UNIT1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. What is the purpose of scanf() and printf() statements?

• scanf() is used to take input from the user, while printf() is used to display output to the user.

2. List the rules for naming variables in C language.

• A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore.

• It can contain letters, digits, and underscores.

• It cannot be a keyword.

• It is case-sensitive.

3. Show the output of the following C program.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

int xyz = -6;

printf(xyz > 0 ? "Positive" : "Negative");

return 0;

Output:
Negative

4. List the C Tokens available in C.

• Keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals, operators, punctuation.

5. Compare the statement between a = 5 and a == 5 in C language.

• a = 5 is an assignment, while a == 5 is a comparison operator.

6. Name any four commonly used keywords in the C language.

• int, if, while, return.

• Time complexity refers to the time an algorithm takes to execute as a function of the size of the
input.

8. Compare algorithm and pseudocode.

• Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

• Pseudocode: A high-level description of an algorithm using a mixture of natural language and

9. Find an algorithm to swap two numbers.

1. Store a in a temporary variable.

2. Assign b to a.

3. Assign the temporary variable to b.

10. Show the different data types available in C.

• int, float, char, double, void.

11. What is the difference between = and == operator?

• = is an assignment operator, while == is a comparison operator.

12. Evaluate the following C expression: A = 8 + 11 * 2 / 5 - 2 + 4

• Answer: A = 14.

13. List the characteristics of an algorithm.

1. Finiteness

2. Definiteness

3. Input

4. Output

5. Effectiveness

14. Define the term keyword and identifier.

• Keyword: Reserved word with a predefined meaning.

15. Calculate the output of the following pseudocode for input: p = 3, q = 8, r = 1.

Pseudocode:

Integer p, q, r, sum

Read p, q, r

Set sum = p + q + r

if ((p NOT EQUALS 0) and (sum EQUALS 11) and (q EQUALS 4) and (r NOT EQUALS 0))

Print "Success"

Otherwise

Print "Fail"

End if

Output:
Fail

12 marks----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Explain in detail the various data types used in C, and write a C program to calculate the sum of five non-
negative numbers.

Various Data Types in C:

C language supports a rich set of data types. They are classified into:

1. Basic Data Types:

o int: Represents integer values. Example: int a = 5;

o char: Represents a single character. Example: char letter = 'A';

o float: Represents a floating-point number. Example: float price = 10.5;

o double: Represents a double-precision floating-point number. Example: double pi = 3.141592;

2. Derived Data Types:

o Arrays: A collection of elements of the same data type.

o Pointers: Stores the memory address of a variable.

o Structures: A collection of different data types grouped together.

3. Enumerated Data Type:

o enum: A data type that consists of a set of named values. Example:

o enum day {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday};

4. Void Data Type:

C Program to Calculate the Sum of Five Non-Negative Numbers:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int num1, num2, num3, num4, num5, sum;

// Reading the five non-negative numbers

printf("Enter five non-negative numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d %d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3, &num4, &num5);

// Calculating the sum

sum = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5;

// Displaying the sum

printf("The sum of the numbers is: %d", sum);

return 0;

This program prompts the user to input five non-negative numbers and then calculates and prints their sum.

2. Explain the structure of a C program with a suitable example.

A C program consists of the following basic components:

1. Preprocessor Directives:

o These are instructions given to the preprocessor. They are used to include header files, define
constants, etc.

o Example: #include <stdio.h>

2. Global Declarations:

o Variables and functions that are declared outside of any function, typically at the top.

3. Main Function:

o This is the entry point of every C program. It is where execution begins.

o Example: int main() { }

4. Local Declarations:

o Variables that are declared inside functions (usually main()).

o These are the actual instructions that the program executes.

6. Return Statement:

o Indicates the termination of the main() function and returns control to the operating system.

Example:

#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor directive

int main() { // Main function

int a = 5, b = 10, sum;

sum = a + b; // Statement to calculate sum

printf("Sum: %d", sum); // Output the result

return 0; // End the program

3. Explain with example, the various C tokens in C language.

C Tokens are the smallest units in C programs. They can be classified as:

1. Keywords:

o Reserved words that have special meaning in C. Example: int, return, if.

2. Identifiers:

o Names given to various program elements like variables, functions, etc.

o Example: int number;

3. Constants:

o Literals representing fixed values.

o Example: 5, 'A', 3.14

4. String Literals:

o A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.

o Example: "Hello, World!"

5. Operators:

o Special symbols that perform operations on variables or values.

o Example: +, -, *, /

6. Punctuation:

o Symbols used to separate statements and define the structure of the program.

o Example: {, }, ;, ,
4. Illustrate the basic organization of a computer system and its components with a neat sketch.

A computer system can be broadly divided into hardware and software components. Here is an illustration:

1. Hardware:

o Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions.

o Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data and instructions.

o Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, etc.

o Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, etc.

o Storage Devices: Hard Drive, SSD, etc.

2. Software:

o System Software: Operating systems, device drivers.

o Application Software: Word processors, browsers.

Sketch:

+---------------------------------+

| Input Devices |

| (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.) |

+---------------------------------+

+---------------------------------+

| Central Processing Unit |

| (CPU, ALU, Control Unit) |

+---------------------------------+

+---------------------------------+

| Memory (RAM) |

+---------------------------------+

+---------------------------------+

| Storage Devices (Hard disk, SSD) |

+---------------------------------+

V
 +---------------------------------+

| Output Devices (Monitor, Printer) |

+---------------------------------+

5. Explain with example, the various constants available in C language.

In C, constants are fixed values used in the program that do not change during execution.

1. Integer Constants:

o Example: 5, 100, -12

2. Floating-point Constants:

o Example: 3.14, -0.001

3. Character Constants:

o Represent single characters enclosed in single quotes.

o Example: 'A', '7'

4. String Constants:

o A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.

o Example: "Hello"

5. Escape Constants:

o Special characters representing certain control actions.

o Example: \n (new line), \t (tab)

6. Discuss the basic structure of a computer system with a neat sketch.

The basic structure of a computer system consists of hardware, software, and users interacting with the system.

1. Hardware: Includes the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

2. Software: Operating systems and application programs that interact with the hardware.

3. Users: People who interact with the system via input devices and receive output.

Sketch:

+------------------+ +-------------------+ +------------------+

| Users | <----> | Software | <----> | Hardware |

| (Input/Output) | | (OS, Apps, Drivers)| | (CPU, Memory, IO)|

+------------------+ +-------------------+ +------------------+

7. Summarize the concepts of algorithms, flowcharts, and pseudocode, providing suitable examples for each.

• Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

o Example: To find the sum of two numbers:

2. Read two numbers, A and B

3. Add A and B, store in sum

4. Display sum

5. End

• Flowchart: A diagrammatic representation of an algorithm.

o Example: For finding the largest of three numbers:

o Start -> Read A, B, C -> If A > B & A > C -> Print A

o Else if B > C -> Print B

o Else -> Print C -> End

• Pseudocode: A plain language description of the steps in an algorithm.

o Example:

o Start

o Read A, B, C

o If A > B and A > C

o Print A

o Else if B > C

o Print B

o Else

o Print C

o End

8. Explain any five operators used in C language with suitable examples.

1. Arithmetic Operators: Perform mathematical operations.

o Example: +, -, *, /, %

o a + b: Addition

2. Relational Operators: Used to compare two values.

o Example: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

o a == b: Checks if a is equal to b.

3. Logical Operators: Used for logical operations.

o Example: &&, ||, !

o a && b:

Logical AND
 4. Assignment Operator: Used to assign values.

o Example: =

o a = 5: Assigns 5 to a.

5. Increment and Decrement Operators: Used to increase or decrease a variable’s value by 1.

o Example: ++a, --a

o a++: Increments a by 1.

9. Define flowchart. Explain its symbols in detail and draw the flowchart to find the greatest of three numbers.

Flowchart Definition:

A flowchart is a diagram that represents the flow of a process or algorithm, showing the steps and the logical flow of
control. It uses standardized symbols to illustrate the sequence of operations.

Flowchart Symbols:

1. Oval (Terminal Symbol): Used to represent the start and end of a process.

o Example: "Start" and "End"

2. Rectangle (Process Symbol): Represents a process or action, such as calculations or assignments.

o Example: "a = 5 + 7"

3. Parallelogram (Input/Output Symbol): Represents input or output operations.

o Example: "Read x" or "Display result"

4. Diamond (Decision Symbol): Used for decision-making, represents a condition (true or false).

o Example: "Is A > B?"

5. Arrow (Flow Line): Represents the flow of control between steps.

Flowchart to Find the Greatest of Three Numbers:

+------------------+

| Start |

+------------------+

+------------------+

| Read A, B, C |

+------------------+

+-----------------------+

| Is A > B & A > C? |

Yes | No

V |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| Print A | | Is B > C? |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| |

V V

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| End | | Print B |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

+------------------+

| End |

+------------------+

10. Summarize the purpose of a flowchart and explain its uses. What are the basic symbols used in flowcharts?
Draw a flowchart to find the smallest of three numbers.

Purpose of a Flowchart:

• Clarifies Process: Helps in understanding the sequence of steps and the logic of a program or process.

• Improves Communication: Easy to understand and communicate the logic of a program or algorithm.

• Error Detection: Helps in identifying logical errors and inefficiencies early in the development stage.

• Documentation: Acts as a visual representation of a process for future reference or for others to
understand easily.

Basic Flowchart Symbols:

• Oval (Terminal Symbol): Used to mark the start and end of the process.

• Rectangle (Process Symbol): Represents a step or action, like calculation or assignment.

• Parallelogram (Input/Output Symbol): Used for input and output operations.

• Diamond (Decision Symbol): Represents decisions or conditional logic.

• Arrow (Flow Line): Indicates the direction of the process flow.

Flowchart to Find the Smallest of Three Numbers:

+------------------+
 | Start |

+------------------+

+------------------+

| Read A, B, C |

+------------------+

+-----------------------+

| Is A < B & A < C? |

+-----------------------+

Yes | No

V |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| Print A | | Is B < C? |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| |

V V

+------------------+ +-------------------+

| End | | Print B |

+------------------+ +-------------------+

+------------------+

| End |

+------------------+

11. Explain in detail the various data types used in C, and write a C program to calculate the sum of five non-
negative numbers.

Data Types in C
In C programming, data types define the type of data that a variable can hold. C provides several built-in data types,
which can be categorized as follows:

1. Basic Data Types:

o int: Used to store integers (whole numbers) without decimal points. Size typically 4 bytes.

o char: Used to store single characters. Size typically 1 byte.

o float: Used to store single precision floating-point numbers (decimal values). Size typically 4
bytes.

o double: Used to store double precision floating-point numbers (decimal values with more
precision than float). Size typically 8 bytes.

2. Derived Data Types:

o Array: Collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations.

o Pointer: Stores the memory address of another variable.

o Structure: A user-defined data type that groups different data types together.

o Union: Similar to structures but uses the same memory space for all members.

3. Void Data Type:

o void: Represents a function that does not return any value or a pointer that doesn't point to any
specific data type.

C Program to Calculate the Sum of Five Non-Negative Numbers

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int num1, num2, num3, num4, num5, sum;

// Input five non-negative numbers

printf("Enter five non-negative numbers:\n");

scanf("%d %d %d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3, &num4, &num5);

// Calculate the sum

sum = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5;

// Output the result

printf("The sum of the numbers is: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

}
Explanation:

• This program prompts the user to input five non-negative numbers.

• It then calculates their sum by adding all five numbers.

• Finally, it displays the sum of the five numbers on the screen.

12. Explain the structure of a C program with a suitable example.

Structure of a C Program

A basic C program consists of the following components:

1. Preprocessor Directives:

o These are instructions that are processed by the preprocessor before the actual compilation. For
example, #include <stdio.h> is used to include the standard input-output header file.

2. Global Declarations:

o Variables, constants, and other resources that can be used throughout the program.

3. Main Function:

o The main() function is the starting point of any C program. Every C program must have this
function.

4. Function Definitions:

o Other functions that perform specific tasks, if needed. Functions can be called from main() or
other functions.

5. Statements and Expressions:

o Inside the main function (or other functions), you write the logic, including variable declarations,
conditional statements, loops, and function calls.

Basic Structure of a C Program:

#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor directive

// Function declarations (if any)

void display(); // Function prototype

int main() {

// Variable declarations

int num1, num2, sum;

// Input operation

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

sum = num1 + num2;

// Output operation

printf("The sum of the two numbers is: %d\n", sum);

// Calling a user-defined function

display();

return 0; // Return to the operating system

// Function definition

void display() {

printf("This is a user-defined function\n");

Explanation of the Structure:

1. Preprocessor Directive:

o #include <stdio.h>: Includes the standard input-output library necessary for using printf and scanf.

2. Global Declarations:

o The display() function is declared above the main() function, which is a prototype that tells the
compiler about the function's name and return type.

3. Main Function:

o The program starts execution from the main() function.

o It declares two integer variables num1 and num2, takes input for these variables, computes their
sum, and displays the result.

o A user-defined function display() is also called inside the main() function to show how functions
work.

4. Function Definitions:

o The display() function simply prints a message. This shows how functions are defined and called in
C.

13. Write a C program to input electricity unit consumption and calculate the total electricity bill according to
the given condition:

Electricity Bill Calculation:

• For the next 100 units: Rs. 0.75/unit

• For the next 100 units: Rs. 1.20/unit

• For units above 250: Rs. 1.50/unit

• An additional surcharge of 20% is added to the bill.

C Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

float units, bill = 0.0;

// Input the units of electricity consumed

printf("Enter electricity units consumed: ");

scanf("%f", &units);

// Calculate the bill based on units consumed

if (units <= 100) {

bill = units * 0.50;

} else if (units <= 200) {

bill = 100 * 0.50 + (units - 100) * 0.75;

} else if (units <= 300) {

bill = 100 * 0.50 + 100 * 0.75 + (units - 200) * 1.20;

} else {

bill = 100 * 0.50 + 100 * 0.75 + 100 * 1.20 + (units - 300) * 1.50;

// Apply 20% surcharge

bill += bill * 0.20;

// Display the total bill

printf("Total electricity bill: Rs. %.2f", bill);

return 0;
}

This program calculates the total electricity bill based on the consumption and applies the appropriate surcharge.