Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link
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Overview:
Fundamentals of Biostatistics (8th Edition) by Bernard
Rosner is a comprehensive textbook that introduces
students and researchers to the essential concepts of
biostatistics. The book is structured to provide both
theoretical and practical knowledge, covering
fundamental statistical methods, probability theory,
hypothesis testing, regression analysis, survival
analysis, and nonparametric methods. It is widely
used in medical and health sciences programs,
providing real-world applications of biostatistics in
clinical and epidemiological research.
This detailed summary covers the key topics from the
textbook, organized into sections that reflect its
structure.
PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biostatistics and Data Types
• Definition of Biostatistics:
o Application of statistical methods in
biological, medical, and health sciences.
o Helps in designing studies, analyzing
medical data, and drawing valid
conclusions.
• Types of Data:
o Quantitative Data (numerical values):
▪ Discrete (e.g., number of patients).
▪ Continuous (e.g., blood pressure levels).
o Qualitative Data (categorical values):
▪ Nominal (e.g., blood type: A, B, O).
▪ Ordinal (e.g., pain levels: mild, moderate,
severe).
• Scales of Measurement:
o Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales.
PART 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Chapter 2: Organizing and Summarizing Data
• Tabular and Graphical Methods:
o Frequency tables, histograms, pie charts, bar
graphs.
o Stem-and-leaf plots, box plots.
• Measures of Central Tendency:
o Mean (average), median (middle value), mode
(most frequent value).
• Measures of Dispersion:
o Range, variance, standard deviation,
interquartile range.
• Understanding Normal Distribution:
o Bell-shaped curve that describes many
biological and clinical variables.
o 68-95-99.7 Rule: 68% of data falls within 1
standard deviation, 95% within 2, and 99.7%
within 3.
Chapter 3: Probability Concepts in Biostatistics
• Basic Probability Rules:
o Addition Rule:
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A \cup B) =
P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap
B)P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B).
o Multiplication Rule: P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B∣A)P(A
\cap B) = P(A)P(B|A)P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B∣A).
• Bayes' Theorem:
o Used in diagnostic testing (e.g., probability of
having a disease given a positive test result).
• Independent and Dependent Events:
o Understanding conditional probabilities.
Chapter 4: Probability Distributions
• Discrete Distributions:
o Binomial Distribution (used for yes/no
outcomes).
o Poisson Distribution (used for rare events like
disease outbreaks).
• Continuous Distributions:
o Normal Distribution (key in statistical
inference).
o t-Distribution (used for small sample sizes).
• Central Limit Theorem:
o The foundation of inferential statistics:
when sample size is large, the distribution of
sample means approaches normality.
PART 3: STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Chapter 5: Estimation of Population Parameters
• Point and Interval Estimation:
o Confidence Intervals (CI) for means and
proportions.
o Margin of Error: affected by sample size and
variability.
• Z-Scores and t-Distributions:
o When population standard deviation is
unknown, t-distribution is used.
Chapter 6: Hypothesis Testing Basics
• Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
o Formulate Null Hypothesis (H0H_0H0 ) and
Alternative Hypothesis (H1H_1H1 ).
o Choose Significance Level (α\alphaα).
o Compute Test Statistic.
o Determine Critical Value or P-value.
o Make a Decision (Reject or Fail to Reject
H0H_0H0 ).
• Errors in Hypothesis Testing:
o Type I Error (α\alphaα): Rejecting H0H_0H0
when true (False Positive).
o Type II Error (β\betaβ): Failing to reject
H0H_0H0 when false (False Negative).
Chapter 7: Comparison of Two Means and Proportions
• t-Tests for Comparing Two Means:
o Independent Samples t-Test: Two separate
groups.
o Paired t-Test: Same subjects before/after
treatment.
• Chi-Square Test for Categorical Data:
o Used for proportions and associations
between categorical variables.
Chapter 8: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Comparing More than Two Groups:
o One-Way ANOVA (single factor).
o Two-Way ANOVA (two factors, interactions).
• Post Hoc Tests:
o Bonferroni Correction, Tukey’s Test.
PART 4: REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
Chapter 9: Correlation and Simple Linear Regression
• Pearson Correlation Coefficient (rrr):
o Measures strength and direction of linear
relationship.
• Simple Linear Regression:
o Equation: Y=a+bXY = a + bXY=a+bX.
o Interpretation of slope and intercept.
Chapter 10: Multiple Regression Analysis
• Multiple Linear Regression:
o Extends simple regression with multiple
independent variables.
• Adjusted R-Squared:
o Measures how well multiple predictors
explain variability.
• Multicollinearity and Confounding:
o Checking for independent predictors in
regression models.
PART 5: SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOSTATISTICS
Chapter 11: Logistic Regression for Binary Outcomes
• Used when dependent variable is categorical
(yes/no, disease/no disease).
• Log Odds and Odds Ratios (OR) for risk
assessment.
Chapter 12: Survival Analysis
• Kaplan-Meier Estimator:
o Estimates time-to-event probabilities.
• Cox Proportional Hazards Model:
o Analyzes time-dependent covariates.
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Methods
• When to Use:
o Data are skewed or ordinal.
• Common Nonparametric Tests:
o Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test.
o Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Fundamentals of Biostatistics (8th Edition) by Bernard
Rosner provides a comprehensive and rigorous
introduction to statistical methods in public health,
medicine, and biomedical research. Covering
descriptive statistics, probability, inferential
techniques, regression, survival analysis, and
nonparametric methods, it is an essential resource
for students and researchers aiming to apply statistics
effectively in health sciences.
Find the Full Original Textbook (PDF) in the link
below:
CLICK HERE
