ADVENT OF

EUROPEANS
 ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
• Some of the factors behind the advent of Europeans in India are –
• Since the ancient times , European had trade links with India and
balance of trade was in India’s favor.
• But in medieval 18th century when Ottoman Empire occupied west
Asia , then the conventional trade route to Europe was blocked and
Arabic traders started demanding heavy toll taxes for the goods
going to Europe.
• The Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453 and
controlled trade routes in Mediterranean Sea and Red sea , this
worked against the Europeans.
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 ADVENT OF PORTUGUESE
• Out of all the European powers , Portuguese were the earliest to
succeed due to the patronage of Portuguese ruler Dom Henrique and
the strong use of navigation day by day.
• The Portuguese had twin objectives –
1) Outsing the Arabs and European rivals from the rich eastern trade.
2) Converting the people into Christianity .
• Due to expensive spices in Europe , it was necessary to find another
sea route to India and the efforts in this direction were begun by
Spanish and Portuguese people.

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• A Portuguese sailor Bartholomeau Diaz discovered Cape of Storms in
1487 in South Africa . He went back to Portugal . The King of Portugal,
James I in order to motivate other sailors renamed it as Cape of Good
Hope .
• Vasco de gama , another Portuguese sailor followed the route of Diaz
and discovered sea route to India when he reached Calicut in 1498
with the help of Gujarati trader Abdul Najib.
• The Calicut at that time was ruled by Hindu King who had the title of
Zamorin. When Vasco de gama went back with spices , pepper and
other herbs , he got profit of 60 times of his entire expedition.
• Now , the Portuguese Government established Portuguese Trading
Company under the function of a Governor.
• Francisco de Almeida became the First Portuguese Governor.
• He initiated Blue water policy which means the Mastery of the Sea.
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 IMPACT OF PORTUGUESE
• They began to spread Christianity in Malabar and Konkan coast .
Missionaries like St. Xaviers , St. Rudolf played an important role.
• These missionaries undertook the research on Indian History and
culture.
• They bought printing press to India .The Bible printed in Kannada and
Malayalam language.
• They bought some crops to India like tobacco , chilly , pineapple ,
potato etc.

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 CAUSES FOR DECLINE OF
PORTUGUESE
• After Alfonso-de-Albequerque , the Portuguese administration in
India became inefficient because his successors were weak and
inefficient .
• They got indulged in corruption and malpractices.
• They were facing competition with Dutch in India .
• They discovered Brazil and they lost interest in India .

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DUTCH

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 ADVENT OF DUTCH
• The Portuguese was followed by the Dutch .
• The Dutch East India Company was formed here in 1602 .
• They set up their first factory at Masulipatnam (A.P) in 1605.
• Cornelius de Houtman was the first Dutch to come in India .
• They were mainly interested in trade with Indonesia (Spice island) .
• The Dutch could not be able to withstand the stiff competition with
British and they were defeated in the Battle of Bedara (1759) and
thus they left India .

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 ADVENT OF ENGLISH
• The Portuguese , Dutch and Danish were followed by the English .
• A British explorer named John Mildenhall reached India in 1599 by
land route before East India Company .
• Queen Elizabeth granted trading rights in 1599 for 15 years .
• Kings James I extended it in 1609 for indefinite period .
• In 1609 , for the purpose of trade and commerce William Hawkings
came to India . He was the first English to keep his foot on Indian soil.
• He visited the court of Jahangir to get permission to establish factory
at Surat .

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• Hawkings was well versed in Turkish language that impressed
Jahangir.
• Jahangir agreed but due to the pressure from Portuguese , he
rejected .
• In 1612 , in the Battle of Swally British defeated Portuguese.
• In 1613 , Jahangir was impressed by this victory , he gave trading
permissions to British through Farman in Surat.
• In 1615 , Thomas Roe (Ambassador of James I) arrived at the palace
of Jahangir.
• Ahmedabad , Gujarat and agra became their tradin centres .

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 EXPANSION OF EIC
• In 1632 , King of Golconda gave rights to EIC to carry on trade and
commerce with Golconda Kingdom.
• EIC tried every method to acquire territories to increase their strength.
• But till 1708 , they were not able to pursue their goals with much success
because of the strong Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb .
• They required fortification of acquired territories , military equipments .
• So they started giving more attention to eastern coast because of weak
political situation there (Battle of Talikota and disintegration of Vijaynagara
Empire) .
• Now , after the death of Aurangzeb and the EIC had also defeated
Portuguese , they started control over Calcutta , Madras and Bombay (away
from Delhi )

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 ADVENT OF FRENCH
• French was the last of all the major European maritime powers .
• In 1668 , French India Company under the command of Francois
Caron reached Surat.
• In 1668 , the first factory at Surat was established .
• In 1669 , they established factory at Masulipatnam .
• In the sequence , they started establishment of factories in Mahe ,
Yemen , Karikal etc
• And then …………English French struggle i.e Carnatic wars began.

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BATTLE OF PLASSEY
(1757)
 SIRAJ-UD-DAULA (1756-1757)
• He succeeded Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal at the age of 23.
• He was the last independent Nawab of Bengal .
• The end of his reign marked the start of British east India Company
and later almost of India .

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 WHY BENGAL!!!!!!!
• It was the richest province during the Mughal Empire .
• Nawabs had authority over present day Bihar and Odisha.
• Here were exports from Bengal – Saltpetre , rice , pepper , indigo ,
sugar , salt , silk , textiles , handicrafts.
• 60% of the British Empire trading was from Bengal .
• 1690 – They established Calcutta British Company .

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 BATTLE OF PLASSEY (1757)
• This battle took place at the Palashi on the banks of Hoogly River .
• When the British and French started improving their fortifications in
anticipation of another war between them , Nawab immediately
ordered them to stop the activities as they were doing it without
their permission.
• When the British refused to cease their construction, Nawab sent
3,000 men to surround fort and factory at Casimbazaar and took
several British officers as prisoners.

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 BLACK HOLE TRAGEDY
• The Prisoners were captured in the Fort William (Calcutta) to its
dungeon known as Black Hole .
• It has 146 prisoners on 21st June , 1756.
• When the doors of dungeon were opened , only 23 out of 146 walked
out , rest died due to suffocation.
• According to many historians, the Nawabs were unaware of the
conditions in which prisoners were held.
• After this tragedy , British officials turned some of the important
officials of Siraj such as Mir Jafar , Mankichand , OmiChand , Rai
Durlabh .

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 TREATY OF ALINAGAR (FEB 1757)
• Robert Clive , the founder of British Rule in India , suddenly attack
Siraj forces and defeated them .
• Then, they get into signing of one treaty known as Treaty of Alinagar .
• As per treaty , the trading rights of British will be continued .
• They will be allowed to do fortification for protection from French.
• In march , British attacked French breaking the treaty and as a result
, Siraj supported French .
• Now , British decided to depose Siraj.

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• Mir Jafar was given a offer to become a Nawab if he help British .
• On 23rd June , 1757 , war broke out .
• Siraj army was under Mohan Lal and Mir Madan . They fought
bravely with British .
• As a result , British won the battle .
• Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal .
• British were given rights to do free trade in Bengal , Bihar , Odisha .
• They got 1.77 crore as war compensation.
• British got Zamindari of 24 parganas.
• From here , Drain of wealth began in India .

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BATTLE OF BUXAR
(1765)

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• Mir Jafar helped British and he became Nawab .
• So now , British started using him as a puppet ruler .
• Mir Jafar got irritated by this , he took help from the Dutch to
overthrew British .
• But ………….
• Dutch already defeated by British in the Battle of Bedara.
• In 1760 , British removed Mir Jafar and appointed Mir Qasim as the
new Nawab of Bengal .
• Mir Qasim was the son-in-law of Mir Jafar.
• He shifted capital from Murshidabad to Munger .

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• The Battle of Buxar , a small fortified town within the territory of
Bihar located on the banks of Ganga river.
• Mir Qasim started opposing British East India Company .
• He said that they cannot do free trade (Dastak) .
• Frustrated by this , Mir Qasim abolished taxes on traders as well
.This upsets British .
• Mir Qasim started attacking British offices.
• British overthrew Mir Qasim in 1763.
• Mir Qasim allied with Nawab of Awadh (Shuja-ud-Daula) and
Mughal emperor Shah Alam II .

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 BATTLE OF BUXAR (1765)
BATTLE BETWEEN

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY VS MIR QASIM

(HECTER MUNRO) (COMBINED FORCES)

BRITISH WON THE BATTLE

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 TREATY OF ALLAHABAD(1765)
• It was signed between Shah Alam II , Shuja-ud-daula and Robert
Clive of East India Company .
• This treaty actually marked the beginning of British Rule in India .
• Najm-ud-Daula , son of Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of
Bengal .
• After the war , British did not wanted to rule directly on the Bengal
that brings Dual system of Government in Bengal .

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DUAL GOVERNMENT
(1765-1772)

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 DUAL GOVERNMENT
• It was brought by Robert Clive in Bengal .
• By signing the Treaty of Allahabad with Mughal Emperor Shal Alam
II, British acquired Diwani (Revenue ) rights of Bengal , Bihar and
Orissa from Mughal.
• They also acquired Nizamat (Police and judicial ) rights from Nawab
of Bengal .

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 DUAL GOVERNMENT
• It includes –
COMPANY ( Diwani and Nizamat rights)
NAWAB ( Only responsible for Peace and order )
• The Company exercised Diwani rights as the Diwan and the Nizamat
rights through the Deputy Subedar.
• This system made the Indian Ruler as the puppet of the company .
• This system proved to be the corrupt system .
• It led to the criticism of the Company’s Administration in India .
• Warren Hastings did away with the Dual system in 1772.

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REVOLT OF 1857
 REVOLT OF 1857
• The Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major uprising in India during 1857–58
against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a
sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The event is known by
many names, including the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great
Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and India's First
War of Independence.
• The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of Sepoys in
the town of Meerut. It then spread, chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain
and central India.
• Lord Canning served as Governor General of India from 1856 to 1862.
• During his tenure, the Government of India Act, 1858 was passed which
created the office of Viceroy to be held by the same person who was
Governor General of India. Thus, Lord Canning also served as first Viceroy
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 NATURE OF REVOLT
• Revolt of 1857 began as a revolt of the sepoys but eventually secured
the participation of the masses.
• V.D. Savarkar called 1857 revolt as the First War of Indian
Independence.
• Dr S.N. Sen describes it as "having begun as a fight for religion but
ended as a war of independence."
• Dr. R.C. Majumdar considers it as neither the first, nor national, nor a
war of independence.
• As per some British historians, it was just a peasant sepoy mutiny.

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 Beginning of Revolt of 1857

• Started by Mangal Pandey on 29th march 1857, refusing to use greased rifle cartridges (Greased
composed of fat taken from beef & pig) & killing his officer at Barackpore, Bengal
• Mangal Pandey was hanged & his regiment disbanded with sepoy guilty of rebellion punished
• A chain reaction started & in May 1857, at Meerut 85 sepoys were sentenced imprisoned for
refusing to use greased cartridges
• Hence sepoys break out in open rebellion; shot their officers;
• Next Morning, Army captured Delhi & proclaimed Mughal king Bahadur
Shah Jafar, Emperor of India
• But real power lied with General Bakht Khan who had led the revolt of Bareilly troops and brought
them to Delhi

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• LEADERS OF 1857 REVOLT

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 LEADERS
S.no. Place Leader
1 Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan
2 Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah
3 Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan
4 Jhansi Rani Laxmibai
5 Bihar Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh
6 Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh
7 Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan
8 Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, Maniram Dutta Baruah
9 Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi
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 BOOKS ON 1857 REVOLT
S.No Book Year Author
1 The First Indian War of Independence- 1859 Karl Marx
1857-59
2 Causes of Indian Revolt 1873 Sayed Ahmad Khan

3 The India War of Independence 1909 V.D. Savarkar

4 The Sepoy Mutiny and the rebellion of 1957 R.C. Mazumdar

1857
5 Civil Rebellion in Indian 1957 S.B. Chowdhury
Mutinies
6 Rebellion, 1857 : A Symposium 1957 P.C. Joshi

7 1857 1957 S.N. Sen

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 TANTIYA TOPE
• Tantia Tope, was one of the most notable Indian freedom fighters and
a general in the Revolt of 1857. Although he had no formal military
training, he was probably the best and most effective of all the
Indian generals during the revolt.
• Tantia Tope was in the service of the former peshwa of the Maratha
Confederacy, Baji Rao, and of his adopted son Nana Sahib , who also
actively participated in revolt.

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RANI LAXMI BAI

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 RANI LAXMI BAI
• One of the great leaders of the Revolt of 1857 and perhaps one of
the greatest heroines of Indian history, was the young Rani
Lakshmibai of Jhansi.
• The young Rani joined the rebels when the British refused to
acknowledge her right to adopt an heir to the
Jhansi gaddi (throne) annexed her state, and threatened to treat
her as an instigator of the rebellion of the sepoys at Jhansi.
• Rani captured Gwalior with the help of Tantia Tope and her
trusted Afghan guards.
• Maharaja Sindhia, loyal to the British, made an attempt to fight
the Rani but most of his troops deserted to her.
• The brave Rani died fighting on 17 June 1858.

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 CAUSES OF REVOLT OF 1857
• The causes for the Revolt of 1857 were :
1. Economic cause
2. Political cause
3. Administrative cause
4. Socio-religious cause
5. Immediate cause

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 ECONOMIC CAUSES
• High land revenue
• Heavy Taxation
• Discriminatory tariff policy against Indian products
• Destruction of traditional handicrafts industry
• Heavy Mechanization & Huge drain of wealth

• Karl Marx remarked in 1853, “It was the British intruder who broke
up the Indian handloom & destroyed spinning-wheel. England
began with depriving the Indian cottons from the European market;
it then introduced twist into Hindustan and in the end inundated
the very mother country of cotton with cottons”

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 SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
• Subsidiary Alliance was a system devised by Lord Wellesley in 1798.
All those who entered into such an alliance with the British had to
accept certain terms and conditions such as the rulers had to disband
their military force, allow the British to position their troops within
the kingdom, and act in accordance with the advice of the British
Resident who was now to be attached to the court.
• The kingdom of Awadh became an easy prey to subsidiary alliance in
1801 which ultimately resulted in its complete annexation in 1856.
• The subsidiary alliance was often forced on the local rulers who lost
all their powers and prestige under the said arrangement. Due to this
they harboured a grudge against British Raj and found an opportunity
in the Sepoy Mutiny to equal scores with the British.

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 DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
• It is believed by many historians that Lord Dalhousie laid the
foundations of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was driven by
conviction to bring all the Indian states ruled by local rulers into the
fold of British administration. For which he started to use Doctrine of
Lapse.
• Under the doctrine of lapse, the British annexed any Indian state
where the ruler did not have a male heir. Under this spurious
doctrine, he annexed Satara, Sambalpur, Jhansi and Nagpur etc.
which angered the local ruler, who had to now live in the looming
fear of annexation of their state by the British.
• Adopting heir was an ancient practice among Indian rulers. By
depriving them of their right and by forcibly annexing their states
British made many enemies out of these local rulers who ultimately
became leaders of 1857 revolt. E.g. Rani Laxmibai, Nana Sahib etc.
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• By applying the Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed the States of:
• Satara (1848 A.D.), €
• Jaitpur, and Sambalpur (1849 A.D.),
• Baghat (1850 A.D.),
• Udaipur (1852 A.D.),
• Jhansi (1853 A.D.), and
• Nagpur (1854 A.D.)

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 SOCIO-CULTURAL CAUSE
• Racial overtones and a superiority complex.
• The activities of Christian missionaries who followed the British flag
in India.
• Reforms such as abolition of sati, support to widow-remarriage and
women’s education.
• Government’s decision to tax mosque and temple lands.
• Government’s legislative measures, such as the religious disabilities
act, 1856, which modified Hindu customs.
• Mixing of bone dust in ratta (flour).

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 Immediate Reasons
•The reports about the mixing of bone dust in Atta (flour)
and the introduction of the Enfield rifle enhanced the
sepoy’s growing disaffection with the Government.
•The cartridge of the new rifle had to be bitten off before
loading and the grease was reportedly made of beef and
pig, the sepoys felt their religion was in grave danger.
•The greased cartridges did not create a new cause of
discontent in the Army, but supplied the occasion for the
simmering discontent to come out in the open

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF REVOLT
• The revolt of 1857 played an important role in bringing the Indian
people together and imparting to them the consciousness of
belonging to one country.
• During the entire revolt, there was complete cooperation between
Hindus and Muslims at all levels—people, soldiers, leaders.
• Rebels and sepoys, both Hindu and Muslim, respected each other’s
sentiments.
• Immediate banning of cow slaughter was ordered once the revolt
was successful in a particular area.

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 OUTCOME OF REVOLT
• The Revolt was suppressed. Sheer courage could not win against a
powerful and determined enemy who planned its every step.
• The rebels were dealt an early blow when the British captured Delhi
on 20 September 1857 after prolonged and bitter fighting.
• The aged Emperor Bahadur Shah was taken prisoner. The Royal
Princes were captured and butchered on the spot. The Emperor was
tried and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862.

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• John Lawrence, Outran, Havelock, Neil, Campbell, and Hugh Rose were
some of the British commanders who earned military fame in the course of
the revolt.
• One by one, all the great leaders of the Revolt fell. Nana Sahib was
defeated at Kanpur. Defiant to the very end and refusing to surrender, he
escaped to Nepal early in 1859, never to be heard of again.
• Tantia Tope escaped into the jungles of Central India where he carried on
bitter and brilliant guerrilla warfare until April 1859 when he was betrayed
by a zamindar friend and captured while asleep. He was put to death after
a hurried trial on 15 April 1859.
• The Rani Jhansi had died on the field of battle earlier on 17 June 1858.
• By 1859, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan, Khan Bahadur Khan of Bareilly, Rao
Sahib brother of Nana Sahib, and Maulavi Ahmadullah were all dead,
while the Begum of Avadh was compelled to hide in Nepal.
• By the end of 1859, British authority over India was fully reestablished,
but the Revolt had not been in vain. It was the first great struggle of the
Indian people for freedom from British imperialism. It paved the way for
the rise of the modern national movement.
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 CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLT
• It led to changes in the system of administration and the policy of the
Government.
• The direct responsibility for the administration of the country was
assumed by the British Crown and Company rule was abolished.
• The assumption of the Government of India by the sovereign of Great
Britain was announced by Lord Canning at a durbar at Allahabad in the
‘Queen’s Proclamation’ issued on November 1, 1858.
• The Indian states were henceforth to recognize the paramountcy of the
British Crown and were to be treated as parts of a single charge.
• The Army, which was at the forefront of the outbreak, was thoroughly
reorganised and British military policy came to be dominated by the idea
of “division and counterpoise”.
• Racial hatred and suspicion between the Indians and the English was
aggravated.
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 FORMATION OF
INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC) was formed by Allen Octavian
Hume (Civil Servant) in 1885.
• In 1884 , he established Indian National Union which was a precursor
to INC .
• The first session was attended by 72 delegates , and most of them
were Baristers. That’s why it was called as Black Coat Party .
• The name Congress was taken from American History and it was
suggested by Dadabhai Nairoji .
• The first session was scheduled to be held in Pune but due to cholera,
it was shifted to Tejpal Sanskrit Vidyalaya , Bombay .
• The first session was presided by W.C Banerjee and its first secretary
General was A.O. Hume .
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 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of India during the times of formation
of INC . He mocked Congress and said “Congress is an organization of
microscopic minorities”.
• According to Lala Lajpat Rai “Congress was the origin of Dufferin’s
mind”.
• Sir Syed Ahmed was against the Congress . So in 1888, he founded
United Indian Patriotic Organization whose aim was to restrict
Congress from spreading its ideals to masses.
• The first Congress session was represented by all communities .

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 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• The first President of INC was an Indian Christian – W.C.BANERJEE
(Bombay)
• The second President of INC was a Parsi – DADABHAI NAROJI
(Calcutta)
• The third President of INC was a Muslim – BADRUDDIN TYABJI
(Madras)
• The fourth President of INC was an English – GEORGE YULE
(Allahabad)
• The Fifth President of INC was an English – WILLIAM WEDDERBURN
(Allahabad)
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INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
FIRSTS IN INC
S.NO PRESIDENT OF INC PLACE YEAR

1. BADRUDDIN TYABJI MADRAS 1887

(FIRST MUSLIM PRESIDENT)

2. GEORGE YULE ALLAHABAD 1888

(FIRST ENGLISH PRESIDENT)

3. ANNIE BESANT CALCUTTA 1917

(FIRST FEMALE PRESIDENT)

4. SAROJINI NAIDU KANPUR 1925

(FIRST INDIAN FEMALE PRESIDENT )

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 FACTS OF INC
• Women Presidents of INC –
ANNIE BESANT (1917)
SAROJINI NAIDU (1925)
NALINI SENGUPTA (1933)
• The maximum number of times INC President – Dadabhai Naroji
(1886 , 1893 , 1906) , J.L. Nehru (1929 , 1936 , 1937)
• Complete Independence was demanded first time at the session of
Lahore (1929).
• During Guwahati session (1926) , wearing of Khadi was made
compulsory .
• The only session to be held at a village was the Faizpur session (1937)
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• For the first time , National Song VANDE MAATRAM was sung in the
Calcutta Session (1896) .
• For the first time , National Anthem JAN-GAN-MANA was sung in the
Calcutta Session (1911) .
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the youngest President of INC .
• The joint session of INC and Muslim League was held at Lucknow in
1916. The pact was signed popularly known as Lucknow Pact .
• At this session , Tilak said “SWARAJ IS MY BIRTHRIGHT AND I SHALL
HAVE IT”.
• MAHATMA GANDHI was the President for one time only in 1924 at
Belgaon session .

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• J.B KRIPLANI was the President of INC during Independence .
• DR.PATTABHI SITARAMYA was the President Post-Independence
(1948).
• MAHATMA GANDHI suggested the winding up of INC after India got
Independence .
• Lord Wellington was the only Governor-General who participated in
INC session (1915) . But he not the Governor General at that time .
• ABUL KALAM AZAD was the President of INC for the 6 consecutive
years from 1940-1945.
• The last session of INC attended by Tilak was held at Amritsar ,1919 .

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PARTITION OF
BENGAL
 PARTITION OF BENGAL
• Since 1765 (following the Battle of Buxar)
the province of Bengal, which included present-day West Bengal, Bihar,
Odisha, Bangladesh and Assam was under the British.
• It was a very large area and the population rose to almost 80 million by
the first few years of the 20th century. Calcutta was the capital of the
province and also of British India.
• There were difficulties in administering such a large area. The eastern
part, especially in rural areas were neglected.
• That region was lacking in the fields of industry, education and
employment. Much of the industry was centred on Calcutta.
• For administrative ease, the partition of the province had been proposed
even before Curzon had arrived in India.
• In 1874, Assam was sliced away from Bengal and put under a Chief
Commissioner.
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• Initially, Lord Curzon proposed the partitioning of
the province as an administrative measure solely.
In 1904, he undertook a tour of eastern Bengal.
• The idea of using the Bengal partition as a political tool to undermine the
growing nationalism in Bengal and other parts of India occurred later.
• As per Curzon, after the partition, the two provinces would be Bengal
(including modern West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar) and Eastern Bengal
and Assam.
• Bengal would also lose five Hindi-speaking states to the Central Provinces.
It would gain Odia-speaking states from the Central Provinces.
• Eastern Bengal would consist of Hill Tripura, Chittagong, Rajshahi and
Dhaka divisions. Its capital would be Dhaka.
• Bengal would have a Hindu majority and Eastern Bengal and Assam would
have a Muslim majority population. Its capital would remain Calcutta.

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SWADESHI
MOVEMENT

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• This was primary learning for the national movement.
• According to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai,
it was training in ‘self-determination’, ‘self-help’, and ‘self-reliance’..
• Surendranath Banerjee said that it is a ‘protectionist movement’. And that
it ‘generates the material prosperity of the masses’.
• Very soon, the Swadeshi movement spread to different parts of India, like
Bihar, U.P., C.P., Bombay and Madras.
• Radicalism also became a part of the Swadeshi movement after the
partition of Bengal. After the partition of Bengal, industrial strikes became
the hallmark of the Swadeshi movement.
• There were strikes carried out in various cotton and jute factories of
Bengal. Railway workers also went on strike. The Burnpur mill also went
on strike.
• But, the context of the anti-partition movement made it a very aggressive
movement.

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 SIGNIFICANCE
• The Swadeshi and boycott movements were India's first 20th
century movements that encouraged mass participation in modern
nationalist.
**For the first time, women came out of their homes and joined
processions and picketing of foreign-made goods shops.
**The Swadeshi and boycott movements also changed the
character of the Indian National Congress (INC) from being driven
largely by moderates to the main agenda now being set by the '
Extremists ' who gave the Congress's 1906 Calcutta session's call for
' Swaraj ' or self - government.
• The ideas of non - cooperation and passive resistance, successfully
applied many years later by Mahatma Gandhi, found their origin in
early 20th century Swadeshi and boycott movements.
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 END OF SWADESHI MOVEMENT
• The British had seeded the seeds of communalism quite
deep into India's social fabric, and the Swadeshi movement
was unable to gain support from the Muslim masses
• Student participants were expelled from government schools and colleges at
public meetings, processions that were banned. The press was subjected to
severe controls. It was used by the police to break up public meetings and
meetings.
• At the Surat session, the Congress split in 1907, further weakening the
Swadeshi movement.
• It should be remembered, however, that for an endless time no mass movement
can stand at the same tempo without pausing, especially when faced with severe
repression, and this is also true of the Swadeshi and boycott movements.

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SURAT SPLIT
DECEMBER 1907
 SURAT SPLIT
THE BENARAS SESSION , 1905
• The President was G.K.Gokhale (Moderate)
• But the extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi movement
outside Bengal also.
• They also wanted to include all forms of associations (government
servants ,law courts etc) within the boycott programme and thus start
a nationwide programme.
• But here the moderates on the other hand , were not in favor of
extending the movement beyond Bengal .
• They wanted to adopt the constitutional methods against the
partition.

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 THE CALCUTTA SESSION ,
1906
• The President was Dadabhai Naoroji (Moderates).
• But the extremists wanted B.G.Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai as the
President.
• As a concession , the goal of INC was defined as Swaraj or Self
Government .
• The word Swaraj was mentioned for the first time.
• Also a resolution was passed which supports boycott movement.
• The Extremists , encouraged by the proceedings of Calcutta session
gave a wide call for boycott for schools , colleges , muncipalties , law
courts .

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• The Moderates , however thought that it would be
dangerous at this stage to associate with Extremists and this
agitation would be suppressed by British Government .
• Both sides did not realised that in a vast country like India ruled by a
powerful imperialist country , only a broad based nationalist
movement could succeed.
• There was the rule in the INC that President cannot belong to the
area where the session was being held.
• Extremists wanted the 1907 to be held in Nagpur (central province)
with Tilak as the President .
• But the Moderates wanted the session to be held in Surat in order to
exclude Tilak from the Presidentship .

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• Instead , Moderates wanted Ras Bihari Bose as the President .
• Both of the sides remained adamant , leaving no room for
compromise .
• The split become evitable and the Congress was now dominated by the
Moderates who were on the goal of Self-Government within the British
Empire and they will adopt Constitutional methods.
• Now , the Government launched a massive attack on the Extremists
between 1907 and 1911 . New acts were passed .
• Tilak , the main Extremists leader was sent to Mandalay (Burma) jail for 6
years.
• Aurbindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal were retired from politics .
• Lala Lajpat Rai left for abroad.
• After 1908 , the national movement as a whole was declined for a time.
Tilak was released in 1914 and finally he picked up the threads of struggle
movement.

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 PYQs
• Q1. Congress passed the Swaraj resolution in 1906 . The purpose of
the resolution was –
a) To make a constitution but it was not done.
b) To secure self-rule
c) To make a responsible Government
d) To promote brotherhood

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HOME RULE
MOVEMENT
 HOME RULE MOVEMENT
• The Congress party got split in 1907 (Surat Split) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s
imprisonment from 1908 to 1914 made it stop in National Movement.
• But Tilak’s release and Annie Besant bought a revival to the National
Movement.
• Annie Besant got the idea of Home Rule Movement or mass movement from
Ireland .
• Having returned from exile in Mandalay, Tilak understood the need for a revival
of the nationalist movement in the country.
• He also understood the growing importance of the Congress Party in India’s
political scene. So, his first task was to get readmitted into the party. (The
extremists led by Tilak had separated from the Congress).

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• In the Congress session of December 1915, it was decided to let the
extremists re-join the party largely due to Annie Besant’s
persuasion. Besant had also recognized the need for Congress
approval and the active participation of the extremists in the
national struggle.
• However, Besant and Tilak were not able to convince Congress to
support their decision to set up home rule leagues.
• Besant managed to convince the Congress to pledge to educative
propaganda and the establishing of local-level committees. It was
also agreed upon that if these conditions were not satisfied by
September 1916, she would be free to set up a home rule league.
• Accordingly, she set up her Home Rule League in September 1916.
• Tilak, however, was not bound by any such condition and so had set
up his league in April 1916.

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 ANNIE BESANT
• She was the Irish Lady .
• In 1875 , Theosophical Society was founded by Colonel Oclett and Madam
Blavatsky .
• Annie Besant joined it in 1889.
• Besant played an important role in the independence movement of India.
• Besant set up the Central Hindu College (CHC) at Banaras. She met Madan
Mohan Malaviya who joined forces to found the Banaras Hindu University
in 1916. The CHC became the university’s first constituent college.
• She joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and demanded government
action towards self-rule.

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 OBJECTIVE OF HOME RULE
MOVEMENT
• The objectives of Home Rule League were :

to achieve self-government in India

to promote political education in India
to promote confidence in masses to speak against government’s
suppression
to demand larger political representation for Indians
to revive political activity in India .

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 HOME RULE MOVEMENT
• There were Two Home Rule league launched .
• Tilak launched Home Rule in April , 1916 at Belgaum .
• Besant launched Home Rule in September 1916 at Madras.
• Tilak’s league worked in Maharashtra (except Bombay) , Central Province .
• Besant’s league worked in rest of the country .
• Tilak’s league had its headquarters in Delhi. It had 6 branches. Besant’s league
had 200 branches and was a looser organisation compared to Tilak’s.
• The two leagues worked closely with one another. However, they did not merge
to avoid friction between both the leaders.

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 ACTIVITIES
• The leagues organised demonstrations and agitations.
• There were public meetings in which the leaders gave fiery
speeches.
• They were able to create a stir within the country and alarm the
British to such an extent that Annie Besant was arrested in June
1917.
• This move by the British created a nation-wide protest and now
even moderate leaders joined the league. Besant was released in
September 1917.

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 FAILURE OF HOME RULE LEAGUE
• The movement was not a mass movement. It was restricted to educated people
and college students.
• The leagues did not find a lot of support among Muslims, Anglo-Indians and
non-Brahmins from Southern India as they thought home rule would mean a rule
of the upper caste Hindu majority.
• Annie Besant kept oscillating between being satisfied with the government talk
of reforms and pushing the home rule movement forward. She was not able to
provide firm leadership to her followers. (Although ultimately she did call the
reforms ‘unworthy of Indian acceptance’).
• In September 1918, Tilak went to England to pursue a libel case against Sir
Ignatius Valentine Chirol, British journalist and author of the book ‘Indian
Unrest’. The book contained deprecatory comments and had called Tilak the
‘Father of Indian Unrest.’ (Tilak lost the case).
• Tilak’s absence and Besant’s inability to lead the people led to the movement’s
fizzing out. ayu_shimadaan
THANK YOU
JAI HIND
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