Welcome to week 11

Frame Structure, Multiplexing and Code

Planning

Dr. Nasir Faruk

Department of Telecommunication Science
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
 Learning Objectives
 Differentiate between Channelization and
Scrambling Codes
 Plan Scrambling codes for UL and DL
 Understand UMTS frame and burst structure
 How UMTS frames and burst differs from GSM
 Usage of DCH in the UL and DL
 Cell Search Procedure
 TODAY’S Class
Channelization and Scrambling Codes
Usage
Planning
UMTS channel Multiplexing
Signalling Channels
DPDCH and DPCCH
UMTS frame structure and Burst Types
frame structure
Burst Types Processing gain and correlation
DCH
UL Multiplexing
DL Multiplexing
Cell Search Procedure
Summary
Study Questions
 Channelization Codes
 In the Downlink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels coming from the same BTS

CC3, CC4
CC1, CC2

CC5, CC6, CC7

 In the Uplink Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control) channels
from the same UE

CC1, CC2
CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

 Scrambling Codes
 In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned by operator –
SC planning)

 In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)

Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6
 Scrambling Code planning
 SC are organized in Code Groups.
 The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent Code Group by a
multiple of 8

64 Code Groups

0 8 16 ... ... 504

1 9 17 ... ... 505
2 10 18 ... ... 506
3 11 19 ... ... 507
4 12 20 ... 500 508
5 13 21 ... 501 509
6 14 22 ... 502 510
7 15 23 ... 503 511
 Downlink Scrambling Codes

 Used to distinguish Base Station transmissions on Downlink

 Each Cell is assigned one and only one Primary Scrambling Code (of 512)
 Secondary Scrambling Codes may be used over part of a cell, or for other data channels

8192 Downlink Scrambling Codes

Each code is 38,400 chips of a 218 - 1 (262,143 chip) Gold Sequence

Code Group #1 Code Group #64

Primary SC0 Primary SC7 Primary SC504 Primary SC511

Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary

Scrambling Scrambling Scrambling Scrambling
Codes Codes Codes Codes

(15) (15) (15) (15)

Scrambling Code planning example

SC 48

SC 0 SC 64

SC 16 SC 40 SC 56 SC 49
SC 8 SC 24 SC 1 SC 65
SC 32 SC 17 SC 41 SC 57
SC 9 SC 25
SC 33
 Channelization and Scrambling Codes

Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CCP + CCB
2 data channels
1 data channels
Voice (voice, control)
(control)
SC1 + CC1 + CC2 Uplink
Conversation SC1 + CC3
Packet Data

2 data channels 2 data channels

(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 SC4 + CC1 + CC2

Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CCP + CCB

3 data channels 4 data channels Videoconference

(voice, video, control) (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7
with Data
Videoconference

3 data channels
(voice, video, control) 4 data channels
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4
 WCDMA Uplink (FDD) – Rel ’99
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)
Chd Gd

CCCH RACH Data PRACH

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.


RACH Control Part

Chc Gc j
Chd Gd

DTCH (packet mode) CPCH Data PCPCH UE

Dedicated Traffic Ch. Common Packet Ch. Coding Physical Common Packet Ch. Scrambling Uplink
 Code
RF Out
PCPCH Control Part

I
I+jQ Filter
Chc Gc j I/Q
 Filter
Mod.

Chd,1 Gd
Q
CCTrCH DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,3 Gd
DCCH DCH Data
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. I
Chd,5 Gd
DTCH DCH Data
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Chd,2 Gd
X DPDCH #2 (optional) 
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,4 Gd

DTCH DCH Data DPDCH #4 (optional)

Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
Chd,6 Gd
DPDCH #6 (optional) Q
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chc Gd j
DPCCH
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
 UMTS Frame Structure: Common Pilot Channel
 Downlink CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) (C256,0)

1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

a user may use one

or several timeslots
a timeslot can be
assigned to either
uplink or downlink
for data or control
 UMTS Burst Types
666.7 µs
Timeslots

BURST TYPE 1
Data symbols Midamble Data symbols GP
61,122,244,488,976 61,122,244,488,976
512 chips 96
976 chips 976 chips chips

BURST TYPE 2
Data symbols Data symbols GP
69,138,276,552,1104 Midamble 69,138,276,552,1104
256 chips 96
1104 chips 1104 chips chips

Figure 36
Sync Channel /
Primary Common Control Channel
 Downlink SCH / P-CCPCH (C256,1 )

BCH Spreading Factor = 256

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 BCH data bits / slot

SCH BCH
256 Chips 2304 Chips

PSC
Broadcast Data (18 bits)
SSCi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

 PSC used for slot synchronization, SSC used for frame synchronization and scrambling
code group (16 SSCs in 64 different combinations)
Secondary Common Control Channel
 Downlink S-CCPCH

Spreading Factor = 256 to 4

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]

0, 2, or 8 bits 20 to 1256 bits 0, 8, or 16 bits

TFCI or DTX Data Pilot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

 Monitored by UE in idle mode, but also used in Cell FACH

 Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
 DPDCH and DPCCH are transmitted in parallel due to the
presence of interference and synchronization
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Coded Data (10 to 640 bits) I

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC Q

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot

PILOT: Fixed patterns (channel estimation, SIR estimate for PC)

TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (bit rate, channel decoding, interleaving parameters for every DPDCH frame)

FBI: Feedback Information (transmission diversity in DL/Handover decision)

TPC: Transmit Power Control bits (power control command)

 Dedicated Control/Data Channel
•In the DL no audible interference is generated with DTX because the common channels are continuously
transmitting

•DPDCH and DPCCH are time multiplexed.

•The DPDCH carries user traffic, layer 2 overhead bits, and layer 3 signaling data.
•The DPCCH carries layer 1 control bits: Pilot (for SIR measurements),TPC (transmit power control to
increase/decrease transmit power, and TFCI

•In DL no FBI as part of the control fields ?

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]
SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Cell Search Procedure (Revisited)
1) Detect Carrier
 Carrier spacing nominally 5 MHz
 Can be 4.4, 4.6, 4.8 or 5.0 MHz
 UE scans allocated spectrum at 200kHz raster intervals

2) Synchronise to Slot
 UE uses Synchronisation Channel (SCH) primary synchronisation code to acquire slot synchronisation.
3) Synchronise to Frame and identify Code-group
•Correlator tries comparing the received signal with all possible secondary synchronisation code sequences.
•Unique cyclic shifts of the sequences give code group and frame synchronisation.
4) Identify Scrambling-code
 Correlation over the Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) with all codes within the code group identified in last
step.
 When primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(CCPCH) can be detected and the Broadcast Channel (BCH) can be read.
 Simplification
18
 UE can be informed which scrambling codes to search for.
 Summary

Control Field on DPCCH

Cell Search Procedure:
1. PILOT: Fixed patterns (channel estimation, SIR estimate for PC)
1) Detect Carrier
2. TFCI: (bit rate, channel decoding, interleaving parameters for
2) Synchronise to Slot every DPDCH frame)
3) Synchronise to Frame and identify Code-group
3. FBI: (transmission diversity in DL/Handover decision)
4) Identify Scrambling-code
4. TPC: bits (power control command)
 Study Questions
1) In the WCDMA uplink DPCCH channel is I/Q code multiplexed
with the DPDCH channel(s) and transmitted in parallel, while, in
the downlink both channels are time multiplexed as a single
dedicated physical channel (DPCH). Draw the burst structure for
both UL and DL indicating each field
2) In the downlink both channels are time multiplexed as a single
dedicated physical channel (DPCH). Briefly, state and explain the
missing field (s) in the DL
3) Briefly, state and explain cell search procedure in WCDMA system

4) Differentiate between channalization and Scrambling Codes. Briefly

explain the usage of each code in UL and DL