Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using
PLA and ABS materials
V. Harshitha ⇑, Seeram Srinivasa Rao
Mechanical Department, KL University, Guntur 522501, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A process of generating 3D object from a digital file consistently by arranging many thin layers of metals
Received 12 July 2019 in succession is named as 3D printing. It has been gaining tremendous development in present years. By
Accepted 24 July 2019 the use of additive manufacturing technology, a 3D digital design is reformed into virtual product by
Available online xxxx
depositing metal consecutively. 3D printing provides resourceful feasibilities for complying various
parameters based on engineering arena. In Fusion Deposition Modeling 3D printer, the primary materials
Keywords: needed are ABS and PLA. This experimental analysis is proposed by modelling a 3D ISO standard nut and
ABS
bolt. A replica model of nut and bolt is created using 3D printer, by the use of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and
Additive manufacturing
PLA
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) materials. By using software titled CURA the slicing has been done
Rapid prototyping precisely and directed to printing. Later this model is analyzed on ANSYS software for shear stress, equiv-
Slicer alent stress and deformation. The PLA as well as ABS bolts are correlated with each other and evaluated.
Bolts Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Con-
ference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.

1. Introduction machine for manufacturing. The step by step manufacturing pro-

cess is shown in Fig. 1. They can be of different types based on
Every 3D printer brings about components that are based on basic, intermediate and expert levels like CURA, Slic3r, Astroprint,
precept that a digital model is changed into a physical 3D object Blender, FreeCAD, 3D slash, Tinker CAD.
by placing material layer by layer at a time. By depositing thin lay- Additive manufacturing is an ‘‘addictive manufacturing” where
ers of material consecutively in succession and by using digital it produces components ranging from a toy to a turbine blade”. It is
blue prints, new models and components are created from a digital a manufacturing process aimed at producing parts layer by layer
model prior to replica to be shaped. The need of additive manufac- directly from a 3D CAD model through steps like designing using
turing can assist extensive range of industries like in aerospace, software, slicing and other processes. Choosing the most suitable
automotive, biomedical, metal manufacturing, consumer products Additive Manufacturing (AM) process for a particular application
and defence. can be challenging. The Objects produced can be of any shape or
A 3D printer can produce different manufacturing prototypes, geometry and are generated from digital model data, 3D model
apparel and jewellary, prosthetics, 3D sculptures, aircraft compo- or another electronic data source such as an Additive Manufactur-
nents and even human organs like bone marrow, bio printing ing File (AMF) file. There were number of 3D printing processes
human tissue with different hundreds of other materials. Over dif- that produce complex parts. Among those FDM printers are exten-
ferent software’s like CAD, CATIA, SOLIDWORKS a digital model is sively used because of various advantages over other printing pro-
created. It is either created by the modelling software or by data cesses. It uses filament made of thermoplastic, which reaches to
generated by 3D scanner. It also slices the prototype into 100 or melting point when heated and extruded, layer by layer to create
1000s of layers one over the other until the object is done. The 3D object. These printers employ two materials, one modelling
3D printer software can be used to design, slice and directed to material and the other is supporting material. ABS and PLA are hav-
ing melting temperatures which are low enough to use in extru-
sion. The affordability, reliability of FDM has put it in good
⇑ Corresponding author. position in AMT (additive manufacturing technology) for the use
E-mail addresses: [email protected], mahareddyharshitha@g- in industries, academia [1]. This process attained good advantages
mail.com (V. Harshitha), [email protected] (S. Srinivasa Rao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.

Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
2 V. Harshitha, S. Srinivasa Rao / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. Additive manufacturing process.

like high dimensional accuracy, low budget, ease of use, short cycle In this work, replica model of the bolt and nut created using
time, easy integration which reputes FDM unique among other three dimensional printer called Ultimater 2+ as shown in the
printers [2,3]. Vinod et al. designed the FDM printer completely Fig. 2. Design of bolt and nut has been executed by using SOLID-
in SOLIDWORKS which is 3D modelling software, which develop WORKS software. However, this design is resolved on ANSYS soft-
cost effective printer [4,5]. To find out the effect of different vari- ware for deformation, equivalent stress and shear stress. The
ables a rectangular shaped printer according to the peeling stan- analysis results of PLA and ABS bolt and nut are correlated with
dard was designed [6]. FDM printer executes slicing and patching each other and evaluated. The overall process of fusion deposition
operation of a part’s cross section to create sequence of extruded modelling is shown in the Fig. 3.
layers. This is still an immature manufacturing technology which
is used for high production volume. There is also a room for filling 2. Design and analysis
gaps in literature [7,8]. Even though by the use of economic 3D
printer, manufacturing of finished and functionally consistent 2.1. Design
products that possess good sealing properties, from and extensive
range of polymers are done. The quality assessment procedure Before designing, the cross sectional area of nut and bolt have
allows gradual improvement of quality of 3D printed objects by been taken as standard values which can be shown in Fig. 4. Using
eliminating structural defects [9]. Through experimental analysis SOLIDWORKS software the design of nut and bolt is completed.
it is noticed that PLA (poly lactic acid) sizing agent will effectively This software uses exclusive tools for expeditious formulation,
increase interfacial strength between carbon fiber and resin [10]. handling, revising of designs by the use of indigenous and exotic
3D products with honeycomb and triangular geometry variations geometry. The design dimensions of screw threads, bolts and nuts
use PLA filament which is a process parameter [11]. When com- according to ISO:421 are shown in Table 1. The bolt and nut is
pared to PLA, popular 3D filament ABS requires less force to designed in SOLIDWORKS with the desired dimensions as shown
extrude the component [12]. CURA is a print software which can in the Fig. 5.
get a digital file from any computer to the 3D printer in any format
[13,14–26]. 2.2. Slicing

For an ULTIMAKER 2+, CURA engine software is very com-

pelling, agile and potent for processing 3D models into 3D printing
instructions. It is a slicing software which has two settings
advanced and simple that which adapt the program to the confined

Fig. 2. Ultimaker 2+3D printing machine. Fig. 3. Fusion deposition 3D printing process.

Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
 V. Harshitha, S. Srinivasa Rao / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

Fig. 4. Cross sectional area of nut and bolt.

Table 1 Table 3
Design dimensions of screw threads, bolts and nuts according to ISO:421. Materials.

Parameters Specifications Parameters Specifications

Designation M12 Ultimaker filament 750 g

Pitch 1.75 Filament diameter 2.85 mm
Minor or core diameter (Bolt) 9.858 System Open filament system
Depth thread (bolt) 1.074 Supported materials TPU 95A, PLA, ABS, CPE, PC, Nylon
Bolt head height 9
Major or nominal diameter Nut and 12.00
Effective or Pitch diameter Nut and Bolt 10.863
Minor or core diameter (Nut) 9.858
Hexagonal head inscribed circle diameter 24 Table 4
Threading length 24 Requirements of CURA Software.

Software used CURA properties

OS supported MacOS, Linux, windows
File types supported STL, AMF
Operating ambient temp 15 °C 32 °C
Transfer file Standalone 3D printing from SD card
Output 24 V DC, 9.2 A
Input 100–240 V, 4A, 50–60 Hz

Table 5
ABS material properties.

Parameter Values
Density 1.0–1.4 g/cm3
Elastic Modulus 2.0–2.6 GPa
Elongation at Break 3.6–50%
Fig. 5. Design of bolt and nut in solidworks.
Strength to Weight Ratio 37–79 kN-m/kg
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS) 37–110 MPa (5.4 to 16  103 psi)

Table 2
Ultimaker 2+ Specifications. Table 6
PLA material properties.
Parameters Diagram Dimensions
Dimensions Dimensions with bowden tube Parameters Values
and and spool holder: Density 1.3 g/cm3
weight 342  493  588 mm Young’s Modulus 3.5 GPa
(13.5  19.4  23.1 in.) Elongation limit 6.0%
Weight: 11.3 kg (399 oz) Strength to Weight Ratio 38 kN-m/kg
Tensile Strength (UTS) 50 MPa
Shear Modulus 2.4 GPa

Build Dimensions:
volume 223  223  205 mm
(8.8  8.8  8.1 in.)
skill level. The ULTIMAKER 2+ specifications with dimensions are
discussed in Table 2. The materials that are supported on the
machine and their filament diameter is been shown in Table 3.
The requirement of CURA software and the OS supported for this
software are clearly mentioned in Table 4. The properties of mate-
rials ABS and PLA were to be seen in Table 5 and Table 6 respec-
tively. Slicing of nut and bolt are shown in Figs. 6 and 7.

Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
4 V. Harshitha, S. Srinivasa Rao / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Slicing of bolt.

Fig. 9. Printing of bolt with PLA material.

Fig. 7. Slicing of nut.

Fig. 10. Joining ABS bolt with work pieces.

Fig. 8. Printing of bolt with ABS material.

Fig. 11. Joining PLA bolt with work piece.

2.3. Printing

The ULTIMAKER 2+ 3D Printer stick out in various other 3D portable domestic printer is compactable to associate. It has no Wi-
printers for its high print quality, design and interface, and global Fi, but has a slot to print wirelessly. It has an explicit use to print
task. The ULTIMAKER 2+ is unique among all 3D printers for its pol- via USB data cable. It is noticed that time taken for designing of
ished interface and creation, high accuracy and overall efficiency. It one bolt is approximately 4–5 h, with 0.4 mm nozzle diameter
has the capacity to print the layers that are less than 0.06 mm. This usage. With the increase in nozzle diameter, the time taken to print

Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
 V. Harshitha, S. Srinivasa Rao / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

Fig. 12. ABS total deformation. Fig. 15. Equivalent stress or von mises stress.

Fig. 13. PLA total deformation.

Fig. 16. Shear stress.

Fig. 14. Equivalent stress or von mises stress. Fig. 17. Shear stress.

is been reduced and even efficiency of the model is also increased. bolt is joined with the work pieces and analysed in the ANSYS soft-
The fabrication of nut will take about 1 h. Printing of nut and bolt ware. The total deformation, shear stress and equilibrium stress of
will be done with ABS and PLA materials separately as shown in ABS and PLA bolts is evaluated and correlated with each other. In
Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 respectively. the analysis part using ANSYS software joining of bolt with nut,
total deformation, stress analysis and shear stress are shown in
2.4. Analysis Figs. 10–17 clearly.

ANSYS announces engineering analysis software across a scope 3. Results and discussions
of practices like FEM (finite element analysis), computational fluid
dynamics (CFD), explicit and implicit methods, structural analysis Results obtained are seen through analysis using ANSYS soft-
etc. This computer simulation product maintains finite elements ware. From the Table 7, the deficiency of both ABS and PLA bolts
to represent behaviour, supports material models and solve equa- occur at a force of 270 N and 300 N respectively from the Table 7.
tion for a wide range of mechanical design problems. The printed The shear stress for ABS Bolt is 3.69 MPa and PLA is 4.1 MPa respec-

Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737
6 V. Harshitha, S. Srinivasa Rao / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 7
Theoretical analysis.

Parameters ABS PLA

Total deformation 270 N 300 N
Shear stress 3.69 MPa 4.1 MPa
Equivalent stress 3.6 MPa 3.87 MPa
ANSYS result

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Please cite this article as: V. Harshitha and S. Srinivasa Rao, Design and analysis of ISO standard bolt and nut in FDM 3D printer using PLA and ABS mate-
rials, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.737