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Lecture 4 - Transformations

The lecture covers geometric transformations in computer graphics, including translations, scaling, and rotation. Transformations are essential for building scenes and animating objects, represented mathematically using matrices for ease of analysis. The document details the equations and processes for translating, scaling, and rotating points and objects in a two-dimensional space.

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jthan3953
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4 views

Lecture 4 - Transformations

The lecture covers geometric transformations in computer graphics, including translations, scaling, and rotation. Transformations are essential for building scenes and animating objects, represented mathematically using matrices for ease of analysis. The document details the equations and processes for translating, scaling, and rotating points and objects in a two-dimensional space.

Uploaded by

jthan3953
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

Transformations

Associate Professor
Dr. Ashraf Abdelaziz Taha

Course Title: Computer Graphics


Semester: 1 2024 / 2025
Duration: 12 weeks
Geometric Transformation Functions

• Translations

• Scaling

• Rotation

-2-
Why Transformation
• Transformations are used to build or change a scene or to give the
description of a complex object that is composed of several parts

• Geometric transformations can be used to describe how objects move


around in a scene during an animation sequence or simply to view them
from another angle.

• We represent transformation as matrices (Why?)


• Easy to analyze mathematically.
• Matrices have a lot of libraries in software.
-3-
Translations
• Moving the original point position along a straight-line path to its
new location.
• Describing objects in relation to their own coordinate system
• Assume the object consists of a set of points (x, y).
• T = (tx , ty) is the translation vector
• We add translation distances tx and ty to the original coordinates
(x, y) to obtain the new coordinate position (x’, y’).
T = (tx , ty)
x’ = x + tx y’ = y + ty

-4-
Translating a point from position P to
position P’ using a translation vector T.

Two-dimensional translation equations in the matrix form P’ = P + T (3)


-5-
Moving a polygon from position (a)
to position (b) with the
translation vector (−5.50, 3.75).

-6-
Scaling
• Multiplying object positions (x, y) by scaling factors sx and sy to produce the
transformed coordinates (x’, y’):
x’ = sx . x y’ = sy . y

Scaling operation:

-7-
Uniform scaling:
Means the scalar is the same for all components

-8-
Non-uniform scaling: different scalars per component

-9-
Rotation
• A rotation R() repositions all points of an object by moving them
along a circular arc centered at the rotation point (xr , yr) by a given
rotation angle ()

Rotation of an object through angle θ around the axis point (xr , yr ) -10-
Rotation around the origin

Rotation of a point from position (x, y) to


position (x’, y’) through an angle () relative
to the coordinate origin.
The original angular displacement of the
point from the x axis is φ.
The original coordinates of the point in
polar coordinates are:
x = r cos φ, y = r sin φ

To calculate (x’ , y’):


y’ = r cos(φ + ) = r cos φ cos  − r sin φ sin  = x cos  - y sin 
y’ = r sin(φ + θ) = r cos φ sin  + r sin φ cos  = x sin  + y cos 
-11-
To calculate (x’ , y’):
y’ = x cos  - y sin 
y’ = x sin  + y cos 

P’ = R · P

-12-
Rotation is counterclockwise

-13-
Sequence of transformations for rotating an object around x axis -14-
Rotation around arbitrary point

• How to rotate around any point (xr , yr) ?

• Idea
• Translate the object by the vector (-xr , -yr)
• Rotate around the origin
• Translate the rotated object back by the vector (xr , yr)

-15-
Rotation around an arbitrary point

-16-
Scaling around an arbitrary point

-17-
Two-Dimensional Translation Matrix

• we can represent the equations for a two-dimensional translation of a


coordinate position using the following matrix multiplication:

P’ = T(tx, ty) · P

-18-
Two-Dimensional Rotation Matrix

Two-dimensional rotation transformation equations about the coordinate


origin can be expressed in the matrix form

P’ = R(θ) · P

-19-
Translation
Translation of a point

-20-
Scaling
Uniform Scaling

-21-
Pipeline operations
• Scaling with a selected fixed position

-22-
Rotation

-23-

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