International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438

Wireless Sensor Networks for Traffic Congestion

Monitoring
Nitish R Chavan1, Ravinarayana .B2, Ravikumar .D3
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Mangalore Institute of technology & Engineering, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering
Mangalore, Karnataka, India
3
Deputy General Manager, Department of Project and consultancy (Development & Engg), Bharat Electronics limited, Bangaluru,
Karnataka, India

Abstract: Wireless magnetic sensor networks offer an attractive, low-cost alternative to inductive loops, video and radar for traffic
surveillance on freeways, at intersections and in parking lots. The network comprises 5” diameter sensor nodes (SN) glued on the
pavement where vehicles are to be detected. The SNs send their data via radio to the “access point” (AP) on the side of the road. The AP
forwards sensor data to the Traffic Management Center via GPRS or to the roadside controller. Because such networks can be deployed
in a very short time, they can also be used (and reused) for temporary traffic measurement. Vehicles are detected by measuring the
change in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by the presence of a vehicle near the sensor. This paper proposes a simple, yet, powerful
system for real time vehicle identification. Wireless sensor nodes are used because of their low cost and the flexibility they provide
during deployment.

Keywords: wireless sensor network, intelligent traffic system

1. Introduction measurements, for example, activity rate, volume, and

thickness which can be acquired utilizing attractive sensors.
Urban movement administration is an enormous issue facing
the worldwide organizers. This is because of fast increment 2. On-Road Wireless Sensor Network For
in vehicular thickness. Car influx, specifically, is a migraine Traffic Surveillance
for urban suburbanites, likewise bringing on incredible
monetary misfortune with every passing day. ITS The overall design and structure of the traffic surveillance
configuration is by all accounts a standout amongst the best system including system requirements will be explained.
ways to deal with manage such issues .One of the biggest
hindrances to the usage of ITS is the non-accessibility of i) Key Requirements
precise and dependable movement observation information. A traffic surveillance system using wireless sensor networks
Right now utilized activity sensor advancements (feature, should consider the following requirements.
sonar, radar, inductive, attractive, and capacitive) posture  Energy-efficiency on sensor networks
issues amid establishment and consequent support  Accurate vehicle detection
furthermore cost a few a huge number of rupees .They  Reliable and real-time data transmission on wireless
experience the ill effects of low execution in order communication
exactness. Here is a call for more data about velocity,
 Real-time sensor data processing and vehicle detection
inhabitance and other measurable amounts of movement or
 Efficient and intuitive management of sensor networks
only data about vicinity or nonappearance of vehicle at a
and services
specific spot (parking garage). Movement blockage may be
allayed by enhancing the proficiency of the present
There can be some variations on such requirements
transportation framework through the usage of cutting edge
according to installation environments of the vehicle
advancements. Ongoing movement observation is a standout
detection system. For example, some real-time properties,
amongst the most vital segments of such a methodology, and
such as the limit time for system responses, can differ from
continuous travel data is helpful for cutting edge tourism
types of real-roads, such as high-way and in-city roads.
warning frameworks. Crisis administration organizations,
for example, police, fire stations, and rescue vehicle
dispatchers might likewise advantage from continuous 3. WSN in ITS (Intelligent Transportation
movement data in steering their vehicles through the System) Environment
transportation system to spare lives. Roadway security and
productivity will be essentially improved by utilizing remote Globalization, liberalization and privatization took after by
detecting and correspondence advancements fit for giving financial blast have put a ton of discretionary cashflow in
minimal effort, adaptable, and disseminated information the hands of individuals. It has prompted more number of
obtaining of street conditions. Such Intelligent vehicles on street. This requests more space on street.
Transportation System (ITS) applications require Eventually, there is more activity blockage coming about
disseminated obtaining of distinctive movement movement jams..Consequently, movement issues lead to
more defers, mishaps, expanded fuel wastage and related
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
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Paper ID: SUB155059 3170
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
environment contamination. Henceforth, the requirement for
more and expansive streets and extensions to moderate
cloggings and jams is justified. Be that as it may, there are
reasonable issues connected with accessibility of open space
alongside assets preparation while broadening of existing
streets and development of new ones are taken up.
Subsequently, the arrangement lies in advancing utilization
of existing assets. The point of ITS is to discover answers
for transport related issues and enhance existing assets.
Outline and execution of effective and productive ITS
framework needs precise and dependable movement
information. Voyager data framework, parkway and urban
movement administration and stopping administration are a
percentage of the ITS applications which intensely depend
Figure 1: Magnetic loop
on exact continuous and past activity information. Vast scale
sending of movement control framework is obliged to take
ii) Camera Based Systems: Cam based frameworks have
most extreme advantages from the ITS innovations. In a
the capacity to distinguish, number and arrange vehicles.
matter of seconds there are different observation
These frameworks use feature picture processors to
advancements being used, for example, circle locator,
recognize vehicles and their activity stream parameters by
camcorder, infrared sensor, microwave radar, piezo- electric
examining symbolism supplied by camcorders. Pictures
sensor, GPS and so forth. Their execution is satisfactory yet
supplied by cams are digitized and after that arrangement of
have some characteristic genuine absconds, for example,
picture transforming calculations are connected on them.
meddling attributes, high cost, viewable pathway, climate
Data about vehicle entry, vicinity, and rate can be removed
condition (ice, downpours), operation amid night or awful
by utilizing different picture preparing systems. In spite of
lights and high cost of establishment and support. WSN is
the fact that cam based frameworks are more precise than
the best in class innovation, which can be utilized for remote
circle based frameworks and don't oblige path discipline
data detecting, accumulation and scattering. WSN has focal
they have a few drawbacks. Their execution is unsuitable in
points, for example, minimal effort, little size, remote
foggy states of poor perceivability as shown in figure 2.
correspondence, versatility, adaptability in arrangement
Other ecological conditions, for example, light reflected
design, multifunctional and so forth. Enabled with such
from wet asphalts and shadows influence the execution of
highlights WSN can be a decent contender for movement
Video picture processors.
observation applications. The expansive scale organization
of ITS framework is conceivable through the utilization of
adaptable and savvy WSN based observation innovation.

4. Motivation and Related Work

i) Magnetic Loops: Magnetic loops are an innovation that
has been utilized for vehicle identification and activity
control for as long as couple of decades. These gadgets are
introduced inside every movement path and go about as
counters, checking vehicle disregarding them. The circle is a Figure 2: Camera based system
nonstop run of wire which is covered inside a movement
path as shown in figure 1. The finishes of the circle wire are iii) Ultrasonic Detectors: Ultrasonic sensors utilization
associated through a circle augmentation link to the vehicle sound waves (over the capable of being heard extent) to
identifier. The finder controls the circle bringing on an focus the vicinity or separation of an item. Ultrasonic finders
attractive field on the up and up range. The attractive flux transmit sound at 25 KHz to 50 Khz. A piece of the
connected with the circle changes at whatever point a metal transmitted vitality is reflected back from the street or the
article, for example, a vehicle, moves over the circle. The vehicle to the recipient. By measuring the time taken for the
recognition plan of circles is in light of this standard. The sound reverberation to give back the separation of an item
adjustment in flux is detected by the finder which drives an can be found. The ultrasonic Doppler indicator that
ordinarily open hand-off to close. The transfers stay shut additionally measures vehicle rate are a great deal more
until the vehicle leaves the circle. lavish than the vicinity identifier. This innovation is
extravagant and is delicate to clamor and natural conditions.

5. System Architecture
Figure 3. Underneath demonstrates the general structure of
the outlined activity observation framework. The activity
reconnaissance framework principally comprises of three
sections as per their capacities - 1) vehicle discovery layer,
2) information administration layer, and 3) checking &
application layer. The vehicle discovery layer comprise of
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB155059 3171
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
attractive sensor hubs introduced on surface of genuine
streets, entryway hubs to hand-off vehicle recognition
information, and base-stations to process identification
information and to ascertain velocity of vehicles. All the
more particularly, the attractive sensor hubs distinguish
vehicles taking into account varieties of attractive fields of
earth created by moving vehicles. The attractive sensor hubs
additionally exchange the vehicle identification data to door
hubs or base-stations with recognition time (nearby ticks).
Base-stations get the identification data from attractive
sensor hubs or entryway hubs, and procedure them to
concentrate more valuable information, for example,
recognizable proof of vehicles. The information
administration layer gives more extensive administrations in
view of data transmitted from base-stations, for example,
movement status of a few regions. The checking and Figure 4: The disturbance of Earth’s magnetic flux lines by
application layer gives more redid administrations to end- a vehicle
clients, for example, framework observing and customized
administrations. In this paper, we have concentrated on the The AMR sensor is able to detect such disturbance. The
vehicle discovery layer, particularly remote sensor system lines of magnetic flux get concentrated at the parts, where
and base-stations, in light of the fact that remaining parts are density of ferrous material is more, such as axles and main
identified with adaptable capacities as indicated by sorts of body,these results in distribution becoming sparser near the
activity related administrations. front and rear ends. AMR sensor is a directional sensor and
provides only an amplitude response to magnetic field in its
sensitive axis. By combining AMR sensors in two or three
axis configuration a two or three dimensional measurement
of magnetic field passing through the sensor is possible with
excellent linearity. Hence such a sensor can be used in
traffic surveillance applications.

7. Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive Vehicle

Detection System
An AMR sensor is a sensing device that utilizes the rate of
change of magnetic resistance which is affected by the
strength of the external magnetic field to detect the presence
of vehicles. Magnetic sensors were introduced as an
alternative to the inductive-loop detector for specific
applications. A magnetic sensor is designed to detect the
Figure 3: System architecture presence or passage of a vehicle by measuring the
perturbation in the Earth’s quiescent magnetic field caused
6. Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive Sensor by a ferrous metal object (e.g., a vehicle) when it enters the
detection zone of the sensor. Early magnetic sensors were
Almost all vehicles are made-up of ferrous material such as utilized to determine if a vehicle had arrived at a “point” or
steel, nickel, cobalt etc. Mother earth provides us with its small-area location. Modern AMR sensors are used for
magnetic field that permeates everything between the south vehicle presence detection and counting. Unlike the
and north poles. Earth’s magnetic field is nearly half gauss inductive-loop detector, the magnetometer are usually used
in magnetic flux density. Also the earth’s magnetic field gets in places where cutting the deck pavement for loop
disturbed by vehicles. A low field magnetic Sensor is installation is not permitted. Also, the magnetometer probe
needed to pickup this field disturbance. Figure 4 shows the and its lead-in wire tend to survive in crumbly pavements
lines of flux from the earth’s magnetic poles and the longer than ordinary loops.
disturbance they receive as they penetrate a vehicle.
An iron or steel vehicle distorts the magnetic flux lines
because ferrous materials are more permeable to magnetic
flux than air. That is, the flux lines prefer to pass through the
ferrous vehicle. As the vehicle moves along, it is always
accompanied by a concentration of flux lines known as its
“magnetic shadow” .There is reduced flux to the sides of the
vehicle and increased flux above and below it. An AMR
sensor installed within the pavement detects the increased
flux below the vehicle.

Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015

www.ijsr.net
Paper ID: SUB155059 3172
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
8. Conclusion
Vehicle identification frameworks taking into account
remote sensor systems are appealing in light of their ease,
simplicity of establishment and adaptability of sending. It
has the capacity beat the drawbacks of a large portion of
alternate innovations. In this paper a reasonable, attractive
sensor-based arrangement was proposed to recognize
vehicles, and evaluation their pace. The proposed
arrangement utilizes high-affectability attractive sensors to
permit estimations from a sheltered separation (in the
Figure 5: Block Diagram of AMR sensor Vehicle Detection displayed investigations sensors were sent 5 meters from the
System edge of the street), subsequently permitting non-meddling,
and conceivably concealed sending of the sensors.
The block diagram of the AMR vehicle detection system is
show in Fig 5. The system contains two slave modules that References
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Figure 6: Flowchart for Slave Module

Figure 7: Flowchart for Master Module

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