Organic Chemistry
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Alcohols, phenols and ethers
Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
Amines
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1) Finkelstein Reaction
2) Swarts Reaction
3) Sandmeyers Reaction
4) Gattermann Reaction
5) Wurtz Reaction
6) Fittig Reaction
7) Wurtz-fittig Reaction
8) Friedel-craft alkylation
9) Friedel-craft acylation
Alcohols, phenols and ethers
1) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
2) Kolbe’s Reaction
3) Williamson’s Synthesis
Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
1) Rosenmund Reduction
2) Stephen Reaction
3) Etard Reaction
4) Gattermann-Koch Reaction
5) Clemmensen Reduction
6) Wolf kishner Reduction
7) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ Reaction)
8) Aldol condensation
9) Cross Aldol condensation
10) Cannizzaro Reaction
Amines
1) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
2) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
3) Carbylamine Reaction
4) Hinsberg’s Test
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1) Finkelstein Reaction
2) Swarts Reaction
3) Sandmeyers Reaction
4) Gattermann Reaction
5) Wurtz Reaction
6) Fittig Reaction
7) Wurtz-fittig Reaction
8) Friedel-craft alkylation
9) Friedel-craft acylation
(where X = Cl, Br)
1) Finkelstein Reaction
dry acetone
R-X + NaI
2) Swarts Reaction
R-X + AgF
3) Sandmeyers Reaction
N₂X
e N₂X Bu
Cu₂Cl₂ / HCl Cu₂Br₂ / HBr
4) Gattermann Reaction
N₂X d N₂X By
Cu / HCl Cu / HBr
Diazotisation
it NaNO2/HX
--
NeY
10
~
>
-
in
101
0-5 %
-
5) Wurtz Reaction
dry ether
2 CH₃-CH₂-Br + 2Na
6) Fittig Reaction
Cl
dry ether
2 + 2Na
7) Wurtz-fittig Reaction
Cl
dry ether
CH₃-CH₂-Cl + + 2Na
8) Friedel-craft alkylation
Cl Cl Cl
Anhy.AlCl₃
9) Friedel-craft acylation
Cl Cl Cl
Anhy.AlCl₃
Alcohols, phenols and ethers
1) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
2) Kolbe’s Reaction
3) Williamson’s Synthesis
1) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
OH OH
CHO
CHCl₃ + aq.NaOH
NaOH, H+
Salicyaldehyde
2) Kolbe’s Reaction
OH OH
COOH
NaOH
CO₂, H+
Salicylic acid
\
3) Williamson’s Synthesis
R-X + R-ONa
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-Cl + CH₃-CH₂-O-Na
-
Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
1) Rosenmund Reduction
2) Stephen Reaction
3) Etard Reaction
4) Gattermann-Koch Reaction
5) Clemmensen Reduction
6) Wolf kishner Reduction
7) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ Reaction)
8) Aldol condensation
9) Cross Aldol condensation
10) Cannizzaro Reaction
1) Rosenmund Reduction
COCl CHO
H₂
Pd-BaSO₄
2) Stephen Reaction
+
H₃O
R-CN + SnCl₂+ HCl R-CH=NH R-CHO
3) Etard Reaction
CH₃ CHO
CrO₂Cl₂ , CS₂
+
H₃O
4) Gattermann-Koch Reaction
CHO
CO,HCl
Anhy.AlCl₃ / CuCl
5) Clemmensen Reduction
Zn-Hg
C=O CH₂ + H₂O
HCl
6) Wolf kishner Reduction
NH₂-NH₂ KOH / Ethylene glycol
C=O -H₂O
C=N-NH₂ Heat
CH₂ + N₂
7) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ Reaction)
Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position
X₂ / Red P
R-CH₂-COOH R-CH-COOH
H₂O
X (where X = Cl, Br)
8) Aldol condensation
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a
reaction in the presence of dilute alkali to form β-hydroxy aldehydes
(aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively.
dil.NaOH
2 CH₃-CHO
9) Cross Aldol condensation
NaOH
CH₃-CHO + CH₃-CH₂-CHO
10) Cannizzaro Reaction
Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self
oxidation and reduction reaction on heating with concentrated alkali.
Conc.NaOH
2 HCHO
CHO
Conc.KOH
2
Amines
1) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
2) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
3) Carbylamine Reaction
4) Hinsberg’s Test
1) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of primary amines.
Phthalimide
2) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
O
R-C-NH₂ + Br₂ + 4NaOH R-NH₂ +2NaBr + Na₂CO₃
+ 2H₂O
3) Carbylamine Reaction ( a test for primary amines )
heat
R-NH₂ + CHCl₃ + 3KOH R-NC + 3KCl + 3H₂O
4) Hinsberg’s Test ( C₆H₅SO₂Cl - Hinsberg reagent )
Used for the distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
and also for the separation of a mixture of amines.
Primary Amines (1⁰)
C₆H₅SO₂Cl + NH₂-R C₆H₅SO₂-NH-R
KOH
C₆H₅SO₂-NK-R
Secondary Amines (2⁰)
C₆H₅SO₂Cl + NH-R C₆H₅SO₂-N-R
R R KOH
Tertiary Amine (3⁰)
C₆H₅SO₂Cl + R-N-R
R
Thank You..!!
"
Mackert
