Preliminaries

Data and Data Types

Math, Logical, Text and Date Functions
Visual Basic for Applications
Collecting and managing data
Calculating and analyzing data
Formatting and Presenting
Streamlining and simplifying
Labels (text / string) are descriptive pieces of information, such as names, descriptions
etc., usually include alphabetic characters.

Values (numeric) generally raw numbers or dates.

Formulas are instructions for Excel to perform calculations.

Label Values Values

Labels are left-aligned Values are right-aligned

by default. Labels can by default. Values can
be a combination of be whole numbers,
alphabet, numbers and numbers with fractional
special symbols like *, a parts, dates and
blank space etc. currencies.
Formulas are any combination of Excel Operators and/or Excel Functions.

Calculate a Percentage of a Number =25% * 50

Simple Addition =2+7+1
Using the Sum Function =SUM( number1, [number2], ... )
Supplying a Range of Cells to the Sum Function =SUM( B1:B3 )

An Excel Formula is entered into a spreadsheet cell by typing in the = sign,

followed by the required operators and/or functions.
Ticket# 3/4

2111.22.22.123 123 456

$ 544.3 3:34PM

4.3.2 123345453a

x+y June 30, 3021

=SUM(2,A6) Jun302031
Ticket# Label 3/4 Value

2111.22.22.123 Label 123 456 Label

$ 544.3 Value 3:34PM Label

4.3.2 Value 123345453a Label

x+y Label June 30, 3021 Value

=SUM(2,A6) Formula Jun302031 Label

Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in calculations.
By default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448
because it is 39,447 days after January 1, 1900. Most functions automatically
convert date values to serial numbers.

Times also use a serial number format and are represented as decimal fractions. Since
24 hours = 1 day, we can infer that 24 hours has a time serial number of 1, which can be
formatted as time to display 24:00 or 12:00 AM or 0:00. Whereas 12 hours or the time
12:00 has a value of 0.50 because it is half of 24 hours or half of a day, and 1 hour is
0.41666' because it's 1/24 of a day.
In Excel, 1/2 can be 0.5 or January 2

By default, Excel treats 1/2 as date. To enter a fractional value, enter the value as 0 1/2.
Make sure there is a space between 0 and 1.

How to enter dates in Excel?

1-1-2009 1-1-09
1/1/2009 1/1/09
1-Jan-09 1-Jan 09
1-Jan-2009 1 Jan 09
1/1

Any of these formats will return a date.

 A Function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a
particular order.

Example:

= SUM(5,3,A5,A7:A20)
Equal sign

Function name Arguments

Open parenthesis Close parenthesis

Each function has its own set of arguments. There are also functions that do not have
any argument.

= PI()
= TODAY()

= SUM(5,3,A5,A7:A20)
Values Cell Reference Range

A cell reference A range is a

refers to a cell on collection of
a worksheet. selected cells.
Excel provides a list of functions while you enter the function name. It also provides a
tooltip indicating the purpose of the function.
Each has its own set of arguments. There are also functions that do not have any
argument.

= PI()
= TODAY()

= SUM(5,3,A5,A7:A20)
Values Cell Reference Range

A cell reference A range is a

refers to a cell on collection of
a worksheet. selected cells.
After typing the opening parenthesis, Excel provides the list of valid arguments both
required and [optional] usually indicating what type of data the function can accept.
Data types for function arguments

= SUM(5,”Three”,A5,A7:A20)
Values
string Cell Reference Range

A cell reference A range is a

refers to a cell on collection of
a worksheet. selected cells.
=SQRT(9,3) =SQRT(SUM(9,7))
Valid arguments
Extra argument
for Sum

Valid argument
for SQRT
Inserting a function as one of the arguments within another function is called
nesting a function.

=POWER (SQRT(9),SUM(2))
Find the error in this formula.

=SUM(POWER(2,SUM(1,2),1,2,3)
Determine whether the following formulas are VALID or INVALID.

=POWER (SQRT(9),SUM(2))

=SUM(POWER(2,SUM(1,2)),1,2,3))

=POWER(POWER(1,2),2,SQRT(9))

=SUM(POWER(1,2),POWER(1,3),POWER(1,4))

=PI * SUM(2,3)
=POWER (SQRT(9),SUM(2)) VALID

=SUM(POWER(2,SUM(1,2)),1,2,3)) INVALID

=POWER(POWER(1,2),2,SQRT(9)) INVALID

=SUM(POWER(1,2),POWER(1,3),POWER(1,4)) VALID

=PI * SUM(2,3) INVALID

Function Description SYNTAX
TRIM Removes extra spaces (i.e. all spaces except for single spaces TRIM( text )
between words or characters) from a supplied text string.

LOWER Converts all characters in a supplied text string to lower case. LOWER(text)

PROPER Converts all characters in a supplied text string to proper PROPER(text)

case.
UPPER Converts all characters in a supplied text string to upper case. UPPER(text)

CONCATENATE Joins together a series of supplied text strings or other values, CONCATENATE(text)
into one combined text string.
LEFT Returns a specified number of characters from the start of a LEFT(text,
supplied text string. [num_chars] )
Function Description SYNTAX
MID Returns a specified number of characters from the MID(text, start_num, num_chars )
middle of a supplied text string.
RIGHT Returns a specified number of characters from the RIGHT(text, [num_chars] )
end of a supplied text string.
REPT Returns a supplied text string, repeated a specified REPT(text, number_times )
number of times.
LEN Returns the length of a supplied text string. LEN(text)

SEARCH Returns the position of a specified character or sub- SEARCH(search_text, within_text,

string within a supplied text string. [start_num] )
REPLACE Replaces all or part of a text string with another REPLACE(old_text, start_num,
string. num_chars, new_text )
Write a formula that swaps the first and
last letters of the given text string. Use the
MID function to solve this problem

Write a formula that adds a hyphen(-) at

the beginning, middle and end of the
text string.
Function Description SYNTAX
AND Tests a number of supplied conditions and returns: AND(logical_test1, [logical_test2],
TRUE if ALL of the conditions evaluate to TRUE or ... )
FALSE otherwise (i.e. if ANY of the conditions evaluate to FALSE).
OR Tests a number of supplied conditions and returns either: OR(logical_test1, [logical_test2],
TRUE if ANY of the conditions evaluate to TRUE or ... )
FALSE otherwise (i.e. if ALL of the conditions evaluate to FALSE)
NOT Returns the opposite to a supplied logical value. NOT(logical test)
• If supplied with the value TRUE, the Not function returns FALSE;
• If supplied with the value FALSE, the Not function returns TRUE.
IF Tests a supplied condition and returns one result if the condition IF(logical_test, value_if_true,
evaluates to TRUE, and another result if the condition evaluates to value_if_false)
FALSE.
Write a formula that appends an asterisk (*) character at
the beginning and end of the string if its length is less than
5.

Write a formula that increments the value by two if it is

less than the average of the values in a range.
Function Description SYNTAX
NOW Returns the current date and time. The function receives no NOW()
arguments
TODAY Returns the current date. The function has no arguments TODAY()

DAY Returns an integer representing the day of the month (from 1 - 31) of DAY(date)
a supplied date.
MONTH Returns an integer, representing the month (from 1 - 12) of a MONTH(date)
supplied date.
YEAR Returns an integer, representing the YEAR of a supplied date. YEAR(date)
 Student Record
Student Name ID No Grade Gender Date of Birth Allowance
Pedro Penduko 7012 9 Male 1/2/05 2,000.00
Juan Tamad 9723 10 Male 6/4/04 4,000.00
Maria Sikatuna 9543 9 Female 5/3/01 2,000.00
Juana Medina 9123 9 Female 6/7/05 2,500.00
Alejandra Smith 8126 9 Female 3/5/03 1,000.00
Marcelo Jones 5423 10 Male 5/3/02 1,500.00
Lorna Dimaisip 7713 9 Female 2/3/02 2,000.00
Saturnino Chu 1030 10 Male 1/2/01 1,000.00

Write a formula that returns the birth year of students whose name starts with 'C' or ends with letter 'L' .

Write a formula that returns the name of the students in 'uppercase' if she is a female and if she was born
in 2001 or 2002.
Function Description SYNTAX
ABS Returns the absolute value of any supplied number. ABS(number)

SUMIF Finds the values in a supplied array, that satisfy a given criteria, and SUMIF( range, criteria,
returns the sum of the corresponding values in a second supplied array. [sum_range] )
COMBIN Calculates the number of combinations (in any order) of a given COMBIN( number,
number objects from a set. number_chosen )
COUNT Returns the count of numeric values in a supplied set of cells or values. COUNT( value1, [value2], ... )
This count includes both numbers and dates.
COUNTIF Returns the number of cells within a supplied range, that satisfy a given COUNTIF( range, criteria )
criteria.
AVERAGE Returns the arithmetic mean of a list of supplied numbers. AVERAGE( number1, [number2],
... )
AVERAGEIF Finds the values in a supplied array that satisfy a specified criteria, and AVERAGEIF( range, criteria,
returns the average (i.e. the statistical mean) of the corresponding [average_range] )
values in a second supplied array.
 First Quarter Grades
Student Name Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 Gender Grade
Jackson Love 70 75 88 Male 9
Priya Patel 97 100 92 Female 9
Sharia Clemmons 95 97 45 Female 9
Ming Lu 91 93 89 Male 9
Sadie Carter 86 84 93 Female 8
Jensen Howard 54 70 87 Female 8
Ben Hilton 77 85 76 Male 8
Maria Saldana 100 96 93 Female 10

• Average score for Quiz 3 of female grade 9 students

• Number of female students who passed quizzes 1 and 2. Passing score is 87 for both quizzes