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Chapter 4

Chapter 4 provides an overview of determinants, including their definition, calculation for 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, and key properties such as row swapping and scaling. It also discusses cofactors, minors, and the expansion of determinants, along with applications like testing for singular matrices and finding areas of triangles. Additionally, the chapter covers the adjoint of a matrix and how to find the inverse using determinants.

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4 views

Chapter 4

Chapter 4 provides an overview of determinants, including their definition, calculation for 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, and key properties such as row swapping and scaling. It also discusses cofactors, minors, and the expansion of determinants, along with applications like testing for singular matrices and finding areas of triangles. Additionally, the chapter covers the adjoint of a matrix and how to find the inverse using determinants.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Determinants (Detailed Notes)

1. Definition of Determinants

 The determinant is a scalar value associated with a square matrix that provides
important information about the matrix, such as whether it is invertible.

2. Determinant of a 2 × 2 Matrix

For a 2×22 \times 22×2 matrix:

A=[abcd]A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}A=[acbd]

The determinant of AAA is:

Det(A)=ad−bc\text{Det}(A) = ad - bcDet(A)=ad−bc

3. Determinant of a 3 × 3 Matrix

For a 3×33 \times 33×3 matrix:

A=[abcdefghi]A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b & c \\ d & e & f \\ g & h & i \end{bmatrix}A=adg


behcfi

The determinant of AAA is:

Det(A)=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)\text{Det}(A) = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh -


eg)Det(A)=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)

4. Properties of Determinants

1. Swapping Rows or Columns:


o Swapping two rows (or columns) changes the sign of the determinant.
2. Repetition:
o If two rows (or columns) of a matrix are identical, then
Det(A)=0\text{Det}(A) = 0Det(A)=0.
3. Scaling:
o If each element of a row (or column) is multiplied by a scalar kkk, the
determinant is also multiplied by kkk.
4. Triangular Matrix:
o The determinant of a triangular matrix (upper or lower) is the product of its
diagonal elements.
5. Zero Row/Column:
o If any row or column is zero, Det(A)=0\text{Det}(A) = 0Det(A)=0.
5. Cofactors and Minors

1. Minor:
oThe minor of an element aija_{ij}aij in a matrix is the determinant of the
matrix obtained by deleting the iii-th row and jjj-th column.
2. Cofactor:
o The cofactor of aija_{ij}aij is: Cij=(−1)i+j⋅MijC_{ij} = (-1)^{i+j} \cdot
M_{ij}Cij=(−1)i+j⋅Mij where MijM_{ij}Mij is the minor of aija_{ij}aij.

6. Expansion of Determinants

 Determinants can be expanded along any row or column using the formula:

Det(A)=∑j=1naij⋅Cij\text{Det}(A) = \sum_{j=1}^{n} a_{ij} \cdot C_{ij}Det(A)=j=1∑naij


⋅Cij

where CijC_{ij}Cij is the cofactor of aija_{ij}aij.

7. Applications of Determinants

1. Testing for Singular Matrix:


o A square matrix AAA is singular if Det(A)=0\text{Det}(A) = 0Det(A)=0.
2. Finding Area of a Triangle:
o For points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1), (x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2), and
(x3,y3)(x_3, y_3)(x3,y3): Area=12∣Det[x1y11x2y21x3y31]∣\text{Area} =
\frac{1}{2} \left| \text{Det} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & y_1 & 1 \\ x_2 & y_2 & 1
\\ x_3 & y_3 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \right|Area=21Detx1x2x3y1y2y3111
3. Testing Collinearity:
o Points are collinear if the determinant of the matrix representing them is zero.

8. Adjoint of a Matrix

 The adjoint of a matrix AAA is the transpose of its cofactor matrix.

9. Inverse of a Matrix Using Determinants

 For a square matrix AAA, if Det(A)≠0\text{Det}(A) \neq 0Det(A) 0, the inverse is


given by:

A−1=Adj(A)Det(A)A^{-1} = \frac{\text{Adj}(A)}{\text{Det}(A)}A−1=Det(A)Adj(A)

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