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Lecture 4 Advance Academic Writing-research Question-HA2-Min

The document outlines the process of formulating a research question, emphasizing the importance of identifying a problem, conducting preliminary research, and narrowing down the focus. It introduces the FINERMAPS criteria for good research questions and discusses different types of research questions, including primary and secondary. Additionally, it highlights the PICO framework for defining review questions and provides examples of various research questions across different classifications.

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10 views23 pages

Lecture 4 Advance Academic Writing-research Question-HA2-Min

The document outlines the process of formulating a research question, emphasizing the importance of identifying a problem, conducting preliminary research, and narrowing down the focus. It introduces the FINERMAPS criteria for good research questions and discusses different types of research questions, including primary and secondary. Additionally, it highlights the PICO framework for defining review questions and provides examples of various research questions across different classifications.

Uploaded by

uesoha048
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced Academic English

Writing and Skill I


Formulate an appropriate research question
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to;

- Understand the general definition of a research

question

- Use different tools to build a research question

- Build research question

- Identify primary and secondary questions


How to build up a research idea or a research
question?

• Clinical observation and/or area of interest.

• Recent updates in international or national guidelines (hot topics).

• Previous research limitations or recommendations.

• Systematic reviews recommendations.

• Emerging interventions or medications and/or devices


How to build up a research idea or a research
question?

• Identify the problem

• Do a preliminary research on the topic

• Narrow down the problem

• What is still unknow about the problem

• Develop a hypothesis

• Write down the question


Examples of hypothesis and research question

• Hypothesis: smoking can lead to lung cancer

• Research question:

What is the relationship between smoking and lung


cancer ?

Are people who smoke 1 pack per day are at higher risk
of lung cancer compared to people who smoke 1 pack
per week?
Characteristics of good research question

The most successful research topics are narrowly


focused and carefully defined but are important parts
of a broad-ranging, complex problem
What, how and why questions

What is this research trying to find out? This questions serve to


determine the aims and rational behind the research

How will the research answer your reseach question? This


question if focused on determining the most appropriate research
design and method to answer the research question

Why is this research question worth answering? This question


aims to provide justification for research given that it requires
investment of time, energy and other resources
FINERMAPS

A good research is represented by acronym FINERMAPS:

• Feasible
• Interesting
• Novel
• Ethical
• Relevant
• Manageable
• Appropriate
• Potential value and publishability
• Systematic
Types of research questions

- Description and classification: This type of question encompasses


statement of uniqueness, for example, what are characteristics and
types of neuropathic bladders?
- Composition: It calls for breakdown of whole into components, for
example, what are stages of reflux nephropathy?
- Relationship: Evaluate relation between variables, for example,
association between tumor rupture and recurrence rates in Wilm's
tumor
- Descriptive: describing
Types of research questions

• Primary Vs Secondary

• Primary: original data ?

• Secondary: previous research?


Examples of research questions.

• Is glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist which is a new anti-diabetic

medication effective in the reduction of weight ?

• Are direct oral anticoagulants effective and safe as warfarin in the

management of cardiac diseases such as atrial fibrillation?

• What is the associations between physical activity and 30-days readmission

risk in patients with respiratory diseases?

• What are the incidence and factors of diabetes in Saudi Arabia?


Defining the review question

• A well framed “Question” or “Objectives”.


• The review question should specify
• PICO (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons and Outcomes).
• Spider: (Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research
type) for
qualitative and mixed methods research
PICOT

P - Population
I - Intervention
C - Control
O - Outcome
T - Time
PICOT (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons
Outcomes, Time)

Research question:
Is insulin effective and safer than metformin as a
monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes?

P: Patients with types 2 diabetes


I: Insulin

C: Metformin

O: Efficacy and safety


Exercise

A diabetic patient from a nursing home has recently


been admitted to the hospital with an emergency
hypertension. The unit nurses have called you in for a
consult. You have to choose between drug A (labetalol)
and drug B (furosemide) to decrease the blood
pressure.
Exercise

P-

I-

C-

O–

T - ??
Exercise

P - Diabetic patients with an emergency hypertension

I - Labetalol

C - Furosemide

O – Blood pressure

T – 1 hr
Classification of research questions

Research questions are classified according to the purpose,


objectives and clinical contest:

1- The purpose: what the researcher intend with the question


they are formulating.

- To describe a phenomenon of nature at a specific point of time in


a specific place (descriptive)
- To compare interventions, techniques or exposures to determine
their association with an outcome (inferential or analytical)
Classification of research questions

Research questions are classified according to the purpose,


objectives and clinical contest:

2- The objective: the outcome expected by the researcher.

- Quantitative: if the objective is about the variability of


some clinical or epidemiological aspect

- Qualitative: if the objective obtain new category or


processes associated with a phenomenon or disease.
Classification of research questions

Research questions are classified according to the purpose, objectives


and clinical contest:
- The clinical context: mostly used in evidence-based medicine and
defines the universe of clinical activities in which the question is
generated, and can be categorized into:
-Identification of risk factors (etiology and causality)

-The detection of diseases based on questioning, physical examination


and paraclinical data (diagnosis)
-Prevention or treatment (intervention)
-Prediction of the consequences of the condition over time (prognosis)
Examples of types of research questions

• Descriptive: (what, which, who, how much)

• Causality and associations: These questions arise when a researcher thinks of


factors that will increase the likelihood of suffering from a disease or condition

• Intervention: The aim of this question is to achieve an effect on a condition in order


to improve important outcomes for healthcare and patients

• Diagnosis: to determine the ability of a test to correctly discern whether or not a


patient suffering from a disease according to the results of a gold slandered test.

• Qualitative questions: this type objectives are to develop models that facilitate
understanding of the meaning people of populations give to complex phenomena.
Importantly this type does not follow PICO.
Thank You

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