Seeing things
Class 8
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to :
- Describe how light travels
- List the types of sources
- Explain how we see things
- Describe how light interacts with objects
What is light?
Light is a way of transferring energy.
Energy is transferred from the Sun to the Earth by light waves.
Light does not need a medium or a substance to travel through.
How do we see things?
objects are divided into two groups
- Luminous source, objects which produces its own light like the Sun
- Non- luminous , objects which reflects light like the Moon
We see objects because they reflects the light and than enters into my eyes.
How does light travel?
Light travels in straight lines . We use arrows to indicate the direction of light. We
call these lines rays of light.
Light can be transmitted by objects it hits or be reflected or it can be absorbed.
The behavior of light depends on the type of material
What does light travel through?
There are three types of materials
Transparent materials are materials that allow light to pass through them
Translucent materials are materials that allow some light to pass through them but
you can not see throught it.
Opaque materials are materials that do not allow light to pass through them
Class work page 131
Question 1 and 2
Home work
Question 3 page 131
Shadows and eclipses
Class 8
Objectives
At the end of the lesson students will be able to:
- Define shadow and list the elements of it
- Distinguish a solar eclipse from a lunar eclipse
Shadow
If an opaque object is placed in front of a light source, some light rays are blocked
by the object, while others continue to travel. As a result, a dark region forms
behind the object. This dark region is called a shadow.
Usually a shadow has a completely dark region in the centre, which we call the
umbra and a partial shadow around it, which we call the penumbra.
Dark shadow (Umbra)
The light bulb is a large light source. It cannot form shadows with sharp edges.
A dark shadow with sharp edges can be formed with a point light source.
A point light source can be made when a piece of card with a pin hole in the
middle is placed in front of a lamp.
Example
An opaque object is placed in front of a point light source as shown in the figure.
Locate the region where a shadow forms when the source is on.
Solar eclipse
The Moon revolves around the Earth, and similarly the Earth revolves around the
Sun. Earth and the moon enter each others dark regions.
When the Moon enters the region between the Sun and the Earth, the Moon
blocks sunlight! As a result a shadow forms on Earth. This is called a solar eclipse.
Lunar eclipse
This occurs when the Earth enters the region between the Moon and the Sun.
During a lunar eclipse we cannot see the Moon, because it is in the shadow of the
Earth.
Unlike a solar eclipse a lunar eclipse occurs frequently.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0BDkFrmgs
The law of reflection
Class 8
Objectives:
• At the end of the lesson the student will be able to:
• State the law of reflection
• Use the law of reflection to describe how light is reflected
Elements of reflection
• Mirror : a smooth , shiny surface that changes the direction of light
when it strikes it
• Incident ray , a ray of light the incoming ray that strikes the mirror
• Normal a perpendicular line to the point where light strikes the mirror
• Reflected ray the outgoing ray
Law of reflection
• The angle of incidence is the angle between the normal and incident
ray
• The angle of reflection is the angle between the normal and the
reflected ray
• The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection
Mirrors in periscopes
A periscope contains 2 mirrors. It enables you to look over the top of a
wall
Submarines have periscopes so that people inside can what is on the
surface of the water.
A periscope is a useful example of the law of
Reflection at work.
It’s important that mirrors are placed at a 45° angle,
Making measurements
• Read the text at page 132
• Answer question 2 page 133
Exercise
Home work
• Question 4 page 133
Reflection and images
Class 8
Looking in a mirror
The reflection that we see in a mirror is called an image
The properties of the image are :
1. The image is the same size as the object (hobject = himage ).
2. The distance between the image and the mirror is equal to the
distance between the object and the mirror (xobject = ximage ).
3. The image is virtual.
4. The image is behind the mirror.
5. The image is laterally inverted, that is, the left side of the object is at the right side of the
image.
Types of image
Images can be
Virtual - when we look in the mirror to see the image
Real - an image that you project onto a screen is real, because you don’t need to
look through anything to see it
How is the image in a mirror formed?
We see an image because our brain assumes that light travels in straight lines,
even when light has in fact been reflected.
A ray diagram helps to show how the image is formed
Types of reflection
We have two types of reflections.
Regular and diffuse reflections
Exercise
A girl is standing 75 cm from the front of a flat mirror.
a. How far is her image beyond the mirror? What is the distance between the girl
and her image?
b. If the girl moves 1 m away from the mirror, what will be the final distance
between the girl and her image?
c. Does the size of the girl’s image change while she is walking?
Exercise
Find the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection
Home work
Question 3 and 4 page 135
Workbook page 55,56
