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Module 1 Lecture 03

The document explains the principles of resistive circuits, including series and parallel combinations of resistances, voltage and current division, and the use of transducers based on the voltage-division principle. It also covers Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits, source transformations, and the concept of maximum power transfer to a load resistance. Key formulas and relationships are presented to aid in understanding these electrical concepts.

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ananya.sai.h
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4 views

Module 1 Lecture 03

The document explains the principles of resistive circuits, including series and parallel combinations of resistances, voltage and current division, and the use of transducers based on the voltage-division principle. It also covers Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits, source transformations, and the concept of maximum power transfer to a load resistance. Key formulas and relationships are presented to aid in understanding these electrical concepts.

Uploaded by

ananya.sai.h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Resistive circuits

Series resistances can be combined into an equivalent resistance.

A series combination of resistances has an equivalent resistance equal


to the sum of the original resistances.

Parallel Resistances
In a series circuit the elements are connected end to end and that the same
current flows through all of the elements.

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each element is the same.


Find equivalent resistance for each of the networks shown below.
Voltage Division
When a voltage is applied to a series combination of resistances, a fraction of the voltage
appears across each of the resistances.

The equivalent resistance seen by the voltage source is

The current is the total voltage divided by the equivalent resistance:

the voltage across R1 is

Of the total voltage, the fraction that appears across a given resistance in a series
circuit is the ratio of the given resistance to the total series resistance.
This is known as the voltage-division principle.
Current Division

The total current flowing into a parallel combination of resistances divides, and a
fraction of the total current flows through each resistance.

Circuit used to derive the


current-division principle.

An alternative approach is to work with conductances. For n conductances in


parallel,

In other words, current division using conductances uses a formula with


the same form as the formula for voltage division using resistances.
Position Transducers Based on the Voltage-Division Principle

Transducers are used to produce a voltage (or sometimes a current) that is proportional
to a physical quantity of interest, such as distance, pressure, or temperature.

Fig: A voltage that is proportional to the rudder angle of a boat or aircraft

As the rudder turns, a sliding contact moves along a resistance such that R2 is proportional
to the rudder angle θ. The total resistance R1 + R2 is fixed. Thus, the output voltage is

where K is a constant of proportionality that depends on


the source voltage vs and the construction details of the
transducer.

Many examples of transducers such as this are employed


in all areas of science and engineering.
THÉVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

To replace two-terminal circuits containing resistances and sources by simple equivalent


circuits.

A two-terminal circuit, we mean that the original circuit has only two points that can be
connected to other circuits.

The original circuit can be any complex interconnection of resistances and sources.

The restriction is that the controlling variables for any controlled sources must appear
inside the original circuit.

Thévenin equivalent, which consists of an independent voltage source in series with a


resistance. Thévenin equivalent with open-circuited terminals as shown
By definition, no current can flow through an open circuit.
Therefore, no current flows through the Thévenin resistance, and the voltage across the
resistance is zero. Applying KVL, we conclude that

Both the original circuit and the equivalent circuit are


required to have the same open-circuit voltage. Thus,
the Thévenin source voltage Vt is equal to the open-
circuit voltage of the original network.
Thévenin equivalent circuit with
Now, consider the Thévenin equivalent with a short
open-circuited terminals.
circuit connected across its terminals as shown
The open-circuit voltage voc
is equal to the Thévenin
voltage Vt .

The current flowing in this circuit is


The short-circuit current isc is the same for the original
circuit as for the Thévenin equivalent. Solving for the
Thévenin resistance,
Determining the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
Norton Equivalent Circuit

Another type of equivalent, known as the Norton equivalent circuit,

It consists of an independent current source In in parallel with the Thévenin resistance.

Notice that if we zero the Norton current source, replacing it by an open circuit, the
Norton equivalent becomes a resistance of Rt .

This also happens if we zero the voltage source in the Thévenin equivalent by replacing
the voltage source by a short circuit. Thus, the resistance in the Norton equivalent is
the same as the Thévenin resistance.

Consider placing a short circuit across the Norton equivalent as shown in fig. In this
case, the current through Rt is zero. Therefore, the Norton current is equal to the short-
circuit current:
Norton Equivalent Circuit
Source Transformations
We can replace a voltage source in series with a resistance by a Norton equivalent
circuit, which consists of a current source in parallel with the resistance. This is called a
source transformation

A voltage source in series with a resistance is externally equivalent to a current source in


parallel with the resistance, provided that In = Vt/Rt .

The two circuits are identical in terms of their external behavior. In other words, the
voltages and currents at terminals a and b remain the same after the transformation is
made.
However, in general, the current flowing through Rt is different for the two circuits. For
example, suppose that the two circuits shown in Figure are open circuited. Then no
current flows through the resistor in series with the voltage source, but the current In
flows through the resistance in parallel with the current source.
Maximum Power Transfer
Suppose that we have a two-terminal circuit and we want to connect a load resistance
RL such that the maximum possible power is delivered to the load.

To analyze this problem, we replace the original circuit by its Thévenin

The current flowing through the load resistance is given by

The power delivered to the load is

Substituting for the current, we have

To find the value of the load resistance that maximizes the power delivered to
the load, we set the derivative of pL with respect to RL equal to zero:

Solving for the load resistance, we have

Thus, the load resistance that absorbs the maximum power from a two-terminal
circuit is equal to theThévenin resistance. The maximum power is found by substituting
RL = Rt into Equation
Maximum Power Transfer
THANK YOU

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