Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

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Abbreviations used in the Mark Scheme

• ; separates marking points

• / separates alternatives within a marking point
• R reject
• ignore mark as if this material was not present
• A accept (a less than ideal answer which should be marked correct)
• AW alternative wording (accept other ways of expressing the same idea)
• underline words underlined (or grammatical variants of them) must be present
• max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be awarded
• mark independently the second mark may be given even if the first mark is wrong
• ecf credit a correct statement that follows a previous wrong response
• ( ) the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context
• ora or reverse argument
• AVP any valid point
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Question Answer Mark Guidance

1 (a) function letter name

structure that makes A larynx
sounds
bone that provides E rib ;
protection for the
lungs
airway that allows J bronchus ;
passage of air only
into the right lung
airway that allows B trachea ;
passage of air into
both lungs
contracts to increase F/G (F) diaphragm /
the volume of the (G) external
thorax intercostal
muscle ;
muscle that contracts K internal
to lower the ribcage intercostal
muscles ;
site of gas exchange M alveoli ; [6]

(b) keeps, airways / trachea / bronchi, open ; I protection

allows (free flow of) air into (the lungs) ;
allows flexibility / can breathe even when, bent / swallowing / AW ;
AVP ; [max 2]

(c) (i) (aerobic) respiration ; [1] R anaerobic respiration

(ii) rate (of breathing) increases ; R it increase

[1] A it’s faster / deeper

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

(iii) stimulus (is CO2) ; A acidic / pH, of blood decreases ;

(CO2 / pH) detected by the brain ;
by a receptor ;
ref to (named) neurone in context ;
brain sends impulses to, (intercostal) muscles / diaphragm / effectors ;
(intercostal) muscles / diaphragm / effectors, contract more (frequently) ;
negative feedback / homeostasis ;
reflex / automatic / involuntary ; [max 3]

[Total: 13]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

2 (a) (i) retina ; [1]

(ii) optic (nerve) ; [1] I sensory neurone

(iii) (light is) refracted ; [1] A description of refraction

(iv) sensitive to / detect, light ; sensitive in dim light = 2 marks

in low intensity / night ; A provides night vision
pass impulse to, sensory neurone / optic nerve ;
AVP ; [max 2]

(b) (i) gravity ; [1]

(ii) negative / away from (gravity) ;

(gravi)tropism / (geo)tropism ; [2]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

(iii) upwards
grow towards (where) light (should be) ;
more, light absorbed / photosynthesis ;
more growth ;
flowers more likely to attract, insects / pollinators ;
more likely to, release / shed / disperse, seeds ;

downwards
better, anchorage / AW ;
absorb, water / mineral ions ;

AVP ; ref to competition / damage [max 2]

(iv) auxins made in shoot tip ; I found in tip

(auxin) spread / move / diffuse ;
idea of unequal distribution of auxin ;
auxins collect, in lower side of stem ;
auxin stimulates (cell) elongation (where it accumulates) ; I growth
AVP ; e.g. (by) absorption of water (by
osmosis) / ref to turgor pressure
(and) stretching of cell
[max 4] walls / statoliths / detect gravity

[Total: 14]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

3 (a)

gametes X X

X XX XX

Y; XY XY ;

offspring ratio = 1:1 / 50:50 / 50% male, 50% female / 2:2 ; [3]

(b) (i) b
cat 1 X Y;
B
cat 4 X Y;
B B
cat 5 X X ; [3]

(ii) distinct, phenotypes / coat colours / categories ; A only orange, black and calico
no (continuous) range of colour / AW ;
controlled by genes ; A inherited
not affected by the, environment / AW / named example ; [3]

[Total: 9]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

4 (a) (i) iodine solution diffused, into the bag / through the (Visking) tubing ;
iodine molecules small (enough to pass through the membrane) ; I osmosis
iodine solution stains starch ora ;
no starch diffused, out of the bag / through the (Visking) tubing ;
starch molecules too large (to pass through the membrane) ;
ref to pore / AW, size ; [max 4]

(ii) temperature ;
(surface) area ;
concentration (gradient) / water potential ;
size / type, of molecule ;
thickness / distance, across membrane / permeability (of membrane) ; I distance / thickness unqualified
pressure ;
(number of) protein, channels / pumps / AW ;
energy / number of mitochondria ; [max 3]

(b) (i) from muscle cell

(produced in) mitochondrion ;
diffused ;
(diffused) in cytoplasm / tissue fluid / (blood) plasma ; A red blood cell
through membrane ;
through capillary wall ;

from blood:
vein / vena cava / pulmonary artery / heart ;
travels to lungs ;
into alveoli ;
exhaled / breathed out / excreted ; [3] I exit the body unqualified

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

(ii) adaptations must be linked to correct

feature
max 2 for features only

thin, wall / epithelium ; A one cell thick R ‘thin cell wall’

for efficient, diffusion / gas exchange ;

small, diameter / lumen ;

idea that many capillaries can fit into tissues / capillaries reach (every cell)
throughout the body / relative size to red blood cell ;

extensive network ;
large surface for diffusion ;

capillary cells have pores ;

to allow substances to pass in and out of the blood easily ; [max 3]

(c) diffusion ;
down concentration gradient ; A lower concentration of carbon dioxide
inside leaf / ora ;
(diffuses) through stoma / stomata ;
(through) (intercellular) air space / (between) spongy mesophyll ;
into / reached, palisade, mesophyll / cell ; A into guard cell / spongy, mesophyll / cell
chloroplast ; I chlorophyll
AVP ; e.g. dissolve / diffuse, through cell wall / cell membrane / cytoplasm [max 4]

[Total: 17]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

5 (a) timber / paper, manufacture / AW ; A wood unqualified

firewood ; A fuel

clearance for
agriculture ;
urbanisation / roads / housing / factories / industry / leisure developments ;
extraction of minerals / for other natural resources ; [max 3]

(b) (i) 118 545 – 90 883 = 27 662

27 662 × 100
118 545 ;

23.3(3459) ;
23 (%) ; [3]

(ii) Indonesia has lost the most forest ora ;

9% (8.7%) compared with 23% in Indonesia ; A14% more in Indonesia
ecf from (b)(i)
Indonesian forest has continued to be lost, whereas loss in Malaysia has
slowed between 2005 and 2010 ;
comparative use of figures with units ; [max 3]

(iii) planted forest, has one (dominant) species / is a monoculture ;

loss of biodiversity ;
qualification of biodiversity loss ; e.g. habitats / example / extinction of a
species
I homes / organisms die
(plantation) susceptible to pest / disease ;
nutrients removed / soils become infertile ; A use of chemicals
ref to alien / foreign / invasive / non-indigenous species ;
AVP ; e.g. vegetation is removed / lower canopy / all immature [max 3]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

(c) roots die so do not bind the soil ;

loss of soil / soil erosion ; A landslides
silting of rivers ;
reduced (soil) fertility ; A loss of, minerals / ions / nutrients
no trees to absorb the water ;
increased risk of flooding ; A mudslides
increased rate of evaporation / land is exposed to drying ; A drought / decreased rainfall
desertification / decreased soil water ;
loss of, habitat / places where organisms live / described ; I home
disruption to food chain / described ;
endangered / extinction, of species or loss of biodiversity ; I organisms die
AVP ; named example of affected ‘land’ organism in context / removed
trees cause nutrient cycling disruption / lack of decomposition [max 6]

[Total: 18]

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

6 (a) V stomach ;
W large intestine / colon / rectum ; [2] I intestine unqualified

(b) breaks up food into small(er) pieces ; R molecules

without chemical change ; A without enzymes
by teeth / muscles ; A mastication / chewing / churning
to mix (with digestive juice) ;
increases surface area ;
for enzyme action ;
speeds up chemical digestion ; A easier / more effective
easier to swallow ; [3]

(c) for:
positive correlation / as (relative) body mass increases,
time in digestive system increases ;
any two or more figures from the graph ; units must be quoted at least once

against: max 3 from

two / one / few / some (species), are outliers / anomalies ; e.g. either outlier quoted
any figure(s) from the graph ;

(description of) some mammals do not fit the, pattern / trend ;

any example from the graph ;

only information about 26 species of mammal / small sample size ;

idea about unknown validity ; [max 4]

[Total: 9]

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