ENGR 1025U: ENGINEERING DESIGN LECTURE 2

Introduction to
Graphics
Engineering Sketching
Communication
Design
Design Engineers

Should be Production of practical design solutions

capable of
dealing with
Production design schemes, analysis, manufacturing drawings and
related documentation within defined timescales

Assessment of the design requirements of particular component, system,

assembly or installation in consultation with other departments

Undertaking of feasibility studies for new projects or review existing

design

Negotiations with vendors on aspects of bought out components and

equipment, and with subcontractors or partner firms and interfaces

Review and assessment of work by others

Design Engineers

Ability to
identify
problems Ability to
Supervisory
simplify
skills
problems

Negotiating
Creative skills
skills

Ability to
Required Sound
technical

Skills
communicate
knowledge

Open Sense of
mindedness urgency

Analytical
Decisiveness
skills
Sound
judgement
3
Graphics Communication

An effective way of communicating technical ideas and problem solutions

What are Engineering Activities: A total view

of Engineering divided into its major activities

Most of
Engineering is
graphically based!
• The other is divided
between mathematics,
written and verbal
communications…
Engineering Design Process

This is how the engineers and technologists communicate as they design a new
product

Geometric Detail
Concept Visualization Sketch
Model Drawings

Conceptual See the problem Modeling for Precise data

solution for a and the possible Record initial idea Engineering needed for
problem solution analysis production process
The Worldwide Graphic Language For Design

Please using the description provided, sketch the

intended object.

At the centre of the object, there is a hollow cylinder running

horizontally through the object from front to back.

The body of the object is flat bottomed, sticking out

approximately 1.5 times the width of the cylinder on either side,
1.5 times the diameter of the cylinder deep, and contours the
top of the cylinder starting at approximately 25% of the height of
the cylinder.
Both sides of the object are rounded off vertically with a radius
approximately 1.5 times the radius of the end face of the
cylinder.

Also on either side of the cylinder there are two cylinders cut out
vertically, centred with a radius of approximately half of that of
the main cylinder.
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings

Object you were expected to come up with based on written description.

How many drew the exact object shown?
Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings

Verbally or in
writing describe
the aircraft design
such that a person
can draw it in its Challenge
entirety with no
visual cues.

Bombardier CRJ 900 (www.bombardier.com)

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings

Control details of product

manufacturing, assembly, and Many forms:
maintenance.

Concept sketches.
Purpose of technical drawings:
• Visualization
Computational sketches.
• Communication
• Documentation
Design sketches.

Layout drawings.

Part, working, construction

drawings.
Graphics in the Design Process
Technical Graphics is a real
complete language used in the Visualization
design process for:

Ability to mentally picture things that do

Visualization
not exist

Communication

Documentation

Multi-view drawing Only experienced

of a journal bearing user can interpret the
various line, arcs and
other entities to get a
clear mental picture
of what this part
looks like
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Graphics in the Design Process

Communication

Ability to communicate with other

activities

A refined 3D model of a bicycle used to

communicate the design without ambiguity
Graphics in the Design Process

Input for Engineering Analysis

This Finite Element model is used

in the analysis of a new design
for an automotive shock
assembly to determine where the
maximum stress and strain occur
when the part is under varying
load condition
Graphics in the Design Process

Documentation

Ability to permanently record

the solution

A detailed drawing used in

documentation process

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Engineering Design
A new product is designed for a specific task and within specified parameters
Review: Traditional Design Process
Traditionally, the design process is a linear activity consisting of six major phases

Technical graphics are used through

this process to document the
solutions
Linear design process

Moves through each step in a

sequential manner

The process may return to a previous

step when a problem is encountered

Repetitive action is called iteration

May involve design and production

engineers, technicians, marketing
and finance personnel, planners,
managers and stakeholders
Review: Model-Centered Engineering Design and Concurrent Engineering (CE)

Non-linear team approach

Bring input, processes, and output elements

necessary to produce a product

People and processes are brought at the very

beginning

The team consist of design and production

engineers, technicians, marketing and finance
personnel, planners, and managers
Review: Design Process in Concurrent Engineering (CE)

CE gets everyone
involved in the
The overlapping circles indicate that the designing concurrently
design process, is an integrated activity involving many people.
including customer.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

CAD is computer software and hardware that replace traditional hand tools in creating model
and technical drawing

CAD database, which is

represented as graphics,
provides technical
information not only to
the engineers on the
design team, but also to
the other teams
Standards & Conventions

The language of graphics has been used for thousands of years

The effectiveness of the Graphics in the modern times is due to the establishment of the standards.

Example of drawing
conventions:
Dashed lines are used to represent
hidden features
Standards & Conventions

Dimensioned mechanical drawing

• ASME Y14.5M-1994 & other Standards ISO, DIN, CSA etc.
• Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)

Standards
ASME
are
Life-Long Y14.5
revised
Learning. 2009,
and
2018
improved.

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The alphabet of lines

ASME standard
line types used
in engineering
drawings
• ASME Y14.2M-
1992
Pencils

Soft grade lead

Hard grade lead range from 2B to
range from 4H to 7B (higher
(Construction (Artworks)
9H; The higher number
lines)
the number, the represents softer
harder the lead grade)

Medium grade
(General purpose,
leads are 3H, 2H,
sketching)
H, F, HB and B
Steps in reading the Scale

1”=25.4 mm "
9
1
16
Sketching

Sketching is an important method of quickly communicating design ideas;

Learning to sketch is necessary for any person working in a technical field
Technical Sketching

Technical sketching involves creating a rough drawing representing the principal features of a product.

• A rough sketching can be made to capture a design idea quickly

• More formal, multi-view sketches can be produced for a technical person
• To communicate design ideas to nontechnical persons, pictorial sketches can be used.

pictorial sketches
Multi-view Sketching

Multi-view is used by engineers to communicate technical information

Pictorial sketching

Pictorial sketching is used to communicate in a form that is easy to

visualize
Freehand sketching tools

Pencils Eraser
• Papers; grid papers;
• square grid papers,
• isometric grid papers
• Common density: 4 to 10 lines per inch
CAD Sketching Tools

Sketching software

Raster to vector software

Sketching Techniques
A pattern
Perception
Sketching Process
seeking
Process

Sketching is based on the interactive process of

seeing, imaging and representation

Sketching is considered by many designers to be

part of their creative thinking process

Seeing and imaging is a pattern-seeking process

where the mind’s eye actively seeks those
features that fit within one’s interests,
knowledge, and experiences

Is a way to record the mental images in a

permanent form

Recording
Process
Pattern seeking Process

Ambiguity
Vase or profiles • Head of an
facing each older woman of
other profile of a
younger woman

Follow the
path of the
water!

Different
interpretation of the
same object
Hexagonal like 31
Pattern seeking Process

Optical illusion
Sketching techniques

Contour The most fundamental element to creating sketch is the line or the outline of
the object
Sketching The rationale behind contour sketching is to enhance the sensitivity to object
features that are indispensable to generating accurate representations

Contour sketching of a stapler made

without looking at the paper

Contour sketching of a stapler made

while looking at the paper

33
Sketching techniques

Negative Space Sketching Upside-Down Sketching

• Concentrate on the space between or around the object and

not the object itself • A good practice to improve your
sketching.
• Help to concentrate on shape and form of
the object and not the names of the parts
Sketching techniques

Proportions

A proportion is the ratio between

any two dimensions of an object.

Grid paper is used to scale an object

Construction Lines

Drawing construction lines at the first step

of sketching guides a sketch overall shape
and proportion.
Construction lines are used to draw
diagonals which can be used for a new
square
Lettering

Legibility is the most important issue

• ANSI standards suggest the use of single-stroke Gothic

characters for maximum readability

Our Lettering Standard in this Course

• Inclined or vertical Gothic text style

• All Capital Letters
• Use 1/8” (3mm) for most text height
• Use 1/4” (6mm) for height of fractions
• Minimum line space by taking the text height and dividing
it by 3
Group Design Project 2: Design of a Vertical Lift

For the group project 2, students are requested to form a

group with 7-8 members from the same lecture section, in
which they are assigned. YOU MUST SIGN UP FOR
DESIRED GROUP USING CANVAS USING PEOPLE TAB.

Each group should work on its own project reports and

should not share, give, and accept help from other
groups.

Every member of the group should sign the project

reports to show that he/she has made his/her
contributions.

ontariotechu.ca 37
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

You are required to propose your own original concepts of the desired device. You should do some research for safety
regulations and what currently exists on market.

Each team should develop and present at least 5 different sketches/ideas (Brainstorming)

Use a design matrix to compare these ideas and select the final design concept and then work on it. For example,
consider manufacturing, efficiency, assembly, weight, transportation, safety etc.

The developed mechanism must have some components that would be in motion for extension etc.

Please note that because of a lack of sufficient engineering background, you will be responsible only to ensure the
proper concept and functionality of your design and provide dimensions. For this project, you are not required to
consider complicated issues such as force and velocity analysis, material selection and stress analysis.
You will also be required to build a virtual prototype of your device using Solidworks. You must create a video clip of
your virtual prototype.

The overall project will be marked based on completeness, originality and clarity of your report, quality of engineering
drawings and manual/brochure, and feasibility of proposed design concept and the demonstrated functionality of the
prototype.
Course Design Project Marking Scheme

This Group Design Project (20%) submission includes three major deliverables

4. Review of
3. In-class Oral
1. Project Plan 2. Group DP Presentations
Group
Submission Written Report Delivered by other
Presentation and
(0.75%); Progress along with Groups and Peer
Virtual Prototype
Update Submission Brochure and CAD Review (1%) and
Demonstration
(0.75%) Files (13%) Peer Evaluation
(4%)
(0.5%)
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

Project Plan Submission (0.75%): The project plan should be submitted by January 31st, 2025. This is
when the detailed roadmap for the project, including objectives, timelines, resources, and any
necessary research, is expected.

Progress Update Submission (0.75%): A progress update, including specific details on the contributions
made by each team member, should be submitted by February 28th. This update should reflect the
progress made up until that point, identifying completed tasks, challenges, and any adjustments to the
initial plan.
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

2. Group DP Written Report along with Brochure and CAD Files (13%)

(up to 6%): You are required to prepare Written Report that should include a Logbook indicating the dates, times and
participation of the group members on group meetings related to the DP as well as to document the contribution of each
group member to the DP. Please make the following contents are included when you prepare your report.
• Title page: Please create an arbitrary but unique, professional, one-word name for your Design Team.
• Uniform Team Identification Page. Please state clearly the names, ID numbers, and e-mail addresses of all team members
your design group consists of using the provided form/file named
• Executive summary: this is one-page, short description about your product, development procedures and results.
• List of contents of the report
• Mission statements of the project: (one page)
• Customer needs assessment
• List of major design specifications
• Sketches of at least five different candidate design concepts
• Concept selection process
• Detailed descriptions about your final design, which include any assumptions made, functions of the system, cost analysis,
ability to meet the design specifications, human factors, safety, manufacturing processes, environmental impacts etc.
• Gantt Chart
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgement
• Reference
• Appendix
• All the figures, diagrams and tables should be accurately and clearly titled.
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

(up to 1%): You are required to create a single-page (three columns, landscape orientation, on letter size paper, both
sides printed) Marketing Brochure describing your product. This brochure can include rendered Solidworks assembly
drawings. It can be also in a video or animation format.

(up to 6%): You are required to create a complete set of engineering drawings that completely describe your mechanism
by obeying ANSI standards for Engineering Graphics. In this respect, it would be necessary to provide at a minimum:

• 3-D assembly with motion functionality

• 3-D and respective 2-D Multiview drawings of all its subassemblies, components, and parts (including dimensions,
tolerance information and BOM)
• All engineering documentation should be produced using Solidworks
• Your detailed design documentation package must communicate sufficient information so that a remotely located
manufacturer would be able to produce the device without further intervention.

DP Written Report Length: maximum of 30 pages of project text excluding the title and team identification pages (1.5
spaced, Times New Roman, font size 12) and excluding drawings (the number of drawings is not limited in any way).

• Please put your printed CAD drawing in the appendix section.

• Please create a zipped file which contains the entire electronic version of the DP including all relevant Solidworks files and
then submit it to Canvas Submission link.
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

In class Presentation (4%)

Review of Presentations Delivered by other Groups (1%)

• During the presentation sessions, every group must watch the presentations delivered by other groups and must complete
the in-class discussion assignment which is focused on the reviewing of presentations and virtual prototypes delivered by
other groups.
• .Your mark will depend on your ability to identify/assess best and worst projects, presentations and explanations why?

Peer Evaluation and Self-Assessment (0.5%)

• A peer evaluation form will be posted on Canvas.

• You and your group members will be asked to fill this form and give a mark (0%-100%) to your group members as well as
yourself.
• Your own group project mark will be the product of the mark of the group deliverables and submissions (evaluated by
the instructor, maximum 20% of course grade) times your average peer evaluation mark.
Course Design Project General Scope and Expectations

Executive Summary or Abstract

• Summarizes the report in approx. 250 words (one paragraph). Explains what you did, how you did it and the
results. The abstract has the most important information first written in a technical, clear, concise, and
powerful language. Must have key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the report.

• In Executive Summary do not include:

• Abbreviations
• Images, illustration figures, tables
• Incomplete sentences
• Jargon, slang, terms that readers might find confusing

Acknowledgments
• Should be used to acknowledge those who helped with this report.

Writing style expectations

• Since this is an engineering course you are required to cite your sources with the IEEE format with in-text
citation
• Citing correctly is very import! Please use the libraries resources to help when referencing:
https://guides.library.uoit.ca/citation
• Avoid using first-person pronouns
• Paraphrase and cite other work/research used in the report
• Proofread prior to submission
• Use wide vocabulary (i.e., avoid word repetition)
• Writing support is offered at Student Learning Centre – Student Life
https://studentlife.ontariotechu.ca/services/academic-support/
Disclaimer and Acknowledgements

Unless otherwise specified, images, figures and descriptions of this lecture are extracted and/or
modified from the following textbooks:

“Fundamentals of Solid Modeling and Graphics Communication,” 7/E, McGraw-Hill, 2019. ISBN:
9781260084801, Authored by: Bertoline, G. R. Nathan W. Hartman, and William Ross.

Giesecke, F. E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H. C., Hill, I. L., Dygdon, J. T., Novak, J. E., Lockhart, S., “Technical
Drawing,” 13/E, ISBN: 0-13-513527-3, Prentice Hall 2009.

Copyrights of those images belong to the above authors and publishers. This PW file is not a published
document and has been generated just for demonstration purposes.

With special thanks to the contributions from Dr. James Yang, Dr. Ahmad Barari and Dr. Ali Hosseini for
preparing the lecture slides