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Math 155 Lecture Notes section 10,3

The document contains lecture notes on parametric equations and their applications in calculus, including finding tangent lines, higher order derivatives, and concavity. It provides several examples and exercises for calculating derivatives, tangent lines, and arc lengths of parametric curves. Key concepts such as horizontal and vertical tangents, as well as conditions for indeterminate forms, are also discussed.

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lpclarke
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2 views

Math 155 Lecture Notes section 10,3

The document contains lecture notes on parametric equations and their applications in calculus, including finding tangent lines, higher order derivatives, and concavity. It provides several examples and exercises for calculating derivatives, tangent lines, and arc lengths of parametric curves. Key concepts such as horizontal and vertical tangents, as well as conditions for indeterminate forms, are also discussed.

Uploaded by

lpclarke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 155, Lecture Notes- Bonds Name____________

Section 10.3 Parametric Equations and Calculus

Now that we can graph parametric equations, we can consider extending the
concepts of continuity and differentiation to these curves. How do we find
equations of tangent lines? How do we take higher order derivatives? How do we
find concavity? What will Arc Length look like with parametric equations?
⎧
⎪
⎪ x (t) = t
3
dy ⎪
Ex. 1: Find for ⎨
⎪ ( )
dx ⎪
⎪ y t = 4 −t
⎪
⎩

⎪⎧
dy d 2y ⎪ x (θ) = cos(θ)
⎪
Ex. 2: Find and for ⎨ at θ = 0 .
dx dx 2 ⎪ y (θ) = 3sin (θ)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
More Ex. 2:

⎧⎪
dy d 2y ⎪ x (θ) = cos(θ)
⎪ π
Ex. 3: Find and for ⎨ at θ = .
⎪ y (θ) = 3sin (θ)
⎪
2
dx dx 4
⎪
⎪
⎩
More Ex. 3:

Ex. 4: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve, C, defined by the equation
x2 y2 ⎛−3 2 ⎞⎟
+ = 1 at the point M, ⎜⎜⎜ , y⎟⎟⎟ , y > 0 .
9 16 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
More Ex. 4:
More Ex. 4:
Ex. 5: Find the equations of the tangent line at the point where the curve crosses
itself.
⎧
⎪
⎪ x (t) = t −6t
3
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪
y (t) = t 2
⎪
⎩
More Ex. 5:
More Ex. 5:
dy dx
If = 0 and ≠ 0 when t = t0 , then the parametric curve represented by
dt dt
x = f (t) and y = g(t) has a horizontal tangent at ( f (t0 ) , g(t0 )) .
dx dy
If = 0 and ≠ 0 when t = t0 , then the parametric curve represented by
dt dt
x = f (t) and y = g(t) has a vertical tangent at ( f (t0 ) , g(t0 )) .
dx dy dy 0
If = 0 and = 0 when t = t0 , then = yields and indeterminate form. We
dt dt dx 0
need to study this situation on a case-by case-basis and we must consider the graph
behavior near this point on the curve, since the indeterminate form cannot tell us
what is happening.
Ex. 6: Find the points of horizontal tangency and vertical tangency.
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ x (t) = 2t
⎪
⎨ for −1 ≤ t ≤ 2π
⎪
⎪ y (t) = 2 ⎡⎢⎣1− cos(t)⎤⎥⎦
⎪
⎪
⎩
Ex. 7: Determine the t-intervals on which the curve is concave downward, or
concave upward.
⎧
⎪
⎪ x (t) = 2t + ln (t)
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪ y (t) = 2t −ln (t)
⎪
⎪
⎩
More Ex. 7:
Ex. 8: Write an integral that represents the arc length of the curve over 1 ≤ t ≤6 .
⎧
⎪
⎪ x (t) = ln (t)
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎪ y (t) = t +1
⎪
⎪
⎩
Ex. 9: Find the circumference of a circle with radius a.
⎧
⎪
⎪ x (t) = acos(t)
⎪
⎨ for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
⎪
⎪ y (t) = asin (t)
⎪
⎪
⎩

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