted 542
mushimushi humid ; muggy netchuu absorbed in ; enthusias-
349 tic about 542
mushiro rather (than...) 195 nigeru to escape ; to run away
mushiru to pluck ; to pull (from) 534
660 nigiru to grasp ; to clasp ; to
musubu to tie ; to connect seize 444
652 nigiyaka bustling 137
muyami ni thoughtlessly ; un- nikoniko smile (pleasantly)
necessarily 681 536
~nikui hard (to do) 532
[n]
nikumu———to hate 132
naderu— to stroke 521 ninki be popular 572
nagameru fo gaze at ; to look (~ni ) oujite in response
at 644 to~ 697
nageru to throw 518 niru to stew ; to simmer 689

740
 OV FRG Rae
niyaniya smirk 537 okoru to be angry ; to scold
(~ni ) yotte depending on~ 157
696 okotaru to neglect 526
noboru to climb ; to goup 5 oku to put ; to set (down)
nochihodo later 43 153
nogareru —to escape ; to evade okuru— to send 498
535 omoidasu to recall ; to remem-
nokoru to remain 51] ber 178
nonbiri peacefully ; leisurely omoigakenai unexpected
546 186
~noni ~although ; but 296 omoikitte to finally decide to
noroi slow 163 101
noseru to put (load) on 154 omoshiroi interesting ; amusing
nozoku to peep into ; to peek 182
645 omotta yori unexpectedly 62
nuguu to wipe off 597 omou———to think 179
nuku to pull (take) out ; to ex- omowazu unconsciously 185
tract 505 onaji same 175
nureru to get wet 538 onoono each 399
nurul lukewarm 24 ooi many ; much ; a lot of
nusumu———to steal 508 143
oou to wrap ; to cover 222
Lo] oriru to descend ; to go down
oboeru to memorize ; to remem- 187
ber 178 osaeru to hold down ; to sup-
ochikomu to feel down 603 press 161
odateru to flatter (someone oshieru to teach ; to tell 159
into) 171 oshii regrettable 339
odayaka calm 341 osoi slow; late 162
odoodo to be nervous ; to have osoraku probably 422
the jitters 583 osoroshii frightening ; terrible
oikakeru to chase (in order to 166
catch) 141 osowaru to learn (from) 168
oishii delicious 130 osu————to push 160
okage thanks to ; owe~ (to~) otosu— to drop; tolose 172
146 ou to follow; to chase 140
okashii—a
musing ; strange ; odd ~owaru to finish ; to end
=-15
183 owaru to end ; to finish 192
oki ni——every (other) 149 oyoso———roughly ; approximately

741
 614 334
sassoku— atonce 329
r ]

SASU to pierce ; to bite ; to

( ~ ) rashii————seem ; appear ; prick 453
~like 695 sasuga— as expected 687
rinji————special ; extra ; temporary SaSUrU {onrUD Ineo 2/L
224 sawagashii———-noisy ; boisterous
ryakusu-———to abbreviate ; to 136
shorten 706 sawaru to touch ; to feel
336
[s] SaZO surely ; must 327
sabishii lonely 214 sei blame 147
saboru-———to cut a class (meeting, seizei at most / best ; to the ut-
ete.) 525 most 382
~sae even 315 sekkaku with a great deal of
sagasu to look for 317 trouble (time, effort) 384
Sageru to hang 323 semete atleast 368
saguru to search for ; to feel sewashii busy ; restless 75
for; to explore 318 shaberu to converse ; to chat
saigomade until the end 313 564
saikin— recently 303 ~shi ~and 477
sakan ni greatly ; vigorously shibaraku for a (little) while
320 344
sakebu to shout ; to scream shibaru to tie (up) ; to fasten ;
321 to bundle 653
sakeru to avoid 230 shigoto work ; job 561
saki (in) the future ; earlier ; shikamo besides ; furthermore
previous 617 402
saku to rip ; to tear apart ~shika (~) nai only~ ; no
268 more than ; nothing but~ 415
samazama various ; diverse ; shikaru to scold 158
all kinds 122 shikirini frequently ; repeatedly
sameru to fade ; to cool down 320
17 shikiru to divide ; to partition
samui cold 330 276
sappari refreshing ; neat ; com- shikkari firm; reliable 245
pletely 32 shimau to store ; to keep
sarani still more 665 346
sarigenai casual ; unconcerned shimeru to close 350

742
shimijimi keenly ; thoroughly 200
455 subarashii wonderful 378
shimiru to soak into ; to smart ; subashikkoi nimble ; quick
to sting ; to irritate 539 569
shinau to bend ; to be supple ; subayai quick 569
to be pliant 620 Sugiru to go beyond ; to pass
shiraseru to let ~know ; to tell 300
160 SUZOSU to spend (time) 381
shiru to know 360 sugu immediately ; at once
shitsubou suru to despair ; to 329
lose hope 208 Suisul smoothly ; easily 362
shitsumon question 342 sukkari all; completely 372
shizen ni naturally 589 sukoshi———few ; alittle 369
shizuka quiet 340 sukunakutomo atleast 368
shooryaku suru to omit ; to ab- sukuu to save ; to rescue

breviate 707 417

shotchuu- often 107 sumi corner 212
sodateru to raise sumu to end ; to finish ; to be
(children, animals) 396 over 193
sokkuricompletely 373 sumu to reside ; to dwell in
sono tsudo at any time that ; 380
each time 420 sunnari easily ; smoothly
sonouchi soon ; someday 364
408 sSurasura smoothly ; easily
sonoue besides ; moreover 363
401 suruto whereupon ; then 393
sorekara —after that ; then susamu to become desolate
391 59
soreni besides 401 suteki wonderful ; lovely 379
sorezore each ; respectively suteru to discard ; to throw
398 away 174
soroeru to gather ; to arrange suzushii GOO mSO2
403
[t]
sorosoro soon; almost 406
Soru to be warped ; to be ( ~ta ) bakari just ~ed
curved 619 551
soshite then; and 390 tabi ni every time, whenever
sosogu————to pour ; to flow 394 420
~sou da———almost ; appear as if tabun probably ; perhaps

743
O-V
FRG Raa

421 tatsu to cut 269

tadaima just now 112 tatta————only ; mere 711
taihen————terribly ; very ; terrible tayorinai unreliable — 520
491 (~te) aru to remain ; to
taiken———experience 290 keep 152
taikutsu————boring 409 tehon———-model 642
taira na————lat ; smooth ; horizon- ~ teki ~ like 472
tal 590 tekitou suitable ; irresponsible
taishite~nai not very... ; not 63
much... 47 (~te ) kureru (someone) to
takadaka at most / best ; no do ~ for me (for us, etc.) 670
more than 383 ~te (~kute) ———~and 476
(~ta ) kiri since 265 ~temo even (though / if) ; but
takusan many ; much ; a lot of 296
144 ( ~te ) morau to have
( ~ta ) mama as (something) (someone) do~ 669
is 266 (te ni ) motsu to hold (in the
tamani once ina while ; at hand) 510
times 482 (te ni ) toru to take ; to hold
tamatama by chance 273 (in the hands) 509
tame reason; cause 148 (~te) oku to leave ; to
tameru to save ; to pile up keep 151
624 tetsudau to help out 418
tanoshii fun ; cheerful 139 todokeru to deliver 497
taoreru to falldown 411 todoku to reach ; to arrive
tarinai not enough ; lacking 493
426 tojiru to close 350
tariru to be enough 429 tokasu to melt 484
tarumu to sag ; to slack off tokidoki sometimes 481
433 tokiori on occasion 482
tashika certain; reliable 10 toku to dissolve 483
tassuru to reach ; to attain tokubetsu special 485
496 tokui specialty ; forte ; pride
tasu toadd 285 35)
tasukeru tohelp 416 tokuni— especially 486
tataku to hit ; to knock ; to tonari neighbor ; next (door)
beat 126 501
( ~ta ) tokoro have just ~ed tonikaku -anyway 291
aye toori street 640

744
toraeru to catch ; to capture 454
441 tsumaranai trifling ; boring
toriaezu for the time being 466
83 tsumetai— cold 331
torimaku to surround ; to gath- tsumori intention 468
er around 204 tsumu to pile up ; to load
toritsukeru to install 458 155
toru to remove ; to take off tsumu to pick ; to snip 661
505 tsuru to hang ; to suspend ; to
toru to take ; to steal 507 sling 325
totemo completely ; very 490 tsurusu to hang ; to suspend
totsuzen suddenly 262 326
toubun fora while 345 tsutsuku to pick (at) 452
toutou in the end ; finally tsutsumu to wrap ; to envelop
683 461
tsubusu——to crush 463 tsuyoi strong 470
tsugi next 447
tsugitsugi one after another
Lu]
449 uchi house; home 65
tsugu to pour (into) 395 uchi ni while ; before 2
tsui by habit ; without thinking ukabu to float 124
128 ukkari careless 127
tsuini in the end ; finally 685 uku to float 123
tsukamaeru to catch 440 umai good ; skilled 129
tsukamu to seize ; to grasp uramu to hold a grudge
443 (against) 131
tsukareru to get / to be tired ureshii happy ; glad 138
445 uriharau to sell off ; to dispose
tsukau touse 437 of 134
tsukeru to attach ; to fix uru to sell 133
457 urusai— noisy ; bothersome
tsukeru to soak ; to steep ; to 135
pickle 460 utsu to hit; to strike 125
~tsukeru V+be used to utsukushii beautiful 271
531 utsuwa container ; receptacle
tsuku to poke; to stab = 451 119
tsuku———1to arrive ; to reach uzuku to ache 79
495
tsukuzuku——thoroughly ; deeply

745
 yorikakaru— to lean (on,
against) 703
wagamama——— selfish 708 ~yori mashi not good, but bet-
wakaru———to understand ; to know ter than other options 702
361 yoseru— to draw near ; to collect
wakasu————to boil; to heat 690 36
warito———rather ; fairly 517 ~you for the use of~ ~— 651
waru-———to break 713 youki container 120
wazawaza———on purpose ; taking (~) you (mitai )———appear-
the trouble (to do); especially ance; manner 693
386 ~you to omou to think (one)
wazuka— few ; little 710 will~ 469
yowai weak 705
Lam yuderu to boil 689
yagate——-soon 407 yukai———amusing ; fun ; cheerful
yahari as expected ; as well 139
686 yukkuri slowly 547
yakeru to burn ; to fire yurumu to loosen ; to abate ;
(pottery) 676 to slack off 433
yakkai trouble ; troublesome yurusu to forgive ; to allow
659 691
yakusoku suru to promise
674
Lz]
yameru to quit; to stop 192 zannen regrettable 338
yasashii easy; gentle 678 zehi by all means 387
yashinau to support 397 zen in-all the members ; every-
yatara to recklessly ; exces- one 648
sively 680 zettai absolutelly) 217
yatto at last; finally 682 zokuzoku one after another
yobu to call ; to call (invite) 450
over 699 zukizuki throb 366
yohodo greatly ; much 327 ~zurai difficult (to do) 532
yokeru to avoid ; to evade zutto all the time ; by far
229 375
yoko side ; width ; horizontal zuuzuushii cheeky ; impudent
502 364
~yori ti better than~ 701

746
 = CISD BORDA |

CLILOBRDARS |
He HEPEERTC
LIE
H< tC 314 Seppe S20E, Reena O83
Hep 21 ae Sy “clic 486
He 40 Sp 22 aN) ES)
HEN~TEVY 46 S Htc 665 YT 490
AAV 60 EAs oe e415 YDS Biv. 503
WAV, 61 Bea au 20) CNDHAT 83
Volz % 22 Ce ddsA 432 eres 0!
We b~Th 68 T<TEC LB 368 CATNI~TYH 69
WbV.5 80 iota 9809 teatear 514
Wb5HD 82 ton 372 Tr AN< 475
WbRAK 86 trv» 382 ~lZ¢v» 532
WbltA 90 ton< 384 ~lta) 414
V5 % 100 tee LT aeF LVy $53
Woe9 87 t+HT 368 OL = 91Z 493
Vrolrvy 145 HAVA 648 (Onarea OYE 3°)
WonAlz 90 “ero 9) 38 OS CENEN LEE
WAVWA 121 NDE 420 (ONE DOS 2D 2331
BSV. 143 “enflaeid: seks OEM 96
yale. dS 72. UL CSIR 47 4727z0' 630
BDNBD 399 REV 7zV» 613 (ZIF 612
B6W*X5T 101 FEV Ne, 220) (ZAM 712
Jes) siees 1) GY? Fzlank 491 TET 664
BE 614 12D 72D, 383 vem O28
DAT 194 je< SA, 144 Eich 430
~PPTeV) 533 ~fteit 413 Arts 647
Dios 215 fee lil riplbes. Nee
Dic 219 fey 1G 316 ireAlc 681
ei Gu Zl” TeV 420 MVHV» 400
+m lc 261 7290S 429 %> 41
~xA 14 Hed 634 HIWHL 629
~CbVC< bv») 310 bie 6 9370 Hot 663
Wz W516 DVrle 685 ee, BH
V ~DbV» 532 7a a O80)
CXSKIWY 474 Pot 682

747
 = CML DROARR S|

VEE 327 AI) EIT IAN terseas MQ)

~EYVY> 701 9X to 386 Vogt l9/

w) RRRPCHBAT. ALAR SCLIE

AW7HIZ 1 xe < 577 &e&BY 640
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Bee 18 sete, 150 exex 481
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Wee 84 Ven, 303 Faale ou@ 555,
WoeUTxX 224 See Olli (£EMIZ 556
WhHHIZ 89 xX 54< 329 tt EME 557
Ws < 686 LiIZ65< 344 \AA72V» 576
Wyotthrtc 98 gue 329 Oarees 65
VrokA 101 apse Syh) One ety SW
VyolE9 103 “doe 212 A's BH
v»# 110 405% 408 +4 615
WemsS 113 4A ZA, 406 ab 639
MENS Ae. ienelse INLD dita) 20
BIZ 149 RexIZ 482 DST 407
Soe WS bpAZrA 302 de, 502
Did 104 OD 447 Diplo 224
ice 20 elec 99
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le] MFRSLT
HMA 3 VYEH4A 70 Zaire) A
Hits il Vere 76 CO Baie 16l
H*A 319 WOSA 71 qo< 153
HrA 28 Ws 108 BS 498
HOEA 33 Dior L25 2a) Ce VAS
HIWDA 35 90454 134 2S) INST
DES 31 Bro, 133: done ceOu a6
HotMA 52 REG O37 Seo Zea) eee. = NSS)
Vai 565 Bway 141 bt 160
W< 66 7 140 BtDA 168

748
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Bey ie SO Se aye thy)

BUA 187 Sse Sol FSR Sahe)s)
DAT 667 = jes, 230 Ajt5a 45),
Ie oS Ziyiey SYA) DItS 460
DAD 196 xo 453 DD < f452
AIA 201 Siios OZ! Dats 461
DIFD 324 HARA 525 issn 463
Dats 203 XbA 336 ire U5
»xmH 156 Eup, ISS ats 661
DES 205 L=¥4 276 Oye ays)
PROWYS 347 Fae S6l DAG 326
DStA 220 LikS 653 CHitS 480
Arts 206 e346 CDE S). GBNS
pbas 6ll LHS 350 CA 479
pdt 229 AISA ekpt 484

XH 255 Ber
OUsexed oa 107), e483
Se as feo Se/2 L5+4 160 i Bee350
XxMTS 692 t+*ZA 300 e¥UsA 497
*% 267 eda met 17) 2 fie zy SPP)
<¥B 275 Baege 38 t6rzS 441
7a AGS $CtS 174 HENoaItH 458

<veS~ 189 +i 380 Sains eu 04)

<b> 381 zene SHE %A 505

er 3) eG On 396 YA 507
< Str 462 XARA 403 (FI)eS 509
(~T)<nS 670 krbBnNS 411 (FI)Y%O 510
<bDAS 284 fet 285 Zt 54
WoaChgS 256 reg 499 Tgp 644
See 2 KGWS 416 TAF A 518
eae 99 folie WS ery Sy)
aga 522 7zD 269 7s #ItH 524
SESE WIE [asa 424 tr>> 168
Cast 425 wm A 624 eA 444
SAI 312 bay 675 veifS 3534
Sey lt Helge gS 171 12H 689
= ASae L714 Drm 437 sa< 505
Xs Geenld WDPERKRDA 440 Foes Sel
x < 268 Opts 443 watts 508

749
 = LIS ORAS |

Zee, V40) ie&. Be)

ntre 544 tLlS 660
4A S45 tego3s 652
DANA 535 b< 660
DetA 154 Says) 3h) bENS 704
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VVraiFA62 POC Mey 27/1) en)
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tik e LV. 242 Sule oe ] Us 236
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Ces PNP Pe Si AAUY) OAIED 626
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LAEAITA BA cP b CTA

Kodansha’s Effective Japanese Usage Dictionary

2001 5 A 1 milFeT
201011 AR 37 MilFeT

OA # FEEL LED UE MCE

a & RIES. EoBAF
RIG Baws
FAT EMIT VIF Y ay) LDA
7112-8652 RRAICRKSW 1-17-14
ig 03-3944-6493 (HaS=a8)
03-3944-6492 (VY—-7 54 YTB - SFSSB)
wKR-L/“—Y www.kodansha-intl.com

EDial- apR OREN leet

ITA. ALT AIHA BES EROSA. atti VST aT LBA

ICBIED PERL). RAVI CBMBALWELET. kB. TOAICDU)
TOBAMWEDEIS. MRA CSHMULVICLES. ABORMES (IE—)
(SSE L CORN ERE, AL SNTWES.

mls A) \-ICAMLTHOES.
© HaXtt 2001
Printed in Japan
ISBN 978-4—7700-2850-1
 japan consists of +, administ
tive districts: 1 to or metropo!
(Tokyo), 1 doo district(Hokké
2 fu or urban metropolises (K
and Osaka) and 43 ken or pr
tures.

@ Hokkaido @ Hyogo
® Aomori @® Tottori
© Akita ® Okayama
@ Iwate ® Hiroshima
@® Yamagata @ Shimane
© Miyagi ® Yamaguchi
@ Niigata @ Kagawa
© Fukushima ® Tokushima
® Toyama ® Kochi of interch
@® Gunma ® Ehime with fore:
® Tochigi @ Fukuoka
® Ibaraki @ Saga
® Saitama ® Nagasaki
® Nagano ® Oita
® Tokyo ® Kumamoto
@ Yamanashi ® Miyazaki
® Chiba @® Kagoshima
® Kanagawa ® Okinawa
® Shizuoka
@ Ishikawa
® Gifu
® Aichi Cet
® Fukui
@ Shiga
® Kyoto i
@® Mie
@ Nara a
@® Wakayama -
® Osaka
A merchant’s t¢
Osaka Castle
 aT
~ TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRAR

90 594

eral
te A i ahing

é S
1
! (5) ! 6) The clock tower
i pe---- and the fox

Tokyo Tower,
the streets lined
with skyscrapers

ASS Nagoya Castle,

Tl the local rice cake delicacy