The 8085 microprocessor

The 8085A is a 8-bit general type microprocessor capable of addressing 64k of memory.The device has
forty pins,requires a +5v single power supply and can operate with a 3 MHz single phase clock.The
8085A-2 version can operate at maximum frequeny of 5 MHz.The 8085 is an enhanced version of its
predecessor,the 8085A.Its instruction sets in upword-compatible with that of the 8085A,means that the
8085 instructions set includes all the 8085A instructions plus some additional.

There is a block diagram of microprocessor –

Pin Diagram Of 8085 Microprocessor

Pin Description Of Microprocessor:

Pin Pin Name Description
No

1,2 X1-X2 A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected to

these two pins. The frequency is internally
divided by two; therefore to operate a system
at 3 MHz, the crystal should have frequency of
 6 Mhz.

3 RESET OUT This is an active high output signal used to

indicate that the microprocessor is reset. This
signal is used to reset other devices in system.

4 SOD Serial Output Data.

This is an active high, serial output port pin,

used to transfer serial 1 bit data under
software control.

5 SID Serial Input Data.

This is an active high, serial input port pin,

used to accept serial 1 bit data under software
control.

6 TRAP This is a non-maskable interrupt and has

highest priority.

7 RST 7.5 Pin 7-9 are vectored interrupt that transfer the
program control to specific memory location.
They have higher priority than the INTR
interrupt.

8 RST 6.5

9 RST 5.5

10 INTR Interrupt request. General purpose interrupt.

11 INTA Interrupt acknowledgement. This is used to

acknowledge interrupt.

12-19 AD0-AD7 These pins are multiplexed to be used as

address bus as well as data bus.These are
signal lines which are bidirectional & they
serve dual purpose. They are used as lower
order address bus as well as data bus.

20 VSS It is ground reference.

21-28 A8-A15 These 8 signal lines are unidirectional and

used for most significant bits called higher
 order address bus of a 16-bit address.

29,33 s0,s1 These are status signal, similar to IO/M¯, can

identify various operations.

IO/M S1 S0 Machine Cycle

0 1 1 Opcode fetch

0 1 0 Memory read

0 0 1 Memory write

1 1 0 I/O Read

1 0 1 I/O Write

1 1 1 Interrupt
Acknowledgement

30 ALE Address Latch Enable

ALE signal is used to separate AD0-AD7 ie

demultiplex
ALE=1 indicates that contents are address.

ALE=0 indicates that the contents are data.

31 WR (active Write. This is a Write control signal (active

low) low). This signal indicates that the data on the
data bus are to be written into selected
memory or I/O location.

32 RD (active Read. This is a Read control signal (active low).

low) This signal indicates that the selected I/O or
memory device is to be read and data are
available on data bus.

34 IO/M This is a status signal used to differentiate

between I/O and memory location. When it is
high. It indicates an I/O operation; when it is
low, it indicates a memory operation.

35 READY If the signal at READY pin is low, the

microprocessor enters in to wait state. This
signal is primarily used to synchronize slower
 peripherals with the microprocessor.

36 RESET IN When the reset pin is activated by an external

key all the internal operations are suspended
and the program counter is cleared and the
program execution begins at zero memory
address.

37 CLK OUT Clock Output.

This signal can be used as the system clock for

other devices.

38 HLDA Hold acknowledgement. This pin is used for

hold acknowledgement.

39 HOLD When HOLD pin is activated by an external

signal the microprocessor relinquishes control
of buses and allows the external pheripheral to
use them.

40 VCC +5V power supply.

Block Diagram Of INTEL 8085 Microprocessor:
Description Of Block Diagram:
Control Unit
Generates signals within uP to carry out the instruction, which has been decoded. In reality causes
certain connections between blocks of the uP to be opened or closed, so that data goes where it is
required, and so that ALU operations occur.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as ‘add’, ‘subtract’, ‘AND’, ‘OR’, etc.
Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform arithmetic. Always stores result of operation
in Accumulator.

Registers
The 8085/8080A-programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as
shown in Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: the stack pointer and the program counter. They
are described briefly as follows.

The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as B,C,D,E,H,
and L as shown in the figure. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some
16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by
using data copy instructions.

Accumulator
The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). This register is used to
store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in
the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flags
The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to data conditions of
the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called Zero(Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P),
and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags; they are listed in the Table and their bit positions in the flag register are
shown in the Figure below. The most commonly used flags are Zero, Carry, and Sign. The microprocessor
uses these flags to test data conditions.

S Z X AC X P X CY
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator is larger than
eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry -- called the Carry flag (CY) -- is set to one. When an
arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero(Z) flag is set to one. The first Figure
shows an 8-bit register, called the flag register, adjacent to the accumulator. However, it is not used as a
register; five bit positions out of eight are used to store the outputs of the five flip-flops. The flags are
stored in the 8-bit register so that the programmer can examine these flags (data conditions) by
accessing the register through an instruction.

These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the micro- processor. The
conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software instructions. For example, the
instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the sequence of a program when CY flag is set.
The thorough understanding of flag is essential in writing assembly language programs.

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is a memory
pointer. Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register.

The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions. The function of the
program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a
byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next
memory location

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in
R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit address in the
stack pointer. The stack concept is explained in the chapter "Stack and Subroutines."