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 Continuity
1. DEFINITION
If the graph of a function has no break or jump, then it is said to be continuous function. A function which is not
continuous is called a discontinuous function.

2. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

A Function f  x  is said to be continuous at some point x=a of its domain if

lim f  x   f  a 
x a

lim f  x   lim f  x   f  a 
i.e., If x  a0 x a0

i.e., If f  a  0   f  a  0   f  a 
i.e., If {LHL at x=a } = {RHL at x = a} = { value of the function at x = a } .

3. CONTINUITY FROM LEFT AND RIGHT

Function f(x) is said to be
(i) Left Continuous at x=a if lim f  x   f  a  i.e . f(a – 0) = f(a)
x a0

lim f  x   f  a 
(ii) Right Continuous at x=a if x  i.e. f (a + 0) = f (a)
a0

Thus a function f(x) is continuous at a point x= a if it is left continuous as well as right continuous at x=a.

4. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
(1) A function f(x) is continuous in an open interval (a, b) if it is continuous at every point of the interval.
(2) A function f(x) is continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if it is
(i) continuous in (a, b)
(ii) right continuous at x=a
(iii) left continuous at x=b

5. CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
A function is said to be continuous function if it is continuous at every point in its domain. Following are
examples of some continuous functions:
(i) f  x  x (Identify function)

(ii) f  x   c (Constant function)

(iii) f  x   a0 xn  a1xn1  .....  an (Polynomial function)

(iv) f  x   sin x,cos x (Trigonometric function)

(v) f  x   ax , ex , e–x (Expoential function)

(vi) f  x   log x (Logarithmic function)

[1]
[2] Continuity

(vii) f  x   sinh x,cosh x,tanh x (Hyperbolic function)

(viii) f  x   | x | ,x  | x | , x  | x | ,x | x | (Absolute value functions)

6. DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

A function is said to be a discontinuous function if it is discontinuous at atleast one point in its domain.
Following are examples of some discontinuous functions:

No. Functions Points of discontinuity

(i)  x Every Integers

(ii) x   x Every Integers

1
(iii) x0
x
 3
(iv) tan x , sec x x , , .....
2 2
(v) cot x , cosecx x  0 ,   ,  2 ,.....
1 1
(vi) sin , cos x0
x x
(vii) e1/ x x0

(viii) coth x , cosechx x0

7. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

The sum, difference, product, quotient (if Dr  0 ) and composite of two continuous functions are always continuous
functions. Thus if f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions then following are also continuous functions:
(i) f  x  g x (ii) f  x   g x

(iii) f  x .g  x  (iv) f  x  , where  is a constant

f  x
,
g  x  if  
(v) g x 0 (vi) f  g  x  

8. IMPORTANT POINT
The discontinuity of a function f(x) at x = a can arise in two ways

(i) If xlim
a 
f(x) exist but
 f(a) or
lim f(x) exist but
x a   f(a) , then the function f(x) is said to have a
removable discontinuty.

(ii) The function f(x) is said to have an unremovable discontinuity when xlim
a
f(x) does not exist.

i.e. lim f(x)  lim f(x)

x a  x a 

Differentiability at a point
Let f(x) be a ral valued function defined on an open interval (a, b) and let c  (a, b). Then f(x) is said to be
Continuity [3]

f (x)  f (c)
differentiable or derivable at x = c, iff lim exists finitely..
xc xc
This limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of the function f(x) at x = c, and is denoted by f '(c) or

d 
Df(c) or  f (x) 
 dx x c

f (x)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)

lim  lim
x c h h 0 h
is called the left hand derivative of f(x) at x = c and is denoted by f '(c  ) or Lf '(c) while.

f (x)  f (c) f (c  h)  f (c)

lim or lim
x c  xc h  0 h
is called the right hand derivative off (x) at x = c and is denoted by f '(c  ) or Rf '(c) .
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = c  Lf ' (c) = Rf ' (c).
If Lf '(c)  Rf '(c) we say that f(x) is not differentiable at x = c.
Differentiability in a set
A fuction f(x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said tobe differentiable or derivable inopen interval (a, b) if it is
differentiable at each point of (a, b)
 The only app you need to prepare for

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Rating on Google Play Students using daily Questions available

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Solve Chapter-wise PYQ of JEE Main, JEE Advanced, NEET, BITSAT, WBJEE, MHT CET & more

Create Unlimited Custom Tests for any exam

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