VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Kacharam, Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501218, Telangana, India

A8001 – MATRICES ANDCALCULUS

Unit-II - Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Linear Transformation:
Consider a set of n linear equations,

y1  a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn 

y2  a21 x1  a22 x2  ...  a2 n xn 
 … (1)
........................................... 
yn  an1 x1  an 2 x2  ...  ann xn 

 y1   a11 a12 ... a1n   x1 

y  a a22 
... a2 n  x 
Let Y  2
, A   21 and X   
2

 ...   ... ... ... ...   ... 

     
 yn   an1 an 2 ... ann   xn 

Then set of n equations (1) can be represented as Y  AX ...(2) , which transforms the set of n variables
( x1 , x2 ,.., xn ) into the set of n variables ( y1 , y2 ,..., yn ). Thus (2) is a transformation which transforms X into
Y . Here A is known as the matrix of the transformation.

The transformation Y  AX is said to be

i) Linear if A(c1 X 1  c2 X 2 )  c1 ( AX 1 )  c2 ( AX 2 )  c1Y1  c2Y2 , where c1 , c2 are constants.
ii) Regular if A is non-singular matrix i.e., A  0
iii) Orthogonal if A is orthogonal matrix i.e., A1  AT
The inverse transformation of Y  AX is given by X  A1Y .

Example.1. Show that the transformation y1  2 x1  x2  x3 , y2  x1  x2  2 x3 , y3  x1  2 x3 is

regular. Write down the inverse transformation.
 y1  2 1 1   x1 
Solution: Given transformation can be written as Y  AX , where Y   y2  , A  1 1 2  , X   x2 
   

 y3  1 0 2   x3 
2 1 1
Since A  1 1 2  1  0, Y  AX is a regular transformation.
1 0 2

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 1 of 28

  x1   2 2 1  y1 
  
The inverse transformation is given by X  A1Y  x2  4 5 3   y2 
  
 x3   1 1 1  y3 

Thus x1  2 y1  2 y2  y3 , x2  4 y1  5 y2  3 y3 , x3  y1  y2  y3 is the inverse transformation.

Eigen values and Eigen vectors:

Let A be n  n matrix. Suppose the linear transformation Y  AX transforms X into a scalar

multiple of itself i.e., AX  Y   X then the scalar  is known as the eigen value or characteristic root or
latent value and the corresponding non zero vector X is known as the eigen vector or characteristic vector of
A.
5 4  1 4 6
Example.2. Let A    , X1    , X 2    , X 3   
1 2   1 1   3
5 4   1   1   1 
Now AX 1          1    1 X 1
1 2   1  1  1
1
 1  1 is the eigen value of A corresponding to eigen vector X 1   
 1
5 4   4   24   4
Now AX 2          6    2 X 2
1 2   1   6  1 
4
 2  6 is the eigen value of A corresponding to eigen vector X 2   
1 
5 4  6   42  6 
Now AX 3          3  
1 2   3 12  3
6 
 X 3    is not an eigen vector of A
3

Characteristic equation:
If  is an eigen value of A corresponding to the eigen vector X , then AX   X
 AX   IX
 AX   IX  0
 (A  I)X  0
Thus A   I  0 is known as the characteristic equation of A.
Note: 1) The roots of characteristic equation of A are the eigen values of A.
2) If all the n eigen values of A are distinct, then there correspond n distinct linearly independent eigen
vectors.
3) The algebraic multiplicity of an eigen value  is its order as a root of the characteristic equation
(i.e., if  is repeated m times then its algebraic multiplicity is m ).
4) The geometric multiplicity of  is the number of linearly independent eigen vectors corresponding
to  .

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 2 of 28

Procedure to find eigen values and eigen vectors of A :
1. Solve the characteristic equation A   I  0 for the eigen values 1 , 2 ,..., n .
2. For a specific eigen value i , solve the homogeneous system ( A  i I ) X  0 , then we get the eigen vector
of A when   i
 a11 a12 a13 

Note: If A  a21 a22 a23  then the characteristic equation of A is A   I  0

 a31 a32 a33 
 a22 a23 a11 a12 
a13 a11
i.e.,  3  ( a11  a22  a33 ) 2        det( A)  0
 a32 a33 a31 a33 a21
a22 
1 4 
Example.3. Find eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of A   
3 2 
Solution. The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
1  4
i.e., 0
3 2
 (1   )(2   )  12  0   2  3  10  0
   5,  2 are the eigen values of A .
 x
Eigen vectors when   5 : We have to solve ( A  5 I ) X  0, where X   
 y
 4 4   x   0   4 4   x   0 
i.e.,        Applying R2  4 R2  3R1 ,      
 3  3  y   0   0 0   y  0 
4 x  4 y  0 … (1)
Let y  k , From equation (1), we get 4 x  4k  0  x  k
 x  k  1
   k 
 y  k  1
1
   is the eigen vector when   5
1
 x
Eigen vectors when   2 : For this, we have to solve ( A  (2) I ) X  0, X   
 y
3 4   x   0   3 4   x  0 
i.e.,        Applying R2  R2  R1 , 0 0   y   0 
3 4   y   0      
3 x  4 y  0 … (1)
Let yk

 x   34k  k  4 
From equation (1), we get 3 x  4k  0  x  4 K
3     3 
 y   k  3
 4 
   is the eigen vector when   2
3
#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 3 of 28
  8 6 2 
Example.4. Find the characteristic roots and characteristic vectors of the matrix A   6 7 4 
 
 2 4 3 
8 6 2
Solution. The characteristic equation of given matrix is A   I  0  6 7   4  0
2 4 3  
 7 4 8 2 8 6 
  3  (8  7  3) 2        det( A)  0
 4 3 2 3 6 7 
  3  18 2  (5  20  20)  0  0
  3  18 2  45  0
   15,3, 0 are the Eigen values of A
 x
Eigen vectors when   15 : For this, we have to solve ( A  15 I ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 7 6 2   x   0 
 6 8 4   y   0   x

y

z

x

y

z

x

y z

     8 4 6 4 6 8 80 80 40 2 2 1
 2 4 12   z  0  4 12

2 12 2 4
 x  2 
  y    2  is the eigen vector when   15
 z   1 
 x
Eigen vectors when   3 : For this, we have to solve ( A  3I ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 5 6 2   x   0 
 6 4 4   y    0   x

y

z

x

y

z

x

y z

     4 4 6 4 6 4 16 8 16 2 1 2
 2 4 0   z  0  
4 0 2 0 2 4
 x   2 
  y    1 is the eigen vector when   3
 z   2 
 x
Eigen vectors when   0 : For this, we have to solve ( A  0 I ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 8 6 2   x   0 
 6 7 4   y    0   x

y

z

x y
 
z

x y z
 
     7 4 6 4 6 7 5 10 10 1 2 2
 2 4 3   z  0  
4 3 2 3 2 4

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 4 of 28

  x  1 
  y    2  is the eigen vector when   0
 z   2 
 6 2 2 

Example.5. Find eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of A  2 3 1

 
 2 1 3 
6 2 2
Solution. The characteristic equation of given matrix is A   I  0  2 3   1  0
2 1 3  
 3 1 6 2 6 2 
  3  (6  3  3) 2        det( A)  0
 1 3 2 3 2 3 
  3  12 2  (8  14  14)  32  0
  3  12 2  36  32  0
   8, 2, 2 are the eigen values of A
 x
Eigen vectors when   8 : For this, we must solve ( A  8 I ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 2 2 2   x   0 
 2 5 1  y    0   x

y

z

x

y

z

x y z
 
     5 1 2 1 2 5 24 12 12 2 1 1
 2 1 5  z   0  1 5

2 5 2 1
 x  2 
  y    1 is eigen vectors when   8
 z   1 
 x
Eigen vectors when   2 : For this, we have to solve ( A  2 I ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 4 2 2   x   0   4 2 2   x   0 
 2 1 1  y    0  Applying R  2 R  R and R  2 R  R ,  0 0 0   y   0 
     2 2 1 3 3 1     
 2 1 1   z   0   0 0 0   z  0 
i.e., 4 x  2 y  2 z  0 … (1)
Let y  k1 , and z  k2
k k
From equation (1), we get x  21  22

 x   21 
k k2   k1    k2  1   1 1   1
 2
  2   2  k1   k 2  0    2  and  0  are eigen vectors when   2
  y    k1    k1    0    2  
       
   0   k  2 0  2  0   2 
 z   k 2     2     2 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 5 of 28

  4 1  3i 
Example.6. Find eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of A  
1  3i 7 
4   1  3i
Solution. The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  0
1  3i 7
 (4   )(7   )  (1  3i )(1  3i )  0
  2  11  18  0
   9,   2 are eigen values of A.
x
Eigen vectors when   9 : For this, we have to solve ( A  9 I ) X  0, where X   
 y
 5 1  3i   x  0 
i.e.,      
1  3i 2   y  0 
 5 (1  3i )   x  0 
Applying R2  5 R2  (1  3i ) R1 ,  
0 0   y  0 
 5 x  (1  3i ) y  0 … (1)
Let y  k
 (1  3i )k 
(1  3i )k  x  k 1  3i 
From equation (1), we get x     5  
5  y  k  5  5 
 
1  3i 
   is the eigen vector when   9
 5 
 x
Eigen vectors when   2 : For this, we have to solve ( A  2 I ) X  0, where X   
 y
 2 1  3i   x  0 
i.e.,  
1  3i 5   y  0 
 2 (1  3i )   x  0 
Applying R2  2 R2  (1  3i ) R1 ,  
0 0   y  0 
 2 x  (1  3i ) y  0 … (1)
Let y  k
 (1  3i )k 
From equation (1), we get 2 x  (1  3i ) k  0  x 
(1  3i )k x 
     k  1  3i 
 2  2 
2
2  y  k
 
 1  3i 
   is the eigen vector when   2
 2 
 i 0 0

Example.7. Find eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors for the matrix A  0 0 i

 
0 i 0 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 6 of 28

 i 0 0
Solution. The characteristic equation of given matrix is A   I  0  0  i 0
0 i 
0 i i 0 i 0
  3  (i  0  0) 2       A  0
 i 0 0 0 0 0
  3  i 2    i  0
   i, i, i are the eigen values of A.
 x
Eigen vectors when    i : For this, we have to solve ( A  iI ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 2i 0 0   x  0   2i 0 0   x  0 
  0 i 0   y   0  Applying R3  R3  R2 ,  0 i 0   y   0 
     
 0 i i   z  0   0 0 0   z  0 
 2ix  0  x  0 and iy  iz  0 … (1)
Let z  k . Then
x  0  0
  
From (1), we get iy  ik  0  y   k  y  k  k 1
  
     
 z   k   1 
0
  1 is eigen vectors when   i
 1 
 x
Eigen vectors when   i : For this, we have to solve ( A  iI ) X  0, where X   y 
 
 z 
 0 0 0   x  0 
  0 i i   y   0 
 0 i i   z  0 
0 0 0   x  0 

Applying R3  R3  R2 , 0 i i y  0
   
    
0 0 0   z  0 
 iy  iz  0 … (1)
Let z  k1 and x  k 2 . Then
From (1), we get iy  ik1  0  y  k1
 x   k2   0   k2  0  1  0 1 
  y    k1    k1    0   k1 1   k2 0 
           1  and 0  are the eigen vectors when   i
 
 z   k1   k1   0  1  0  1  0 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 7 of 28

Exercise

1. Show that the transformation y1  2 x1  2 x2  x3 , y2  4 x1  5 x2  3 x3 , y3  x1  x2  x3 is

regular and find the inverse transformation.
2. If   x cos   y sin  ,   x sin   y cos  , write the matrix A of transformation and prove
that A1  A. Hence write the inverse transformation.
3. A transformation from the variables x1 , x2 , x3 to y1 , y2 , y3 is given by Y  AX , and another
 2 1 0
transformation from y1 , y2 , y3 to z1, z2 , z3 is given by Z  BY , where A = 0 1 2  ,

 
 1 2 1 
1 1 1
B = 1 2 3 . Obtain the transformation from x1 , x2 , x3 to z1, z2 , z3.
 
1 3 5
4. Find Eigen values and corresponding Eigen vectors for the following matrices
 2 2 3  3 7 5 1 1 3  2 1  1

a) A  2 1 6  b) A   2 4 3 
 
c) A  1 5 1
 
d) A  1 1 2 
   
 1 2 0   1 2 2  3 1 1  1 2 1 
 2i 3i  1 1 i 
e) A    f) A   
 3i 0  2  i 1
Answers
1. The inverse transformation is x1  2 y1  y2  y3 , x2  y1  y2  2 y3 , x3  y1  2 y3 .
cos   sin   1  cos  sin  
2. A    , A  A  
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
 1 4 1
3. Z  CX , where C  BA   1 9 1
 3 14 1
 1   2  3  3
4. a)   5,  3,  3 ;  2  ,  1 , 0  b)   1,1,1 ;  1 
   
 1  0  1   1 
 1  1  1   1   2   0 
   
c)   2,3, 6 ;  0  , 1 , 2
   
d)   4,1, 1 ;  1  , 1 , 1
           
 1   1  1   1  1 1 
1  10   1  10   1   1 
  
e)   1  10 i, 1  10 i ;   ,  f)   1, 1 ; 

,
 

i 1  2  i 1  2  
 3   3 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 8 of 28

Properties of Eigen values and Eigen vectors of real and complex matrices
Property 1: Any square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same eigen values.
 8 4   8 2
Example.1. A    and AT
  4 2 
2 2   
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0 The characteristic equation of AT is AT   I  0

8 4 8 2
 0   2  10  24  0  0   2  10  24  0
2 2 4 2

The eigen values of A are  =4,6 The eigen values of AT are  =4,6

 Any square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same eigen values.
Property 2: The eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.

1 3 4 
 
Example.2. Let A  0 2 5  The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
 
0 0 3 

1  3 4
 0 2 5  0  (1   )(2   )(3   )  0    1, 2,3
0 0 3

 The eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.
Property 3: The eigen values of a diagonal matrix are its diagonal elements

3 0 0
 
Example.3. Let A  0 5 0  The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
 
0 0 2 

3 0 0
 0 5 0  0  (3   )(5   )(2   )  0    3,5, 2
0 0 2

 The eigen values of a diagonal matrix are its diagonal elements

Property 4: The sum of the eigen values of matrix A is trace of A (The sum of the principal diagonal
elements).

1 1 3
Example.4. Let A  1 5 1 The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
 
3 1 1

1  1 3
 1 5 1  0  (  2)(  3)(  6)  0    2,3, 6
3 1 1 

Sum of eigen values of A  2  3  6  7 which is equal to Trace( A)  1  5  1  7

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 9 of 28

Property 5: The product of the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to its determinant.
Example.5. From the example 6.4, the product of eigen values is 2  3  6  36

det( A)  1 5  1  11  3  3 1  15  36

 The product of the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to its determinant.

Property 6: If  is an eigen value of a matrix A then 1 is an eigen value of A1 .

5 4  1  2 4 
Example.6. A    and A1  
1 2  6  1 5 

The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0 The characteristic equation of A1 is A1   I  0

5 4 2   64
  0    7  6  0    1, 6 
2 6
 0  6 2  7  1  0    1, 16
1 2  16 5
6 

 If  is an eigen value of a matrix A then 1 is an eigen value of A1.

Property 7: If  is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A then 1 is also its eigen value.

cos   sin  
Example.7. Let A    is an orthogonal matrix since AAT  AT A  I
 sin  cos  

cos     sin 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  0
sin  cos   

  2  2 cos   1  0    cos   i sin  , cos   i sin 

   ei , e  i and 1  e i , ei

 If  is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A then 1 is also its eigen value.

Property 8: If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of the matrix A then Am has the eigen values

1m , 2 m ,..., n m ( m being a positive integer)

1 1 3  41 63 49 
  
Example.8. Let A  1 5 1 and A  63 153 63
3 
   
3 1 1  49 63 41

The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0 The characteristic equation of A3 is A3   I  0

1  1 3 41   63 49
 1 5 1 0  63 153   63  0
3 1 1  49 63 41  
 (  2)(  3)(  6)  0   3  235 2  3888  46656  0
   2,3, 6    8, 27, 216    (2)3 , (3)3 , (6)3

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 10 of 28

 If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of are the eigen values of matrix A then Am has the eigen values

1m , 2 m ,..., n m

Property 9: If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of matrix A then 1  k , 2  k ,..., n  k are the eigen

values of A  kI .

1 1 3  3 1 3
  
Example.9. Let A  1 5 1 and A  2 I  1 7 1

   
3 1 1 3 1 3

The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0 The characteristic equation of A  2 I is

1  1 3 3  1 3
 1 5 1 0  1 7 1  0   3  13 2  40  0
3 1 1  3 1 3

 (  2)(  3)(  6)  0    2,3, 6    0,5,8    2  2, 3  2, 6  2

 If 1 , 2 ,..., n are the eigen values of matrix A then 1  k , 2  k ,..., n  k are the eigen values
of A  kI .

A
Property 10: If  is an eigen value of a non singular matrix A, then  is an eigen value of the

matrix adj A .

 5 2 0   38 14 4 
  
Example.10. Let A  2 6 2 which is non-singular (det A  162) and adj A  14 35 10

   
 0 2 7   4 10 26 

The characteristic equation of A is The characteristic equation of adj A is

5 2 0 38   14 4
 2 6 2 0  14 35   10  0
0 2 7 4 10 26  

  3  18 2  99  162  0    3, 6, 9   3  99 2  2916  26244  0

   54, 27,18    162

3
, 162
6
, 162
9
A
 If  is an eigen value of a non singular matrix A, then  is an eigen value of the matrix adj ( A) .

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 11 of 28

Property 11: The eigen values of an orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus.
cos   sin  
Example.11. Let A   is an orthogonal matrix since AAT  AT A  I
 sin  cos  

cos     sin 
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  0
sin  cos   

  2  2 cos   1  0    cos   i sin  , cos   i sin     ei , e i where ei  e  i  1

 The eigen values of an orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus.

Property 12: The eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are real.

 2 3  4i 
Example.12. Let A    is a Hermitian matrix since A  A
3  4i 2 

2 3  4i
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  0
3  4i 2

 (2   )2  (9  16i 2 )  0   2  4  21  0    3, 7
The eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are real.

Property 13: The eigen values of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are either zero or purely imaginary.

 i 0 0
 
Example.13. Let A  0 0 i is a Skew-Hermitian matrix since A   A
 
0 i 0 

i 0 0
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  0 0  
i  0  i     2  1  0
0 i 0

   i, i, i which are purely imaginary eigen values.

 The eigen values of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are either zero or purely imaginary

Property 14: The eigen values of an unitary matrix have absolute value 1.

 i 0 0
 
Example.14. Let A  0 0 i is a unitary matrix since AA  A A  I
 
0 i 0 

The eigen values of A are   i, i, i which have absolute value 1 since i  i  1

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 12 of 28

Exercise

2 3 4

1) Find the eigen values of adj ( A) and A  2 A  I , where A  0 4 2 .
2 
 
 0 0 3 

2 2 1
 
2) Two eigen values of the matrix A  1 3 1 are equal to 1 each, find the eigen values of A1 .
 
1 2 2 

3 1 4

3) Find the sum and product of the eigen values of A  0 2 6

 
0 0 5 

 6 2 2 
 
4) The product of two eigen values of A  2 3 1 is 16, find the third eigen value.
 
 2 1 3 

 3 1 1 
 
5) Two eigen values of A  1 5 1 are 3 & 6 , find the eigen values of A1 .
 
 1 1 3 

2 2 1
 
6) Two eigen values of A  1 3 1 are equal and they are
1
times the third, find them.
  5
1 2 2 

Answers.
1) Eigen values of adj ( A) are 12, 6,8 and Eigen values of A2  2 A  I are 1,9, 4

2) The eigen values of A1 are 1,1, 15

3) The sum eigen values is 10 and the product of eigen values is 30

4) The third eigen value is 2
5) The eigen values of A1 are 12 , 13 , 16

6) The eigen values are 1,1,5

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 13 of 28

Reduction of a matrix to diagonal form
Similar Matrices:
Let A and B be square matrices of same order. The matrix A is said to be similar to the matrix B if there
exists a non-singular matrix P such that A  P 1 BP or PA  BP
Note: If two matrices are similar, then they have the same characteristic equation and hence the same eigen
values.
Diagonalization of a matrix:
A square matrix A is diagonalizable if it is similar to a diagonal matrix i.e., there exists a non-singular
matrix P such that P 1 AP  D, where D is a diagonal matrix. Here P is known as the modal matrix and

D is known as the spectral matrix of A . Since similar matrices have the same eigen values, the diagonal
elements of D are the eigen values of A .
Theorem: A square matrix A of order n is diagonalizable if and only if it has n linearly independent eigen
vectors.
Note:
1) A square matrix A of order n has always n linearly independent eigen vectors when its eigen values are
distinct.
2) For every eigen value  of a matrix A, the geometric multiplicity ( )  algebraic multiplicity ( ).

3) A square matrix A is diagonalizable if and only if the geometric multiplicity is equal to the algebraic
multiplicity for every eigen value of A.
Procedure to diagonalization and calculation of powers:
1) Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of A .
2) If the geometric multiplicity is equal to the algebraic multiplicity for every eigen value of A, then form
the modal P by taking the eigen vectors as columns.
3) Calculate P 1.
4) Find the spectral matrix D  P 1 AP (i)
5) Pre-multiplying (i) by P and post-multiplying (i) by P 1 , we get PDP 1  A (ii)

From (ii), we obtain A2  A A  ( PDP 1 )( PDP 1 )  PD 2 P 1

Similarly, A3  PD 3 P 1 , A4  PD 4 P 1 ,....

In general, An  PD n P 1 for any positive integer n.

Note: For any matrix polynomial Q( A), we have Q ( A)  PQ ( D ) P 1

 5 5  1 2
Example.1. Examine whether A is similar to B, where A    and B   
 2 0   3 4
Solution. The given matrices are similar if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that PA  BP

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 14 of 28

 a b
Let P   be a matrix such that PA  BP
c d 

 a b   5 5  1 2 a b 
i.e.,     
 c d   2 0   3 4   c d 

 5a  2b 5a   a  2c b  2d 
  
5c  2d 5c   3a  4c 3b  4d 
Equating the corresponding elements, we obtain
5a  2b  a  2c  4a  2b  2c  0 . . . (i) ; 5a  b  2d  5a  b  2d  0 . . . (ii ) ;
5c  2d  3a  4c  3a  c  2d  0 . . .iii) ; 5c  3b  4d  3b  5c  4d  0 . . .(iv)
Solving the above equations, we get a  1, b  1, c  1, d  2.

1 1 
 P  , which is a non-singular matrix.
1 2 
Hence the matrices A and B are similar.
 19 7 
Example.2. Reduce the matrix A    to the diagonal form.
 42 16
19   7
Solution. The characteristic equation is A   I  0  0
42 16  

  2  3  10  0    2, 5

 21 7   x1  0 
When   2 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes      
 42 14   x2  0 

 21 7   x1  0 
Applying R2  R2  R1 ,         21x1  7 x2  0  3x1  x2
 0 0   x2  0 

 x1   k  1
Choose x2  k then x1  k . Thus     3     k
3 3
 x2   k  3

1
 X 1    is the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value   2
3 
 14 7   x1  0
When   5 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes      
 4 21  x2  0

Applying R2  R2  3R1 ,

 14 7   x1   0 
 0 0   x    0   14 x1  7 x2  0  2 x1  x2
  2  

 x1   k   1 
Choose x2  k then x1  k . Thus     2     k
2 2
 x2   k   2 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 15 of 28

 1 
 X 2    is the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value   5
 2
1 1   2 1 
The model matrix is P   X 1 X2    and P 1   
3 2   3 1
 2 1   19 7  1 1   2 0 
Hence the diagonal matrix is D  P 1 AP      
 3 1  42 16  3 2  0 5

1 0 1
Example.3. Reduce the matrix A  1 2 1  to the diagonal form and hence calculate A .
4
 
 2 2 3 

1  0 1
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  1 2 1 0
2 2 3
  3  6 2  11  6  0    1, 2,3

 0 0 1  x1   0 
    
When   1 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes 1 1 1 x2  0
    
 2 2 2   x3   0 
x1 x2 x x x x
   3  1 2  3
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
1
 
Thus X 1  1 is the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value   1
 
 0 

 1 0 1  x1   0 
When   2 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes  1 0 1   x2    0 
    
 2 2 1   x3   0 
x1 x2 x x x x
   3  1  2  3
0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2

2 1 2 1 2 2

 2 
 
Thus X 2  1 is the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value   2
 
 2 

 2 0 1  x1   0 
When   3 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes  1 1 1   x2    0 
    
 2 2 0   x3   0 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 16 of 28

 x1 x2 x3 x x x
    1  2  3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

2 0 2 0 2 2

 1
 
Thus X 3  1 is the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value   3
 
 2 

 1 2 1  0 1  1 
   2
The modal matrix is P   X X X 3    1 1 1  P   1 1 0 
1
1 2
0 2 2  1 1 1 
  2 

The diagonal matrix is

 0 1  1  1 0 1  1 2 1 1 0 0
 2
    
D  P AP   1 1 0  1 2 1  1 1 1   0 2 0
1

1 1 1  2 2 3   0 2 2  0 0 3
 2   

 1 2 1 1 0 0   0 1  12 
   
Hence A4  PD 4 P 1   1 1 1  0 16 0   1 1 0 
0
 2 2  0 0 81  1 1 12 
 
 49 50 40 
  65 66 40 
130 130 81 
 3 10 5 
Example.4. Is the matrix A   2 3 4  diagonalizable?
 
 3 5 7 

3 10 5
Solution. The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0  2 3   4  0
3 5 7

  3  7 2  16  12  0    2, 2,3
When   2 : The system ( A   I ) X  O becomes

 1 10 5   x1  0 
 2 5 4   x   0 
  2  
 3 5 5   x3  0 

Applying R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  3R1

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 17 of 28

 1 10 5   x1  0 
0 15 6   x2   0 
    
0 25 10   x3  0 

Applying R3  3R3  5 R2

1 10 5   x1  0 
0 15 6   x   0 
  2  
0 0 0   x3  0 

 15 x2  6 x3  0 . . . (i ) and x1  10 x2  5 x3  0 . . . (ii )

Choose x3  k . Then x2   52 k and x1  k

 x1   k   5 
 
Thus  x2     2 k    2  k
  5  5
 x3   k   5

5
 X 1   2  is the eigen vector corresponding to the repeated eigen value 2
 
 5

Clearly, algebraic multiplicity (2)  2 and geometric multiplicity of (2)  1.

Since the algebraic multiplicity of the eigen value 2 is not equal to its geometric multiplicity, A is not
diagonalizable.
Example.5. The eigen values of a 3  3 matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 1, 1, 3 are

[1 0  1]T , [0 1  1]T , [1 1 0]T respectively. Find the matrix A.

Solution. Given X 1  [1 0  1]T , X 2  [0 1  1]T , X 3  [1 1 0]T

 1 0 1 1 0 0
  and the spectral matrix is
The modal matrix is P   X 1 X 2 X 3    0 1 1 D  0 1 0
 1 1 0  0 0 3

 1 1 1
  1 1 1
1 1
P
2
 1 1 1 

 1 0 1  1 0 0   1 1 1
Therefore, A  PDP 1 1   
  0 1 1  0 1 0   1 1 1
2
 1 1 0  0 0 3  1 1 1 

 2 1 1
 1 2 1
 0 0 1

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 18 of 28

Exercise
1. Reduce the following matrices to diagonal form and find A4
 8 6 2  1 6 1 
5 3     
a) A    b) A  6 7 4 c) A  1 2 0
 
3 5  2 4 3  0 0 3
2. Find the matrix A whose eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors are as given below:
a) Eigen values: 1, 1, 2 ; Eigen vectors: [1, 1, 0]T , [1, 0, 1]T ,[3, 1, 1]T .
b) Eigen values: 0, 0,3 ; Eigen vectors: [1, 2, 1]T , [ 2, 1, 0]T ,[3, 0, 1]T .
1 1 3
 
3. Find the matrix P which transforms the matrix A  1 5 1 to the diagonal form. Hence calculate A4 .
 
3 1 1
4. Examine whether the following matrices are diagonalizable. If so, obtain the matrix P such that P 1 AP is a
diagonal matrix.
 2 2 3  2 2 3  1 2 2
 
a) A   2 1 6  b) A   2 1 6  c) A  0 2 1
   
 1 2 0   1 2 0   1 2 2 
3 1
5. Find e and 4 if A   2
A A 2
1 3
 2 2 
 1 4 
6. If A    then prove that 3 tanA  A tan 3
 2 1
Answers:

0 0 0   1 0 0 
8 0 
1. a) D    b) D  0 3 0  c) D   0 3 0 
   
0 2 0 0 15  0 0 4
6 5 7  9 18 45
2. a) A  PDP  1 0 1
1
b) A  PDP  1 0 0 0 
1
  8 
 3 3 4   3 6 15 

 1 1 1  2 0 0   251 405 235

     
3. P  0 1 2 ; D   0 3 0  and A  405 1051 405
4
   
 1 1 1   0 0 6   235 405 251
 1 3 2  5 0 0   1 3 2  5 0 0 
  
4. b) P  2 0 1 ; D  0 3 0  b) P  2 0 1 ; D  0 3 0 
 
       
 1 1 0  0 0 3  1 1 0  0 0 3
c) Not diagonalizable
 e  e2  e  e2  A 10 6 
5. e A  1  ; 4   
 e  e e  e2 
2 2
 6 10 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 19 of 28

Cayley-Hamilton theorem, verification, finding the inverse and higher powers of a matrix
using Cayley-Hamilton theorem
Cayley-Hamilton theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation i.e., if the
characteristic equation of a n th order square matrix A is  n  k1 n 1  .....  k n  2  2  k n 1  k n  0 then

An  k1 An 1  .....  k n  2 A2  kn 1 A  k n I  O

 2 1 1 
 
Example.1. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A  1 2 1 . Hence find A1 and A4 .
 
 1 1 2 
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is given by A   I  0

2   1 1
i.e., 1 2   1  0
1 1 2
 2 1 2 1 2 1 
  3  (2  2  2) 2        det A  0
 1 2 1 2 1 2 
  3  6 2  9  4  0
Verification:
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to show that A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  O (1)
 6 5 5   22 21 21 
 A2  A. A   5 6 5 and A3  A2 . A  21 22 21
 
 5 5 6   21 21 22 
 22 21 21   6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0 
      
Now A  6 A  9 A  4 I  21 22 21  6 5 6 5  9 1 2 1  4 0 1 0
3 2 
       
 21 21 22   5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 
0 0 0 
 0 0 0   O
0 0 0 
Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.
To find A 1 : Multiplying (1) with A1 on both sides, we get
A2  6 A  9I  4 A1  0
 4 A1  A2  6 A  9 I
 6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0 
 4 A  5 6 5  6  1 2 1  9 0 1 0 
1

 5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 
 3 1 1
 4 A   1 3 1 
1

 1 1 3 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 20 of 28

  3 1 1
A1   1 3 1 
1

4
1 1 3 
To find A4 : From (1), A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I (2)
Multiplying (2) with A on both sides, we get
A4  6 A3  9 A2  4 A
 6  6 A2  9 A  4 I   9 A2  4 A [ By (2) ]
 27 A2  50 A  24 I
 6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0 
 27  5 6 5  50 1 2 1  24 0 1 0
   
 5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 

 86 85 85 
 A   85 86 85
4

 85 85 86 
Example.2. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, express A5  4 A4  7 A3  11A2  A  10 I as a linear
1 4 
polynomial in A, where A   
2 3
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is given by A   I  0
1  4
i.e., 0
2 3
 (1   )(3   )  8  0
  2  4  5  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we must have A  4 A  5I  O
2
(1)
 A  4 A  7 A  11A  A  10 I  A ( A  4 A  5I )  2 A  11A2  A  10 I
5 4 3 2 3 2 3

= A3 (O)  2 A( A2  4 A  5 I )  3 A2  11A  10 I [ By (1)]

 2 A(O )  3( A2  4 A  5 I )  A  5 I [ By (1)]
 3(O)  A  5I [ By (1)]
 A  5I , which is a linear polynomial in A

Exercise
1). Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the following matrices. Hence find A1 and A4
1 0 3  4 6 6 1 1 3 2 1 1 
a) A   2 1 1 
b) A  1 3 2  
c) A  1 3 3  d) A   0 1 0 
     
 1 1 1   1 4 3  2 4 4   1 1 2 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 21 of 28

 1 2 3

2) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A  2 4 5
 and hence find A1. Express
 
 3 5 6
B  A8  11A7  4 A6  A5  A4  11A3  3 A2  2 A  I as a quadratic polynomial in A and also find B.
4 6 6

3) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A  1 3 2  and hence evaluate A1 , A2 and A3 .

 1 4 3
1 0 0 
4) If A  1 0 1  , show that An  An  2  A2  I . Hence find A50
0 1 0
1 3 7
5) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A   4 2 3  . Show that the equation is satisfied
1 2 1 
by A and hence obtain the inverse of the given matrix.
2 1 1
6) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A   0 1 0  and hence compute A1. Also find the
1 1 2
matrix represented by A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I .

Answers:
1)
0 3 3   7 30 42 1 6 6  256 306 306 
1    1
1 4 1
a) A   3 2 7  ; A  18 13 46 b) A   1 6 2  ; A   85 103 102 
 4

9 4
3 1 1  6 14 17   1 10 6   85 102 101
12 4 6   88 168 264  2 1 1  41 40 40
1   4     4  
c) A  5 1 3 ; A  192 416 144  d) A  1  0 3 0  ; A   0 1 0 
1 1

4 3
 1 1 1  56 72 472  1 1 2  40 40 41
 1 3 2  1 6 6  1 18 18
 1  1 1
2  , A  5 10 6  and
 2 1 
2) A   3 3 1 3) A   1 6
4 16
 2 1 0   1 10 6  5 6 22 
 1 78 78   1 0 0 4 11 5 
1 
26 
1  
4) A   25 1 0
3 1
A  21 90 50
5) A   1 6 25 
64 35
 21 154 90  25 0 1   6 1 10

 2 1 1 8 5 5 
1 1   
6) A   0 3 0  & A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I  A  A  I  0 3 0
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2

3
 1 1 2  5 5 8 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 22 of 28

Quadratic Forms

 A homogeneous expression of second degree in n( 2) variables is called a quadratic form. i.e., An
n n
expression of the form Q   a x x
i 1 j 1
ij i j ... (1), where aij  a ji are real, is called a quadratic form in n

variables x1 , x2 ,..., xn .

 Every quadratic form corresponding to a symmetric matrix A can be expressed in matrix form as

Q  X T AX , where A is known as the matrix of the quadratic form and X   x1 , x2 ,..., xn  .

T

Examples: i) 2 x 2  4 xy  9 y 2 is a quadratic form in two variables x, y

ii) x1  2 x2  13x3  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3 8 x2 x3 is a quadratic form in three variables x1 , x2 , x3 .

2 2 2

 The real symmetric matrix A of the QF X T AX  a11 x12  a22 x22  a33 x32  a12 x1 x2  a23 x2 x3  a13 x1 x3 is

 coeff  x12  1 coeff  x x 

2 1 2
1 coeff
2  x1 x3    a 1
( a12 ) 1 (a ) 
  11 2 2 13
given by A   12 coeff  x1 x2  coeff x22  1 coeff
2  x2 x3    12 (a 12
) a22 1 (a ) 
2 23 
1 
 2 coeff  x1 x3 
1 coeff
2  x2 x3  coeff x  
2
3 
 12 ( a13 ) 1 (a )
2 23 a33 

Example.1. Write down the symmetric matrix of the following quadratic forms:
a) x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 b) x12  3 x2 2  2 x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  4 x2 x3

Solution: a) Let X T AX  x 2  4 xy  5 y 2

 1 2 
The matrix of the quadratic form is A   
 2 5 
b) Let X T AX  x12  3 x2 2  2 x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  4 x2 x3

 1 1 3 
The matrix of the quadratic form is A   1 3 2 

 3 2 2 
Example.2. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the following symmetric matrices:

 1 3 5
1 2  
a) A    b) A  3 2 0
 
 2 3 
 5 0 4 

Solution: a) Let Q  X T AX be the required quadratic form, where X   x1 x2 

T

1 2   x1 
 Q  X T AX   x1 x2        x12  3 x2 2  4 x1 x2
 2 3   x2 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 23 of 28

b) Let Q  X T AX be the required quadratic form, where X   x1 x3 
T
x2

 1 3 5   x1 
 Q  X T AX   x1 x2 x3   3 2 0   x2   x12  2 x2 2  4 x32  6 x1 x2  10 x1 x3
 5 0 4   x3 

Rank, Index, Signature and Nature of a Quadratic Form:

Consider the quadratic form (QF) Q  X T AX
1. Rank of a QF is the number of non-zero eigen values of the matrix A
2. Index of a QF is the number of positive eigen values of the matrix A .
3. Signature of a QF is the excess number of positive eigen values over the number of negative eigen values
of the matrix A .
4. Nature of a QF: A quadratic form Q  X T AX is said to be
i) Positive definite if all the eigen values of A are positive.
ii) Positive semi-definite if all the eigen values of A are non-negative ( 0) and at least one eigen value is 0
iii) Negative definite if all the eigen values of A are negative.
iv) Negative semi-definite if all the eigen values of A are non-positive ( 0) and at least one eigen value is 0
v) Indefinite if some eigen values of A are positive and some are negative.
Example.3: Determine the rank, index, signature, and nature of the following quadratic forms:
a) 2 x12  2 x2 2  3 x32  2 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 b) 8 x 2  7 y 2  3 z 2  12 xy  4 xz  8 yz c) 2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3

Solution: a) Let X T AX  2 x12  2 x2 2  3 x32  2 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  4 x2 x3

 2 1 2 

The matrix of the quadratic form is A  1 2 2 

 2 2 3

The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0

2 1 2
i.e., 1 2 2  0
2 2 3

  3  7 2  7  1  0    1,3  8,3  8
 The eigen values of A are 1, 0.1715, 3.1715.
Rank  3 ; Index  3 ; Signature  3  0  3 ; Nature = Positive definite

b) Let X T AX  8 x 2  7 y 2  3 z 2  12 xy  4 xz  8 yz

 8 6 2 

The matrix of the quadratic form is A  6 7 4

 
 2 4 3 

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 24 of 28

The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0

8   6 2
i.e., 6 7   4  0
2 4 3  

  3  18 2  45  0
   0,3,15
 The eigen values of A are 0, 3, 15
Rank  2 ; Index  2 ; Signature  2  0  2 ; Nature = Positive semi-definite

c) Let X T AX  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3

0 1 1 

The matrix of the quadratic form is A  1 0 1

 
1 1 0 
 1 1
The characteristic equation of A is A   I  0 i.e., 1  1 0
1 1 

  3  3  2  0
   2, 1, 1
 The eigen values of A are 2, 1, 1
Rank  3 ; Index  1 ; Signature  1  2  1 ; Nature = Indefinite
Note:
1) The norm or length of a vector X  [ x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ]
T
is denoted by X and is defined as

X  X T X  x12  x22 +. . .  xn2

2) Three vectors X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are said to be pair wise orthogonal if X 1T X 2  0, X 2T X 3  0 an X 3T X 1  0.

3) The LI eigen vectors corresponding to the distinct eigen values of a symmetric matrix A are always pair
wise orthogonal.
Exercise
1. Identify the nature, rank, index and signature of the following quadratic forms:
i) x 2  2 y 2  3 z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 zx ii) 2 x12  2 x2 2  2 x32  2 x1 x3

iii) 3 x12  3 x2 2  3 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 iv) 5 x12  26 x2 2  10 x3 2  6 x1 x2  4 x2 x3  14 x1 x3

v)  x12  4 x2 2  x32  4 x1 x2  4 x2 x3  2 x1 x3

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 25 of 28

 Short answer Questions
1. Verify that the transformation y1  2 x1  x2  x3 , y2  x1  x2  2 x3 , y3  x1  2 x3 is orthogonal or not.

1 0 3 

Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A  2 1 1

2.  
1 1 1 
If  3  5 2  13  9  0 is the characteristic equation of A33 then write the equation A1 in terms of A using
3.
Cayley-Hamilton theorem
4. If   x cos   y sin  ,   x sin   y cos  , write the matrix A of transformation and prove that A1  AT
0 c b 

If A  c 0 a  then the characteristic equation of A is

 b  a 0 
5.
A)    ( a  b  c )  0 B)  3   ( a 2  b 2  c 2 )  0
3 2 2 2

C)  3   ( a 2  b 2  c 2 )  0 D)  3   ( a 2  b 2  c 2 )  0
 2 1  1

If two eigen values of A  1 1 2  are 1, 2 then find the third eigen value.
6. 
 1 2 1 
 2 3
7. If A    then find the eigen values of A1
 1 4 
2 3 4

Find the eigen values of Adj ( A) , where A  0 4 2

8.  
 0 0 3 

 1 3 5

Write down the quadratic form X AX corresponding to the symmetric matrix A  3 2 0
T 
9.  
 5 0 4 
10. If 1, 2 are eigen values of a matrix A33 such that det( A)  4 then, find the third eigen value of A

11. Show that the transformation y1  2 x1  2 x2  x3 , y2  4 x1  5 x2  3 x3 , y3  x1  x2  x3 is regular

1 2 3 
 
If A  0 2 5 , then find the eigen values of 2 A  3I
12.  
 0 0 3
13. If the eigen values of the matrix A are 6, 1, 4 then find eigen values of adj A
 2 2
The eigen values of the matrix   are
14.  2 2 
A) 2  2 B) 2  5 C) 2  6 D) 2  7

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 26 of 28

15. Write down the symmetric matrix of the quadratic form x12  3 x2 2  2 x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  4 x2 x3

1 -6 -4 
The eigen values of the matrix 0 4 2  are
16.
0 0 -3 
A) 0,1, 2 B) 0,1, 1 C) 1, 4, 3 D) 0, 1, 2
 2 2
The eigen values of the matrix   are
17.  2 2 
A) 2  2 B) 2  5 C) 2  6 D) 2  7
The sum of the characteristic roots of a matrix A is equal to the
18. A) Square of the principal diagonal elements of A B) Trace of the matrix A
C) Product of the principal diagonal elements of A D) Determinant of matrix A
If 1,-5,3 are eigen values of a matrix A33 then det( A)  .............
19.
A) 1 B) 1 C) 15 D) 5
 6 -2 -2 
If the product of two eigen values of the matrix -2 3 -1  is 16 then the third eigen value is
20.
 2 -1 3 
A) 1 B) 2 C) 2 D) - 1
If  is an eigen value of a square matrix A, then the eigen value of the matrix  kA  when k  0 is
T

21.  k
A) B) C) k  D) 0
k 
If  is an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A , then the eigen value of the matrix Adj A is
22.  A
A)  2 A B) C)  A D)
A 
23.
If one of the eigen values of a matrix A is 0 then det A  ........
A) 0 B) 2 C) -2 D) 21
If λ1 ,λ 2 ,λ3 are eigen values of a non-singular matrix A, then the eigen values of A3 are
24. 1 1 1 1 1 1
A) λ1 ,λ 2 ,λ3 B) , , C) 3 , 3 , 3 D) λ13 ,λ 32 ,λ 33
λ1 λ 2 λ 3 λ1 λ 2 λ 3
1 0 0 
If A=  2 3 0  then the quadratic form X T AX is
25.
 4 2 0 
A) Positive definite B) Positive semi definite C) Negative definite D) Indefinite
T
26.
If the eigen values of A are 0,0,6 then the Rank of the quadratic form X AX is
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3\
If the canonical form of a quadratic form X AX is 3 y1  2 y2  7 y3 then the signature of the
T 2 2 2

27. Quadratic form is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0
 1 2 
The characteristic equation of the square matrix A =   is  2  5  0 then A1 is
28.  2 1

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 27 of 28

 1 1 2  1  1 2  1  1 2  1 1 2 
A)   B)   C)   D) 
5  2 1 5  2 1 5 2 1  5  2 1 
 3 1
If A   then A 
2

29.  1 2 
A) 2 A  3I B) 3 A  4I C) 5 A  7 I D) 7 A  5I
3 0 0 
 
If A  5 4 0 then A =
3
30.  
3 6 1 
A) 8 A  19 A  12 I B) 8 A  19 A  12 I C) 8 A  19 A  12 I D) 8 A  19 A  12 I
2 2 2 2

#2. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors Page 28 of 28