MODERNPERI

ODI
CTABLE

INTRODUCTI ON:
ThePer iodicTablei sar guabl ythemosti mportantconcepti nchemi str
y,bot hinprincipleand
i
npr actice.Itisar emar kabledemonst rati
onoft hefactt hatt hechemi cal element sar enota
random cl usterofent i
ti
esbuti nst eaddi spl
ayt r
endsandl ietoget heri
nf ami l
ies.
Anawar enessoft hePer iodicTabl eisessent ialtoany onewhowi shestodi sentanglet he
worldandseehowi tisbui ltupf rom thef undament al bui
ldingbl ocksoft hechemi stry,the
chemi calelement s.
1.El ement sar ethebasi cunitsofal ltypesofmat ter.Iny ear1800onl y30el ement swere
knownandwer eclassi fi
edi ntot hreet y
pesont hebasi soft hei
rphy sicalproper ti
esas
Met als,Nonmet alsandMet alloids.whi l
einy ear1885, t
henumberofi dent i
fi
edel ements
wer e63,Thedi scov eryofel ement sgai nedbi gmoment um ineighteenandni neteent
h
centuriesandsev eral newel ement smor edi scov ered.

2.Wit
hthedi
scov
eryofmoreandmor
eelement
s,t
hechemistsbegantoreal
i
zet hatt
hese
el
ement
sshoul
dthear
rangedi
napr
operwaytof
aci
l
itat
etheirsy
stemat
icstudy
.

3.Theelement
sandt hei
rcompounds(
quit
elargeinnumbers)showedagreatv
ari
ati
oni
n
thei
rchemi
calbehavi
orandi
twasnotpossi
bletost
udythem i
nahaphazardmanner
.

4.Everyelementi sdiff
erentfr
om energyotherel ement,yetsomeelementshav
ecert
ain
simil
ari
ty.Basedupont hesesimil
ari
ti
est hesci ent
ist
saf t
ernumerousatt
emptswere
ult
imately successf
uli n ar
rangi
ng the v ar
ious elementsinto gr
oups orchemi
cal
famil
ies.
Attemptsf orclassi
fi
cati
onoft hei ncreasi
ng numberofel ement
sbased on
atomicmasswer egivenbyDoberei
ner’
stri
adsandNewl and’sOct
aves.

5.I
n1869,Russi
anchemi
stDmi
tr
iMendel
eevputf
ort
hper
iodi
ctabl
eof63el
ement
s,whi
ch
wasbasedupon

Mendel
eev
’sPer
iodi
cLaw:

Thephysi
calandchemi
calpr
oper
ti
esofel
ement
sar
eper
iodi
cfunct
ionsoft
hei
rat
omi
c
masses.

Sal
ientf
eat
uresofMendel
eev
’st
abl
e:

 Mendeleevar r
angedel
ement sinhor
izont
alrowsandver
ti
calcol
umnsofatabl
einorder
ofthei
rincreasi
ngatomicmassesinsuchawayt hatt
heelement
swit
hsimi
l
arproper
ties
occupi
edt hesamev er
ti
calcolumnorgroup.

 Her el
iedont hesimil
ari
ti
esintheempir
icalf
ormul
aeandpr oper
ti
esofthecompounds
for
medbyt heelements.Hereal
izedt
hatsomeoftheelementsdidnotf
iti
nhisscheme
ofclassi
fi
cati
oniftheorderofat
omicmasswasstri
ctl
yfol
lowed.

 Heignoredtheorderofatomicmass,thinkingthatatomicmassesmeasur ementsmi ght

beincorr
ectandplacedtheel
ement swit
hsi mil
arproperti
estogether
.Forexampl
e,iodine
wit
hloweratomicwei ghtt
hanthatoft
ell
ur i
um wasplacedi ngroupVIIal
ongwit
hfluori
ne,
chl
orine,
brominebecauseofthesimil
ari
tiesinproper
ties.

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

 Keepingt hepri
maryai m ofar
rangi
ngtheelementsofsimi
larpropert
iesinthesame
group,heproposedthatsomeoft heel
ement
swer est
il
lundi
scoveredandther
efor
e,l
eft
severalgapsi
ntheperiodi
ctabl
e.

 Forexamplebothgall
i
um andger
mani
um wer
eunknownatt
hatt
imewhenMendel
eev
publ
ishedper
iodi
ctabl
e.

 Hel eftthegaponepl
acedownalumini
um andsil
icon, andcal
ledt
heseelementsasEKa
alumi ni
um andEka-
sil
i
contheywerediscover
edlater.Mendel
eevpredi
ctednotonl
ythe
existenceofGall
i
um andGermani
um butalsodescribedsomeoft hesegener
alphysi
cal
proper t
ies.

 Iner
t gases,not predi
cted by Mendel
eev and di
scovered lat
er al
so coul
d be
accommodatedint
hisperi
odictabl
ebycr
eati
nganaddi
ti
onalgroup.

Afterthediscov eryofat
omicst
ruct
ure,t
heatomicnumberwasrecogni
zedaspr ot
on
number( Z).
Itwaswor kofHENRYMOSELEY’S(
1913),
WhoshowedbyX-r
ayspectr
oscopic
studiesthatfrequencyofX-r
ayemit
tedbyanel ementi
srel
atedt
oAt omicnumber(Z)
ratherthanAtomi cmass.

Atomicnumberwasconsi der
edasmostf undament
alproper
tyofanat om thant
he
at
omi c mass and Mendel
eev per
iodi
claw was modi
fi
ed and known as MODERN
PERIODICLAW:

“Thephysi
calandchemi
calpr
oper
ti
esofel
ement
sar
eper
iodi
cfunct
ionoft
hei
rat
omi
c
numbers.
”

Mendel
eev
’speri
odictabl
ewasr evi
sedi
naccor
dancet
omoder
nper
iodi
claw andal
so
knownasl
ongform ofper
iodi
ctable.

St
ruct
ureofModer
nPer
iodi
cTabl
e:

1) El
ementsarear
rangedinincreasi
ngor derofat
omi cnumber .
2) El
ementshavi
ngsimilarphysi
calandchemi calpr
operti
esappearinvert
icalcol
umns.
3) Ver
ti
calcol
umnsar ecall
edgroups,Thereareeighteengroups(number
ed1t o18)
4) Hori
zont
alr
owsar ecall
edasper i
od,therearesevenperi
ods(numbered1t o7)
Thenumber i
ngofper iodsandgr oupsi sr ecommendedbyI NTERNATI
ONALUNI
ON
OFPUREANDAPPLI EDCHEMI STRY( IUPAC)
5)Boxesf ormedbyt heintersecti
onoft heper i
odsandgr oupsarethe
placesf ori
ndividualelement s.Bel
owt abletwoser iesoff ourt
een
element seachi splaced.Ther earetotal118el ement sinthemoder n
per i
odictable.
6)Per i
odictableisdivi
dedi ntofourblocksr especti
velys-block,
p-bl
ock,
d-blockandt hetwoser i
esatbot t
om const it
utef-
bl ock.

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

PERI
ODI
CTABLEANDELECTRONI
CCONFI
GURATI
ON:

1)WhenMendel eevputf orthhisper iodictablein1869,theat omi cs t

ructurewasnotk nown.
Heobs ervedper iodi
c i
tyinthepr oper t
iesofelement sonar rangingt hem inani ncreasi
ng
orderofat omi cmas s.
2)Af t
erdev el
opmentofQuant um mec hanicalmodel ofatom t hepr operti
esofel ement s
wer ecorrelatedtoel ectr
oni cconfiguration.
3)Elec t
ronsi nanat om ar edistri
but edins hel
lsands ubs hellsinac cordanc ewithaufbau
princi
pl ewhi chinc udesi
l ncreasingor derofener gy,Pauli exclusionpr incipl
eandHund' s
ruleofmax imum mul ti
plicit
y.
4)Whenel ement sar earrangedi nani ncreasingorderofat omicnumberper iodici
tyis
obs er
v edi ntheire l
e ct
ronicc onfigur ati
ona ndwhi chreflec tsinthec ha racter
isti
c
structureoft hemode r
npe r
iodict able. Theloc at
ion. ofeleme ntsi nthemode rn
periodicta bleisc orrel
ate dtoqua ntum numbe rsofthel as tfi
ll
edor bital.

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

ELECTRONI
CCONFI
GURATI
ONI
NPERI
ODS:
 Per
iodnumberissameast hepr
inci
palquant
um number'n'oft
heout
ermostor
val
enceshel
loft
heel
ement
s.

 Alongaper
iodtheat
omicnumberi
ncr
easesbyoneand one el
ect
ron i
s addedt
o
outer
mostshel
lwhi
chfor
msneutr
alat
om ofthenex
tel
ement.

 Everyperi
odendswi t
hc ompleteoct
etconfi
gur
ati
on( ordupl
eti
nthecaseofthe
fi
rstper
iod)oft
hev alenceshellandt
henextper
iodbeginswit
haddi
ti
onofel
ect
ron
tothenextshel
lofhigherenergycompar
edtotheprev
iousperi
od.

1)
Thef i
rstshel
l
,thu:s,getsfi
ll
ed al he f
ong t ir
stperiod.Ast hefi
rstshellcan
accommodateonlytwoelec t
rons,t
herear
etwoelementsinthefi
rstperi
od,namely
,H
(Z=l):ls andHe(
1
Z=2):ls Thef
2
ir
stper
iodendsat '
He'because'He'hasc ompl
ete
duplet
. •

2)El ec t
ronsar efill
edi nt hes ec onds hellalongt hes econdper i
od. Thes ec ondper iod,
thus ,begi nswi thLi( Z=3):l s2
2s1 andendsupwi th
Ne( Z=l O) :ls 2
2s2
2p6.Newi th8el ec t
ronsi nit
sout er mos ts econds hellhasc ompl eteoc tet.
Thes ec onds hel lhasel ec tronc apac it
yof8. Itgetsf i
lledal ongt hes ec ondper iod,asthe
atomi cnumberi ncreas es . Thust herear e8el ement si nsecondper i
od. •

3)Si mi larlyt her ea ree ighte l

e me nt s(Na( Z=l l
)t oAr( Z= 18)
)ha vingt hec onde nse d
electroni cc onf igurat i
onsdes cr
ibedt oget heras
[Ne ]3s 3p i
1-2 1-
6
nt het hirdpe r i
od, a sar esultofc ompl e t
ionoft hi rds he l
l.
4)Thef our thper iod begi nswi t
hf i
ll
ingof4ss •ubs hel
• l
.Thef irstt woel ement soft he
fourthper iodar eK( Z=19) : [Ar]4sandCa(
1
Z=20) :[Ar ]
4sAc
2
c ordingt ot heauf bau
principlet henex thi gherener gys ubs hellis3d, whi
• c hc anac c ommodat eupto10
electrons .Fill
ingoft he3d- subs hellresultsint henex t10element soft hef ourth
per i
od, from Sc: (
Z=21)[ Ar ]4s3dt
2 1
oZn: (
Z=30)[ Ar ]4s3d Af
2 10
terthist heel ectrons
entert hes ubs hell 4pf orthenex ts ixelement s: Ga: (Z=31)[ Ar]4s 2
3d104p1toKr :
(Z=36)[ Ar ]4s 2
3d'0
4p6•Thef our thper i
od, t
hus ,cont ai nsinal l18el ement s( 2+
I0+6=18) . •

5)Thefi
ft
hperi
odaccomodat
es18elementsasar
esul
tofsuccessi
vef
il
li
ngof
el
ectr
onsint
he5s,4dand5ps ubshel
ls.

ELECTRONI
CCONFI
GURATI
ONI
NGROUPS:

1)A new She l

li sadded down a gr oup.Thegener alouter
el
ectronicc onfigurati
on,ther
efore,isexpec t
edt obet hes amedownany
part
iculargroup. Indeeditisf
oundt obes ofort hegroups1, 2and3.
2)I
nt hegr oups13t o18t heappr opri
atei nner'd' and' f
's ubshell
s
arecompl etelyf i
l
ledandt hegener alouterelectronicc onfigurati
oni sthe
samedownt hegr oups13t o18.
3)I
nt hegr oups4t o12,howev er
,the'd'and'f'subs hel
lsar ei ntr
oduc edat
alaters t
age( 4thper i
odf or'
d'and6t hperiodf or' f'
)downt hegr oup.As
ares ul
tv ari
ationi nthegeneralout erconfi
gur ationisi ntr
oduc edonl yat

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

t
hel
aterst
agedownt
hegr
oups4t
o12.

ELECTRONI CCONFIGURATIONINTHEFOURBLOCKS:
s-
Block:Thelastel
ect
roninthes-blockel
ementsisf i
ll
edina s-
subshell
.Therebeing
onlyoneor bi
tali
nas -subshell
,thegeneralconfi
gurati
on ofs-bl
ock elementsi s
ns1-2•Thusel
ementsofthegroup-1andgroup-2belongtothes-
block.Thes -
blockis
pres entont hel eftex tr
emeoft hemodem per iodi ctabl e.
p- ock:Thel
Bl astelect roni nt hep- blockel ement si sfil
ledi np- subshel l
.Ther e
bei ngt hreedegener at ep- or bitalsinap- subshel l
,upt o6el ect ronscanbef ill
ed.Ther efor e,
theel ement sbel ongingt osi xgr oups, namel y,group13, 14, 15, 16, 17and18const i
tutethep
-block.Thep- bl ockappear sont her i
ghti nt hemodem per iodict abl e.Thep- blockendswi th
thegr oup18whi chr epr esentt hef ami lyofi nertgases.Remar k ably ,the f i
rstel ementoft he
group 18,hel ium ( He)doesnott he p subshel lasi t
sv al ence shel lhas n =land i t s
conf igurationi sshownaslsYet' 2
He' ispl acedi nthe18t hgr oupoft hep-bl ockbecausei t s
valenceshel liscompl et elyf il
led( whi chi sacompl etedupl et) ,simi l
art ocompl etev alence
shel loft heot herel ement sbel ongi nt ogr oup18( whichhav ecompl eteoct ets).Thegener al
sns np 6.
1-
elect ronicconf igur ati
onf ort hep- block( f
rom t hesecondt ot hesev ent hper i
od)i 2

d-Block:Thed- bl ocki nt hemodem per iodict ablei

2 sf ormedasar esul toff i
ll
ingthel ast
elect r
oni nd- orbi tal
.Ad- subshel lispr esenti nt heshel l
swi t
hn3andaccor dingt othe( n+l )
rulet heener gyofnsor bi talisl
• esst hant hatoft he(n-1) dor bital.Asar esult,t
hel astelectron
ent ersa( n-1)d- subshel lonl yaf tert he ns subshel li scompl etelyf i
lled.Ther ebeingf ive
orbi t
alsi nad- subshel l
,10el ect ronscansuccessi velybeaccommodat ed.Ther ear et en
groups ,namel y,gr oups3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10, 11and12i nt hed- bloc kwhi chappear sint he
cent reoft hemodem per i
odi ct able.Thegener alout erel ect roni cconf i
gur ationoft hed-
blockel ement si sns0-2( n- 1)d· 10 .S
1- omev ar i
ati
onsi nt hec onf igur ation, cons equentt ot he

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

ext
rastabi
l
ityassoci
atedwit
hhalf­fi
l
ledandaful
lyf
il
ledsubshel
l
, arereadi
l
lyobser
ved.
Forexample,theout
erelect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofCr(
Z=24)i s4s1
3d5inseadof4s23d4.
t
Thisisbecauseboth4sand3dsubshell
sarehalf
-f
il
led.
f-
Block:Inthef-bl
ockelement st
helastel
ectr
on isf i
ll
ed inf-or
bit
al.As ther
e
aresevenor bi
tal
sinaf -subshel
l
,thegeneralouterelect
roni
cconfigurat
ionof
0-
1
thef-bl
ocki sns2 (
n-l)
d (n- f1-14.Thev
2) ari
ati
onsasar esulttheextr
as tabil
ityof
half
-f
ill
edandf ull
yf i
ll
eds ubshel lneedt obeac count edf or.Forex ampl e,
the
outerel ect
roni
cc onfi
gurati
onof63Eui s6s24f
'5d0becauset he4fsubshelli sha l
f-
fi
ll
ed.Thef -
blockc onst
it
utestwos eri
esof14el ement sc al
ledthelanthanidea nd
theactinideseres,putonebe
i l
ow t heother.Thef-blocki splaceds eparatelyat
thebottom oftheper i
odictabl
e.

BLOCKWISECHARACTERISTI
CSOFELEMENTS:
Char
act
eri
sti
css-
Blockel
ements:
1)
Thes -
blockcont
ainst
heel
ement
sofgr
oup1(
alkal
imet
als)andgr
oup2(
alkal
i
neear
th
metal
s).

2
)Al
ltheseel
ement
sar
ereact
ivemet
alsandoc
, curi
nnat
ureonl
yincombi
nedst
ate.

3)Theircompounds,
wit
hexcepti
onofLiandBe,
arepredomi
nant
lyioni
c.Thi
sisbecause
theyhav eonl
yoneortwovalenceel
ectr
onswhi
c ht
heycanlosereadil
yfor
mingM® or
M ®i
2
ons.

4)
Theyhav elow i
onizat
ion ent
hal
pies,whi
ch decr
easedown t
hegr
oup r
esul
ti
ng i
n
i
ncreasedr
eacti
vi
ty.

Char
act
eri
sti
csp-
Blockel
ement
s:

Thep-
blockcont
ainsel sofgr
ement oups13t
o18.

1)Thep-blockel
ement
stoget
herwi
ths-
blockel sa
ement r
ecal
l
edmai
ngr
oupel sor
ement
repr
esentati
veel
ements.

Thel
2) astgr
oupoft
hep-
block,
namel
y,t
he18thgr i
oup,st
hef
ami
l
yofnobl
e/i
ner
tgases.

Thes
3) ehav
ec l
osedval
ences hell
s(complet
edupletint
hec aseof'He'andcompl et
e
oct
eti
nthecaseoft
heothernoblegases)andther
efor
ever
ylowc hemical
react
ivi
ty.

4)Elementsofgr
oup17(
hal
ogenf
ami
ly
)andgr
oup16(
chal
cogens)i
ncl
uder
eact
ive
nonmetal
s.

Theel
5) ect
rongai
nent
hal
pies bei
nghi
ghl
ynegat
iv t
e,heygai
noneort
woel
ect
ronsr
eadi
l
y
andf
orm ani X-orX2-
ons ( ) whi
chhav
ecompl
eteoct
et.

6)Thep-bl
ockcont
ainsal
lthet
hreetradi
ti
onalt
ypesofel
ements.The metal
sont
hel
eft
,the
nonmetalsont
heri
ghtandthemetal
l
oids.
Thenonmetal
l
icchar
act
eri
ncr
easesaswemov
efrom

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE
t
hel
eftt
other
ight
,wher
easi
tdecr
easesaswegodownagr
oup.

Char
act
eri
sti
csd-
Blockel
ement
s:

1)
Thed-
blockcont
ainsel
ement
soft
hegr
oups3t
o12.

Theyar
2) eal
lmet
als.

Thed-
3) bl
ockel
ement
sar
eknownast
ransi
ti
onel s ort
ement ransi
ti
on
metal
s.

Theyf
4) orm abri
dgebet
weenc hemical
l
yreact
ives-
blockel
ement
sand
l
essreact
iveel
ement
sofgroups13and14.

5)Mos tofd-bl
ockelement
spossesspari
ti
all
yfil
ledinnerd-or
bital
s.Asa
resultthed-bl
ockelementshaveproper
ti
ess uc hasv ari
abl
eox idat
ion
state,par
amagnet
ism,abi
li
tyt
ofor
m coloured i
ons..6)Theyc anbeus ed
ascat al
yst.
,

7)Zn,
Cd,
andHgwi
thconf
igur
ati
onns(
n-1)d (
compl
et
2
el
yfi
l
leds
10

-andd-s ubshel
ls)donotshowthepr
oper
ti
est
ypi
cal
oft
ransi
ti
onmet
als.
Char
acter
ist
icsf-
Blockelements:

1)Thef-
blockcont
ainsel ementsallofwhicharemet sa
al ndar epl acedinthet worows
call
edl
ant
9hani
deseries(58
Ceto71
Lu)andacti
nideseri
es (90Th t
o 103
Lr
).2)These ser
ies
arenamedaf t
ertheirpr ecedi
ng el ementslant
hanum (57L a)andac ti
nium(89Ac)i
nthe
thi
rdgr
oupoft hed-
bl ockofthe6thand7thper
iodrespecti
v ely.
3)Thel
ant
hani
desar
eal
soknownasr
areear
thel
ement
s.
4)Thelastel
ectr
onoftheel
ementsoftheseseri
esisfi
l
ledi
nthe(
n- fs
2) ubshel
l
,and
ther
efore,t
hesearecal
ledi
nner
-t
ransi
ti
onelements.
5)Theseelement
shavev er
ys i
milarproper
ti
eswi
thi
neachser
ies.Theact
ini
deel
ement
s
beyond92Uarecal
ledt
ransuroni
um elements.
Al
6) l
thet
ransur
ani
um el
ement
sar
emanmadeandr
adi
oact
ive.

PERI ODICTRENDSI NELEMENTALPROERTI ES:

Theor i
ginalst
ructureoft heper i
odictablewasbasedonempi r
ical
lyobserv ed
peri
odicit
yintheelement alproperties.Thus,element alpr
operti
esshowsi milar
ityi
n
agroupandshowgr adual vari
ationacr ossaper iod.Thequant um mechani cal
model ofatom explainstheobser v edperiodictr
endsofel ement alpropert
ies.These
tr
endsar eexplai
ned· i
nt ermsoft wof undament al fact
ors,namel y,att
rac t
ionof
extranuclearelect
r onstowar dst henuc leusandr epulsi
onbet weenel ectrons
belongingt othes ameat om. Thes eattracti
veandr epulsi
vef or
c esoper ate
si
mul taneouslyinanat om. Thisr esult
si ntwoi nterrel
atedphenomenac al
l
ed
eff
ec ti
venuc l
earc hargeands cr
eeni ngef f
ec t
.
Eff
ecti
venuclearchar
geandscr eeni
ngef f
ect:1)Inamulti
-elect
ronatom the
posi
ti
velychar
gednucl
eusat
tract
sthe negat
ivel
ychar
gedel
ect
r onsaroundi
t,and

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

t
her
eismut
ual
repul
sionamongstt
henegat
ivel
ychar
gedex
tranucl
earel
ect
rons.
2)Therepul
sionbyinner
­ shel
lelectr
onsispart
icul
arl
yimpor
tant
.Thi
sresul
tsi
n
pushi
ngtheouter-
shel
lel
ect
ronsfurt
herawayfr
om thenucl
eus.
3)The out
er­ shellel
ectr
onsare,t
hus,hel
dless t
ight
ly bythenucl
eus.Inot
her
words,
theat
tract
ionofthenucl
eusforanouterel
ect
ronispart
ial
l
ycancel
led.
4) I
tmeanst hatanout er-shel
lelectrondoesnotexper iencet heact ualposit
ive
chargepr esentont henucleus.Thenetnucl earchargeact uall
yexper i
encebyan
elect
roniscal ledt heeff
ectivenuclearcharge,Zer r
·5)Theef f
ectivenuclearcharge
i
sl owerthant heactualnuclearcharge,Z.I
not herwords,thei nnerelectr
onsshield
theout erelect r
onsf r
om thenucl eust oacer tainext
ent.Thi seffectoft heinner
elect
ronsont heout erel
ectronsiscall
edscr eeningeff
ectorshi eldingeffectofthe
i
nner /
coreel ectrons.
Ef
fect
ivenucl
earchar
ge=Zeff
=Z-elect
ron

shi
eldi
ng
=Z-σ

Hereσ(si
gma)iscall
edshiel
dingconst
antorscreeningconstantand
theval
ueofcrdependsupontypeoftheor
bit
althattheel
ectr
on
occupi
es.

Aswemov eac rossaper i

odac tual nuclearchargei ncreasesby+1atat ime, t
hev al
ence
shellremainst hesameandt henewl yaddedel ectronget saccommodat edint hesameshel l
.
Ther eisnoaddi t
ionofel ect ronst ot hecore.Thus, shieldingdµet ocoreelectronsremains
thesamet hought heact ual nucl earchar Z,
ge, i
ncreases.Thenetr esul
tisthattheef fect
ive
nuclearchar ge,Zef f"goesoni ncr easi ngacrossaper iod.
6)Ont heotherhand, theZeffdecr easesdownagr oup.Thi sisbecause,aswemov edowna
group, anewl argervalenceshel lisadded.Asar esult
,ther eisanadditi
onal shelli
nthecore.
Theshi eldi
ngef fectofthei ncr easednumberofcor eel
ect ronsoutweighstheef fectofthe
i
ncr easednucl earcharge;andt herebyt heeffecti
venucl earchar gefel
tbyt heout er
electronsdecr easeslargelydownagr oup.

Periodictr endsinphy si
calpropert
ies
Manyphy sicalproperti
esofel ementssuchasmel tingpoi nt,boili
ngpoi ntanddensi tyshow
peri
odicit
y .Inthissectionwear egoingtoconsidertheper iodictrendsi nphy sicalpr
operties
wit
hr eferencet oat omicradius,i
oni
cr adi
us,ioni
zationent halpy,el ect
rongai nenthalpyand
el
ectronegat ivi
ty.
Atomi cradi us:thequant um mec hanicalmodelofat om des cribest heex tr
anuc l
earpar t
ofat om ast heel ectr
onc l
oud.Asadi rectimpli
cat ionoft his,t heat om hasnodef i
nite
boundar y.Theat omicsi zeorat omi cradius,ther ef ore,canbeest i
mat edf rom t he
i
nternucleardi stanceunderdi ff
erentcircumstances.I nthec as eofnonmet al
s( except
noble gases ),theat omsofanel ementar ebondedt oeac hot herbyc ovalentbonds .
Bondl engt hofas i
nglebondi stak enass um ofr adi ioft het wos inglebondedat oms .
Thisisc alledc ovalentradiusoft heat om.Forex ampl e

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

:(i
)BondlengthofC-
Cbondi
ndi
amondis154pm.Ther
efor
e,atomicradi
usof
carboni
ses t
imatedt
obe77pm.(
ii
)Bondl
engt
hofCl-
ClbondinCl2i
smeas ur
edas
198pm.
Ther
efor
e,t
heat
omi
cradi
usofCl
isest
imat
edt
obe99pm.

•
Cl

•
C

Cl
2

Inthec aseofmet als,dist

ancebetweent headj acentatomsinmet all
i
c
sampleismeas ur
ed.Onehalfofthisdist
anceistakenast hemet
all
icr
adius.
Thus,atomicradi
usisonehal foft heint
ernucl
eardi st
ancebet
ween two
adj
acentatomsofamet alortwosingl
ebondedatomsofanonmet al.

El
ementsy
mbol
(at
omi
cradi
us/pm)

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

1 2 13 14 15 16 17
p
2 Li
(152) Be(
111) B(
88) C(
77) 74) 0(
N( 66) F(
64)
3 Na(
186) 160) Al
Mg( (143) Si
(117) P(
I10) S(
104) Cl
(99)
4 K (
231) Br(
114)
5 Rb(
244) I(
133)
6 Cs(
262) At(
140)

1)I
tcanbeseenfr
om Tabl
ethatat
omi
cradi
usdecr
easesacr
ossaper
iod(
upt
ogr
oup17)
andincr
easesdownagroup.
2)Gr
eatert
heeff
ecti
venucl
earchar
ges t
rongeri
sat
tract
ionoft
henucl
eusf
ort
heout
er
el
ect
ronsandsmall
erist
heatomicradi
us.
3)Aswemoveacrossaperiod,
scr
eeningeff
ectcausedbythecor
eel
ect
ronsr
emai
ns
thesame,
ontheotherhandtheef
fect
ivenucl
earchargegoesoni
ncr
easi
ng.
4)
Thevalenceelect
ronsare,
ther
efor
e,mor
etightl
yboundandint
um theat
omicradi
us
goesondec reasi
ngalongaperi
od.Theef
fect
ivenucl
earchar
gedecr
easesand
shi
eldi
ngeffectincr
easesdownagroup.
5)
Thev al
enceel
ect
ronsare,
thus,
hel
dbyweakerat
tract
ivef
orceandt
heat
omi
cradi
us
i
ncreasesdownagroup.

Ionicradius:1)Anat om formsaposi tivelychargedion,cati

on,
ontheremov al
ofoneormor e
electr
onswher easanegat i
v el
ychar gedi on,anion,i
sf ormedwit
hgai n of one ormor e
electr
ons.
2)Measur ement sofdi stancesbet weennei ghbouri
ngcat i
onsandanionsi nioniccr
ystal
s
hav ebeenusef ulforesti
mat ionofionicr adi
i.
3)Thei onicradi
ishowt hesamet rendsasofat omicradii
.
A cationi ssmal lerthant heat om from whi chitisf or
med,becauseitcont ai
nsfewer
electr
onst hanatom,t hought henucl earchar geist hesame.Asa r esulttheshiel
ding
effectislessandef fecti
v enuclearchar geislar
gerwithinacati
on.
Ananionhasal ar
gerr
adiust hant
hecorrespondi
ngatom, asithasmor enumber
ofelectr
onsthantheatom. Theseaddi
ti
onalelect
ronsresul
tinincreasedelect
ron
repul
sion,decr
easedeffect
ivenucl
earchargeandintum,theincreasedsize.

Some at oms and ions cont ai

nt he same numberofel ect
rons and ar e called
i
soelectr
onicspecies.Theact ualnuclearchargeoft heisoel
ectroni cspeciesi s,
howev er
,dif
fer
ent.Ther adi
iofisoelect
roni
cspeciesv aryaccor
dingtoact ualnuclear
charge.Largernuclearchar geexertsgreateratt
ractionfortheel ectronsandt he
- +
radi
usoft hatisoel
ectroni
cspeciesbecomessmal l
er.Forexample,F andNa bot h
have10e lect
rons,theirradiiar
e133pm and98pm r espect
ivel
y,ast henuclear
- +
chargeofFi s+9whi chissmal l
erthanthatofNa whi chis,+11.

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

Ionizati
on ent hal
py :Remov alo•fa n electr
on from the neutralatom X r es ultsin
+
format i
on of c at
ion X The ener gyr equir
ed tor emove on el ectron f rom t he
i
solatedgaseousat om ini t
s groundstatei scall
ledioni
zati
onent hal
py( .I
∆iH) oni zati
on
enthalpy is the quant i
tativemeasureoft endencyofanel ementt olosee lectrona nd
expre ssedink Jmol ·Si
1
nc eelect
ronsarel ostoneata t ime,we hav ef i
rstioni zat
ion
enthalpy,secondionizati
onent hal
py,ands oon, f
oragivenelement.Ioni
z at
ionent hal pyis
alway spos i
ti
ves i
ncet heener gyalwaysneedt obes uppl
iedtok nockoutel ectronf r
om
atom.

Thesecondi
oni
zat
ionent
hal
py∆iH2,i
slar
gert
hant
hef
ir
sti
oni
zat
ionent
hal
py,∆iH1,
asi
t
i
nvol
vesr
emov
alofel
ect
ron f
rom t
heposi
ti
vel
ychar
gedspeci
es.

Iti
ss eenfrom t
ablebelowt hatonmovi
ngdownt hegr
oupthefir
stioniz
at i
onenthal
py
decreases.Thi
sisbec auseelectr
onist
ober emovedf
rom t
helargervalenceshell
.
Screeningduetoc oreel
ectronsgoesonincr
easi
ngandtheeff
ectivenuc l
earcharge
decreasesdownt hegroup.Theremovaloft
heouterel
ect
ron,t
herefor
e,bec omeseas i
er
mor eandmor eeas y

Tobi
e:Fi
rsti
oni
zat
ionent
hal
pyv
aluesofel
ement
sofgr
oup1

El
ementsof At
omi
cNumber Outerel
ectr
onic ∆,H1
Group1 z confi
gurat
ion /
k J
mo11
·
Li 3 2s1
520
Na 11 3s1
496
K 19 4s1 419
Rb 37 5s1
403
Cs 55 6s1 374

Anov erallincr
easeoft hefir
s t1omz ati
onent halpyac r
os st heperiod2
canbenot i
cef r
om tablebe l
ow.Thisi s becaus et hes cr
eeningi sthes ame
andtheef f
ectivenuclearchargeinc r
easesac rossaper iod.Asar esultt he
out
erel ect
roni sheldi nor
et i
ghtl
y.Thef i
rstionizati
onent halpy ,t
heref ore,
i
ncreasesac r
os saperiod.Thealkalimetaldi
s playsthelowes tfir
s ti
oni
z ation
ent
halpy.Thei nertgass howsthehi ghestfir
s tioni
zati
onent hal
pyac ros sa
per
iod.

Somei r
re gul
ari
tiesarenoticedforthef i
rsti
onizati
onenthalpi
esaswe
movea crossape r
iod.Fore xample,thef i
rstioni
zationenthal
pyof'B'is
small
erthant hatof' Be'.Thisisbe cause'Be'losestheelect
ronfrom 2s
or
bit
alwhi l
e 'B'l osest he elect
ron from 2p or bitalwhich hasless
penet
rat
iont hanthe2sor bit
ala ndthe r
eforeitise asi
ertoremov ea2p
el
ectr
onthana2se lectr
on. Si
milarl
y,f
irst

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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

_i
oni
za t
ionenthalpyof'O'iss mall
erthant hatof'
N' .Thi
sisbe cause'O'
losestheitiseasiert
olos ethi
selectr
ont hananelect
ronfrom t
hesingly
occupied2por bit
alinnitrogenatom.( ThisisaconsequenceofHund' s
rul
eofmax imum mul t
ipl
i
c i
ty,

Tobi
e:Fi
rsti
oni
zat
ionent
hal
pyv
aluesofel
ement
sofper
iod2

El
ementofper
iod2 Li Be B C N 0 F Ne

At
omi
cnumber 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
z

Outerel
ect
ronic 2s1
2s2
2s2 2s2
2s2
2s2
2s22p 2s2
2p6
Confi
gurat
ion 2p1 2p2
2p3 2p4 5

∆IHl/ 1 520 899 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080

kJmo1·
1

Elect
rongai
nenthal
py:Addi
ti
onofanel
ectr
ontoaneutral
atom (
X)resul
tsi
n
formati
onofanani
on(X-
).Theent
hal
pychangethatt
akesplacewhenan
el
ectr
onisaddedtoani solat
edgaseousat
om init
sgroundstat
eiscal
ledt
he
el
ectr
ongainent
halpy,∆egH.
El
ectr
ongai
nenthalpyisaquantit
ati
vemeasureoftheeasewi
thwhichanat
om
addsanel
ectr
onformingt heani
onandisexpr
essedinuni
tsofkJmol-
1·
•
∆egHmaybeposit
iveornegat
ivedependi
ngupon whet
hert
hepr
ocessofaddi
ng
el
ectr
oni
sendothermicorexothermic.
1)El
ementsofgr
oup17havever
yhighnegat
iveval
uesofel
ectr
ongai
nenthalpy
.Thi
sis
becauseoft
heyatt
ainst
abl
enobl
egaselect
roni
cconfi
gur
ati
onontheaddit
ionofone
el
ectron.
2)Elementsofgroup18, noblegaseshav e,ontheot hert
hehand,exhibi
thighposi
ti
ve
valuesforel
ect
rongainenthalpy.
Since,t
headdedelec tr
onhastoentersthenexthi
gher
shellwi
thlar
gerpri
ncipal
quant um number,t
hisisveryunstabl
eelect
ronicconfi
gur
ati
on
duet overyl
oweffect
ivenuclearchargeandhighshiel
dingfrom t
hecoreelectr
ons.
3)Theal
kal
imet
alshav
ever
ylownegat
iveel
ect
rongai
nent
hal
pyv
alues.
Ingeneral
,el
ect
rongainent
halpi
esarel
argenegati
veforel
ement
soft
heupperr
ightof
t
heperiodi
ctabl
e,excl
udi
ngthegroup18ofnoblegases.
Anov eral
ltr
endi sreveal
sthatelect
rongai nenthalpybecomesmor enegati
vewi th
i
ncr easeofatomi cnumberalongtheper i
odupt othesecondlastel
eme nt
,becauset he
effectiv
enuclearchargeincreasesacrosst heperi
odandi ti
seasiertoaddanel ectron
toasmal l
eratom. Downt hegroup,t
heel ectr
onhast obeaddt ofart
hershellandthe
electrongainenthalpy
, t
hus,becomesl essnegative.

El
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty:Whent
woat
omsofdi
ff
erentel
ement
sfor
m acov
alentbond,
the
el
ectr
onpai
risshar
edunequal
ly.Theabi
li
tyofocoval
entl
ybondedat
om t
oattr
actthe
shar
ed el
ectr
ons towar
d itselfis cal
led el
ect
ronegat
iv y(
el EN).I
ti s not an

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

experi
mentall
ymeasurabl
equant i
ty.Anumberofnumer icalscal
esofelectr
onegat
ivit
y
weredev el
opedbymanys cienti
sts.Paul
ings cal
eofel ectronegat
ivi
tyi
st heoneus ed
mos twidel
y.Li
nusPauli
ngas si
gned(1922)ar bi
tr
ari
lyav al
ueof4. 0forf
luori
newhichis
expectedtohavet
hehighestval
ueofelectronegati
vi
ty.
1)Electr
onegat
ivi
ty r epresents att
ract
ivef
orceexert
edbythenucl
eus
ons har
edelect
rons.Electronshari
ngbetweenc ov
alentl
ybondedat
oms
takesplaceusi
ngt hevalenceelect
ron.

2)Theel ect
ronegat
ivi
tydependsupont
he effect
ive nuclear char
ge
exper
iencedbyelect
roninv
olv
edinfor
mat
ionoft
hec oval
entbond.

3)El
ect
ronegati
vit
yi ncr
eas es as we move acr
osst he peri
od.Thisi s
becausetheeff
ec t
ivenuclearchar
geincr
easessteadi
l
yac rosstheper
iod.
TheENdec reasesdownt hegroup.

4)Thesizeoft
hev al
enceshel
lgoesonincr
easi
ng,t
heshi
eldi
ngeff
ectof
thec or
eelect
rongoesoni ncreasi
ngandinter
mt heef
fecti
venucl
ear
chargedecr
easesdownthegroup.

El
ectr
one gat
ivi
typredict
st henat
ureofthebond,or
,how st
rongi
sthef
orceof
at
tract
ionthathol
dst woa t
omstoget
her
.
Tabl
e7.
5:El
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty(
EN)val
uesofsomeel
ement
s(Paul
i
ngscal
e)
El
ementsy
mbol
(
EN)
Gr
oup 1 2 13 14 15 16 17
Per
iod
1 H(
2.1)
2 (
Li1.
0) Be(
1.5) B(
2.0) C(
2.5) N(
3.0) 0(
3.5) F(
4.0)

3 Na(
0.9) Mg(
1.2) Al
(l
.5) Si
( 8) P(
1. 2.1) S(
2.5) Cl
(3.
0)

4 K(
0.8) Br(
2.8)

5 Rb(
0.8) I(
2.5)

6 Cs(
0.7) At(
2.2)

Per
iodi
ctr
endsi
nchemi
cal
proper
ti
es:
The mos tfundament alc hemicalproperty ofan el ementi si t
s
combining power.Thispr opertyisnumer i
c al
l
yex pressed inter
msof
val
ency orv alence.Val encyofan el ementi ndicat
es the numberof
chemicalbonds t hatt he atom c an for
m gi vi
ng a mol ecul
e.Another
fr
equentlyusedtermr elat
edt ov al
enceistheox i
dationstateoroxi
dation
number.Valencedoesnothav eanys i
gnas soci
ated withi
t,butoxidat
ion
number does ,and c an be ei ther + or -,whi chis de ci
de d by
elect
ronegativ
iti
esofa t
omst hatarebonde d.

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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ODI
CTABLE

Thes econdaspectofchemi
cal
proper
tyi
sthechemi
calr
eact
ivi
ty.Thechemical
react
ivi
tyisr
elat
edtotheeasewit
hwhichanel
ementl
osesorgai
nst heel
ect
rons.
Periodictrendsinv al
ency:Valenc yoft hemaingroupel ementsisus uall
y
equal t
ot henumberofv alenceel ectrons(out
erelect
rons )and/orequalto
dif
ferenc ebetween8andt henumberofv al
enceelect
rons .Tableshows
theper iodictrendsint hev alencyofmai n gr
oup element sbyt aking
exampl esofhy dri
desands omeox ides.

Asmaybenoticeform Tabl
ethattheval
encyr
emainsthesamedownthegroupand
showsagr
adualvari
ati
onacrosstheperi
odasatomicnumberi
ncr
easesfr
om lef
tto
r
ight.
Peri
odict rends i n metall
ic-nonmet al
li
c character:The met al
s,nonmet als and
metall
oidsappear i
ngseparat er egionsofmodem per iodictable:met al
sont heleft,
nonmetalsont herightandmet alloi
dsalongaz i
g-zagli
nes eparati
ngt hetwo.Met al
s
arecharact
er i
z edbygoodelec tri
c alconducti
vit
yandabi l
ityt
of ormc ompoundsbyl oss
ofval
enc eelec tr
ons.Nonmet alsar echaract
erizedbytheirpoorelect
ricalconductiv
iti
es
andabili
tytof ormc ompoundsbygai nofvalenceelect
ronsinv al
ences hel
l.Thi
sc anbe
expl
ainedint ermsofi oni
zat
ionent halpyandelectr
ongaine nt
ha l
py.
1)
Theionizat
ionent
hal
pydecr
easesdownthegr
oup.Thetendencyt
oloseval
ence
el
ect
rons,thus,i
ncr
easesdownthegroupandthemet al
li
ccharact
erincr
eases

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
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 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

downagr
oup.

2)Theioni
zat
ionent
hal
pyincr
easesacr
osst
heper
iodandconsequentmet
all
ic
char
act
erdecr
easesacr
ossaperi
od.

3)El
ectr
ongainenthal
pybecomesmor eandmor enegati
veacrosst
heperi
od,i
t
becomestendstobelessnegat
ivedownt hegr
oup.Thus,nonmetal
li
cchar
act
er
i
ncreasesacr
osstheperi
odanddecreasesdownthegroup.

Per
iodi
ctr
endsi
nchemi
calr
eact
ivi
ty:Chemi
calr
eact
ivi
tyofel
ement
sis
deci
dedbyhow easi
lyitatt
ainsel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
henear
esti
ner
t
gasbygai
ningorl
oosi
ngelectr
ons.
Theel ement spr ecedingani ner tgasr eactbygai ningel ec tronsi nt he
outermos tshell,wher east heel ement swhi chfollowani ner tgasi ntheper i
odic
tabl
er eactbyl ossofv alenc eel ec t
rons .Thust hec hemi c alreact i
v i
tyisdec ided
bytheel ectrongai nenthalpyandi oni z
ationenthal pyval ues ,whi chint urn,are
decided by ef fec ti
ve nuc learc harge and f i
nal l
y by t he at omi cs ize.The
i
onizationent halpyi ss malles tf ort heel ementont heex tremel eftinaper iod,
wher east he elec tr
on gai n ent halpyi smos tnegat i
vef ort he s ec ond las t
elementont heex tr
emer ight ,( prec edingt othei ner
tgaswhi c hi sthel as t
elementofaper iod).Thus ,t hemos treac t
iveelement sl ieont heex t
remel eft
andt heex t
remer ight(ex cl
udi ngi ner tgas es)oftheper iodict able.
Apart
4fr
om2themet all
ic-
nonmetal
l
icchar
acterthechemicalr
eact
ivi
tycanbeil
lustr
ated
bycompar i
ngt hei
rreacti
onwit
hoxygentoform oxi
desandthenatur
eoftheoxides.The
react
iveelement son theex t
remeleft(t
hatis ,al
kal
imet al
s)reactvi
gorouslywith
oxygen to f orm ox i
des (f
orexampleNa2O)whi chreact
swithwatertof
orms t
rong
bases(l
i
ke NaOH)
.Thereact
ive el
ement
sont her
ight(
thatis,hal
ogens)r
eactwi
th
oxygentofor
m oxides(
forexamplesCl2O7)whi
c honreact
ion wit
hwa terfor
m
st
rong aci
ds(l
i
k eHCIO).Theoxi
desoftheel
ementsint
hec ent
eroft hemai
n group
el
ementsareei
theramphoter
ic(
forexample Al
2O3),neut
ral(f
orexampleCO,NO)or
weakl
yaci
dic(
forexampl
eCO2)

Thechangeinatomicradi
ioftr
ansi
tionmetalsandinnertr
ans i
ti
onelement si srat
her
small
.Ther
efore,t
hetransi
ti
onmetalsandinnertransi
ti
onelement sbelongingtot he
i
ndiv
idualser
ies haves i
mil
archemi calpr
opert
ies.Theirionizat
ion enthalpi
es are
i
nter
mediat
ebet weenthoseofs-bl
oc kandp-block.

MULTI
PLECHOI
CEQUESTI
ONS(CLASSWORK)
1)Inmoder nperi
odictabl
e,theelementsar
ear rangedonthebasi
softhei
r
a)i
ncreasingatomicmassb)i ncreasi
ngatomi cnumber
c)chemicalsymbolsalphabet
icall
yd)physicalandchemical
proper
ti
es

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCEPage15
 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

2)El
ect
ronegat
ivi
tyoff
louri
nei
s………………….
a)1 b)2.5 c)4 d)5

3.Si
zeofcati
onis__
____i
tspar
entat
om .
a)bi
ggerthan b)small
ert
han c)sameas d)doubl
e

4.Rel
ati
onbet
weenatomi
cradi
usandnucl
earchargeis__
_ _
___
___
.
a)inv
ersel
ypr
opor
ti
onalb)dir
ect
lypr
opor
tionalc)equald)gr
eat
ert
hanone

5.I
fatomi
cnumberofanel
ementis12,
theni
t’
sbl
ocki
s
a)s b)p c)d d)f

6.Mendel
eev’
sper
iodi
ctabl
ehad_ _
___el
ement
s.
a)75 b)83 c)63 d) 118

7.Posit
ionofLanthanidesinmoder
nper
iodi
ctableis____
___
__.
rd st st
a)3 gr oupsi
xthperiod b)1 group1 peri
od
th th t
h
c)14 gr oupseventhperi
od d)18 gr oup5 peri
od

8.El
ementsfr
om gr
oup3to12ar
ecal
led___
___
_ __
.
a)nor
malel
ements b)tr
ansi
ti
onelements
c)al
kal
imet
als d)i
nnertr
ansi
tionel
ement
s

9.Whichpairofel
ement
shassimil
arpr
oper
ti
es?
a)13,31 b)11,20 c)12,
10 d)21,
33

10.I
nlongf
orm ofperi
odi
ctabl
ethetot
alno.ofper
iodi
s__
___
___
__.
a)5 b)7 c)6 d)8

11.I
nthelongf
orm ofper
iodi
ctabl
e,t
henumberofgr
oupsi
s__
___
___
__.
a)15 b)18 c)6 d)8

12.Halogensar
epl
acedinwhi
chgr
oupi
nmoder
nper
iodi
ctabl
e?
a)17 b)2 c)4 d)6

13.Theposi ti
onofHei nmodernperiodictableis
st st nd
a)1 per i
od1 gr oup b)2 per iod16thgr
oup
st th r
d
c)1 per i
od18 gr oup d)3 per od4thgr
i oup
14.Acti
nidesbelongst ofol
lowi
ngtypesofel ements
a)s-block b)d-
block c)f-bl
ock d)p-block

15.I
ftheval
enceshellel
ectr
oni
cconf
igur
ati sns2np5,
oni theel
ementwi
l
lbelong
t
othe___
____group.
a)al
kal
imetal
sb)t r
ansi
ti
onel
ements c)nobl
egas d)hal
ogens

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCEPage16
 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

16.Whichoft
hefol
l
owingset
sbel
ongt
osameper i
od?
a)Li
,Na,K b)Li
,Mg,
Cac)Ni,
Cu,Zn d)F,Cl
,Br

17.Uni
tofIoni
zat
ionEnt
hal
pyis____
___
___
.
a)KJ/
mol b)Kcal c)Joul
e d)Newt
on

18.I
fatom ofel
ementhasel
ect
roni
cconfi
gurat
ionas1s2 2s22p63s23p2,
theni
tbel
ongst
o
t
h st t
h r
d
a)6 peri
od b)1 period c)7 per
iod d)3 peri
od

19.I
nagivenperi
odi
oni
cradi
usdecr
easeswit
h_ ____
_ _.
a)i
ncreasei
nat
omi
cweight b)decreaseinat omi
cnumber
c)i
ncr
easeinat
omi
cnumber d)increaseinel
ect
ronegat
ivi
ty

20.Whichofthef
oll
owi
ngat
omi
cnumber
srepr
esentss-
blockel
ement
s?
a)7,15 b)3,
12 c)6,
12 d)9,14

MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE(HOMEWORK)

1.Whichoft
hepropert
iesremai
nunchangedondescendingagroupint
heper
iodi
ctabl
e,
a)
Atomicsi
zeb)Densit
yc)Val
encyelect
ronsd)
Metall
i
ccharacter

2.Positi
onofActi
nidesinmoder
nperi
odi
ctabl
eis_
____
___
.
rd r
d r
d th
a)3 gr oup3 period b)3 gr
oup7 peri
od
rd t
h r
d st
c)3 gr oup6 period d)3 gr
oup1 peri
od

3.Whi
chelementhasthemostnegat
iveel
ectrongai
nent
hal
py.
a)
Sulphurb)
Fluor
inec)
Chl
ori
ne d)Hydrogen

4.Thename‘ Rar
eeart
helement ’
isusedfor____
___
__
a)Lanthani
desonl
yb)Acti
nidesonl
yc)Lanthani
desandact
ini
desbot
hd)
Alkal
i
neear
th
metals

5.General
el ect
roni
cconfigur
ati
onofnobl
egasis
3 1 3 2
a)ns np b)ns np c)ns np4
2
d)ns2np6

6.ForP-
blockel
ementthenumberofgr
oupis____
_ _
___.
a)2+10+no.ofelectron b)no.ofval
enceelectrons
c)2+no.of(n-
1)delectr
on d)2+12+no.ofv alenceelectr
ons

7.Peri
odt owhichel
ementbelongsi
srepresent
edby___
__.
a)pri
ncipal
quantum no.b)spi
nquant
um no.c)magneti
cquant
um no.d)azi
mut
hal
quantum no.

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCEPage17
 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

8.IfZ=23t
hengroupofanel
ementis__
___
__.
a)3 b)2 c)18 d)5

9.Shieldi
ngabi
l
ityofagivenel
ectrondecreasesi
ntheorderas__
___
____
.
a)s<p>d<f b)s<p<d<f c)s>p>d>f d)s=p=d=f
10.IfthecompoundisLiHthenthevalencyofLii
s____
______.
a)1 b)2 c)4 d)3

11.Isoelectroni
cspeci
esarethosewhi
chsameno.of____
___
__.
a)electrons b)prot
ons c)neut
rons d)prot
ons&el
ect
rons

12.__
_____
_el
ementsar
eknownaschal
cogens
a)
group17b)
group18c)
group16 d)
group1

13.Thelanthani
desar
eplacedintheper
iodi
ctabl
eatt
he__
____.
a)l
efthandside b)r
ighthandside c)mi ddl
e d)bott
om

14.Ift
hecompoundisNCI
3thev
alencyofni
tr
ogenis¬¬_
___
___
__.
a)2 b)4 d)7 d)3

15.Abil
ityofatom t
oatt
ractshar
edpairofel
ect
ronsinamolecul
eiscal
l
edas____
_ _
___
.
a)elect
ronegat
ivi
t b)el
ectr
oposi
ti
vit
yc)elect
rongai
nenthal
py d)i
oni
sat
ion
potent
ial

16.Theelect
rongai
nent
halpyofnoblegasesi
sal
way
s_ __
______
_.
a)posi
ti
ve b)negati
ve c)z er
o d)ei
therposi
ti
veornegat
ive

17.Accordi
ngtomodernperiodi
claw,thephy
sical
andchemicalpr
oper
ti
esofanel
ement
are
aperiodi
cfunct
ionoft
heir__ _
____
_.
a)at
omicweight b)atomicnumber c)atomicradius d)i
onicr
adi
us

18.Theser
ialoror
dinal
numberofanelementi
nMendeleev
’sper
iodi
ctabl
ewasrecogni
zed
as
a)neut
ronnumberb)val
encyc)pr
inci
palquant
um numberd)
prot
onnumber

19.Atpresenthowmanyel
ementsar
eknown
a)118 b)110 c)
114d)120

20.Thef
ir
stel
ementi
nthesecondper
iodi
s__
____
__.
a)Na b)Li c)K d)Rb

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCE

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCEPage18
 MODERNPERI
ODI
CTABLE

QUESTI
ONBANK
MODERNPERIODI
CTABLE
SECTION ( A)(1mar keach)
1)Statet
heModer nPer i
odicLaw.
2)Onwhoser ecommendat ionPer
iodsandGroupsinmoder
nperi
odi
ctabl
ear
enumber
ed?
\
3)Whichblockelementsaretermedasrepr
esentat
iveel
ement
s?
4)Defi
neIonicRadius.

SECTION (B)(2mar keach)

5)WhytheSecondionizat
ionenthal
pyisgr
eatert
hanFir
stioni
zati
onent
hal
py?
6)Gi
vereason:
Nobl egasespossessrel
ati
vel
ylar
geatomicsize.
7)HowisCati
onandanAni onformed?
8)Howisatomicradiusofanon-metal
li
celementest
imated?

SECTION ( C)( 3mar keach)

9)Explai
n: El
ectronegat i
vit
yandEl ectr
ongainent halpy.Whichofthetwocanbemeasur ed
experi
ment all
y?
10)Howt heat omicsi zevaryinagr oupandacr ossper iod?Expl
ainwit
hsui t
ableexampl
e.
11)Defi
nei oni
zationener gy,namet hefactorsonwhi chioni
zati
onenergydepends?
12)Explainthev ari
ationinelectr
ongai nenthal
pyal ongaper iodanddownt hegroup.
13)Considertheoxi desLi2O,CO2,
B2O3.Whichonei si)mostaci di
cii
)mostbasicii
i)
Amphoter
ic
oxide.
14)Whatar eValenceel ectrons?Fors-blockandp- blockelementsshowt hatnumberof
val
enceel ectr
onsi sequal toitsgroupnumber .

SECTI ON (
D)( 5mar k)
15)A)Defi
nei)Eff
ectiv
enuclearcharge.Explai
nthevar
iat
ionineff
ecti
venucl
earchar
ge
a)Acrossaper i
od b)Downt hegroup
B) WhatisScreeningeff
ect
?
C) Whytheelement sbel
ongingtosamegr ouphavesi
milarchemical
proper
ti
es?

PREPAREDBY:
MS.
SEEMARAI

THAKURCOLLEGEOFSCI
ENCEANDCOMMERCEPage19