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Chapter 3

Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including their definitions, types, and operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. It also covers properties of matrix operations, the concept of transposition, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, determinants, and the conditions for matrix invertibility. Each section includes examples to illustrate the concepts discussed.

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4 views

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including their definitions, types, and operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. It also covers properties of matrix operations, the concept of transposition, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, determinants, and the conditions for matrix invertibility. Each section includes examples to illustrate the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3: Matrices (Detailed Notes)

1. Introduction to Matrices

 Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.


Example: A=[123456789]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9
\end{bmatrix}A=147258369
 Order of a Matrix: If a matrix has mmm rows and nnn columns, its order is m×nm
\times nm×n.

2. Types of Matrices

1. Row Matrix: A matrix with one row.


Example: A=[1 2 3]A = [1 \ 2 \ 3]A=[1 2 3].
2. Column Matrix: A matrix with one column.
Example: A=[123]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}A=123.
3. Square Matrix: A matrix with the same number of rows and columns (m=nm =
nm=n).
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix where all non-diagonal elements are zero.
Example: A=[300050007]A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 7
\end{bmatrix}A=300050007.
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix with equal diagonal elements.
Example: A=[4004]A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[4004].
6. Identity Matrix: A square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and 0’s elsewhere.
Example: I=[1001]I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}I=[1001].
7. Zero Matrix: A matrix with all elements as zero.
Example: A=[0000]A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}A=[0000].

3. Matrix Operations

1. Addition of Matrices:
o Only possible if matrices have the same order.
o Add corresponding elements: A+B=[a11+b11a12+b12a21+b21a22+b22]A +
B = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} + b_{11} & a_{12} + b_{12} \\ a_{21} +
b_{21} & a_{22} + b_{22} \end{bmatrix}A+B=[a11+b11a21+b21a12+b12
a22+b22]
2. Scalar Multiplication:
o Multiply every element of the matrix by a scalar kkk:
kA=[k⋅a11k⋅a12k⋅a21k⋅a22]kA = \begin{bmatrix} k \cdot a_{11} & k \cdot
a_{12} \\ k \cdot a_{21} & k \cdot a_{22} \end{bmatrix}kA=[k⋅a11k⋅a21
k⋅a12k⋅a22]
3. Matrix Multiplication:
o If AAA is of order m×nm \times nm×n and BBB is of order n×pn \times pn×p,
their product ABABAB is defined and has order m×pm \times pm×p.
o Element of ABABAB is given by: (AB)ij=∑k=1naik⋅bkj(AB)_{ij} =
\sum_{k=1}^n a_{ik} \cdot b_{kj}(AB)ij=k=1∑naik⋅bkj

4. Properties of Matrix Operations

1. Addition:
o Commutative: A+B=B+AA + B = B + AA+B=B+A.
o Associative: (A+B)+C=A+(B+C)(A + B) + C = A + (B +
C)(A+B)+C=A+(B+C).
2. Multiplication:
o Not Commutative: AB≠BAAB \neq BAAB BA in general.
o Associative: (AB)C=A(BC)(AB)C = A(BC)(AB)C=A(BC).
o Distributive: A(B+C)=AB+ACA(B + C) = AB + ACA(B+C)=AB+AC.

5. Transpose of a Matrix

 Definition: The transpose of a matrix AAA, denoted by ATA^TAT, is obtained by


interchanging its rows and columns.
Example: A=[1234],AT=[1324]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix},
\quad A^T = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[1324],AT=[1234]

6. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

1. Symmetric Matrix: A=ATA = A^TA=AT.


Example: A=[2335]A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 5 \end{bmatrix}A=[2335].
2. Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A=−ATA = -A^TA=−AT.
Example: A=[0−220]A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -2 \\ 2 & 0 \end{bmatrix}A=[02−20].

7. Determinant of a Matrix

 Defined only for square matrices.


 For a 2×22 \times 22×2 matrix: A=[abcd],Det(A)=ad−bcA = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\
c & d \end{bmatrix}, \quad \text{Det}(A) = ad - bcA=[acbd],Det(A)=ad−bc

8. Inverse of a Matrix

 A square matrix AAA is invertible if Det(A)≠0\text{Det}(A) \neq 0Det(A) 0.


 Inverse is given by: A−1=1Det(A)⋅Adj(A)A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\text{Det}(A)} \cdot
\text{Adj}(A)A−1=Det(A)1⋅Adj(A) where Adj(A)\text{Adj}(A)Adj(A) is the adjoint
of AAA.

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