Statistical Analysis of Data for Quantitative Research

Weighted Mean (for all type of Quantitative Research)

 It is a form of specialized mean that is widely used in most of every quantitative

research. It values the weight of each given scale based on a particular research
statement.

Research Statements 5 4 3 2 1
Strongly Agree Neither Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
1. I can easily learn
mathematical
concepts if the teacher
is providing necessary 12 3
examples for the Math
lessons.
2. I can excel in any
Math subject if our
teacher can instruct
the concepts in a very 7 5 3
simplified way like in
online learning videos
in Math.
3. I think an innovative
teacher is the one who
always seek for
discovery and
improvement in
assuring that his/her 12 3
students learn.
n=15

Formula for Weighted Mean:

Weighted Mean:
x= ∑fx
n
∑= summation symbol
f= frequency for each given scale
x= value of each scale
n= number of frequency

Statistical Data Analysis 1

Solution:

1. x = ∑fx
n

x = ∑ 12 (5) + 3 (4)

15

x = 60 + 12
15

x = 72
15

x = 4. 80≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

2. x = ∑fx

x = ∑ 7 (5) + 5 (4) + 3 (3)

15

x = 35 + 20 + 9
15

x = 64
15

x = 4. 27≈ 4 - Agree

3. x = ∑fx
n

x = ∑ 12 (5) + 3 (4)

15

Statistical Data Analysis 2

 x = 60 + 12
15

x = 72
15

X = 4. 80≈ 5 – Strongly Agree

Parametric Test for Known Samples ( Z - test) for Descriptivr Research

Z – test for Known Sample

Z – test is used to determine the amount of effect of an Independent Variable to
the Dependent Variable.

This is one of the most fundamental statistical treatments in a quantitative research

specifically in descriptive research.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

There are two types of hypothesis:

(Null) H0: µ =3.00 (indicating neutrality, not positive and not negative)
(Alternative)
H1: : µ > 3.00 (Right –Tailed Test) (higher than null hypothesis)
(indicating a significant effect)

2. Set a level of significance: 0.05

( indicating 95% success of research and 5% margin of error)
3. Compute for the z – value

z=x -µ

𝛿
√n

Where:
z= value of test statistics
x = sample mean
µ= population mean
𝛿= standard deviation
𝑛 = number of frequencies

Statistical Data Analysis 3

4. Compare the z – test value to the table of values, to get the z- value, afterwards
subtract it from the critical value to get the p- value.
5. If p- value is < level of significance, then reject H0.
If p- value is > level of significance, then fail to reject H0.
6. Make a decision.

Sample Problem:

The researchers assume that social media has no significant impact to students
‘behavioral performance that is why they set 3.00 as a population mean.

Class Frequency Class fx x-x

Interval (f) Mark (x-x)2 f(x-x)2
(x)
5 8 5 40 0.67 0.45 3.60
4 5 4 20 -0.33 0.11 0.55
3 1 3 3 -1.33 1.77 1.77
2 1 2 2 -2.33 5.43 5.43
1 0 1 0 -3.33 11.09 0
n= 15 ∑fx= 65 ∑(x-x )2 ∑f(x-
=18.85 x)2=11.35

x = 65 s2= ∑f(x-x)2 s2= 11.35 s2= 11.35 s2=0.81 √s2=√0.81

15 n -1 15 -1 14

𝜹 =0.90

x = 4.33- sample mean based on the computation in the table

Hypothesis Testing for z – test

1.H0: µ =3.00 ( constant value for results based on rating scale)

H1: : µ >3.00

2. Level of Significance: 0.05

3. Compute for the test statistics

z=x -µ

𝛿 (standard deviation)
√n

Statistical Data Analysis 4

 z = 4.33 - 3.00

0.90
√ 15

z = 1.33

0.90

3.87

z = 1.33

0.23

z= 5.78 ( test statistic result)

4. Look at the table of values for test statistics, and the z- value is 0.9999, subtract
it from the critical value which is 0.5.
p – value = critical value – z value

p - value = 0.5 – 0.9999

p – value = - 0.4999

5. Compare p –value with level of significance

-0.4999 <0.05, then reject H0

6. .: Reject H0
Decision : Social Media has a significant effect on students’
behavioral performance.

Statistical Data Analysis 5

Statistical Table for Z - Value

http://www.z-table.com/

(If the computed value is more than 3.40 , the z – value will be 0.9999, exceeding the
values on the table )

Statistical Data Analysis 6

Pearson –r for Correlational Research

 It is used to indicate how strong the linear relationship of variables that are
indicated in a research.
 Formula:
r= n(∑xy) – (∑x) (∑y)
√[n(∑x )-(∑x)2] [n( ∑y2) – (∑y)2]
2

Where:
n= number of cases
∑x= sum of x-values
∑y=sum of y – values
∑xy= sum of x and y values
∑x2= sum of squared x – values
∑y2= sum of squared y – values

Given:
Here is a table that shows the scores of 10 selected students who have taken a
25 – item test in Problem Solving and a 25 item test in English Proficiency. Find
the value of Pearson -r

x y xy x2 y2
20 19 380 400 361
21 22 462 441 484
22 23 506 484 529
19 21 399 361 441
17 19 323 289 361
16 17 272 256 289
16 20 320 256 400
23 24 552 529 576
20 18 360 400 324
18 20 360 324 400
∑x=192 ∑y=203 ∑xy= 3,934 ∑x =3,740
2
∑y =4,165
2

Solution:
r= n(∑xy) – (∑x) (∑y)
√[n(∑x )-(∑x)2] [n( ∑y2) – (∑y)2]
2

r= 10(3,934) – (192) (203)

√[10(3,740)-(192)2] [10(4165) – (203)2]
r= 39,340 – 38,976
√[37,400 – 36,864] [41,650–41,209 ]
r= 364
√[536] [441]

Statistical Data Analysis 7

 r= 364
√236,376

r= 364

486.19

r= 0.75 (strong positive correlation)

Pearson – r Strength of Correlation

Value
+1 Perfect Positive Correlation
+ 0.71 to + 0.99 Strong Positive Correlation
+ 0.51 to + 0.70 Moderately Positive Correlation
+ 0.31 to +0.50 Weak Positive Correlation
+ 0.01 to + 0.30 Negligible Positive Correlation
0 No Correlation
-0.01 to -0.30 Negligible Negative Correlation
-0.31 to -0.50 Weak Negative Correlation
-0.51 to – 0.70 Moderately Negative Correlation
-0.71to -0.99 Strong Negative Correlation
-1 Perfect Negative Correlation

Statistical Data Analysis 8

Test of Difference – Independent for Quasi – Experimental Research

-it is used to identify the difference of scores between two categories or two groups
based on a particular program

Formula :

t= x1 – x2

SS1 +SS2 1 + 1

n1+n2-2 n1 n2

Where:

x1 = Mean for category 1

x2 = Mean for category 2

SS1 = The sum of squares for category 1

SS2 = The sum of squares for category 2

n1= Number of respondents

n2 = Number of respondents

To get the sum of squares, a formula is needed:

SS1= ∑ X1 2 – (∑ X1)2

n1

SS2= ∑ X2 2 – (∑ X2)2

n2

Degrees of freedom - the value that will indicate a specific critical value based on a
table of distribution,.

df = n1 + n2 – 2

Statistical Data Analysis 9

Example:

Identify the value of significant difference between responses of students on research

statements about Online Distance Learning Advantages and their Academic Efficiency

Response Scores of STEM students in Online Distance Learning Advantages and their
Academic Efficiency

Number of Research Category of the Questionnaire : 2

Number of Rating Scales: 5

Results of the Survey

Respondents Response Response for (x2)2
for (X1)2 Category 2
Category (X2)
1 (X1)
Respondent 1 5 25 4 16
Respondent 2 5 25 5 25
Respondent 3 4 16 5 25
Respondent 4 4 16 4 16
Respondent 5 4 16 3 9
Respondent 6 4 16 4 16
Respondent 7 4 16 4 16
Respondent 8 3 9 4 16
Respondent 9 3 9 3 9
Respondent 3 9 3 9
10
Respondent 3 9 3 9
11
Respondent 4 16 3 9
12
Respondent 4 16 3 9
13
Respondent 4 16 3 9
14
Respondent 4 16 4 16
15
∑X1 = ∑(X1)2 = ∑ X2 = 55 ∑(X2)2
58 230 =209

Statistical Data Analysis 10

SS1= ∑ X1 2 – (∑ X1)2

n1

SS1= 230 – (58)2

15

SS1 = 230 - 3364

15

SS1 = 230 – 224.27

SS1 = 5.73

SS2= ∑ X2 2 – (∑ X2)2 x1 = 58

n2 15

x1 = 3.87

SS2= 209 – (55)2 x2 = 55

10 15

SS2= 209 – 3025 x2 = 3.67

15

SS2 =209 – 201.67

SS2 =7.33

Statistical Data Analysis 11

value = x1 – x2

SS1 +SS2 1 + 1

n1+n2-2 n1 n2

= 3.87 – 3.67

5.73 + 7.33 1 + 1

15+15 -2 15 15

= 0.20

13. 06 0 .07 + 0.07

28

= 0.20

√ (0.46) )( 0.14)

= 0.20

√0.06

= 0.20

0.24

Test of Difference Value = 0.83

Statistical Data Analysis 12

Theoretical test for Dependent Samples

-used to know difference of pre-test and post –test scores based on a particular
program

Formula:

t= ∑D

n∑D2 - ( ∑D) 2

n–1

Where:

D = the difference between the scores within group in two different attempts

n = number of sample size

degress of freedom = n -1

Problem:

Pre – test and Post –test scores of 10 STEM students on Mathematical Ability
test

Pre – test Post –test Difference of Post D2

X1 X2 – Test and Pre –
test
X2 –X1
13 10 -3 9
7 8 1 1
4 3 -1 1
10 7 -3 9
12 15 3 9
3 2 -1 1
6 4 -2 4
8 6 -2 4
10 9 -1 1
5 7 2 4
∑d = - 7 ∑D2 = 43

Statistical Data Analysis 13

t= ∑D

n∑D2 - ( ∑D) 2

n–1

Where:

∑D = -7

∑ D2 =43

n = 10

df = 9

= -7

10(43) - ( -7) 2

10 – 1

= -7

430 - 49

= -7

√ 381/9

= -7

√42.33

Statistical Data Analysis 14

= -7

6.51

t= -1.08

Analysis on Variance or the F – test for Experimental Research

- Is a specialized type of analysis wherein the differences will be determined based

on the association of the results from several groups
- To determine the overall difference, within – group difference and between – group
difference will be used.
One way ANOVA is the most frequently used statistical treatment for experimental
researches.

Formula :

F = MSb

MSw

Where:
MSb = Mean Square Between
MSw = Mean Square Within

To get the MSb and MSw:

MSb : SSb ( Sum of Square Between)
DfB (Degrees of Freedom Between)

MSw : SSw ( Sum of Square Within)

dfW (Degrees of Freedom Within)

dfB = K -1
K = Number of Groups
dfW= NTotal - K

Statistical Data Analysis 15

 To calculate SSB
SSb = ( ∑X1)2 + ( ∑X2)2 + (∑X3)2 - (∑XT) 2
n1 n2 n3 nT

To calculate SSw
SSw=
∑X12 - ( ∑X1)2 + X22 - ( ∑X2)2 + ∑X32 – (∑X3) 2
n1 n2 n3

To calculate SST

SST = SSb + SSw

Research Problem:

Determine if there is a significant difference in the observations of the three sample

groups with regards to experimental trial as compared with specific criteria observed .

Data for Trials of the Experimental Product based on Several Criteria

Highest Scale – 5
Number of Criteria - 8
Expected Highest Result - 40
Experimental Experimental Experimental
Trial 1 (X1)2 Trial 2 (X2)2 Trial 3 ( X3)2
Observations Observations Observations.
X1 X2 X3
32 1024 29 841 38 1444
30 900 39 1521 40 1600
25 625 36 1296 40 1600
27 729 31 961 41 1681
23 529 34 1156 43 1849
∑X1 =137 ∑(X1)2 ∑X2 =169 ∑(X2)2 ∑X3 =202 ∑(X3)2 =
=3807 =5775 8174

∑X1 = 137 ∑X2 = 169 ∑X3 = 202

n 5 5 5

= 27.40 = 33.80 = 40.40

Statistical Data Analysis 16

 1. Calculate SSB

SSb = ( ∑X1)2 + ( ∑X2)2 + (∑X3)2 - (∑XT)2

n1 n2 n3 nT

SSb = (137)2 + ( 169)2 + (202)2 - (508)2

5 5 5 15

SSb = 18769 + 28561 + 40804 - 258064

5 5 5 15

SSb = 3753.80 + 5712.20 +8160.80 - 17,204.27

SSb = 17,626.8 – 17,204.27

SSb = 422.53

2. Calculate dfB
dfB =K -1
dfB = 3-1 =2

3. Calculate SSw

SSw=
∑X12 - ( ∑X1)2 + X22 - ( ∑X2)2 + ∑X32 – (∑X3) 2
n1 n2 n3

SSw=
3807 - 18769 + 5775 - 28561 8174 – 40804
5 5 + 5

SSw =( 3807 – 3753.80) +(5775- 5712.20) +(8174 – 8160.80)

SSW = 53.20 + 62.80 + 13.20

SSW = 129.20

4. Calculate dfW
dfW =nt- K
dfW = 15- 3 =12

Statistical Data Analysis 17

 5. Calculate SSt
SSt = SSb + SSw
SSt = 422.53 + 129.20
SSt = 551.73
6. Calculate MSb
MSb : SSb
DfB
MSb : 422.53 = 211.27
2
7. Calculate MSw
MSw : SSw
dfw
MSw : 129.20 = 10.75
12
8. Find F

F= MSb

MSw

F= 211.27 = 19.65

10.75

Statistical Data Analysis 18