1

4Advantages of computer:

Speed:-

Computers have tremendous processing speed. The speed of the computer is measured in terms of instruction
processed per second. Their speed is so high that special units are used to speed determination.
For Ex:
Mili Second (MS): One Thousand of a second
Micro Second (US): One Millionth of a second.
Nano Second (NS): One Billionths of a second
Picoseconds (PS): One Trillionths of a second

Volume:-

Large volume of data can be handled by the computer with high degree of efficiency. The processing
capability does not decrease with increase in the volume of data. All the data is given the same kind of treatment.

Accuracy:-

The Accuracy of a computer is consistently high. While in the case of human, one can commit approximately
one error for 500 to 1000 calculations. A computer commits no error the same efficiency and reliability with any
amount of data.

Complexity:-

Computation involving complex algorithm are time consuming as well as, having a high probability of
inaccurate results, if solved manually. Usages of computer for such complex operation or calculation not only ensure
accuracy of result but also do so in a very short time.

Timeliness:-
Information is of no relevance unless received at the right time. Computer with capability of speed and
accuracy have to a great extent improved the timeliness of information.

Diligence:-

Computers do not suffer from stress and strain and don’t get tired and lack boredom, where repetitive task
are given.

Storage:-

It is enough just to computer or process data at tremendous speeds and accuracy. Computers today have huge
storage capability, which is of no limit. Though the storage capability of the computer is finite, data or information
permanently storage on other storage device likes disk and tape.

Generation of Computer

Computer are developed in 5 different stage is called generation of computer.

These are:
1. First Generation of Computer:
2. Second Generation of computer
3. Third Generation of computer
4. Fourth Generation of Computer
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5. Fifth Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computer:

In first generation of computer had made by invention of VACUUMTUBE, which was a fragile glass and it
could also control an amplify electronic signal.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. too bulky in size
2. Thousand of vacuum tube were used, so large amount of heat and burnt out frequently.
3. Air conditioning is required.
4. Prone to frequent hardware failure.
5. Constant maintains required
6. Limited commercial used.

SECONDGENERATION (1958-1964)

Major hardware features of second generation of computer are the use of TRANSISTORS. To replace the
Vacuum tube of the fist generation.
Advantages of 2nd Generation:
1. Smaller in size as compared to 1st generation.
2. Wider commercial use.
Disadvantages:
1. Air conditioning is required
2. Frequent maintain is required.
3. Commercial production was difficult and cost.

Third Generation:

The major technological break through to3r generation was the development of (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT).
The IC combines transistor and related circuit in to one unit.
Advantages:
1. Smaller in size as compared to previous generation.
2. Even lower heat generated then 2nd generation.
3. Maintain cost is low, because hard ware failure is rare.
4. Widely used for various commercial application.
5. Less power required.

Disadvantages:-
1. Air conditioning is required in many cases.
2. Highly sophisticated technology required for manufacture of IC Chip.
Fourth Generation:-

The technological changes that distinct the fourth generation of computer from third generation of computer
is developed Micro power contain the CU and ALU of Central processing Unit in a
singleSILICONCHIP.Microprocessor is produces by large-scale integration (LSI) which is the process of
planning many IC on a chip.

Advantages:

1. small in size
2. Very reliable.
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3. Heat generate is negligible.
4. Much faster as compared to previous generation.
5. easily portable
6. Totally general purpose.
7. cheapest among all the generation

Fifth Generation:``

These generations of computer are in developing stage. Japan and USA have under taken project to design
and develop such computer. This computer will use ULSI (Ultra large scale integration). This chip contains
million of components packaged into a single IC. Such computer will use intelligent programming and
knowledge-based problem solving technology and such computer can see the surrounding and listen the
command.

Input device:

Through which device we can enter data into the computer is known as input device.
Some examples of input device are:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 MICR
 OCR
 OMR
 Light pen
 Joystick
 Track ball
 Scanner
 Touch screen
 Voice tag
KEYBOARD:-
The primary and the most important input device is keyboard. It looks quite similar to the keyboard of a
typewriter. A keyboard may have 84,101 and 104 keys. The keys on the computer keyboard are arranged in the same
order as like of an ordinary type write. The additional keys are CTRL,Function
keys,ALT,SHIFT ,capslock,Enter ,Delete, Back space,Insert,Esc etc.

Mainly the keyboard’s keys are divided into four parts.

Main pad
Numerical Pad
Numerical Keypad
Special keypad
Note: f1 to f12 keys are known as function keys.
Mouse:
Among the entire graphics input device, mouse is most widely used. It is a pointing device. It is a
small box about the size of a tab cassette with a round ball on the bottom and one or more
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader):
MICR is widely used at bank to process the tremendous volume of cheque being written each day.
The cheques are pre coded along the bottom with the bank’s identification number and depositor or account number.
The number and other special symbols are printed with special ink that contains magnetizable particles of iron
oxide.
OMR (optical mark reader):
OMR is a device, which can detect the presence of a mark on a paper. Light is indicating on the paper and the
reflected light is detecting the mark. OMR is used for reading answer sheet, questionnaires etc.
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OCR (Optical character Reader)
OCR is cable of detecting alphabets and numeric character printed in paper. The character may be type written or
hand written.

LIGHT PEN:

A light pen is another pointing device that can be used to choose a displayed menu option on screen for a particular
mmed. The pen is consisting of a photocell on a small tube. As the user move the tips of the pen over the screen surface it
to detect the light coming from a limited field of view. The light from the screen causes the photocell to respond when
n is pointing directly at a lighter area. This electrically responds is transmitted to a processor.

JOYSTICK:-

Children can play computer game by using joystick while playing video game, access space, inventor etc. the user
o move the spacecraft quickly across the screen. Processing a key on the keyboard can do this. As we move the stick
d in its socket. The movements are translated into binary instruction.

Output device:

Through which device we can get our result or information is known as output device.
These are:
1. monitor
2. printer
3. plotter
MONITOR: the most important out put device is monitor. It is very much like TV screen. There are
acccomended as 25 rows and 80 columns. The information is flashed on the screen. It is called VDU (visual
display unit). The computer can represent a data on the screen in two modes. One is text mode another is
graphics mode.
The VDU is a device used for innervating processing that is being keyed in display on the
screen and monitor.
In most VDU monitor, CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) is used that look like a
TV picture tube. The reflection of key on the keyboard cause binary code to be generated. The image is control
by the video controller. The video controller is termed as an adapter. the most existing adapter are design to
display alpha numeric data and are only used to enter and retrieve letter, number and special symbols or
character in text mode. In the graphics mode the display screen is divided into thousand of picture elements or
pixels.
Display adaptors are various types and normally classified on the basic of resolution and color display code.
Type of Adaptor:
MGA-Monochrome Graphics Adaptor
EGA Enhanced Graphics Adaptor
CGA: ColorGraphics Adaptor
HGA-Hercules Graphics Adaptor
VGA- Video Graphics Adaptor
SVGA – Super Video Graphics Adaptor

PRINTER:
Printer is the most important out device. Which produce the information or data as hard copy? Printers are divided
into two types.
1. Impact printer
2. Non-Impact printer
IMPACT PRINTER:
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In this printer character are printed by pressing typeface against an ink ribbon, which make a mark on the paper.
These printers are divided into two types.
1. Character Printer
2. Line Printer
CHARCTER PRINTER:
It is also called as serial printer. It prints one character at a time. It prints 32-300 characters per second.
Example of character printer is:
1. Dot-Matrix
2. Daisy –Wheel

DOT –MATRIX:

This printer has a print head which consist as an arrange of pin. This pin strike against the ink ribbon to
produce a series of Dot (.). Dot Matrix printers are faster then the daisy –Wheel printer.
DAISY-WHEEL: This printer have name suggest as a character imposed on its. These motor spin, wheel rapidly
position, a thick hammer strike it again on the ink ribbon to produce the input. The main disadvantages are it needs
10- 25 character per second.
LINE PRINTER:

This printer prints on line of text at a time. Its printing speed lays 300-3000 line per minutes. Again line printer
is divided into 3 types.
1. Drum
2. Chain
3. Band
DRUM PRINTER:
A printer uses a rapidly rotating drum, which contain a complete set of raised character. In each band around
the cylinder. Its speed varies from 200-2000 line per minute.
CHAIN PRINTER:
A chain printer uses a rapidly rotating, which is called chain printer. The chain printer contain character each
link of a chain as a character font. Its speed lies from 400-4000 line per minutes.
BAND PRINTER:
Band printer is just like a chain printer. It contains fast rotating steel print head in place of chain. Some band
printer is print up to 3000 lines per minutes.
Non-Impact Printer:
In Non- Impact printer there is no contact with the typeface or print head. They are divided into two types
1. Inkjet
2. Laser
INKJET:
Inkjet printer uses a technology similarly to DMP (Dot matrix Printer) instead of pin in the head. There are
several microscopic holes in this printer. Droplet of ink is electrically changed after living the nozzle. The speed of
inkjet printer can be measure in the form of page per minute.
LASER:
This printer use laser or some other light source to produce an image of a photosensitive drum. The laser
printer can be measured in the form of page per minute. Laser printer is quite and produces high quality out put and
very fast. They print one page at a time. This printer uses laser or some light source to produce image. This is called
laser printer.

PLOTTER:

Another out put device is plotter, which is used for designing purpose. It produces high quality drawing,
graph, largephotomap, diagram, chart, etc.
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Timeliness: information is of no relevant unless received at the right time. Computer with capability of speed and
accuracy have to grate improve of timeliness of information:

STORAGE:

Storage is the important features of computer .computer can store large volume of data and retrieve data
whenever it required. It can store the data for a long period.
LIMITATION OF COMPUTER:
1. Lack of Common Sense:
Computer does not have common sense. They operate a way in which they are programmed to operate. They do not
have theirs own logic.
2. Inability to correct:
The computer can only process job, which can expressed in a finite number of step. The instruction what ever you
give, it should be correct. If the instruction is not correct the result would be incorrect.
3. Depend upon human being:
Computers have depended upon human instruction. Computer does what it is programmed to do and nothing to be
else.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER:

1. Better job opportunity

2. Benefits a place of work
4. Better efficiency and increase productivity.
5. Improvement in quality of product.
6. Better service to the people.
7. Faster information retrieves.

Memory:
Memory is basically a storage place. It is a portion of computer system. That is used for storage and substitute
retrieve data and instruction.
Memories are of two types
1. Internal or primary memory.
2. Externalorsecondarymemory.
Internal memory or primary memory:
Internal memory is the memory, which is present inside the computer. The internal memory is divided into 2
types.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM:
Ram is also known as read and writes memory because information can be read as well as written in to it.
The data, program are store in RAM fast. RAM is also known as volatile memory. Volatile means it’s contained are
loss when the power supply suddenly goes down. So it is power dependent. RAM is again divided into two types.
1. SRAM
2. DRAM
SRAM (STATIC RAM):
SRAM store a bit of data or information in such a manner as long as there is power supply, the contain are
stable or static. Basically SRAM is also a volatile storage device but as long as supplied with power.
DRAM (DYNAMIN RAM):
DRAM store information as a charge. The different types of DRAM are:
1. Extended data out RAM
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2. Synhronous dynamic Ram
3. Video Ram

ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY):

The ROM chip is pre-programme. In this memory we can only read but do not write. ROM is basically non-
volatile. That means it’s contained are not loss when the power supply suddenly goes down. The ROM chips contain
instruction for controlling operation of a computer. It is slower then RAM.
Again ROM is divided into 3 types.
1. PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)
2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read only memory)
PROM:
This can be directly programme by the user using a prom. More specializes user who may like to store there
owns special function or programme uses this type of rom. Once it has been programmed we cannot change it.
EPROM:
Exposing by ULTRA VIOLATE RAY TUBE can reprogram this type of ROM. That means by this process,
the data can be erased from the chipped it will allow the user to reprogrammed it.
EEPROM:
This type of ROM is similarly to EPROM and this memory can be reprogrammed or erase by electrical
signal.
External or secondary memory:
The memory, which are used to store the data permanently inside the computer are known as external memory.
External memory is also known as secondary memory or auxiliary memory. This is a long term, non-volatile
memory. This external memory is not directly accessible to the computer’s processor. Secondary storage is virtually
unlimited in size and is much cheaper then main memory.

FLOPPY DISK:

Floppy disk is a convenient recording media to transport information from one location to another location. This
consists of a flexible sheet of plastic material with a magnetic coatating. The disk is divided into a series of
connecting circle known as track and referred o from upper circle to inner circle. The number of sector in each track
is equal and has the same capacity. The floppy disks are available in two sizes now days.
1. 3.5 or 3 ½
5.25 Or 5 ¼3.5 inches floppy disk can store 1.44 mb of data. And there are 80 tracks and 18 sectors and each sector
store 512 bytes of data.
so the equation is : 80*18*512*2=1474560 bytes or 1.44 mb.
The storage capacity of a 5 ¼ floppy disk is 1.2 mb. The technical name for the above two floppy
disk are referred to as double side high density (DSHD). The component of a floppy disk is
1read write opening label area
Write protected switch
Spindle hole
Sector hole
Magnetic disk
Hard Disk:

The hard disk is the computer’s filling cabinet where the operating system and all data and program files are
stored. When we are switching in the computer, the operating system is automatically loaded into the memory from
the hard disk making the computer system operational. It is a device containing one or more in-flexi able plates
coated with material in which data can be recorded magnetically. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for
each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently. Each
platter has the same number.
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Magnetic tab:
Magnetic tab are used in computer mainly as external storage device. Tapes for computers are similar to the tapes
used to store music. Magnetic taps are mounted on needs on categories on cassettes of tape store large volume or
backup data. it is a long plastic ribbion,which is coated with an iron oxide. The iron oxide mixture can be easily
magnetized and the data are record in the form of magnetic sport on the surface of the tape. Data in magnetic tapes
are stored sequentially and can be accessed sequentially .due to this nature now a days magnetic tapes are rarely
used.

C.D.ROM (compact disk Read only memory):-

This CD rom is a direct extension of audio CD. In CD Rom the data is already encoded on to them. The data
is permanently and can be read any number of times. CD rom is process of manufacture by high power laser beam.
Cd rom is very good for distributing large amount of information on data to large number of user.

Cache memory:

When a computer is co-operating, it is frequently moving data between CPU, disk and memory to process
data. The data must first be moved to the CPU from whenever it is storage. Since this take time. So special
technique is to be storage data in a special area of high speed memory called CACHE MEMORY. It is located
between CPU and Memory when the processor needs data. It will check in a high-speed cache first.

VIRTUAL MEMORY:

Very large programmed and very large file of data can store the capacity of even large computer memory to
solve this problem modern operating system and many application programme .store part of their programme or data
out side the ram ;;unit needed this type of storage is called virtual memory.
Unit of measuring memory:
4 bits 1 nibble
8 bits 1 bytes
1024 bytes 1 kilobytes
1024kb 1 megabyte
1024 Mb 1 Giga bytes
1024GB 1 tiga bytes
1024 tiga bytes 1 tera bytes
1024 tera bytes 1 peta bytes.
Question:
1. who is the father of computer
2. ________ is a collection fact and figures.
3. if input is referred as data then _____ is referred as output.
4. What are the processing cycles?
5. Write 4 point about a characteristic of computer.
6. Write five-field name where we can use computer.
7. __________ is a brain of computer
8. CPU Stand For ________________
9. MICR stand for ________________
10. CPU performs 3 operations, what are these.
11. _____ Part of CPU perform arithmetical and logical operation.
12. ------------- is a storage place of computer where we can store our data or information.

ORGANISATION OF CPU:
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CPU (Central processing Unit) is the nerve center of the system (computer). It is not only performing the central
l function but all the computational, logical operation. In CPU it contains the logic circuit for performing various
utational activities. It controls the operation of the entire functional unit. It fetches machine instruction from memory and
es the instruction.
CPU performs the following operation:
1. Fetch instruction.
2. Decode instruction.
3. Execute the instruction.
FETCH INSTRUCTION:

This operation involves setting each instruction storage in the memory. The CPU must read instruction from
memory first.
DECODE INSTRUCTION:
This instruction that is fetch from memory is converting or translates into machine language which language
can understand only computer.
EXECUTE INSTRUCTION:
After decode the instruction the computer can understand what the operation should given the user.

In CPU there are 3 major parts or section.

1. Memory
2. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
3. CU (Control Unit)
Memory:
The data and instruction that are entering into the computer, it needs to store inside the computer before the
actual processing will start. Similarly the result produced by the computer after processing, it must be keep in some
where inside the computer being part onto the output unit. So memory unit is design to full fill all the requirements.

Basically memory is a storage device where we can storage our data or information for feature reference.
ALU:
ALU is the part of the computer system, where the actual processing or execution of instruction takes place
during operation. ALU perform all the arithmetic and logical operation. Arithmetic’s means addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and logical means comparisons between two data item that is equal to, greater then, less then
etc.

CU:
Cu co-ordinate the operation of hard ware. it also co-ordinate the flow and execution of data and instruction
that are fed into the memory. The CU function unit fetches execution cycle. It fetches the instruction and data from
the memory unit, decode them and send them to the ALU unit. The out put from ALU fetch by the control unit and
sent to the various part of the computer.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER:

Computer can be broadly classified on the basis of purpose, use, and size, according to the used computer.
These are
1. Analog Computer
2. digital computer
3. Hybrid computer.

Analog Computer:
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Analog computer is computer measure physical quantity. That is pressure, temperature, and length and
converts them to numeric value. Analog computers are mainly used in scientific and engineering purpose because
they deal with quantity that very constantly.
Ex: calculator

Digital Computer:

Most computers are digital device that is they count the number or digit, that represents number, letter or
other special symbols.
Special purpose digital computer can be fixed permanently in the machine. For ex. Processor that are install in an
automobile to control fuel.

Hybrid computer:

The feature of analog computer and digital computer are combining to create a special computer is known as
hybrid computer.
Mostly it is used in machine or individual process control in industries.
According to size and ability, the computer can be divided into 4 types.
1 .MICRO COMPUTER
2. MINI COMPUTER
3. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
4. SUPER COMPUTER

MICRO COMPUTER:

A micro computer is a low cost, small digital computer. It contains a micro processor as its CPU and it also
contain a memory unit and input device and an out put device.
N.B. a microprocessor means a processor whose all component are combine in a single integrated circuit or chip.

The word length of a microcomputer is 8 to 32 bits. It works in wide range of application ex: calculation,
industrial control, instrument, home appliance and commercial equipment.

MINI COMPUTER:

Minicomputer work faster and has more powerful CPU then micro computer. There word length is 32 bits.
Some minicomputers are unprocessed, where as other are multi processor system.
The processor speed lies in the range of 10-30 MIPS (mega instruction per second) memory capability lies in
the 8mb to 96 mb. Mini computer are extensively used for pay roll preparation, accounting and scientific
computation. Examples of mini computer are: - IBM/AS/400/B600, VAX 8842, wipro s-68 030y, s-68833v, wipro-
land mark 860.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER:

The mainframe computers are very powerful computer, large and general purpose computer. They are faster
and more power full then mini computer. Their word length lies in the range of 489, 60, 64 bits. Its memory
capacity is 64-256mb. Its hard disk capacity is 1000mb performed. They are used where a large amount of
data is to be processed or very complex calculation is to be made and these tasks are beyond the computing
capability of mini computer. They are used in research organization, large industries, business and
government organization, bank and airline reservation where a large database is required. Examples of
mainframe computer are:
IBM4300series, IBM3090 series, IBM308X series.
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Super computer:

Super computer are more power full computer and faster then mainframe computer. There processing speed
lies in the range of 400 MIPS to 10,000 MIPS. Its word length is 64-96 bits.
Super computers contain a number of CPU, which are operating in parallel to make it faster.
They are used for weather forecasting, weapons research and development, rocketing, atomic research nuclear
testing etc.
Ex: of super computer are:
CRAY-3
SX-2
Sx-3r
HT AC3-300
Debugging:
Debugging is a program that helps the user to locate and correct

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Language is a means of communication. The language through which we can communicate with the computer is
known as computer language.
Programming language consist of all symbols, character. And some rules that permit people to
communicate with computer. The language through which program are written for a computer can be
categories as.
1. Low label language
2. High label language
Low label language:
Low label languages are those that allow the users to directly communicate with the machine at its lower label. .
And low label language further divided into 2 types.
1. Machine label language
2. Assembly language
3.
Machine label Language:

This is the only language that the computer can understand directly. This is a sequence of instruction written
in the form of binary number, which consist 0 and 1.
An instruction prepared in machine language will have a two parts. The first part is the
command on operation code, which tells the computer, what function, is to be performed. The second part of the
instruction is the operand, and it tells the computer where to find on store the data or other instruction that are to be
manipulated.
Writing programs using machine label language was extremely difficult and cumbersome and
probability of communicating mistake was also very high. The programmers need to remember dozens of code to
write a program. Only expert programmer could use this language, but the machine language programs can be
executed very fast by the computer.
1. Machine dependent
2. Difficult to user
3. Error porn
4. Difficult to modify

ASSEMBLY language:

In order to overcome from the difficulties of machine language a new symbolic language called assembly
language was developed. This language was used in the computers of the second generation for programming. In
this language instead of using 0 and 1 the programmer were used abbreviations as commands in their instruction.
 12
These abbreviation commands are known as “MNEMONIC”. Some ex. Of MNEMONIC code are ADD, Sub,
MUL, DIV etc. that denote various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.

High label language:

in this language instruction are written in ordinary English statement and are very easy to understand .
Further more it is not necessary for a programmer to remember the address of the memory location where the data
is storage. Some ex of high label language are:
BASIC
FORTAN
COBOL
PASCAL
ALGOL
BASIC: Beginner All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
FORTRAN: Formula Translation.
COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language.
PASCAL: it is named in the honor of BLASÉ PASCAL.
ALGOL: Algorithm language.

SOFTWARE

Software may be defined as a set of instruction that governs the operation of a computer and the hardware run.
Type of software:
Software may be classified into 3 categories.
1. System software.
2. Application software.
3. Service software.

System software:

System software is a collection of master control program, design to operate the computer and control its
activity. System software either provided by the computer manufacture or independent software developer. Best ex.
Of system software is OPERATING SYSTEM.
What is operating system?
An operating system is a set of program which manages the overall function of the computer. The o s act as an
interface between user and machine. Some ex. Of operating system are:
1. Windows-98
2. window 95
3. window XP
4. Linux
5. Unix
Etc.
Service software:

Service software is that software which provides various services to the computer and user in order to
program the computer. Service software is used to convert the program from high label language to machine label
language.
Different type of service software is:
1. compiler
2. interpreter
3. assembler
4. debugging
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Compiler:

Compiler is a translateor, which convert high label language to machine label language and vice versa at a
time. A complier is more intelligent then an assembler.
Interpreter:

An interpreter is also a translator which translates or converts high label language to machine label language
and then execute.
Different between compiler and Interpreter:
Compiler
1. Compiler is a translator, which translate high label language to machine label language at a time and vice versa.
1. interpreter is a type of translator that translate the program which are written in high level language to
machine label language, by line by line and vice versa. compiler is also known as passage translator
2. Interpreter is also known as line translator
3. Program execution time is less.
4. Program execution time is more.
5. It does not stop the translation of a program when it finds any error in the program.
6. It stops the translation when it finds any error in the program.
7. Debugging is more difficult.
8. Debugging is easier.
9. It occupies more memory space.
10. It occupies less memory space.

Debugging:

Debugging is a program that helps the user to locate and correct logical mistake in its program. This process
is known as debugging.
Assembler:
Programs which translate assemble level language to machine level language.

Application software:

This software is a computer program design to help people to perform certain type of works. It is a set of
program, which is written by computer user or programmer. This program does a specific job fro the user. Such
as financial accounting, payroll, etc.
Package:
A package is a computer application consisting one or more program which to perform a particular type of
works. Some ex. Of package is 1. Graphics package
4. word processing package
5. spread sheet package
Graphics package:
this package allow the user to do various type of computer graphics design and drafting of various document and
can be easily modify it.
Word processing package:
These are design for creation and manipulation of textual data. Ex. Ms-word, WordPad WordPro, word star etc
Spread sheet package:
This package is generally use for calculation. For ex ms-Excel, Quattro-pro etc.
 14
VIRUS
VIRUS stand for vital information under seize
OR
Vital Important Resources under seize.
A computer Virus is a small program, which resides in computer storage or memory either independently or other
programs.
A computer program written with an intention to damage computer hardware and program. It is
written in such a way that it can enter into the computer with out knowledge of the machine or the user. It has the
capability to make perfect copy of it self and cause abnormal function of the machine. It usually enters into the
machine through an infected floppy or compact disk or a program.
Origin of VIRUS:
The idea put forward in 1950 by JOHN VON NEUMAN.

Activity of VIRUS:

The fore most activity of the VIRUS is to replicate it self and hence to spread too many program as possible.
It will destroy data and program on the computer by.
1. Over writing part of the program or data.
2. Decrease the speed of program or data.
3. Decrease the memory and also decrease the storage of the computer.
4. Some VIRUS are capable of damaging electronic part of the system .but most of them destroy only
software.
5. Some virus doesn’t destroy anything. They are just funny and their main purpose is to disturb the user
attention by displaying funny message.
Type of VIRUS:

USE OF COMPUTER IN DIFFERENT FIELD

Use of computer in everywhere now days. Basically it is use in business, industries, IT etc.
So computer use is very important in our day to day life. it is used in every field in the modern day society. We
could list thousand of them. Some of applications of computer are:
1. USE OF IT AND BUSINESS:
Any business and company would navigate a lot of information to carry out its day to day activity.
Accurate information about the state of an organization management constantly updated to maintain accuracy.
Computer is mainly used in processing data to carry out task in two main areas.
These are.
1. Routine Administrative:
Computer is used in several routine office jobs such as:
*PAYROLL: preparing salary slips, calculating bonus etc.
*Sales Recording: relevant information on the sales of the company product
 Stock Control: controlling the quality of products based their sales.
 Invoicing and other aspects of company accounting.
 Maintenance of staff records.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION:

These includes activities such as maintain of more.

Realistic levels of stock from inventory or stock control, sales forecasting and production
planning.
System which are designed essentially to provide management with information, are called
management information system (MIS).
Desktop publishing (DTP):
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Using the program people can create sales letters, brouchers, price, lists, etc.
Use of IT in Education:
Computer have been used in schools,college.since the first apples computer were introduce in 1970 so due to
poor technology and educational computer programming their impact was limited. As technology has
advanced, educational software has become a major influence at all likes from elementary school to
university. The ability to connect computer and students together over a network such as the Internet opens
fantastic educational opportunity.
Use of It in Medicine:

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