PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MANGO

MANGO
• THE KING OF FRUITS
• Mangifera indica L, belongs to the Anacardeacea family which grows in a
perennial tree of medium to large size with a symmetrical top.
• Chromosome No-2n=4x=40 (Allopolyploid)
• India is top producer in the world in Mango. (Uttar Pradesh among
states)
• Rich in Vitamin A (4800 IU /100 g)
 Importance and use
• Mangoes are full packed with vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants and
contain like all fruits very few proteins, fats and calories.
• The mango-milk cure is an ideal treatment for loss of weight.
• Mangoes are thought to help stop bleeding, to strengthen the heart, and to
benefit the brain.
• Taking Mango regularly makes the complexion fair and the skin soft and
shining.
• Dietary fibre has a protective effect against degenerative diseases,
especially with regards to the heart; may help prevent certain types of
cancer, as well as lowering blood cholesterol levels.
 Origin and distribution
• Nativerange
The genus Mangifera originates in tropical Asia, with the greatest number of
species found in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.
• The most-cultivated Mangifera species, M. indica (mango), has its origins in
India and Myanmar.
• Currentdistribution
Mango is now cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical world for
commercial fruit production, as a garden tree, and as a shade tree for stock.
• In the Pacific region, all mangos were introduced from other parts of the world.
• The earliest recorded introductions into Hawaii were prior to 1825; however,
most introductions to the Pacific islands have occurred over the past 100 years.
 BOTANY
• Flowers are borne in panicles (terminally on the past season’s growth)
which emerge in December-January.
• Mango is andromonoecious in nature (Hermaphrodite + staminate).
• The fruit takes about 4-5 months for maturity after flowering.
• Sepals and petals: 5 each, stamens 5, only one fertile, other reduced to
staminodes.
• Ovary: one celled with one ovule.
• Fruit is a drupe with edible mesocarp.
• Seed: stone mono or polyembryonic.
• In India almost all cultivars are monoembryonic whereas, in the moist tropics
polyembryonic types are predominant.
 Panicle of mango

a. Hermpaphrodite flower
b. Male flower
PARTS OF THE FRUIT

• (1) Ventral Shoulder

• (2) Dorsal Shoulder
• (3) Base
• (4) Stalk
• (5) Apex
• (6) Beak
• (7) Sinus
 Climate and Soil
• Mango thrives well in tropical and sub tropical climate.
• It can be grown from sea level to an altitude of about 1400 meters.
• The optimum temperature range is 240C to 270C. However, it can
tolerate up to 48 o C during fruit development with regular irrigations,
which improve fruit size, quality and maturity.
• Low temperatures (130C-190C) are good for flower bud
differentiation.
• Higher temperature during fruit development and maturity gives
better quality fruits.
• Water stress or rest 2-3 months before flowering improves flower bud
formation.
• Mango grows in all soils with good depth and drainage except black
cotton soils. Optimum PH is 5.5 to 7.0. It cannot tolerate saline
conditions.
 Mango varieties
• Alphonso (Badami, Appus etc.): A leading commercial variety of Maharashtra and
Karnataka suitable for humid coastal climate. It has good keeping quality and
suitable for table and canning purpose. It is susceptible to spongy tissue and
biennial in bearing. It is not suited to dry districts.

• Khadar: The fruits are bigger than Alphonso with higher pulp content. Lower
proportion of inedible matter.

• Bangalore (Totapuri, Gillimukku, Collector): Commercial variety of South India

and it is regular in its bearing habit. Quality poor, but good keeping quality. An
early variety susceptible to stone weevil. It comes up well in dry districts.

• Dashehari: An outstanding mid season variety with fibreless flesh, good keeping
quality and suitable for canning and cold storage. Alternate in bearing, highly
susceptible to malformation.

• Langra: A mid season variety with wide adaptability. Keeping quality is poor,
highly alternate in bearing. Fruit is lettuce green in colour, quality is good.
• Mulgoa: Late a season variety with good quality fruits large in size. It is a shy
bearer.
• Neelum: Indigenous to Tamil Nadu. A late variety with regular bearing habit. It
has got good keeping quality. Being a late variety, fruits usually get infested by
stone weevil.
• Kesar: This is a leading variety of Gujarat with a red blush on the shoulders.
Fruit size is medium, shape oblong and keeping quality good. It is an early
season variety.
• Pairi (Raspuri): Important commercial variety of Southern and Western India.
Medium size, ovate fruits with prominent red blush. An early variety with
alternate bearing. Fruits are juicy and sweet. Suited in areas with high RH.
• Baneshan (Banganapalli): Adopted to arid regions. Fruits are medium in size,
flattened, high ventral shoulder, skin medium thick, fibreless, soft with good
flavour, bearing regular to irregular, good yielder and having good keeping
quality.
• Allumpur Baneshan: Fruits large in size apex round, skin medium thick, pulp
soft, fibreless, light yellow with excellent flavour quality and keeping quality is
poor
 Mango hybrids
Mallika: It is a hybrid of Neelum and Deshehari. Mallika is of good quality. Fruit
have good keeping quality and suited for processing industry because of high pulp
content.
Amrapali: It is hybrid of Dashehari and Neelum. A dwarf hybrid well suited for
high density orchard. It accommodates 2600 plants/ha. Pulp is deep orange in
colour and rich in carotene.
Neelgoa: It is a hybrid between Neelum and Yerramulgoa, Early, fruits are large and
develop excellent colour, fibreless, excellent for table purpose.
Au Rumani (Rumani x Mulgoa): Tree is dwarf, fruits are medium to large with
inserted stalk, pulp is soft with excellent quality.
Neeleshan (Neelum x Baneshan) : Fruit medium to large and found in clusters, late
hybrid, skin is thin and more susceptible to fruit flies, good for table purpose,
keeping quality is poor.
Neeluddin (Neelum x Himayuddin): Fruits small, good quality with poor keeping
quality.
Ratna (Neelum x Alphonso): It is a regular bearer from KKV, Dapoli, and free
from spongy tissue. Fruits are of excellent taste, shape, size, colour and mature
early and are having good keeping quality.
Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso) : Released from KKV, Dapoli. Considered as almost
seedless variety. Stone is very thin and pulp content is high.
IIHR Hybrids:
Arka Aruna (Hybrid-10 Banganapalli x Alphonso): Dwarf, medium vigoured,
regular bearer, 80% pulp recovery, yield - 17 t/ha. Fruits are large with reddish
blush on the skin, pulp is cream coloured with good consistency like that of
Alphonso. TSS- 20o Brix. Free from spongy tissue and suitable for high density
planting (400 plants/ha).

Arka Puneet (Hybrid-13 Alphonso x Banganapalli): Vigorous, regular bearer.

Fruits are medium sized. Skin has attractive reddish blush. Pulp is fibreless, deep
orange in colour. Flesh is firm and the fruits are free from spongy tissue and fruit
fly.

Arka Anmol (Hybrid 17-3- Alphonso x Janaradhan Pasand): Semi vigorous,

golden yellow, pulp orange, firm, fruit weight 300g., late season variety. Yield - 9
t/ha, good quality and free from spongy tissue, suitable for export.

Arka Neelkiran (Alphonso x Neelum): Semivigorous, late, medium sized fruits,

good colour and suitable for export.
DASHEHARI
Totapuri
MALLIKA –NEELUM X DASHEHARI
(IARI, NEW DELHI )
AMRAPALLI- DASHEHARI X NEELUM
( IARI, NEW-DELHI )
HIMSAGAR
LANGRA
LALSUNDARI
 Mulgoa

Ambika
(Amrapali x Janardhan Pasand)
 Propagation
• Most commercial varieties in India are cross pollinated and monoembryonic.
Hence, propagation through seed is not advisable since true to type plants are not
obtained. The methods of propagation followed in mango are:
1) Approach grafting 2) Veneer grafting
3) Epicotyl grafting 4) Side grafting
• Veneer and epicotyl grafting are recent methods. Side grafting is done to change the
varieties of well-established orchards.
• To have uniform genetic material as root stock, polyembryonic varieties have to be
used eg. Bappakai, Olour, Nekkare, Nileshwar dwarf etc.
• June to Sept/Oct is best for grafting.
 Planting

• Pits of 1 m3 are dug at a distance of 10m x 10m or 12m x

12m either way.
• Grafts are planted in the months of June-July with a ball of
earth.
• If high density planting is followed the spacing would be
5m x 5m or 2.5 m x 2.5 m (Amrapalli)
 Manure And Fertilizers
• Fertilizers are applied in June-July when monsoon sets
in.
• The mixture of recommended dose of the fertilizers
should be broadcast under the canopy of the plant
leaving about 30 cm from the tree trunk and up to
canopy spread in old trees.
• It should be incorporated into soil by shallow scuffling
not beyond 15 cm depth.
• Collecting leaf samples from 5-6 months old shoots at
bloom stage is ideal for nutritional investigations.
 Recommended dose of fertilizer
Fertilizers N P K Fertilizers N P K
(g/plant) (g/plant)

First Year 73 18 68 Sixth Year 438 108 408

Second Year 146 36 136 Seventh Year 511 126 476
Third Year Eighth Year 584 144 544
Fourth Year 219 54 204 Ninth Year 637 162 612
Fifth Year 292 72 272 Tenth Year and 730 180 680
365 90 340 onwards.

Farm yard manure or compost before planting : 25 Kg/plant

Every year before the application of fertilizers : 25 Kg/plant
 Irrigation
• Irrigation should be according to the soil and weather conditions.

• Bearing trees should be irrigated 3-4 days interval in summer and once
in fortnight during winter.

• Bearing trees should be irrigated regularly at 10-15 days interval from

fruit set to maturity.

• Plant should be given rest by stopping irrigations at least 2-3 months

before flowering for maximum fruit bud development.

• Under drip, plants may be applied with 40 liters/tree twice a week.

 Training and Pruning
• Normally mango trees require very less or no pruning.
• Training plants to a single stem upto a length of 0.75 to 1.0 m is
desirable.
• The main branches should be spaced in such a way that they
grow in different directions and are at least 20- 25 cm. apart.
• The branches which exhibit tendency of crossing and rubbing
each other should be removed in the pencil thickness stage.
 Flowering and fruit set
• Flower bud formation takes place 2-3 months prior to flowering (oct-dec)
• Flowering occurs from Nov-Dec to Feb-Mar depending upon locality and
variety and continues for about 2-3 weeks.
• Flowers are polygamous-sex ratio can be improved by application of NAA
200ppm at flower bud initiation stage.

POLLINATION AND FRUIT SET

▪ Mango it is highly cross-pollinated crop, pollination by (common house fly).
▪ The fruit drop in mango is very high about 99 % at various stage of growth,
mostly during initial four weeks.
▪ In mango only 0.1 % of the perfect flowers developed into fruits to maturity.
▪ Fruit setting can be improved by application of NAA 200ppm at flower bud
initiation stage.
 Fruitdrop
Fruit drop is natural and is very high in mango specially during the first four weeks.
1. Soon after flower opening (Pinhead drop)
2. After pollination and fertilization (Post setting drop)
3. At developmental stage of the fruit (May drop)- cause maximum loss to farmers.
• Drop of grownup fruits is a major problem.
This may be due to lack of pollination, low stigmatic receptivity, defective perfect flowers,
poor pollen transfer, competition between developing fruits, drought or lack of irrigation,
adverse weather conditions and incidence of serious pests and diseases, deficiency of
auxin, gibberellins, and high conc. of growth inhibitors.
• This can be avoided by regular irrigations during fruit development, application of optimum
doses of nutrients effective control of pests and diseases and some hormonal sprays like 2, 4-D
(10-15 ppm) NAA (25 ppm) st pea stage of fruits.
Mangos will be taking a break from any noticeable changes in order to explode with
flowers in the spring.

1. swelling of the apical bud 2. panicle elongation

4. flowering
3. panicle growth
Fruit set in mango
PERCENTAGE OF PERFECT FLOWERS IN
MANGO
VARIETY % PERFECT FLOWER
1) RUMANI 0.74
2)BANESHAN 3.67
3)MULGOA 5.67—8.44
4)BANGALORA 6.61—21.0
5)HIMSAGAR 8.4
6)BOMBAY GREEN 9.2
7)FAZLI 14.0
8)NEELUM 16.41
9)DASHEHARI 36.6
10)PAIRI 32.49
11)CHOUSA 42.9
12)LANGRA 69.8
13) ALPHANSO 6.0—11.0
14) JAHANGIR 1.23
INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Periodical removal of weeds pre-emergence application of (atrazine @
4 kg/ha)
• Irrigation at proper time
• Avoidance of deep ploughing and digging
• Protection of tree from disease and pests
• Removal of malformed panicles
• Suitable cultural schedule should be followed
 Harvesting
• Bearing starts from 5th year onwards.
• The economic yield starts after 7th year.
• A 10-year-old grafted tree gives in an average 400-600 fruits per year. In
40 years, age it produces 2500 fruits per year.
• Fruit is usually harvested in a physiologically mature but, unripe stage 15 to
16 weeks after fruit setting. If fruits are allowed to remain beyond this
stage post harvest ripening becomes uneven.
• Mango is a typical of climacteric fruit.
Maturity index
• Slight colour development on the shoulders.
• When one or two fruits fall from the plant naturally known as (tapka
stage )
• When the specific gravity of fruits ranges between 1.01 & 1.02
• Sap flow from the fruits reduces.
• Days taken from fruit set to maturity (90-120 days after fruit set)
Conventional mango harvester (Karnataka)

IIHR mango harvester

HARVESTING PERIOD
• Maharashtra April-May
• (Ratnagiri) May
• (other areas) June
Gujarat May-June
• Tamil Nadu April-May
• Andhra Pradesh (coastal districts) April-May
(Rayalseema) May
• Karnataka May-July
• Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and
other parts of India June-August
• ODISHA April - June
 PACKING
• Fruit is packed in ventilated wooden boxes or fibreboard containers, usually
with a net capacity of 18 to 20 kg.
• Ventilated cardboard cartons are employed for exported fruits (5 kg).
• Several types of cushioning materials are used, such as wood wool, paddy straw
and paper shreds.
STORAGE
• Recommended storage temperature is 10 to 15o c for
green fruit, 7 to 9 o C for ripe fruit and RH should
be 90%.

• With these conditions, Alphonso fruits can be

stored for 7 weeks. The recommended controlled
atmosphere (CA) is 5% 02, 5% CO2 and the degree
of benefit is excellent.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
CHEMICALS TREATMENT RESPONSE
DETAILS
Foliar spray of Cycocel At monthly intervals Induce early and intensive
& Alar each at 5000 ppm during ‘off’ year in flowering
Mulgoa tree
Foliar spray of Cycocel May-January Produce greater no of
& Alar each at 5000 ppm flowering shoot i.e. 25 % to
85 %
Paclobutrazol (Cultar) Soil application as Suppress vegetative
5g a.i./Tree collar drenches in growth & induce profuse
Alphanso tree early flowering

• Annual fruiting in mango has been obtained by application of the

Paclobutrazol@ 5g/tree in soil during July—August.
• Paclobutrazol is in use on a commercial scale in Maharashtra and Gujarat
particularly for the Alphanso variety.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
1. Biennial bearing/Alternate bearing
• Mango producing good crop one year and no crop or fewer crops in the next
year is known as biennial bearing or alternate bearing.
• Irregular and alternate bearing in mango is a major problem faced by mango
growers. This problem causes great economic loss to the growers with the poor
yield or failure of crop during "off year'' and the selling produce at low price
during "on year'' due to fruit glut in the market.
• The phrases 'on' year and 'off year are used to refer to the years of 'normal' and
'sub-normal' or 'no crop' respectively. However, these phrases are in a way
misnomers in so far as their reference to a given year is concerned since not
hundred per cent of trees in an orchard would be either 'on' or 'off in any year.
• When a tree produces heavy crop in one season, it gets exhausted
nutritionally and is unable to put forth new flush thereby failing to yield in
the following season. The problem has been attributed to the causes like
genetical, physiological, environmental and nutritional factors.
• Though planting of regular bearing varieties like Amrapali are suggested for
getting regular fruits, most of the commercially grown varieties in North India,
like Dussheri, chousa and Langra are alternate bearers.
 Causes
1. Climatological factors: Rain, high humidity, low temperature,
high wind flow, hailstrom making on to off year
2. Age and size of shoots: Shoots of 8-10 months maturity will be
productive.
3. Carbon/Nitrogen ratio: , higher starch reserve, total carbohydrate,
High carbon/moderate N encourages flower bud formation (30-40)
4. Hormonal balance: Higher levels of auxin and inhibitor-like
substance and lower levels of gibberellins like substances are found to
be vital for a flowering shoot.
 Management
• Deblossoming is recommended to reduce the crop load in the “On year” such that it is balanced in the
“Off year”.
• Proper maintenance of orchard by way of effectively controlling pests and diseases and regular
cultural operations may also result in better performance of the tree every year.
• Fruits are borne largely on previous years shoots, so pruning should not be very severe.
Light pruning limits the vegetative growth and activates the quiescent fruit bearing buds by
redistributing the endogenous hormonal substances and favours flowering, fruiting and improves fruit
yield. After harvesting the fruits, droop off branches to open the centre. Also remove dead wood,
weaker branches and criss- cross branches to allow sunlight to enter the canopy.
• Soil application of Paclobutrazol (PP333) or @ 4 - 5 g per tree in the month of September resulted
in early flowering with higher fruit set and yield. Paclobutrazol checks Gibberelic Acid biosynthesis,
increases cytokinin level, Chlorophyll content, improves mineral uptake and carbohydrate gradient of
the entire plant system. This helps in achieving a balance in C:N ratio which
induces flowering normally.
 SMUDGING
• Smudging or smoking of mango trees to induce ‘off’ season
flowering and fruiting is a unique feature of mango cultivation in
Philippines.
• However, under Indian conditions, smoking has not been found to
induce flowering.
 Continued..

• Foliar spray of 1 per cent potassium nitrate or 1 per cent potassium dihydrogen phosphate +
1 per cent urea thrice at monthly intervals should also be done to achieve a balance in carbon
and nitrogen ratio, it helps in development of floral shoots during off year.

• After flowering, attack by mango hoppers and powdery mildew a fungal disease will completely
destroy the inflorescence. Two fortnightly sprays with Carbaryl (0.25 per cent), Diazinon (0.1 per
cent) or Endosulfan (0.07 per cent) in the month of February and March, will check attack by
mango hoppers.

• Similarly spraying with wettable sulphur (2g/ lt of water) is quite useful to control Powdery
mildew. A liquid soap should be mixed along with pesticides for proper retention of the chemical
on the plant surface. The trees thus treated will give bumper crops regularly year after year.

• Growing regular bearing cultivars: Bangalore, Rumani, Neelum and almost all hybrids.
 2. Mango malformation
• The malformed panicles remain unproductive and are characterized
by a compact mass of male flowers, greenish in color and stunted in
growth.
• Production of thick vegetative shoots and transformation of floral
parts into a compact mass of sterile flowers.
• The malformed panicles remain intact on the trees for a considerable
period.
Two types of malformation
Vegetative malformation and floral malformation
❖Vegetative malformation resembles “bunchy top” which may dry and
die in due course.
❖Floral malformation results in enlargement of flowers with new
flowers being produced even after fruit set but with less % of
hermaphrodite flowers.
• Malformation is serious in North than in South. It may result in loss
of about 50-60% of the total crop. Krishnabhog, Collecter, Langra,
Neelum are tolerant (seedling trees are found to be tolerant)
a. Normal panicle
b. Normal vegetative growth
c. Malformed panicle
d. Vegetative malformation
 Control
1. Application of plant growth regulators and phenolic compounds
(NAA,Ethrel,GA, Paclobutrozol, etc.)
2. Deblossoming: at bud brust stage-ethrel
3. Use of antagonists and antimalformins: Glutahione, Ascorbic acid,
Silver nitrate
4. Application of nutrients: High NPK added with FeSO4, Cobalt
sulphate
5. Pruning of malformed parts.
6. Application of pesticides: Parathion,Kelthane,Kerathane.
7. Covering panicles with polythene film to raise the temperature
around the panicle
 3. Fruit drop
1. The fruit drop is more or less a continuous process and can be classified
into three groups: (i) Pinhead drop, (ii) Post-setting drop and (iii)
March-month drop. The fruit drop in the first two groups are
insignificant compared to the third group which affects the final yield
significantly and needs more attention.
2. Embryo abortion, climatic factors, disturbed water relation, lack of
nutrition, disease, pest and hormonal imbalances are the major factors
that lead to fruit drop.
3. This can be avoided by regular irrigations during fruit development,
4. Application of optimum doses of nutrients effective control of pests and
diseases and some hormonal sprays like 2, 4-D (10-30 ppm) NAA (5-50
ppm), 2,4,5-T (20 ppm).
 4. BLACK TIP
• It is a serious disorder.
• The infection of the fruit starts right from the marble stage with a characteristic
yellowing of the tissues at the distal end.
• Gradually the colour intensifies into brown and finally black. It is generally
detected in areas near to the brick’s kiln.
• Polluted atmosphere with fumes smoke, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur
dioxide, acetylene of brick kilns near the mango orchard causes this disorder
CONTROL
Spraying Borax @ 1% and caustic soda (0.8%) after flowering, before flowering
and at fruit set stage.
 5. Spongy tissue and soft nose
Spongy tissue
• Fruit appears normal extremely but contains non edible, yellowish, sour, patchy spongy
tissue inside the mesocarp of the fruit. Inside high temperature, convective heat and
exposing to sunlight after harvest are supposed to be the causes.
• Alphonso is highly susceptible
• Remedy lies in mulching in the orchard and harvesting fruits at 3/4th mature stage only
and growing resistant hybrids like ratna, arka aruna, arka punnet, cultivar like kesar,
Neelam.

Soft Nose
• Physiological disorder caused by Ca deficiency causing breakdown of flesh towards the
apex of the fruit before ripening.
• Calcium spray to mitigate the problem
SPONGY TISSUE IN MANGO
 7. Clustering (Jhumka)
• Clustering of fruits without growth at the tip of the
panicle caused by adverse weather (low temperature)
during Feb-March.
• Most of the fruits drop+ shriveled and aborted
embryos.
 ANTHRACNOSE: (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
• Produces leaf spots, blossom blight, wither tip, twigs
blight and fruit rot.
• Small blister like spots develop on the leaves and
twigs.
• Young leaves wither and dry Tender twigs wither
and die back symptom appears.
• Affected branches ultimately dry up. Black spots
appear on fruits.
• The fruit pulp becomes hard, crack and decay at
ripening. Infected fruits drop
Control
• Bavistin (0.1%) at 15 days interval during
flowering to control blossom infection.
• copper fungicides (0.3%) for the control of foliar
infection.
• P. fluorescens (FP 7) at 3 weeks interval
commencing from October at 5g/like on flower
branches (5-7 sprays)
• Before storage, treat with hot water, (50-55°C)
for 15 minutes or dip in Benomyl solution
(500ppm) or Thiobendazole (1000ppm) for 5
minutes
 Sooty mould (Meliola mangiferae):
•The fungi produce mycelium which is superficial and
dark. They grow on sugary secretions of the plant
hoppers. Black encrustation is formed which affect the
photosynthetic activity.
•The fungus grows on the leaf surface on the sugary
substances secreted by jassids, aphids and scale insects.
Control:
• Pruning of affected branches and their prompt destruction prevents the spread of the disease.
• Management should be done for insects and sooty moulds simultaneously.
• Controlling of insect by spraying systemic insecticides like Monocrotophos or methyl
dematon
• After that spray starch solution (1kg Starch/Maida in 5 litres of water. Boiled and dilute to
20 liters)
• Starch dries and forms flake which are removed along with the fungus.
• It could also be controlled by spray of Nottasul + Metacin + gumacasea (0.2% + 0.1% +
0.3%).
 Mealy bug: (Drosicha mangiferae )

• Polythene (400 gauge) bands of 25 cm width fastened around the tree trunk have been found effective
barrier to stop the ascent of nymphs to the trees. The band should be fastened well in advance before
the hatching of eggs, i.e., around November – December
• Application of 250 g per tree of Methyl Parathion dust 2 per cent or Aldrin dust 10 per cent in the
soil around the trunk kills the newly hatched nymphs which come in contact with the chemical.
• Spraying of 0.05 per cent Monocrotophos or 0.05 per cent Methyl Parathion have been found useful
in controlling early instar nymphs of the mealy bug.
• Release of Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 10/tree
 MANGO HOPPER
Ideoscopus clypealis / Amritodus atkinsoni

• Nymphs and adults suck sap from the tender parts of the plant as a result there is heavy loss of plant
sap and curling and drying of affected tissues takes place.
• These insects secrete a sweet sticky substance which attracts black ants and also a fungus Meliola
mangiferae i.e also known as sooty mould.
CONTROL :
• Three sprays of Carbaryl 0.15% or Monocrotophos 0.04% at 15days interval at panicle
emergence stage.
• Avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in overcrowded orchards.
• Neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any insecticides
• Spray 3 per cent neem oil or neem seed kernel powder extract 5 per cent
 Stone weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae):
• This insect is widely distributed in the
tropics. Female lays eggs on the
epicarp of partially developed fruits or
under the rind of ripening fruits.
• Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp
• Eats unripe tissue and bore into
cotyledons
• Fruit dropping at marble stage
• oviposition injuries on marble sized
fruits.
• Tunnelled cotyledons in mature fruit
by grubs.
Control:
• Destroying the affected fruits and exposing the hibernating weevils by digging
the soil
• Spraying the trees with Fenthion (0.10%), Acephate 75 SP 1.5g/lit. or
Lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC 2.5 ml/lit at marble size stage of fruits, Phosalone 35
EC 2 ml/lit
 Fruit fly: Daccus dorsalis.

•Maggot bore into semi-ripen fruits with decayed

spots and dropping of fruits.
•Oozing of fluid
•Brownish rotten patches on fruits.
Control
• Collect fallen infested fruits and dispose them by dumping in a pit
• Provide summer ploughing to expose the pupa
• . Pheromone traps containing a 100 ml water emulsion of methyl euginol (0.1%)
+ Malathion (0.1%) during fruiting (April to May). About 10 such traps are
sufficient for one hectare of orchard.
• Field release of natural enemies Opius compensates and Spalangia Philippines
Other insects
1. Stem borer- Bactrocera dorsalis
2. Red ant: Oecophylla smaradina
3. Aphid: Toxoptera odinae