DBMS

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Introduction to dbms
❖ Data

⚫ Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It can be

used in a variety of forms like text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can
be stored in pieces of paper or electronic memory, etc.
⚫ Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single
piece of information.' It is plural of the word datum.
⚫ In computing, Data is information that can be translated into a form for

efficient movement and processing. Data is interchangeable.

❖ Database

⚫ A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily

accessed and managed.
⚫ You can organize data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it
easier to find relevant information.
⚫ Database handlers create a database in such a way that only one set of
software program provides access of data to all the users.
⚫ The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of
information by storing, retrieving, and managing data.
⚫ There are many dynamic websites on the World Wide Web nowadays
which are handled through databases. For example, a model that

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checks the availability of rooms in a hotel. It is an example of a dynamic

website that uses a database.
⚫ There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle,
MongoDB, Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
⚫ Modern databases are managed by the database management system
(DBMS).
⚫ SQL or Structured Query Language is used to operate on the data stored
in a database. SQL depends on relational algebra and tuple relational
calculus.
⚫ A cylindrical structure is used to display the image of a database.

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❖ DBMS (Data Base Management System)

Database management System is software which is used to store and retrieve

the database. For example, Oracle, MySQL, etc.; these are some popular DBMS
tools.

• DBMS provides the interface to perform the various operations like creation,
deletion, modification, etc.
• DBMS allows the user to create their databases as per their requirement.

• DBMS accepts the request from the application and provides specific data
through the operating system.

• DBMS contains the group of programs which acts according to the user
instruction.

• It provides security to the database.

➢ Advantage of DBMS

◆ Controls redundancy:It stores all the data in a single database file, so

it can control data redundancy.

◆ Data sharing:An authorized user can share the data among multiple
users.

◆ Backup:It providesBackup and recovery subsystem. This recovery

system creates automatic data from system failure and restores data if

required.

◆ Multiple user interfaces:It provides a different type of user

interfaces like GUI, application interfaces.

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➢ Disadvantage of DBMS

◆ Size:It occupies large disk space and large memory to run efficiently.
◆ Cost:DBMS requires a high-speed data processor and larger memory to
run DBMS software, so it is costly.

◆ Complexity:DBMS creates additional complexity and requirements.

❖ Types of Databases

There are various types of databases used for storing different varieties of data:

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1) Centralized Database

It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database

system.
⚫

⚫ It comforts the users to access the stored data from different locations
through several applications.
⚫ These applications contain the authentication process to let users
access data securely.
⚫ An example of a Centralized database can be Central Library that carries
a central database of each library in a college/university.

Advantages of Centralized Database

✓ It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of

data will not affect the core data.
✓ Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central
repository.
✓ It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to
establish data standards.
✓ It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data
sets.

Disadvantages of Centralized Database

• The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the

response time for fetching the data.

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• It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.

• If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a
huge loss.

2) Distributed Database

⚫ Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is

distributed among different database systems of an organization.
⚫ These database systems are connected via communication links. Such
links help the end-users to access the data easily.
⚫ Examples of the Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase,
Ignite, etc.
We can further divide a distributed database system into:

1. Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same

operating system and use the same application process and carry the same
hardware devices.

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2. Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different

operating systems under different application procedures, and carries
different hardware devices.

Advantages of Distributed Database

✓ Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the

system can be expanded by including new computers and connecting
them to the distributed system.
✓ One server failure will not affect the entire data set.

3) Relational Database

⚫ This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data
in the form of rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and together forms
a table(relation).
⚫ A relational database uses SQL for storing, manipulating, as well as
maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the database in 1970.
⚫ Each table in the database carries a key that makes the data unique
from others.
⚫ Examples of Relational databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, etc.

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Properties of Relational Database

There are following four commonly known properties of a relational model

known as ACID properties, where:

➢ A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either
with success or with failure. It follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For
example, a transaction will either be committed or will abort.
➢ C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its
value before and after the operation should be preserved. For example,
the account balance before and after the transaction should be correct,
i.e., it should remain conserved.
➢ I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at
the same time from the database. Thus, isolation between the data
should remain isolated. For example, when multiple transactions occur
at the same time, one transaction effects should not be visible to the
other transactions in the database.
➢ D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and
commits the data, data changes should remain permanent.

4) NoSQL Database

⚫ Non-SQL/Not Only SQL is a type of database that is used for storing a

wide range of data sets.
⚫ It is not a relational database as it stores data not only in tabular form
but in several different ways.

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⚫ It came into existence when the demand for building modern

applications increased. Thus, NoSQL presented a wide variety of
database technologies in response to the demands.
⚫ We can further divide a NoSQL database into the following four types:

1. Key-value storage: It is the simplest type of database storage where it

stores every single item as a key (or attribute name) holding its value,
together.
2. Document-oriented Database: A type of database used to store data as
JSON-like document. It helps developers in storing data by using the same
document-model format as used in the application code.

3. Graph Databases: It is used for storing vast amounts of data in a graph-like

structure. Most commonly, social networking websites use the graph
database.

4. Wide-column stores: It is similar to the data represented in relational

databases. Here, data is stored in large columns together, instead of storing
in rows.

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Advantages of NoSQL Database

✓ It enables good productivity in the application development as it is

not required to store data in a structured format.
✓ It is a better option for managing and handling large data sets.
✓ It provides high scalability.
✓ Users can quickly access data from the database through key-value.

5) Cloud Database

⚫ A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and

executes over the cloud computing platform.
⚫ It provides users with various cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS,
IaaS, etc.) for accessing the database.
⚫ There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best options are:

✓ Amazon Web Services(AWS)

✓ Microsoft Azure

✓ Kamatera

✓ PhonixNAP

✓ ScienceSoft

✓ Google Cloud SQL, etc.

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6) Object-oriented Databases

⚫ The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach
for storing data in the database system.
⚫ The data is represented and stored as objects which are similar to the
objects used in the object-oriented programming language.

7) Hierarchical Databases

⚫ It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children

relationship nodes.
⚫ Here, it organizes data in a tree-like structure.

⚫ Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each
child record in the tree will contain only one parent. On the other hand,
each parent record can have multiple child records.

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8) Network Databases

⚫ It is the database that typically follows the network data model.

⚫ Here, the representation of data is in the form of nodes connected via
links between them.
⚫ Unlike the hierarchical database, it allows each record to have multiple
children and parent nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

9) Personal Database

⚫ Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal

Database.
⚫ This database is basically designed for a single user.

Advantage of Personal Database

✓ It is simple and easy to handle.

✓ It occupies less storage space as it is small in size.

10) Operational Database

⚫ The type of database which creates and updates the database in

realtime.
⚫ It is basically designed for executing and handling the daily data
operations in several businesses.

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⚫ For example, An organization uses operational databases for managing

per day transactions.

11) Enterprise Database

⚫ Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a

massive amount of data.
⚫ It helps organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a
database allows simultaneous access to users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database

✓ Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.

✓ It allows executing parallel queries on the system.

❖ RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

• RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

• All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server,
IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, and Microsoft Access are based on
RDBMS.

• It is called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

because it is based on the relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.

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➢ How it works

◆ Data is represented in terms of tuples (rows) in RDBMS.

◆ A relational database is the most commonly used database. It contains
several tables, and each table has its primary key.
◆ Due to a collection of an organized set of tables, data can be accessed
easily in RDBMS.

➢ Table/Relation

⚫ Everything in a relational database is stored in the form of relations.

⚫ The RDBMS database uses tables to store data.
⚫ A table is a collection of related data entries and contains rows and
columns to store data.
⚫ Each table represents some real-world objects such as person, place, or
event about which information is collected.
⚫ The organized collection of data into a relational table is known as the
logical view of the database.

Properties of a Relation:

• Each relation has a unique name by which it is identified in the

database.

• Relation does not contain duplicate tuples.

• The tuples of a relation have no specific order.

• All attributes in a relation are atomic, i.e., each cell of a relation

contains exactly one value.

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A table is the simplest example of data stored in RDBMS.

Let's see the example of the student table.

ID Name AGE COURSE

1 Ajeet 24 B.Tech

2 aryan 20 C.A

3 Mahesh 21 BCA

4 Ratan 22 MCA

5 Vimal 26 BSC

➢ Row or Record

A row of a table is also called a record or tuple. It contains the specific

information of each entry in the table. It is a horizontal entity in the table. For
example, The above table contains 5 records.

Properties of a row

• No two tuples are identical to each other in all their entries.

• All tuples of the relation have the same format and the same number
of entries.

• The order of the tuple is irrelevant. They are identified by their

content, not by their position.

Let's see one record/row in the table.

ID Name AGE COURSE

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1 Ajeet 24 B.Tech

➢ Column/attribute

A column is a vertical entity in the table which contains all information

associated with a specific field in a table. For example, "name" is a column in
the above table which contains all information about a student's name.

Properties of an Attribute

• Every attribute of a relation must have a name.

• Null values are permitted for the attributes.
• Default values can be specified for an attribute automatically inserted if
no other value is specified for an attribute.

• Attributes that uniquely identify each tuple of a relation are the primary
key.

➢ Data item/Cells

The smallest unit of data in the table is the individual data item. It is stored at
the intersection of tuples and attributes.

Properties of data items

• Data items are atomic.

• The data items for an attribute should be drawn from the same domain.

In the below example, the data item in the student table consists of Ajeet, 24
and Btech, etc.

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ID Name AGE COURSE

1 Ajeet 24 B.Tech

➢ Degree

The total number of attributes that comprise a relation is known as the degree
of the table.

➢ Cardinality

The total number of tuples at any one time in a relation is known as the table's
cardinality. The relation whose cardinality is 0 is called an empty table.

➢ Domain

The domain refers to the possible values each attribute can contain. It can be
specified using standard data types such as integers, floating numbers, etc.

For example, An attribute entitled Marital_Status may be limited to married or

unmarried values.

➢ NULL Values

The NULL value of the table specifies that the field has been left blank during
record creation.

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It is different from the value filled with zero or a field that contains space.

❖ Data Integrity

There are the following categories of data integrity exist with each RDBMS:

1) Entity integrity: It specifies that there should be no duplicate rows in a

table.
2) Domain integrity: It enforces valid entries for a given column by restricting
the type, the format, or the range of values.
3) Referential integrity specifies that rows cannot be deleted, which are used
by other records.
4) User-defined integrity: It enforces some specific business rules defined by
users. These rules are different from the entity, domain, or referential
integrity.

❖ Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

Although DBMS and RDBMS both are used to store information in physical
database but there are some remarkable differences between them.

The main differences between DBMS and RDBMS are given below:
No. DBMS RDBMS

1) DBMS applications store data RDBMS applications store data in a tabular

as file. form.

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2) In DBMS, data is generally In RDBMS, the tables have an identifier

stored in either a hierarchical called primary key and the data values are
stored in the form of tables.
form or a navigational form.

3) Normalization is not present Normalization is present in RDBMS.

in DBMS.

4) DBMS does not apply any RDBMS defines the integrity constraint for
security with regards to data the purpose of ACID (Atomocity,
manipulation. Consistency, Isolation and Durability)
property.

5) DBMS uses file system to in RDBMS, data values are stored in the
store data, so there will be form of tables, so a relationship between
these data values will be stored in the
no relation between the form of a table as well.
tables.

6) DBMS has to provide some RDBMS system supports a tabular

uniform methods to access structure of the data and a relationship
the stored information. between them to access the stored
information.

7) DBMS does not support RDBMS supports distributed database.

distributed database.

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8) DBMS is meant to be for RDBMS is designed to handle large amount

small organization and deal of data. it supports multiple users.
with small data. it supports
single user.

9) Examples of DBMS are file Example of RDBMS are mysql, postgre, sql
systems, xml etc. server, oracle etc.

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