BCOM 11042

Business Mathematics

LESSON 2
MATRICES

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 Learning outcomes

• define matrices
• add, subtract and transpose matrices
• multiply matrices together
• multiply matrices by a scalar
• apply matrix arithmetic
• calculate the determinant and inverse matrix
• calculate the cofactors of a matrix
• represent a system of linear equations in matrix
notation

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 Introduction

• Matrix as a rectangular table of values conveying

numerical information.
• Matrix can be simple defined as arrangement of
numbers ( numbers are called elements of the matrix)
in rows and columns.
• Matrix can consist of as many rows and columns.
• The intersection of row and columns is referred as
a cell, element or data item.
• A matrix is normally enclosed within brackets.

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 Introduction

• We will denote matrices by capital letters such

as A, B and C. In most general, a matrix can
written as

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 Introduction
• This matrix is said to have size m*n, read
by “m by n”.
• It means it has m rows and n
columns.
• In a matrix A, aij is value held in the at
the intersection of row i, and column j.
• Therefore i represents which row of the
given A matrix and j represents which
column of the given matrix A
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 Introduction
• Example of a given matrix is

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 Introduction
Ex:
A firm has 60 employees and 2 departments which are
production and sales. Production dept. has 40 and sales
dept. has 20 employees. In production, 15 of them are
males and in sales 10 of them are females.
Show the information in a matrix.
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 Introduction

A manufacturer has 3 machines such as A, B and C.

which are used to produce goods. These machines
are operated in two shifts, shift1 and 2. If aij denotes
the output of machine j by shift i, then the daily
production can be described by 2*3 matrix.

Machines
A B C
Shift 1 400 300 100
Shift 2 350 250 150
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 Different types of Matrix
Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is known as row matrix

Column Matrix

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 Different types of Matrix
Square matrix
In a matrix, where the number of row is equal to the number of column
is called square matrix
Ex:

Null / Zero matrix

In a matrix each of whose elements is equal zero is called a null matrix
Ex:-

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 Different types of Matrix
Diagonal matrix
The elements all is called diagonal elements of a square matrix aij.

A square matrix whose every element other than diagonal elements is zero, is
called a diagonal matrix
Ex:-

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 Different types of Matrix
Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal, is called a scalar matrix
Ex:-

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 Different types of Matrix
Identity matrix or the unit matrix ( which must be square)
A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called identity/unit
matrix
Ex:-

The unit or identity matrix is represented by the symbol I

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 Different types of Matrix
Transpose matrix

The transpose of one matrix is another matrix that is obtained by

using rows from the first matrix as columns in the second matrix.

For example, it is easy to see that the transpose of matrix A is A'. Row
1 of matrix A becomes column 1 of A'; row 2 of A becomes column 2
of A'; and row 3 of A becomes column 3 of A'.

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 Different types of Matrix

• Note that the order of a matrix is reversed

after it has been transposed.
• Matrix A is a 3 x 2 matrix, but
• matrix A' is a 2 x 3 matrix.

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 111 222
111 333 555
A= 333 444 A' =
222 444 666
555 666

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Matrix addition and subtraction
To add matrices, add the corresponding
elements, for example,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎+𝑒 𝑏+𝑓
+ =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐+𝑔 𝑑+ℎ

To subtract matrices, subtract the corresponding

elements, for example,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎−𝑒 𝑏−𝑓
− =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐−𝑔 𝑑−ℎ
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 Matrix addition and subtraction

Ex: Given the following matrices

1 2 0 2 2 3 −2
𝐴= 𝐵= 𝐶=
−2 4 1 0 5 5 0
You are required to calculate
(i) A + C
(ii) A - C

(b) Why is it not possible to calculate A + B or A — B?

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 Matrix addition and subtraction

• Note: To add or subtract two or more

matrices, all matrices must have exactly the
same dimensions.

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Exercises

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Exercises

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Exercises

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Exercises

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Tutorial 1

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 Matrix multiplication

• how to multiply a row vector by a column

vector.
• suppose that goods G1, G2 and G3 sell at Rs.
50, Rs. 30 and Rs. 20, respectively, and how to
introduce the row vector?

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 Matrix multiplication

• If the firm sells a total of 100, 200 and 175 goods

of type G1, G2 and G3, respectively, then we
can write this information as the column vector

it is essential that both vectors have the same number of elements

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 Matrix multiplication

Two matrices A and B are multiplied as follows:

Where row 1, row 2 are from matrix A, col. 1, col. 2 from matrix B.

To multiply a row by a column, for example (row 1 x col. 1), proceed as follows:

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Matrix multiplication

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 Matrix multiplication

• Ex: Given the matrices

You are required to evaluate: (a) AC (b) CA (c) AB (d) BA

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 Matrix multiplication

• In general, in matrix multiplication AC is not

equal to CA (AC≠ CA).
• To distinguish the two cases, in AC we say that
C is pre-multiplied by A, while in CA we say that
C is post-multiplied by A.
• In general, matrix multiplication BA is possible
if the number of elements in the rows of the first
matrix (B) is the same as the number of
elements in the columns of the second matrix
(A).
• AxB= product
Dimentions: (2x2) X (2x3) =(2x3) : inside
numbers should be same, so multiplication is
possible 31
Scalar Multiplication
• This is when multiply a matrix (A) by a
constant or scalar(k).
• Each elements of A is multiplied by K.
Ex: 1 2 3
𝐴 = 4 5 6 Find the 2A
7 8 9
2 4 6
2𝐴 = 8 10 12
14 16 18
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Determinants of a square matrix
• Every square matrix can be associated with a real number
called its determinant.
• Determinants are mathematical objects that are very useful in
the analysis and solution of systems of linear equations.

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Determinants of a square matrix

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 Determinants
• Given a square matrix A its determinant is a
real number associated with the matrix.
• The determinant of A is written:
|A|
• For a 2x2 matrix, the definition is

|A| a b
= ad - bc
c d
• For larger matrices the definition is more
complicated
 Determinants 2x2 examples

A 1 2 = 1 2 = (1)(4) – (2)(3) = -2
3 4 3 4

B -5 2 = -5 2 = (-5)(0) – (2)(-2) = 4
-2 0 -2 0

C 1 2 = 1 2 = (1)(4) – (2)(2) = 0
2 4 2 4
 Minors and Cofactors.
To define the determinant of a square matrix of dimension
3  3 or higher, it is helpful to introduce the concepts of
minors and cofactors.

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 Cofactors
• The minor appropriate to a certain element when given its correct
sign is called a cofactor.
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝐽 𝑀𝑖𝑗

• Note that (−1)i+j is +1 or −1 according to whether i + j is even or odd,

respectively. The changing signs depending on what row we use:

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Example 2 – Finding the Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix

Find all the minors and cofactors of

Solution:
To find the minor
M11
delete the first row and first column of A and evaluate the
determinant of the resulting matrix.

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

= –1(1) – 0(2)
= –1

Similarly, to find the minor

M12
delete the first row and second column.

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

= 3(1) – 4(2)
= –5

Continuing this pattern, you obtain all the minors.

M11 = –1 M12 = –5 M13 = 4

M21 = 2 M22 = –4 M23 = –8
M31 = 5 M32 = –3 M33 = –6

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Example 2 – Solution cont’d

Now, find the cofactors, using the definition of Minors and

Cofactors of a Square Matrix for a 3  3 matrix.

C11 = –1 C12 = 5 C13 = 4

C21 = –2 C22 = –4 C23 = 8
C31 = 5 C32 = 3 C33 = –6

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The Determinant of a Matrix of Dimension 3  3

Find the determinant of

Solution:

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Use of matrix inversion to solve linear simultaneous equations

Inverses of 3 . 3 matrices can be used to solve systems of three

linear equations in three unknowns. The general system

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The vector of unknowns, x, can be found by inverting the coefficient matrix, A,
and multiplying by the right-hand-side vector, b, to get

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First calculate determinant ( i.e. )
Matrix of Cofactors ( Cof A)
Adjoint ( Adj A)
Then calculate the matrix inverse

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= +2 (2) -4 (-2)+ 1(-2)
= 10

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Cof A =

Adj A=

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Matrix Inversion

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Example
I. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 8
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5

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how to express a system of linear equations in matrix form .

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