Grade 11 Biology

CH-4 ANIMAL KINGDOM

By- Anita Khyani ( PGT Biology)
M.Sc. B.Ed.
Level of Organisation
1. Cellular level of organisation :– eg In sponges ,cells
are in loose cell aggregates
2. Tissue level of organization :–eg- In coelenterates cells
doing the same function form tissues
3. Organ level of organization –eg – Platyhelminths
tissues are organized to form organ specialized for a
particular function
4. Organ-System level of organization -:eg – in Annelid ,
Arthropod , etc . Organ has associated to form
functional system with specific physiological function.
Organ System show variations from animal to animal
eg :- digestive system in platyhelminth has only one
opening but others has 2 openings
 Symmetry
1. Asymmetrical : Animals whose body cannot be divided into 2 equal
parts through any plane.Eg. Sponges
2. Radial Symmetry : Animals can be divided into 2 similar halves in
many plane. Eg. Coelenterates, Echinoderms
3. Bilateral Symmetry : Animals can be divided into 2 equal halves by
1 median plane. Eg. Annelida, Arthropods, etc
Embryonic layer Arrangement
1. Diploblastic :– Body wall 2
layered –ectoderm &
endoderm eg :-
Coelenterates with an
undifferentiated mesoglea
layer in between
2. Triploblastic: – body wall 3
layered – ectoderm &
endoderm & mesoderm :
eg – Platyhelminths
 Coelom
A cavity between body wall & gut wall by the
splitting of the mesoderm during embryonic
development
1. Acoelomates :- No Coelom. The space
between body wall & alimentary canal is
filled with parenchyma -Eg Platyhelminths.
2. Pseudoceolomates :- body cavity not lined
by mesoderm but mesoderm is found in
patches between ectoderm & endoderm -
Eg Aschelminths
3. Coelomate:- Present in triploblastic
animals. The mesoderm splits into 2 layers
enclosing a body cavity called coelom. The
cavity is filled with ‘coelomic fluid’ eg –
Annelid , arthropods etc.
 Segmentation
• It is also called as ‘metamerism’ (true segmentation) • It is a
series of segments arranged along the body of the animal •
When the external segmentation matches with the internal
segmentation, such animals are called as ‘metamerically
segmented animals’
Body Support
• The internal or external framework which provides support to
the body is called as skeleton.
• Exoskeleton (outside) & endoskeleton (inside)
• Lower animals have only exoskeleton for protection. Example:
cockroach • Higher developed animals have both exoskeleton &
endoskeleton for their protection. Example: fish, cobra, parrot,
man, etc
Phylum - PORIFERA
Sponges - Asymmetrical
Primitive multicellular- cellular level organisation.
• Water transport or canal system. Water enters through
minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity,
spongocoel, from where it goes out through the osculum.
This pathway of water transport is helpful in food
gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste.
• Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and the
canals.
Phylum - PORIFERA
• Digestion is intracellular.
• The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules
or spongin fibres. Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite),
i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual.
• Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and
sexually by formation of gametes. Fertilisation is internal
and development is indirect having a larval stage which is
morphologically distinct from the adult.
Phylum - COELENTERATA ( Cnidaria )
• Aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming, radially
symmetrical animals.
• Tissue level of organisation and are diploblastic
• cnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which contain the stinging
capsules or nematocytes) present on the tentacles and
the body. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense
and for the capture of prey.
• Central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening,
mouth on hypostome.
Phylum - COELENTERATA ( Cnidaria )
• Digestion is extracellular and intracellular.
• Corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. \
• Two basic body forms 1) Polyp - sessile and cylindrical form
like Hydra, Adamsia, etc. 2) The Medusa is umbrella-shaped
and free-swimming like Aurelia or jelly fish.
• In some both forms exhibit alternation of generation
(Metagenesis), i.e., polyps produce medusae asexually and
medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia).
Phylum - CTENOPHORA
• Sea walnuts or comb jellies - exclusively marine, radially
symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of
organisation.
• The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb
plates, which help in locomotion.
• Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
• Bioluminescence (emit light).
• Sexes are not separate.
Reproduction takes place by
sexual means.
• Fertilisation is external with
indirect development.
• Examples: Pleurobrachia and
Ctenoplana
Phylum - PLATYHELMINTHES
• Flatworms - dorso-ventrally flattened body.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals
with organ level of organisation.
• Endoparasites found in animals including human beings.
• Hooks and suckers present.
• Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
• Sexes are not separate. Fertilisation is internal and
development is through many larval stages. Some members
like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity.
Phylum - Aschelminthes
• Roundworms -circular in cross-section.
• free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic
• organ-system level of body organisation, bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals.
• Alimentary canal is complete & well developed muscular
pharynx. An excretory tube - excretory pore.
• Sexes- separate (dioecious). Females are longer than males.
• Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct (the
young ones resemble the adult) or indirect.
Phylum - Annelida
• Aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial; free-living,
and sometimes parasitic.
• Organ-system level of body organisation, bilateral
symmetry, triploblastic, metamerically segmented and
coelomate animals.
• Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments
or metameres.
• They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help
in locomotion. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral
appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming.
Phylum - Annelida
• A closed circulatory system - Nephridia help in
osmoregulation and excretion. Neural system consists of
paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double
ventral nerve cord.
• Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious, but earthworms and
leeches are monoecious. Reproduction is sexual.
Phylum - Arthropoda
• Largest phylum - includes insects.
• Organ-system level of organisation, bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate.
• The body covered by chitinous exoskeleton & consists of
head, thorax and abdomen. jointed appendages
(arthros-joint, poda-appendages).
• Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or
tracheal system.
Phylum - Arthropoda
• Circulatory system is of open type. Sensory organs like
antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or
balance organs are present.
• Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules.
• They are mostly dioecious. Fertilisation is usually internal.
• They are mostly oviparous. Development may be direct or
indirect.
Phylum - Mollusca
• Second largest animal phylum. terrestrial or aquatic
(marine or fresh water)
• organ-system level of organisation, bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomate animals.
• Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented
with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. A
soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the
visceral hump.
Phylum - Mollusca
• The space between the hump and the mantle is called the
mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present.
• They have respiratory and excretory functions.
• The anterior head region has sensory tentacles.
• The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding,
called radul
• They are dioecious and oviparous with indirect
development.
Phylum - Echinodermata
Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles (Spiny bodied) .
Marine with organ-system level of organisation.
Adult- radially symmetrical larvae- bilaterally symmetrical.
triploblastic and coelomate animals.
Digestive system is complete with mouth on the lower (ventral)
side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side.
Presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion,
capture and transport of food and respiration.
An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate. Reproduction
is sexual. Fertilisation is usually
external.
Development is indirect
with free-swimming larva.
Phylum - Hemichordata
• Small group of worm-like marine animals
• Organ-system level of organisation.
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and
coelomate. The body is cylindrical and is composed of an
anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.
• Circulatory system is of open type. Respiration takes place
through gills. Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
• Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. Development is
indirect. Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccogloss
Phylum - Chordata
• presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and
paired pharyngeal gill slits.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with
organ-system level of organisation.
• They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory
system.
Phylum - Chordata
Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
are referred as protochordates and are
exclusively marine.
In Urochordata, notochord is present only
in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata,
it extends from head to tail region and is persistent
throughout their life.
• Examples: Urochordata – Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum;
Cephalochordata – Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or
Lancelet).
Phylum - Chordata - Vertebrata
• Notochord present during the embryonic period.
• The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony
vertebral column in the adult.
• Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three
or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation
and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs.
Class- Cyclostomata
• Ectoparasites on some fishes.
• They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits
for respiration.
• Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
• Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
• Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
• Circulation is of closed type.
• Cyclostomes are marine but migrate for spawning to fresh
water. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their
larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean.
• Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
Class - Chondrichthyes
Marine animals with streamlined body and have cartilaginous
endoskeleton.
Mouth is located ventrally. Notochord present throughout life.
Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover).
The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales.
Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly
directed. Their jaws are very powerful. These are predaceous.
Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly
to avoid sinking.
Phylum - Chondrichthyes
Heart is two-chambered.
Some of them have electric organs (e.g.,
Torpedo) and some possess poison sting
(e.g., Trygon). They are cold-blooded
(poikilothermous) animals, i.e., they lack
the capacity to regulate their body
temperature.
Sexes are separate. In males pelvic fins
bear claspers. They have internal
fertilisation and many of them are
viviparous.
Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis
(Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white
shark), Trygon (Sting ray).
Class - Osteichthyes
Marine and freshwater fishes with bony endoskeleton. Mouth
is mostly terminal.
They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an
operculum on each side.
Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales.
Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy. Heart is two-
chambered. They are cold-blooded animals.
Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is usually external. They are
mostly oviparous and development is direct.
Class - Amphibia
live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats. Most of them have
two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail
may be present in some.
The amphibian skin is moist (without scales). The eyes have
eyelids. A tympanum represents the ear.
Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a
common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin. The heart is
three- chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). These are
cold-blooded animals.
Sexes are separate.
Fertilisation is external.
They are oviparous
and development is indirect.
Class - Reptilia
Creeping or crawling .
They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by
dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes.
No external ear openings. Tympanum represents ear.
Limbs, when present, are two pairs. Heart is usually
three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles.
Reptiles are poikilotherms. Snakes and lizards shed their scales
as skin cast. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are
oviparous and development is direct.
Class - Aves
Feathers present and most of them can fly except flightless
birds. They possess beak.
The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally
have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping
the tree branches.
Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the
tail.
Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are
hollow with air cavities (pneumatic).
The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop
and gizzard.
Class - Aves
Heart is completely four- chambered. They are warm-blooded
(homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain a
constant body temperature.
Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs
supplement respiration.
Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous
and development is direct.
Class - Mammalia
They are found in a variety of habitats – polar ice caps,
deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands and dark caves.
Some of them have adapted to fly or live in water.
Presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands) by
which the young ones are nourished. They have two pairs of
limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing,
swimming or flying.
The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair. External
ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are
present in the jaw.
Heart is four- chambered. They are homoiothermous.
Respiration is by lungs.
Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal. They are
viviparous with few exceptions and development is direct.
Class - Mammalia