RELATIONS ANDFUNCTIONS

Objective of the Actioity

Toverify that the relation R in the set L
m): 1||m and I, mE L) is an of allthe lines in a plane defined by
equivalence relation. R= {(l,
Materials Required
A piece of card board of
suitable size
Pieces of wires
o Nails
White chart paper
Glue
< Scale

Logical Steps oß the Actioey

1 Take a card board of suitable size and paste a white
chart paper on it.
2. Draw some parallel lines with
the help of wires on the chart
paper in such a way are line
is perpendicular to the given
drawn | | lines and drawn a
line which is inclined to the
given || lines.
3. Let the wires represents the 1,
lines 1, I, l41,1,1,. Then we have
the following observations.

Obseroations
1. Linel, is l tol, and .

3
 2. Line I, is I tol, and ,
3. Line , is I to l, and ,
4. Line l, is parallel to ,
5. Line I, is parallel to , 1, is parallel to l, and linel, is parallel to ,
6.
So (l, 14) (, ) (1,1) 4, a) ER.
From the given figure wecan see that every line is parallelto itself thus l, | | , 1, | | , and
1,||,44 ||4,||, So we cansay(l,,}) (,1)(,)0,1,) ...ol) e R. Hence thegiven
relationR is areflexive relation.
7. From the given figure we can see that I, ||, thus , | |, so we can say (, l) e R» (,)
¬ R.

Similarly ,1,) e R’ ,1)e R

(,, 1,) e R’ ,1,) ¬R
also (4,,1) eR’(1,1) e R
Hence the given relation R is a symmetric relation.
8.
From the given figure we can see that , || ,4,||4 and I,I|
So we can say (!,,1,) eR’ (4,,) e R’ I, 1) e R
Hence the given relation is a transitive relation.
Thus the given relation Ris a reflexive, symmetric and transitiverelation. Hence the relation
Risan equivalence relation.
esult
From the above discussion through the activity it is verified that the relation "is parallel to" on
the given set Rof all straight lines in a plane is an equivalence relation.

Avplication
This activity is helpful to identify whether the given relation is an equivalence relation or not.
Follow-up Actioiiy
Take somne wires and construct triangles (In which some triangles are similar triangles) and
put them in a collection say A. Define a relation R=((T1, T2): T1 is similar to T2) in A and
check whether the given relation R is an equivalence relation or not.
 them mark Fishown
x
4.

figure.
3

stripTake
shown in
andPaste
2

a as Take
ofelliptical
Logical
1.

Steps
sticks
Glue < Materials
Requived
<
Pins ScissorsColoured
card
A
o
Pre-requisite
Knowledge
one-oneBasicdemonstrate
Objectioe
To

of
4
paper 5
a, the
four mark
these
shown
green orange
a board
knowledge of
functions FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS
the AND
pins paper in length of chart
b,
c, pins the X
the
strip
in
the Actioity
a
d and two chart length
and on as pinsfigure. 8figure. chart papers function
the 1, Y
strips cm Actioity and
e 2,on on paper relations,
green
as and 10
paper (orange, on
shown 3the them
and on cm to
strips orange width and functions.
which
respectively
4. the and
cut and functions
Similarly
in card green)
figure. and strips of awidth cut is
elliptical3
board cmn one-one
mark 5out
8 and cm and
fix as as a
type
but
of
not
relations
4 3 11
2 onto.
X

and
type

of
function
Y
d
b a

such
that
 5. Now join the pins on the orange strips to the pins on the green strips with the help of
threads as shown in the figure.
X
Y

b
2

"d

4 e

Obseroations
Here we observe that
1 The image of the element 1 of >x in y is b.
2. The image of the element 2 ofx in y is c.
3. The image of the element 3 of x in y is a.
4 The image of the element 4 of x in y is e.
5 The pre image of the element d of y in xdoes not exist.
7. From the above mapping we can say that the images of distinct element of x are distinct so
the function is one-one.
8. We also see that there is an element d in y which has no pre image. So the function is not
onto.

9.
Thus from the above observations 7and 8 we can say that the function or mapping shown
in figure is one-one but not onto.

Result
From the above activity we have demonstrated that a function which is one-one but not onto.

Avplication
This activity is helpful for the clarity of the concept of bijective function.
9
 CONTINUITY AND
10 DIFFERENTIABILITY

Objectioe oß the Actioity

analytically the limit of a given function f(x) at givenpoint x = cand alsocheck
To find
the continuity of the given function at that point.

Pre-vequisite Knowlelge
point.
* Knowledge of the concepts of limit and continuity of a function at given

Mateials Requived
+ A drawing board
A white paper sheet
Board pins, pencil and calculator

Logical Steps of the Actioiey

x-9 if x 3
1. Let the given function be f(x) X-3
6 if x=2
2 Take some points or value of x on left side of 3, very close to 4 and find the value of f(x)

f(x) = -9 (x+ 3) (*- 3)

X-3
(x-3) =x+3+(x*3)
3. Find the corresponding values of f(x) for given values of x with the help of calculator.
4. The values of x and f(x) mnay be tabulated as below:
X 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999
2.9999999|
2.999999
f(x) 5.9 5.99 5.999 5.9999 5.99999
5.9999999
5.999999
5. Now take some values of x or points on the right side of
(x=3) which are very close
 6. Find the corresponding values of f(x) for the given value of xwith the help of calculator.
7. The value of f(x) are tabulated as below:
X 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001 3.0000013.0000001
f(x) 6.1 6.01 6.001 6.0001 6.00001 6.00000 1 6.0000001

Obsevoations
1. The values of f(x) is approaching to 6 when x ’ 3 from the left.
2 The values of f(x) is approaching to 6 when x ’ 3 from the right.
3 nsay lim f(x) =6(LH.L)and lim f(x) = 6(R.H.L) [L.H.L. ’ stands for
X’3 x’3+ Left Hand Limit
R.H.L. ’ stands for
4. Therefore lim f(x)=6,f(3) = 6
X’3 Right Hand Limit
Thus X’3
lim f(x)=f(3) f(x) Value of the function
at given point.
Since X’3
lim f(r)= X’3t
im f(x)= f(3) =6 {L.H.L. = R.H.L.,f(x)}
So the given furnction is continuous function at x=3.

Result
With the help of above activity,we conclude the limit of afunction f(x) at given point canalytically
and checked whether the function is continuous or not.

Application
Thísactivity is useful to understand the concept of limit and continuity of a given function
at given point.

Follow up actioitY
x-25
if x#5
Take f(x) = X-5 and repeat the activity for checking continuity off(r) at x =5.
10 if x=5
 APPLICATION OF
16 DERIVATIVES

Objective of the Actioiéy

function
To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a
in a given closed interval through its graph.

Materials Requived
o A drawing board required size
o White paper sheet
o Wire
o Glue
Pencil
o Scale

kogical Steps of the Actioity

1 Take a drawing board of convenient size arnd
paste a white paper on it.

2. Take two pieces of wires of convenient lengths and hx them on the drawing board which
(XOX) is called x-axis and one is vertical (YoY) is
are bisected at point o. One is horizontal
called y-axis.
in the shape of curve. Fix this curved wire
3. Take another wire of suitable length and bend it shown in the figure.
sheet as
on the white paper pasted on the drawing
+ 18 in the interval |-2, 21.
4 Let the given function f(x) = 4x-17x'
2]and find the value of f(x) and form
5 We take different values ofx in the given interval[-2,
theordered pair (x, f(x)).
ordered pair)by tree hand curve.
6 Plot the graph of the given function (with the help of
1.5 +1.25 t.127 +2
X
-1.55 -1.56 2.1
f(x)

43
Obsevoations
maximum value of given function f(x) on
1. Now through the graph we observe or find the
the given interval [-2, 2]
is 21 at x =+ 2.
2. The absolute maximum value of the given function f(x)
1.27.
The absolute minimum value of the function f(x) = -1.56 at x =

0 1
X=-2 X=2

ko

Avplication
This activity is helpful tounderstand the
by using the graph. concept of absolute maxima and absolute minite
3
 hogical Knowlelge normals. Objective
Pre-requisite

23
4
3 2 1. Requived
Matenials
t * To
sticks
Glue
etc.
Straight Two angle
Knowledge verify
angle
crossing between Now
oo
res show FIX using Take Steps
wiiormal
Nowplane
thick oß
two between the
the jointheseLeP,
t normals glue two that
point
at
measure using
the
angle to
these plane straight stick thick
of pieces card Actioity
point the of
the
a of
board two a
A. planes set wires Actioity
card plane
angle
the
ofthe Square P, to as
and wires shownboard
these
wires THREE-DIMENSIONAL
planes.
angle i.e., sheets
at and between
wires angle A. wire on sheets
measure meets planes. in equation
formed
I, at
l, each the
at is
GEOMETRY
and normala Wiplane figure. of two
point point re suitable of
l, at
i.e., the 0. I, a planes
63
A.to is to plane.
size
PlaneP, says Knowledge is
the
P,
and same
P, about
and as
fix the
normal
A them angle
PlaneP,
perpendicularly to
the between
plane

and their
 Application Tesult Obseroations
This normals.
between
theirFrom 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
activity Angle L, 1, P, P
the represents
represents
above represents
represents
plane.the
is between
helpful activity
the the
the
to l,
normal
and normal plane.
measure we
conclude l,
is to to
the
equal the the
angle plane plane
that to
the
between the P,. P,.
angle
angle
between
a between
line
anda
planes
two
plane.
planes P,
and
is P,
equal

to
the
angle
Log
2.
 Pre-vequisite
Knowledge

These AB are
Now
as any normal
3.

Now sheets.
2.

the shown TakeSteps

two
Logical
1
headsWhite
etc.Arrow
sticks
Glue
o
straight

paper
Some
wire
Mateials
Requived
stick Two
Wooden

thick
3
etc. demonstrate
Knowledge
Objective
To

oß
the
26
arrow shown stick fix in
two three Here
thick of card
of Actioity
paper points tothe the the sheet
board position the
heads in straight the figure. Actioity
the
arrow planes card
card
THREE-DIMENSIONAL equation
show figure. on board sheets
tpieces
he board The vector
ON, head and
plane sheets
wooden
stick of
OA, on of here
sheets
two
of GEOMETRY
the
the P,wires
.
O of
OB represents is suitable points plane
and woodenstick as
assumed
OA, should
AB in in
OB two size a normal
as
as be
plane.
vectors. and boandi
ON planes
origin. a
perpendicular Knowledge
and AB fixa form.
as and
on shown wooden
threethe the
in wooden to about
stick
figure. both
wires equation
between
stick the
OA, Here
(
OB.1 and
A Teprese card of
plat: a
Res
 Ayplication Result Obseroations
3 1
activity
vectorof is
position This 2

tne (an=0
(-an=0 Ihe So Let Now
’
0, OA=
AB= a
r
above vector OA be we
be OBAB= + and a observe
the
thhelpful
e activity is [if - position
the AB=b-a
two OA OB OB=b
that
to =b-a
show we equationvectors vector O
conclude lies is
vector the the
on
of are of
origin
A,
position
of that plane
perpendicular the
and
B]. plane
A
the P, b
and
73 vector equation in P,
is ON
the the
and
of normal then position the is
a of vector
B
space
point their normal Plane P, Plane P,
plane a form. vector
in scalar n
n is to
normal perpendicular of the
or B.
[i.e., dot plane
a form product P,.
be
the is Let
position (b-a)-n=0 is to ON
0]b-a.
Hence =
n.
So
 Objectioe
Logical chart < Materials
Requived Pre-nequisite BTo

28
White
2
1.
has
explain
sheet Card Knowledge
etc. Squared
sticks
Glue equally
outcomespaper Write by Take
on already of
(5,3),
3), (3,2),
2), 1)(2, (1, shown Steps board
(6, (4,3), 1), throwing
which
it
likelyKnovoledge the
4), (5, (3, 2), (1, all
a tActioity
he
in i.e. card
of
(6, 4), (4, (2,3),
3), 2), the onandpossible has the
sheet occurred
about computation
5), (5, (3,4),
4), (1,3), two board events
(6, 5), (4, (2, figure. thwrite e fActioity
36 probability,
6)(5, 5), (3, 4), (1, squared dice out square of etc.,
(4,6),
6), 5), (2, 4), all comes suitable through
(6, (3, 5), (1, the
on conditional
1), (5, 6), (2, 5), following
(6, 1), (4, 6), (1,
the
paper obtained shown
squared
as
size knowledge
PROBABILITY
conditional
of
an
2), (5, 1), (3, 6),
(6, 2), (4, 1), (2, as and example
in probability.
78 thpaste
e
(6,1) (5,1) (4,1) (3,1) (2,1) (1,1) figure. about probabilities
white
a of
random throwing
(6,2) (5,2) (4,2) (3,2) (2,2) (12)
,
sheet
experiment,
(6,3) (5,3) (4,3) (3,3) (2,3) (1,3) on a of
it pair a
and given
(6,4) (5,4) (4,4) (3,4) (2,4) (1,4) paste of
sample dice.event
(6,5) (5,5) (4, 5) (3,5) (2,5) (1,5) squared a

space, A
(6, 6)(5,6)
when
(4, 6) (3, 6) (2, 6) (1, 6) pape
event event
Dbseroations
Case I: To find the conditional probability of an event Ewhen F has alreadyoccurred where Eis
appeared on one
the event a number 3 appears on both the dice and F is the event 3 has already
oftthe dice. Here we have to find the conditional probability P|#
1 From the above figure
Favourable out comes of E is (3, 3)
E= (3, 3} i.e,n(E) = 1
Favourable outcomes ofFare
(3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)}
F={(1,3) (2, 3) (3,3) (4,3) (5, 3)(6,3) (3, 1)(3,2)
n(B)=11
No. offavourable outcomes of Fi.e.,
E and F is (3, 3}
Now the common outcomes of
outcomes of (EnF) = n(1)
Now no. of favourable
P(EnF) 1
Conditional probability P P(E) 11

Alternative Method:

P(EOF)
P(F) 36
outcomes inasingle throw of two dice =
Total no. of
n(F) = 11
n(S) = 36 and
n(F) 11
P(F) =
n(S) 36
n(EnF) =1
1
P(EnF)= 36

36 1
P(EnF)
so() P(F) 11
36
11

event E when F has already occurred, where

conditional probability of an
Case II: To find the eventa doublet has already occured.Here also we
the sum 8and Fisthe
E be the event getting
have to find

79
2. From the figure
Favourable outcomes of Eare (3,5) (4,4) (5,3) ’ {(3,5)(4, 4)(5, 3)}
No. of outcomes of (E) = n(E) =3
Favourable outcomes of Fare (1, 1) (2, 2) (3,3) (4, 4) (5,5) (6, 6)
F={(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3)(4, 4) (5, 5)(6, 6)
No. of outcomes in Fi.e. n(F) = 6

Common outcomes of Eand F is (4,4}

No. of outcomesin (EnF)ie. n(EoF)=1
Hence P(ENF)_1
P(E) 6

Alternative Method

We know that P(ENF)

P(E)
n(S) = 36, n(E) = 3, n(F) =6, n(EnF)=1
P(E)= n(F)
ME)6_1
n(S) 36 6
n(EnF) 1
P(EnF)=
n(S) 36
1
So P(EnF) 36
P(F) 1 6
6

Result
From the above activity we conclude that
probability of an event when another eventthishasactivity explains how to calculate the condito
already occurred.
Applicatin
This activity is helpful to clear the
concept of Baye's Theorem.
 Logical e-equisite
Knowledge Fjectioe
To

22
Materials
Requived o
2 1. ScaleCello
tape pen< o
oSketch o
6. 5. 4. 3.
CutterWhite Card Knowledge
vectors.
verify
Now Draw Draw Draw Draw TakeSteps of
paper
board
geometrically the
complete BMline a a card a Actioity
line line ot of of
board the
1OA,
segment sheet
segment
segment
suitable vector
the Actioity
CL
of algebra,
parallelogram BC size that
I OB=5 suitable
OA
OA =
3 =7
and cm cm c
representing
BN which
cm size addition (a+b)= xVECTORS
OAQB, ICL. which and

60 is ispaste ofcxatcxb.
OAPC, representing
representing vectors,
b a
and white
and making vector
paper
BQPC.
such a c.
an on product
angle that it.
ZAOB
of or
30° cross
with =
60°.
product
OA. Let
OB
z
.
of
two
 Obseroations
1.
5 4. 3. 2.

Area
and OB We
Cx(axb)=axijsin d =
a = BQxCN
know
of ZCOA =d in and ==0A CN
x
parallelogram Area that
= = AOBC, BC
Area OA = of (e
parallelogram a=c x
B
of OC
x 0C b M

= = =OA BM b
parallelogram sin OB+ Area
OAPC
=0A
d
BC of sin a N

Area
= = = = =
(0A) OAOA
(OA) = BQPC parallelogram a[:*
area + xCL a
x OAPC +b a=
of of (BM
(BM) (LN (CL) 60°J
parallelogram
61
llelogram + MC)
+
+
(OA) NC) OAQB
A
(NC)
BQPC OAQB
 Fx(a+il=kxa+kxi
plane.
6. Cx(a+b),Cxa andcxb are perpendicular to the same
xlã+b)=Cxa+cxb (Condition of co-planarity)
Result
verified that for any three vectors a, b and c we
conclude that it is
From the above activity we
have cx(a+b) =Cxa+cxb.
Application
helpful to understand the concept of distributive property of vectors.
Thisactivity is