VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT OF AJIET

Vision of the Institute

To produce top-quality engineers who are groomed for attaining excellence in their profession
and competitive enough to help in the growth of nation and global society.

Mission of the Institute

o To offer affordable high-quality graduate program in engineering with value education

and make the students socially responsible.
o To support and enhance the institutional environment to attain research excellence in
both faculty and students and to inspire them to push the boundaries of knowledge
base.
o To identify the common areas of interest amongst the individuals for the effective
industry- institute partnership in a sustainable way by systematically working together.
o To promote the entrepreneurial attitude and inculcate innovative ideas among the
engineering professionals.

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
Vision of the Department

To be recognized as a center of excellence in the area of Electronics and Communication

Engineering by nurturing the young innovative minds into skillful and ethical professionals to cater
the industrial and societal needs.

Mission of the Department

M1. To establish state-of-the art laboratories to facilitate research and innovation to upgrade the
knowledge and skills in healthcare sector and IoT.
M2. To provide industry interaction for training programs on latest technology.
M3. To provide ethical and value based education by promoting activities addressing the societal
needs.

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 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
PEO1 Exhibit a desire for lifelong learning through professional and societal activities.
Exhibit and apply their technical skills and knowledge in Electronics and
PEO2 Communication Engineering for industry and societal needs.
PEO3 Exhibit leadership qualities, professional skills, management skills and ethics needed
for successful career.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
PO1
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
PO2 reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
PO3 components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
PO4 including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide
valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
PO5 IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
PO6 safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
PO7 and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
PO8
engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
PO9 and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO10 community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO11 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
PO12
life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO1 Embedded Systems: Ability to apply the fundamental knowledge of core Electronics and
Communication Engineering courses in the analysis, design, and development of integrated
electronic systems and healthcare devices.
PSO2 Communication Systems: Ability to apply the fundamental knowledge of signal processing
in the analysis, design, and development of communication systems.
PSO3 Simulation: Ability to use modern electronic tools such as MATLAB, Xilinx, Multisim etc,
to design and analyze the complex electronics and communication systems.

COURSE CONTENT

Exp. No Details RBT Level

Design and test a high-level collector Modulator circuit and
1 L1, L2, L3
Demodulation the signal using diode detector.
2 Test the Balanced Modulator / Lattice Modulator (Diode ring). L1, L2, L3
Design a Frequency modulator using VCO and FM demodulator
3 L1, L2, L3
using PLL (Use IC566 and IC565).
Design and plot the frequency response of Pre-emphasis and De-
4 L1, L2, L3
emphasis Circuits.
5 Design and test BJT/FET Mixer. L1, L2, L3
6 Design and test Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction. L1, L2, L3
7 Design and test Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation. L1, L2, L3
8 Generation and Detection of Pulse position Modulation. L1, L2, L3
9 Generation and Detection of Pulse Width Modulation. L1, L2, L3
10 PLL Frequency Synthesizer. L1, L2, L3
11 Data formatting and Line Code Generation. L1, L2, L3
12 PCM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer. L1, L2, L3

Course outcomes
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
CO1 Illustrate the AM generation and detection using suitable electronic circuits.
CO2 Design of FM circuits for modulation, demodulation and noise suppression.
CO3 Design and test the sampling, Multiplexing techniques using electronic hardware.

CO4 Design and Demonstrate the electronic circuits used for RF transmitters and
receivers.
CO5 Design and test the pulse modulation techniques using electronic hardware.

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 Suggested Learning Resources:

BOOK TITLE / AUTHORS / PUBLICATION

Louis E Frenzel, Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Mc
T-1. Graw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-07-066755-6.
T- Text Book.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Do’s & Don’ts

Do’s
1. Maintain silence and discipline.
2. Before entering, leave the footwear outside the lab.
3. Proper dress code has to be maintained while entering in the Lab.
4. Students should carry lab observation book and record book completed in all aspects.
5. Read and understand logic of the program thoroughly before coming to the
laboratory.
6. Enter in the login register before switching on the computer.
7. Use duly filled component issue slips, entering details such as batch name,
Component specifications for obtaining components from lab store
8. Students should be at their concerned table; unnecessary movement is restricted.
9. Students should maintain same computer until end of the semester.
10. Report any problems in computers/hardware kits to the faculty member/laboratory
instructor immediately.
11. Note down the experimental results legibly in the Observation book and get the same
verified & signed by the Faculty.
12. After completing the experiments, students should return the hardware kits, switch off
the computers, enter logout time and arrange chairs neatly.

DON’Ts
1. Do not come late to the Lab.
2. Don’t enter the lab without valid ID card.
3. Do not leave the lab without the permission of the Faculty In-Charge.
4. Never eat, drink while working in the laboratory.
5. Do not handle any equipment before reading the Instructions/Instruction manuals.
6. Do not exchange the computers & hardware kits with others.
7. Do not alter computer settings/software settings and pen drives should not be connected
to computers without permission. Doing so will attract fines.
8. Do not remove anything from the kits/experimental set up without permission.
9. Do not leave the lab without verification of hardware kits by lab instructon

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Objectives
This laboratory course enables students to
 Understand the basic concepts of AM and FM modulation and demodulation.
 Design and analyse the electronic circuits used for AM and FM modulation and
demodulation circuits.
 Understand the sampling theory and design circuits which enable sampling and
reconstruction of of analog signals.
 Realize the electronic circuits to perform pulse amplitude modulation, pulse code
modulation and s and
 multiplexing.
 Understand the working principles of RF transmitters and receivers.

Outcomes

At the end of the course the student will be able to:

 Illustrate the AM generation and detection using suitable electronic circuits.

 Design of FM circuits for modulation, demodulation and noise suppression.

 Design and test the sampling, Multiplexing techniques using electronic hardware.

 Design and Demonstrate the electronic circuits used for RF transmitters and
receivers.

 Design and test the pulse modulation techniques using electronic hardware.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SI.No Experiments
1. Design and test a high-level collector Modulator circuit and Demodulation the
signal using diode detector.
2. Test the Balanced Modulator / Lattice Modulator (Diode ring)
3. Frequency modulation using VCO and PLL FM demodulator (Use IC566 and
IC565).
4. Design and plot the frequency response of Pre-emphasis and Deemphasis Circuits
5. Design and test BJT/FET Mixer
6. Design and test Pulse sampling, flat top sampling, and reconstruction.
7. Design and test Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation.
8. Generation and detection of Pulse Position Modulation.
9. Generation and detection of Pulse width Modulation
10. PLL Frequency Synthesizer
11. Data formatting and line coding
12. PCM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Additional experiments
13. Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing of two bandlimited signals
14. Second order active band pass filter

LAB EQUIPMENTS
 Oscilloscopes
 CROs- Two Channel
 DSOs- Two Channel and Four Channel
 Signal Generators
 Dual Regulated Variable Power Supplies
 Breadboards and Soldering Boards
 Digital Multimeter

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-1.

HIGH-LEVEL COLLECTOR MODULATOR CIRCUIT AND

DEMODULATION

AIM:
To Design and test a high-level collector Modulator circuit and Demodulation of the
signal using diode detector.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Name Description Qty
Transistor BC107 1
Resistors 22 kΩ 1
6.8 kΩ 1
10 kΩ 2
4 kΩ 1
OpAmp µA 741 1
Diode 0A79 1
Capacitors 0.001µF 1
47 1
1 1
0.1 1
Inductor 400mH 1
AFO - 2
DS0 - 1
Connecting wires

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

DESIGN:

%Modulation Index (µ) = ((Amax – Amin)/(Amax + Amin)) × 100

Tmod>> RLC>>Tcarr
1
Fmod =
2πRL Cμ

Select C = 0.01µF

PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram

2. Apply a carrier of 14 KHz with amplitude of 16Vp-p.

3. Apply a message signal of 0.2 KHz with amplitude of 6.5 VP-P.

4. Observe AM wave on CRO and note down Amax and Amin.

5. Calculate percentage modulation (µ).

6. Appy AM output to demodulation circuit and observe demodulation waveform on
CRO.
7. Compare demodulation output with original message signal.
8.
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION:

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

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TABULAR COLUMN:

MODULATION:

Carrier signal Modulating signal Amax Amin %μ

AC fc Am fm (V) (V)
(V) (kHz) (V) (kHz)

RESULT:
Frequency of demodulated signal =

Amplitude of demodulated signal =

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-2

Balanced Modulator / Lattice Modulator (Diode ring)

AIM: Design a circuit to test balanced modulator.

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF BALANCED MODULATOR:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in above diagram.
2. Carrier signal of 1Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 25 KHz is applied as carrier to
S4.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

3. Message signal of 0.5Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 1.5 KHz is given as message
signal to S1.
4. Observe the DSB-SC waveform using CRO in Test point S2.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM FOR DETECTION:

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown above diagram.
2. Connect the Balanced Modulator output (test point S2) to synchronous detector input
s8.
3. Vary the Pot VR4 to get clear Message signal at the output of Synchronous detector
s7 using CRO.
4. Sketch the waveforms for balanced modulated signal and demodulated signal.

EXPECTED WAVE FORM:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameter Practical Value

Ac
fc
Am
fm
Amax +Amin
µ=
Amax −Amin
USB frequency= fC+fm
LSB frequency= fC-fm
B.W=2fm

RESULT:
Verified and tested the Balanced Modulator using Diode ring.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-3
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING VCO AND PLL FM
DEMODULATOR

AIM
Design a circuit to perform Frequency modulation using VCO and PLL FM
demodulator Using IC566 and IC565.

THEORY

DESIGN

Let

+V=+10V AND -V=-10V

0.3
Let the centre frequency of FM be fo = = 2.5KHZ
𝑅1𝐶1

Ake C1= 0.001F. Then we get ,R1=12kΩ

The value of R1 satisfies the required condition 2KΩ < R1 < 20KΩ,as per data sheet

Take CC = 10F and R3=12KΩ to couple input to the IC.

For demodulation since centre frequency is same as that of modulator, frequency determining
components are the same.

Take same set of coupling capacitor and resistor.

R2= 1KΩ, C2 = 10F , C3= 0.001F

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Modulation Demodulation

Connection Diagram of FM modulation:

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the Integer systems FM trainer Kit-ACT-002.
2. Check the power supply to be +5V, -5V and +12V.
3. Measure the Audio Frequency (AF) output at the Test point TP1.
4. Connect the AF output (SO1) to the Modulating signal input (SO3) of Frequency
Modulator Block.
5. Varying the R16 POT to get the Frequency modulation output at the Test point TP4.

To find modulation index:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

1. Observe the carrier signal at the modulator output. The carrier signal is approximately
5Vpp of 100KHz frequency.
2. Connect AF signal of 500Hz frequency to the AF input of the modulator.
3. Observe the frequency modulated wave at the modulator output by varying deviation
potentiometer, which varies the amplitude of incoming AF signal.
4. Set deviation potentiometer in minimum position and calculate output signal
frequency (that is 100KHz) of modulator which indicates RF frequency.
5. Now set the deviation potentiometer to middle position and observe the output signal.
Calculate the maximum frequency deviation that is
S = Fc – Fa or Fb – Fc , where Fa is minimum deviated frequency from Fc and Fb
is maximum deviated frequency from Fc.

6. Now find modulation index mf which is given by

Connection Diagram for FM Demodulator:

Procedure:
1. Connect the modulator output to the demodulator input.
2. Observe demodulated signal at the output of demodulator and compare it with the
original AF signal (Note: Set AF signal frequency to 500Hz only since demodulator is
designed to 500MHz frequency)
3. Find the detected signal is same as the AF signal applied. Thus no information is lost
in the process of modulation.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

TABULAR COLUMN:
a) Modulation:

Input signal(V) Input fmin fmax ∆f

frequency(Hz)

b) Demodulation

Input signal Demodulated signal

Amplitude frequency Amplitude Frequency

RESULT:
Verified FM modulation and demodulation circuit using PLL.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-4
Pre-emphasis and Deemphasis Circuits

AIM: To observe the effects of pre-emphasis and De-emphasis on given input signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
(i) C.R.O. (ii) CRO Probe (ii) DSB/SSB Transmitter (ST 2201) and Receiver Trainer
(ST 2202) (iv) Connecting leads.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 1: Pre-emphasis circuit

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1.

2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20mV as input signal to pre emphasis
circuit. 3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 500Hz to 20KHz,
observe the output voltage(vo) and calculate gain (20 log (vo/vi).

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.

5. Repeat above steps 2 to 4 for de-emphasis circuit (shown in Fig.2). by applying the
sinusoidal signal of 5V as input signal.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 1: Pre-emphasis Vi=200mV

Frequency(Hz) Vo(mV) Gain in dB(20log Vo/Vi)

Table 2: De-emphasis Vi=5V

Frequency(Hz) Vo(V) Gain in dB(20log Vo/Vi)
100
200
500
600
800
1k
2k
5k
10k
15k
20k

RESULT:
Effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis on input signal is studied.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No 5.

BJT/FET Mixer

AIM: To design and verify the output of BJT mixer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
SI. Components Quantity
NO
1. Transistor SL100 01
2. Resistors 22k, 01
10k 03
100k 02
3. Capacitors: 0.1µF, 02
0.001µF 02
4. Bread board, Connecting wire -
5. CRO, Signal Generator, DC Supply -

THEORY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Apply the input signals Vx of amplitude 0.1V(p-p) and frequency 101KHz.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

3. Adjust Vy to 1V(p-p) and frequency 100KHz.

4. Note down the frequency of the output signal, which is same as difference frequency of
given signals

RESULTS:

Theoretical:
Output signal frequency = f1 – f2 =
Practical:
T=
Output signal frequency,f = 1/T =

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-6.

Pulse Sampling, Flat Top Sampling and Reconstruction.

AIM:

1. To demonstrate pulse sampling and reconstruction.

2. To demonstrate flat top sampling and reconstruction.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Name Description Qty
Op-amp μA741 1
Resistors 1.5kΩ 2
10kΩ 4
Capacitors 0.1µF 1

Transistor SL100 1
SK100 1
Dual Power Supply - -
AFO - 2
DSO - 1
Connecting wires
PAM Modulator - 1

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Apply sine wave with amplitude of 5Vpp at a frequency of fm<1 kHz as message
signal m(t).
3. Apply pulse as carrier signal c(t) with amplitude of 8- 10V(P-P) at a frequency of
fc>2fm.
4. Observe the Sampled signal on CRO.
5. Compare the reconstructed signal with original message signal.

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameter Message Signal Carrier Signal Sampled Reconstructed

Signal Signal
Amplitude

Frequency

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-7

Pulse Amplitude modulation and demodulation

AIM: To study pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation.

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PAM Modulation

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

PAM Demodulation:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the above figure.
2. Set the modulating frequency to 1KHz and sampling frequency to 16KHz
3. Observe the output on CRO i.e. PAM wave.
4. Measure the levels of Vmax & Vmin.
5. Repeat the above procedure with different sampling frequencies.

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

TABULAR COLUMN:

PAM Signal Vmax= Vmin=

Demodulated signal Frequency=

RESULT:
Flat top sampling and its reconstruction is verified using Op-amp 741.
Thus the pulse amplitude modulation was performed and its corresponding demodulation
was also performed.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-8

PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Aim: To study pulse position modulation and demodulation

Theory:

Circuit Diagram of PPM Modulation:

Fig: Pulse Position Modulation Circuit

Connection Diagram for PPM Modulation:

Procedure:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown above

2. Observe the sample output at TP27 and observe the position of the pulses on CRO
and adjust the amplitude by slightly increasing in the Level shifter POT.
3. Also observe the frequency of pulse output at the PPM Modulation Test Point TP7.
4. Apply the modulating signal, sinusoidal signal of 2V(p-p)(Message signal) 2v(p-p) to
the control TP 39 of the PWM Modulation using Sinewave generator.
5. Now by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal, note down the position of the
pulses.

PPM Demodulator:

Circuit Diagram of PPM Demodulation:

Fig: Demodulation Circuit

Connection Diagram of PPM Demodulation:

Procedure:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

1. During the demodulation process, give the PPM signal as input to the demodulated
circuit as shown in above diagram.
2. Observe the PPM demodulated signal o/p on CRO.
3. Plot the waveform.

Reference waveform

Result:
PPM Signal Vp-p= Frequency=
Demodulated signal Vp-p= Frequency=

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-9
PULSE WIDTH MODULATED AND DEMODULATED SIGNALS
Aim:
To generate the pulse width modulated and demodulated signals

Theory:

Circuit Diagram of PWM Modulation:

Fig: Pulse Width Modulation Circuit

Connection Diagram for PWM Modulation:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown above. Apply a trigger signal (Carrier
Signal) of frequency 4KHz with amplitude of 5v(p-p) at the Test point TP39 of PWM
Modulator.
2. Observe the sample signal at the Test point TP27 as shown in above Diagram.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

3. Apply the Message signal (Sine Wave) at theTP31 of PWM Modulator and vary the
amplitude.
4. Note that as the control voltage is varied output pulse width is also varied. Observe that
the pulse width increases during positive slope condition & decreases under negative
slope condition. Pulse width will be maximum at the +ve peak and minimum at the –
ve peak of sinusoidal waveform using CRO and Record the observations.

Reference Waveforms:

PWM Demodulation:
Circuit Diagram of PWM Demodulation:

Fig: Demodulation Circuit

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Connection Diagram for PWM Demodulation:

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the above diagram.
2. Feed PWM modulated waveform to the PWM Demodulator Test Point TP37 and
observe the resulting demodulated waveform.
3. Note down all the waveforms and observed voltage, Frequencies.

Result:

PWM Signal Vp-p= Frequency=

Demodulated signal Vp-p= Frequency=

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No 10:
PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
AIM
To study the operation of Frequency Synthesizer

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Frequency synthesizer kit, CRO, patch cords.

THEORY:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the signal generator output to phase detector.
2. Connect the phase detector output to the Frequency divider output F/16 or F/8 or F/4
or F/2.
3. Connect the CRO to Frequency divider output as shown above diagram.
4. Vary the phase detector pot to get n*F output at the frequency divider output
5. And repeat the steps for other frequency of frequency divider output.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

RESULT:
The operation of frequency synthesizer is observed.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

Experiment No-11:
Data Formatting and Line coding
AIM: To study various line coding and decoding formats.

THEORY:

Connection diagram for line coding:

PROCEDURE:

1. Sliding switch is connected to 8- bit parallel to serial shift register and we can see the
serial data in TP7 and TP8.
2. Unipolar NRZ is connected to the input of the line coding block and one- by- one all
the various formats are observed.

Connection diagram for line decoding:

PROCEDURE:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

1. Sliding switch is connected to 8- bit parallel to serial shift register and we can see the
serial data in TP7 and TP8.
2. Unipolar NRZ is connected to the input of the line coding block and one- by- one all
the various formats are connected to the corresponding input of the line decoding
block and are observed.
3. Plot the corresponding line formats.

RESULT:
The various line coding and decoding formats are studied.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT-1.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING OF TWO
BANDLIMITED SIGNALS.

AIM:
To design and demonstrate the working of TDM and recovery of two band limited
PAM signals.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Name Description Qty

Transistors SL100 2
SK100 2
Resistors 1kΩ 8
1.5kΩ 1
OpAmp µA 741 1
AFO - 3
DS0 - 1
Connecting wires
Dual mode DC power 0-30V 1
supply

THEORY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 4.1:Time Division Multiplexer

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Fig 4.2 :Time Division Demultiplexer

PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit-diagram for multiplexer.
2. Feed the input message signals ml(t) and m2(t) of2 volts P-P at 200 Hz.
3. Feed the high frequency carrier signal c(t) of 1.5V (P-P) at 2kHz.
4. Observe the multiplexed output.
5. Rig up the circuit for demultiplexer.
6. Observe the demultiplexed output in the CRO.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

OBSERVATIONS:

a) For multiplexing,
Parameter Signal1(ml(t)) Signal2(m2(t)) Carrier(c(t)) TDM
Amplitude
Frequency

b) For Demultiplexing,
Parameter PAM1 PAM2
Amplitude
Frequency

RESULT:
The circuit to demonstrate the working of TDM and recovery of two band limited
PAM signals was designed and the output waveform were verified.

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT-2.
SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND-PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design a second order active band-pass Butterworth filter and to determine its frequency
response, cutoff frequency and roll-off rate.

APPARATUS:

Name Description Qty

Op-amp μA-741 2
1.2 KΩ 2

Resistors
3.3 KΩ 2
Capacitor 0.047 μF 2
Dual mode DC power supply 0–30 V 1
AFO - 1
CRO - 1

THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

DESIGN:
For LPF
1
Cut-off frequency, fH=
2π√R1R2C1C2
Consider C1=C2=C
Let C=0.047µF
Consider R1=R2=R
1
We know,f=
2πRC

LetfH=5KHz

Then R1=R2=677.2 Ω≈680 Ω

For second order butterworth filter,

𝑅3
Feedback gain Af= 1 + and Af=2
𝑅4
𝑅3
 Af=2= 1 +
𝑅4
 R3 = R4

Select R3= R4=2.2K Ω

Roll off rate=(gain at 10 fH in dB) ˗ (gain at fHin dB )

For HPF
fL=1KHz=lower cut off frequency

1
fL=
2π√R1R2C2C3

Let C2=C3=0.047µF

if R1=R2=R

1
wkt, fL=
2πRC

1
 R=
2πfL C
=3.38KΩ
𝑅3
Feedback gain(Af)=1 +
𝑅4

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

𝑅3
Af=1.586=1 +
𝑅4

𝑅3
=> =0.586
𝑅4

Selecting R3=1.2KΩ,then R4=2KΩ≈2.2KΩ

Roll-off rate = (Gain at fLin dB) - (Gain at 0.1fL in dB)

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the signal generator to 2 V.

2. Vary input frequency from 100 Hz to 100 KHz and note down corresponding output
voltage.
3. Plot frequency response on a graph with Gain in dB on Y-axis and Frequency on X-
axis.
4. Calculate 3dB frequency and Roll-Off rate.

EXPECTED GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Vin=2V

Frequency (Hz) Vo (Volts) Vo/Vin (Volts) Gain in dB= 20

log(Vo/Vin)
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900

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Communication Lab Manual BECL404

1K
1.1K
1.15K
1.3K
1.5K
1.7 K
1.8K
2K
2.2 K
2.5K
2.7 K
2.9 K
3K
3.5K
4.1 K
4.4 K
5K
5.2 K
5.6 K
5.8 K
6K

RESULTS:
Theoretical:
1. Lower Cut-off frequency =
2. Roll-off rate = 40dB/decade
3. Higher cut-off frequency=
4. Roll-off rate = -40dB/decade

Practical:
1. Lower Cut-off frequency =
2. Roll-off rate =
3. Higher cut-off frequency=
4. Roll-off rate =

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