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The document is a lecture on engineering statistics, covering descriptive and inferential statistics, types of data, and data collection techniques. It explains key concepts such as variables, data sets, and the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data, including discrete and continuous variables. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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3 views

lec1

The document is a lecture on engineering statistics, covering descriptive and inferential statistics, types of data, and data collection techniques. It explains key concepts such as variables, data sets, and the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data, including discrete and continuous variables. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

ماكو حظ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Baghdad

Al-Khwarizmi College of
Engineering Automated
Manufacturing Engineering
Department

Engineering statistics

Lecture1

By “ Hiba khalid “
Outline

• Descriptive and Inferential Statistics


• Variables and Types of Data
• Data Collection and Sampling techniques
Statistics

It is the science of conducting studies to collect,


organize, summarize, analyze, and draw
.conclusions from data
Descriptive and Inferential
• Variable – a characteristic or attribute that can
assume different value.
• Data – are values that the variables can
assume.
• Random Variables – variables whose values
are determined by chance.
• Data set – a collection of data values.
• Data value – Each value in the data set.
:Examples
• Variables: a characteristic or attribute that can assume
different value.

–Grades, gender, height…,

• Data: are values that the variables can assume.

{ ,}89,98,99,100{ –male, female}, {50cm, 100cm, 89cm,


}…
:Examples
• Random Variables: variables whose values are
determined by chance.

–Number of heads or tails in tossing a coin, results in


tossing a die/s…

• Data set: a collection of data values.

{ ,}89,98,99,100{ –male, female}, {50cm, 100cm, 89cm,


.}…
Descriptive and Inferential
Data can be used in different ways. The body of
knowledge called statistics is divided into two
main areas, depending on how data are used.
The two areas are:

•Descriptive statistics
•Inferential statistics
Descriptive and Inferential
• Descriptive Statistics – consists of the
collection, organization, summarization and
presentation of data.
Examples:
 Nine out of ten on-the-job fatalities are men.
 Expenditures for the cable industry were $5.66
billion in .1996
 The national average annual medicine expenditure
per person is $.1052
Descriptive and Inferential
• Inferential Statistics – it consist of generalizing
from samples to populations, performing
estimations and hypothesis tests, determining
relationships among variables, and making
predictions.
– Example:
• The chances of winning the California Lottery are one
chance in twenty-two million.
• There is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and
getting emphysema.
:Exercise
1. Financial analysts say that mortgage may son hit
bottom.
2. The monthly average expenditures of per
household is P.10,000
3. The guard in the SM Megamall records the
number of shoppers for the past 15 days.
4. The Philippine Regulation Commission (PRC)
ranks the result of the Certified Public
Accountants professional examination in .2010
Population
It consists of all subjects (human or
. otherwise) that are being studied

Example:
BISU Students
Filipino
Tourists
Boholana
…
Sample
A group of subjects selected from a population •

:Example •
Population Sample
Sample
A group of subjects selected from a population •

:Example •
Population Sample
BISU students
Filipino
Tourists
Boholana
Sample
A group of subjects selected from a population •

:Example •
Population Sample
BISU students Tourism students
Filipino Igorots
Tourists 2018Korean who visits in
Boholana Female Tagbilaranon
Variables and Types of Data

As stated in the first section, statisticians gain


information about a particular situation by
.collecting data for random variables

This section will explore greater detail the nature


of variables and types of data
Variables and Types of Data

Variables can be classified


as
.Quantitative or Qualitative
Qualitative Data
These are variables that can be placed into
distinct categories, according to some
.characteristic or attributes

Example
)Gender (feminine, masculine, bisexual
)Sex(male, female
…
Quantitative Data

These are variables are numerical and can be


. ordered or ranked

Example
Age, heights, weights, body temperatures
…
:Exercise
:Classify the variables as qualitative or quantitative

1. Automobile ownership of students.


2. Net weight (in grams) of package cereal.
3. Political party affiliation of civil service workers.
4. Number of bankrupt corporations per month in
the Philippines.
Quantitative Data

Quantitative variables can be further classified


: into two groups

.Discrete and Continuous variables


Discrete variables

These variables can be assigned values such as


.and are said to be countable3 , 2, 1, 0

Examples of discrete variables are the number


of children in a family, the number of student in
a classroom, the number of calls received by a
.switchboard operator each day for a month
Discrete variables

Assume values that can be


. counted
Continuous variables
These variables can assume an infinite
number of values between any two
.specific values

.They are obtained by measuring

They often include fractions and


. decimals
:Exercise
:Identify each item as discrete or continuous •

1. Outcomes in rolling a pair of dice.


2.Square root of two.

3. f(x)=x+3

.4 Number of online purchases made in a week.


Variables

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Continuous

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