MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLER

UNIT-1 8085 PROCESSOR

TWO MARKS
1. What is microprocessor? Give the power supply &clock frequency of 8085
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary
instructions from a storage device called memory accepts binary data. As input and processes
data according to those instructions and provides result as output. The power of 8085 is +5v and
clock frequency in 3MHZ.

2. List the allowed register pairs of 8085.

B-C register pair D-C register pair H-L register pair.

3. Mention the purpose of SID and SOD lines

SID(serial input data line):
It is an input line through which the microprocessor accepts serial data.
SOD(serial output data line):
It is an output line through which the microprocessor sends output serial data.

4. What is an opcode ?
The part of the instruction that specifies the operation to be performed is called the
operation code or opcode.

5. What is the function of IO/M signal in the 8085?

It is a status signal. It is used to differentiate between memory locations and I/O
operations when this signal is low (IO/M=0) it denotes the memory related operations. when this
signal is high(IO/M=1)it denotes an I/O operation

6. What is meant by wait state?

This state is used by slow peripheral devices. the peripheral devices can transfer the data
to or from the microprocessor by using READY input line.the microprocessor remains in the
wait state as long as READY line is low. during the wait state, the contents of the address,
address/data and control buses are held constant.

7. Explain priority interrupts of 8085?

The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs.they are TRAP,RST 7.5,RST 6.5,RST
5.5,and INTR.these interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service.If two or more interrupts
go high at the same time,the 8085 will service them on priority basis.the TRAP has the highest
priority followed by RST7.5,RST6.5,RST5.5.the priority of interrupts in 8085 is shown in the
table.
Interrupts priority
TRAP 1
RST7.5 2
RST6.5 3
RST5.5 4
INTR 5

8. What is the signal classification of 8085?

All the signals of 8085 can be classified into 6 groups
1. Address bus 2. Data bus
3. Control and status signals 4. Power supply and frequency signals
5. Externally initiated signals 6. Serial I/O ports
9. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085?
i)the pc places the 16-bit memory address on the address bus
ii)the control unit sends the control signal RD to enable the memory chip
iii)the byte from the memory location is placed on the data bus
iv)the byte is placed in the instruction decoder of the microprocessor and the task is
carried out according to the instruction.

10. Define instruction cycle,machine cycle and T-state?

Instruction cycle is defined as the time required completing the execution of an
instruction.
Machine cycle is defined as the time required completing one operation of accessing memory,I/O
or acknowledging an external request.T –cycle is defined as one subdivision of the operation
performed in one clock period.

11. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them?
The 8085 have seven machine cycles they are
1. Opcode fetch 2. Memory read
3. Memory write 4. I/O read
5. I/O write 6. Interrupt acknowledge
7. Bus idle

12. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085?

HOLD indicates that a peripheral such a DMA controller is requesting the use of address
bus, data bus and control bus.
READY is used to delay the microprocessor read or write cycles until a slow responding
peripheral is ready to accept or send data.
SID is used to accept serial data bit by bit.

13.Define flags?
The flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator.the 8085 flags are s-
sign flag,zero flag,auxillary flag,parity flag,CY-CARRY FLAG
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY
14. Difference between memory mapped I/O and peripheral I/O ?

MEMORY MAPPEED I/O PERIPHERAL I/O

16-bit device address 8-bit device address

The data transfer between any general-purpose The data transfer only between accumulator
register and I/O port and I/O port

The memory map(64kb)is shared between I/O

device and system memory The I/O map is independent of the memory
map,256 input device and 256 output device

More hardware is required to decode 16-bit Less hardware is required to decode 8-bit
address address
15. Define pipelining?

To speedup the execution of program, the instructions fetching and execution of

instructions are overlapped each other. This technique is known as pipelining. In pipelining,
when then the instruction is executed, the n+1 the instruction is fetched and thus the processing
speed is increased.

16.. Discuss the function of instruction queue ?

A 6-byte instruction queue is presented at the Bus Interface Unit (BIU). It is used to pre-fetch
and store at the maximum of 6 bytes of instruction code from the memory. Due to this,
overlapping instruction fetch with instruction execution increases the processing speed.

17. What are the basic units of microprocessosr?

. The basic units or blocks of a microprocessor are ALU, an array of registers and
control unit
 UNIT-2 PROGRAMMING OF 8085 PROCESSOR

TWO MARKS

1. What is an instruction?
An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device to command the
microprocessor to perform that specific function.

2. How many operations are there in the instruction set of 8085 microprocessor?
There are 74 operations in the 8085 microprocessor

3. List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions.give ex of the instructions for each
group?
1. Data transfer group – MOV,MVI,LXI 2. Arithmetic group – ADD,SUB,INR.
3. Logical group- ANA,XRA,CMP. 4. Branch group – JMP,JNZ,CALL.
5. Stack I/O and machine control group – PUSH,POP,IN,HLT.

4. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction.

A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL instruction
leaves information on the stack so that the original program execution sequence can be resumed.

5. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT

The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port in to the accumulator.
The OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port.
The IN and OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor,which use a separate address
space for interfacing.

6. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions?

A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction.that is,the data moved out at one end is put
back in at the other end.the shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of the last bit
locations.
7. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085
microprocessor?
DI(disable interrupts) EI(enable interrupts)
RIM(read interrupt masks) SIM(set interrupt masks)

8. Mention the categories of instruction and give two ex for each category?
The instructions of 8085 can be categorized in to the following five
1. Data transfer MOV RD,RS,STA 16-BIT
2. Arithmetic ADD R,DCR M.
3. Logical XRI 8- bit,RAR
4. Branching JNZ CALL 16-bit
5. Machine control HLT,NOP

9. Explain LDA,STA AND DAA instructions

LDA copies the data byte in to the accumulator from the memory location specified by
the 16-bit address.STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location
specified by 16-bit address.DAA changes the content of the accumulator from binary to 4-bit
BCD digits.

10. Explain the different instruction formats with ex?

The instruction set is grouped in to the following formats
One byte instruction MOV C,A
Two byte instruction MVI A,39H
Three byte instruction JMP 2345H

11. What is the use of addressing modes,mention the different types?

The various formats of specifying the operands are called as addressing modes,it is used
to access the operands or data. The different types are as follows
1. Immediate addressing
2. Register addressing
3. Direct addressing
4. Indirect addressing
5. Implicit addressing

12. Define stack and stack related instructions?

The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the
temporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program.the stack related
instructions are PUSH and POP

13. Why do we use XRA A instruction?

The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the accumulator and store the
value 00H
14. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions

CALL PUSH

When CALL is executed the microprocessor The program uses the instruction PUSH to save
automatically stores the 16-bit address of the the contents of the register pair on the stack
instruction next to CALL on the stack
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

When CALL is executed the stack pointer is When PUSH is executed the stack pointer
decremented by two register is decremented by two

15. How does the microprocessor differentiate b/w data and instruction ?
When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction
register,the microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire
instruction.for ex MVI A,data, the second byte is always considered as data.if the data byte is
omitted by mistake whatever is in that memory location will be considered as data and the byte
after the “data”will be treated as the next instruction.

6. Compare RET and POP RET POP

RET transfers the content of the top two Pop transfers the content of the top two
locations of the stack to the PC locations of the stack to the specified register
pair

When RET is executed the SP is incremented When POP is executed the SP is incremented
by two.and it has 8 condational RETURN by two and no conditional POP instructions
instructions

17. What are subroutine?

Procedures are group of instructions stored as a separate program in memory and it is
called from the main program in memory and it is called from the main program whenever
required.the type of procedure depends onwhere the procedures are stored in memory. If it is in
the same code segment as that of the main program then it is a near procedure otherwise it is a far
procedure.

18. What is a recursive procedures?

A recursive procedure is a procedure,which calls itself.recursive procedures are used to
work with complex data structures called trees.if the procedure is called with N=3,then the N is
decremented by 1 after each procedure CALL and the procedure is called until N=0.

19. How to access subroutine with in the main program procedure?

i) accessed by CALL & RET instruction
ii)machine code of instruction is put only once in the memory
iii)with procedures less memory is required
iv)parameters can be passed in registers,memory location or stack

20. Define stack?

Stack is a sequence of RAM memory locations defined by the programmer.

21. How the microprocessor is synchronized with peripherals?

The timing and control unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with clock
and generates control signals necessary for communication between the microprocessor and
peripherals.
 UNIT III 8051 MICRO CONTROLLER

1. What is mean by microcontroller?

A device which contains the microprocessor with integrated peripherals like memory,
serial ports, parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces like
ADC, DAC is called microcontroller.

2. Explain DJNZ instruction of Intel 8051 microcontroller?

a) DJNZ Rn, rel
Decrement the content of the register Rn and jump if not zero.
b) DJNZ direct, rel
Decrement the content of direct 8- bit address and jump if not zero.

3. State the function of RS1 and RS0 bits in the flag register of Intel 8051 microcontroller?
RS1, RS0- Register bank select bits
RS1, RS0- Bank
Bank 0
Bank 1
Bank 2
Bank 3

4. Give the alternate functions for the port pins of port3?

RD WR T1 T0
INT 1 INT 0 TXD RXD
RD – Read data control output
WR – Write data control output
T1 – Timer / counter 1 external input or test pin
T0 – Timer / counter 0 external input or test pin
INT 1 – Interrupt 1 input pin
INT 0 – interrupt 0 input pin
TXD – Transmit data pin for serial port in UART mode
RXD – Receive data pin for serial port in UART mode

5. Specify the single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register of 8051,
without affecting the remaining bits.
 Single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register of 8051, without
affecting the remaining bits, is CLR B.7.

6. Explain the function of the pins PSEN and EA of 8051.

PSEN: PSEN stands for program store enable. In 8051 based system in which an external
ROM holds the program code, this pin is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.
EA: EA stands for external access. When the EA pin is connected to Vcc, program fetched to
address 0000H through 0FFFH are directed to the internal ROM and program fetches to
addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external ROM/EPROM. When the EA pin is
grounded, all addresses fetched by program are directed to the external ROM/EPROM.

7. Explain the 16-bit registers DPTR and SP of 8051.

DPTR:
DPTR stands for data pointer. DPTR consists of a high byte (DPH) and a low byte (DPL).
Its function is to hold a 16-bit address. It may be manipulated as a 16- bit data registers. It serves
as a base register in indirect jumps, lookup table instructions and external data transfer.
SP:
SP stands for stack pointer. SP is a 8-bit wide register. It is incremented before data is stored
during PUSH and CALL instructions. The stack array can reside anywhere in-chip RAM. The
stack pointer is initiailsed to 07H after a reset. This causes the stack to begin at location. 08H.

8. Name the special functions registers available in 8051.

Accumulator B Register
Program status Word.
Stack pointer. Data pointer
Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
Interrupt priority control register.
Interrupt enable control register.

9. Explain the register IE format of 8051.

EA ET2 ES
ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
EA- Enable all control bit.
ET2- Timer 2 interrupt enable bit.
ES- Enable serial port control bit.
ET1- Enable Timer1 control bit.
EX1-Enable external interrupt1 control bit.
ET0-Enable Timer0 control bit.
EX0-Enable external interrupt0 control bit.

10. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller.

Microprocessor Microcontroller
1. Microprocessor contains ALU, general Microcontroller contains the circuitry of
Purpose register counter, clock timing microprocessor and in addition it has
Circuit and interrupt circuit. Built-in ROM, RAM, I/O devices and
Counter.
2. It has many instructions to move data It has many instructions to move
between memory and CPU. data between memory and CPU.
3. It has one or two bit handling it has many bit handling instructions.
instruction .
4. Access times for memory and I/O Less access times for built-in memory
Devices are more. and I/O devices.
5. Microprocessor based system Microcontroller based system requires
requires more hardware less hardware reducing PCB size and
Increasing the reliability.

11. Name the five interrupt sources of 8051?

The interrupt are:
Vector address
External interrupt 0: IE0: 0003H
Timers interrupt 0: TF0: 000BH
External interrupt 1: IE1: 0013H T
imers interrupt 1: TF1:001BH
Serial interrupt
Receive interrupt: RI: 0023H
Transmit interrupt: TI: 0023H

12. Write a program to subtract the contents of RI of Bank0 from the contents of R0 0f
Bank2.
MOV PSW, #10
MOV A, R0
MOV PSW, #00
SUBB A, R1

13. How the RS-232 serial bus is interrupt to 1TL logic device?
The RS-232 signal voltage level devices are not compatible with TTL logic levels. Hence
for interfacing TTL devices to RS-232 serial bus, level converters are used. The popularly used
level converters are MC 1488 & MC 1489 or MAX 232.

14. List some of the features of 8096 microcontroller.

a. The 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
b. the 8096 is designed to use in application which require high speed calculations and
fast I/O operation.
c. The high speed I/O section of an 8096 includes a 16-bit timer, a 16- bit counter, a 4
input programmable edge detector, 4 software timer and counter 6-output programmable
events
Generator.
d. It has 100 instructions, which can operate on bit, byte, word and double words.
e. The bit operation is possible and these can be performed on any bit in the register file
or in the special function register.

15. List the features of 8051 microcontroller?

The features are
• Single supply +5 volt operation using HMOS technology.
• 4096 bytes program memory on chip (not on 8031)
• 128 data register banks
• Four register mode, 16-bit timer/ counter.
• Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.
• 64 KB external RAM size
• 32 bi-directional individually addressable I/O lines.
• 8 bit CPU optimized for control applications.

16. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 serial ports?

 In this mode serial enters & exits through RXD, TXD outputs the shift clock 8 bits are
transmitted/received: 8 data bits (LSB first). The baud rate is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator
frequency.

17. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 ports?

In this mode 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit
(0), 8 data bits (LSB first) a, programmable 9th data bit, & a stop bit (1).ON transmit the 9th data
bit (TB* in SCON) can be assigned the value of 0 or 1.
For eg: the parity bit (P, in the PSW) could be moved into TB8. On receive the 9th data bit go in
to the RS8 in Special Function Register SCON, while the stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is
programmable to either 1/32, or 1/64 the oscillator frequency.

18. Explain the mode 3 of 8051 serial ports?

In this mode 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit
(0), 8 data bits (LSB first) a, programmable 9th data bit, & a stop bit (1). In fact, Mode 3 is the
same as Mode 2 in all respect except the baud rate. The baud rate in Mode 3 is variable.
In all the four modes, transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination
register. Reception is initiated in Mode 0 by the condition RI=0 & REN=1. Reception is initiated
in other modes by the incoming start bit if REn=1.

19. List the addressing modes of 8051?

Direct addressing
Register addressing
Register indirect addressing
Implicit addressing
Immediate addressing
Index addressing
Bit addressing
 UNIT- 4 PERIPHERAL INTERFACING

TWO MARKS

1. What is the use of 8051 chip? 1

Intel’s 8251A is a universal synchronous asynchronous receiver and transmitter
compatible with Intel’s Processors. This may be programmed to operate in any of the serial
communication modes built into it. This chip converts the parallel data into a serial stream of bits
suitable for serial transmission. It is also able to receive a serial stream of bits and converts it into
parallel data bytes to be read by a microprocessor.

2. What are the different types of methods used for data transmission?
The data transmission between points involves unidirectional or bi-directional
transmission of meaningful digital data through a medium. There are basically there modes of
data transmission
(a)Simplex
(b) Duplex
(c) Half Duplex
In simplex mode, data is transmitted only in one direction over a single communication channel.
For example, a computer (CPU) may transmit data for a CRT display unit in this mode.
In duplex mode, data may be transferred between two transreceivers in both directions
simultaneously.
In half duplex mode, on the other hand, data transmission may take place in either direction, but
at a time may be transmitted only in one direction. For example, a computer may communication
with a terminal in this mode. When the terminal sends data (i.e. terminal is sender).The message
is received by the computer (i.e. computer is receiver). However, it is not possible to transmit
data from the computer to terminal and from terminal to the computer simultaneously.

3. What is the various programmed data transfer method?

i) Synchronous data transfer
ii) Asynchronous data transfer
iii) Interrupt driven data transfer

4. What is synchronous data transfer?

It is a data method which is used when the I/O device and the microprocessor match in
speed. The transfer a data to or from the device, the user program issues a suitable instruction
addressing the device. The data transfer is completed at the end of the execution of this
instruction.

5. What is asynchronous data transfer?

It is a data transfer method which is used when the speed of I/O device does not match
with the speed of the microprocessor. Asynchronous data transfer is also called as Handshaking.

6. What are the functional types used in control words of 8251a?

The control words of 8251A are divided into two functional types
1. Mode Instruction control word
2. Command Instruction control word
Mode Instruction control word: - This defines the general operational characteristics of 8251A.
Command Instruction control word: - The command instruction controls the actual operations
of the selected format like enable transmit/receiver, error reset and modem control.

7. What are the basic modes of operation of 8255?

There are two basic modes of operation of 8255, viz.
1. I/O mode.
2. BSR mode
In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C
(PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. Under the IO mode of operation,
further there are three modes of operation of 8255, So as to support different types of
applications, viz. mode 0, mode 1, and mode 2.
Mode 0- Basic I/O mode
Mode 1-Strobe I/O mode
Mode 2- Strobe bi-direction I/O

8. Write the features of mode 0 in 8255?

1. Two 8-bit ports (port A and port B) and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower) are
available. The two 4-bit ports can be combined used as a third 8-bit port.
2. Any port can be used as an input or output port.
3. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched.
4. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configurations are
possible.

9. What are the features used mode 1 in 8255?

Two groups A and group B are available for strobe data transfer.
1. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port.
2. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input or output port. The inputs and outputs both
are latched.
3. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 is used to generate control signals for port B and PC3=PC5
are used to generate control signals for port A. The inputs PC6, PC7 may be used as independent
data lines.
10. What are the signals used in input control signal and output control signals?
Input control signals
STB (Strobe input) IBF (Input buffer full)
INTR (Interrupt request) Output control signal
OBF (Output buffer full) ACK (Acknowledge input)
INTR (Interrupt request)

11. What are the features used mode 2 in8255?

The signals 8-bit port in group A is available.
1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available.
2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0.
3. Inputs and output are both latched.
4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating/accepting handshake
Signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A.

12. What are the modes of operation used in 8253?

Each of the three counters of 8253 can be operated in one of the following six modes of
operation.
1. Mode 0 (Interrupt on terminal count) 2. Mode 1 (Programmable monoshot)
3. Mode 2 (Rate generator) 4. Mode 3 (Square wave generator)
5. Mode 4 (Software triggered strobe) 6. Mode 5 (Hardware triggered strobe)

13. What are the different types of write operations used in 8253?
There are two types write operation in 8253
(1) Writing a control word register
(2) Writing a count value into a count register
The control word register accepts data from the data buffer and initialize
(a) Initializing the operating modes (mode 0- mode 4)
(b) Selection of counters (counter 0- counter 2)
(c) Choose binary /BCD counters.
(d) Loading of the counter registers.
The mode control register is a write only register and the CPU cannot read its contents.

14. Give the different types of command words used in 8259A

The command words of 8259A are classified in two groups
1. Initialization command words (ICWs) 2. Operation command words (OCWs)

15. Give the operation modes of 8259A?

(a) Fully Nest Mode (b) End of Interrupt
(c) Automatic Rotation (d) Automatic EOI mode
(e) Specific Rotation (f) Special Mask Mode
(g) Edge and level Triggered Mode (h) Reading 8259 Status
(i) Poll command (j) Special Fully Nested Mode
(k) Buffered Mode (l) Cascade Mode

16. Define scan counter?

The scan counter has two modes to scan the key matrix and refresh the display. In the
encoded mode, the counter provides binary count that is to be externally decoded to provide the
scan lines for keyboard and display. In the decoded scan mode, the counter internally decodes the
least significant 2 bit and provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on SL3-SL 3. The keyboard and
display both are in the same mode at a time.

17. What is the output modes used in 8279?

8279 provides two output modes for selecting the display options.
1. Display scan
2. In this mode, 8279 provides 8 or 16 character- multiplexed displays those can be organized
as dual 4-bit or single 8-bit display units.
3. Display Entry 8279 allows options for data entry on the displays. The display data is entered
for display from the right side or from the left side.

18. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?

1. Scanned Keyboard mode with 2 Key Lockout 2. Scanned Keyboard with N-Key
Rollover.
3. Scanned Keyboard Special Error Mode. 4. Scanned Matrix Mode.

19. What are the modes used in display modes?

1. Left Entry Mode

In the left entry mode, the data is entered from the left side of the display unit.
2. Right Entry Mode
In the right entry mode, the first entry to be displayed is entered on the rightmost display.

20. What is the use of modem control unit in 8251?

The modem control unit handles the modem handshake signals to coordinate the
communication between the modem and the USART.

21. List the operation modes of 8255?

a) I/O Mode
i. Mode 0- Simple Input/Output.
ii. Mode 1- Strobe Input/Output (handshake mode)
iii. Mode 2- Strobe bi-directional mode
b) Bit Set/Reset Mode.

22. What is a control word?

It is a word stored in a register (control register) used to control the operation of a
program digital device.

23. What is the purpose of control word written to control register in 8255?
The control words written to control register specify an I/O function for each I/O port.
The bit D7 of the control word determines either the I/O functions of the BSR function.

24. What is the size of ports in 8255?

Port - A : 8- bits Port - B : 8- bits
Port -CU : 4- bits Port -CL : 4- bits

25. What is an USART?

USART stands for universal Synchronous / Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter. It is a
programmable communication interface that can communicate by using either synchronous or
asynchronous serial data.

26. What is the use of 8251 chip?

8251 chip is mainly used as the asynchronous serial interface between the processor and
the external equipment.

27. The 8279 is a programmable ----------------- interface.

Keyboard/ Display
28. List the major components of the Keyboard/ Display interface.
a. Keyboard section b. Scan section c. Display section d. CPU interface
section

29. What is Key bouncing?

Mechanical switch are used as keys in most of the keyboard. When a key is pressed the
contact bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20ms). Even
though a key is actuated once, it will appear to have been actuated several times. This problem is
called Key Bouncing.

30. What is TXD?

TXD- Transmitter Data Output
This output pin carries serial of the transmitted data bits along with other information like start
bit, stop bits and priority bit.

31. Define HRQ?

The hold request output request the access of the system bus. In non- cascaded 8257
systems, this is connected with HOLD pin of CPU. In cascade mode, this pin of a slave is
connected with a DRQ input line of the master 8257, while that of the master is connected with
HOLD input of the CPU.

32. What is RXD?

RXD- Receive Data Input
This input pin of 8251A receives a composite stream of the data to be received by 8251A.

33. What are the internal devices of a typical DAC?

The internal devices of a DAC are R/2R resistive network, an internal latch and current to
voltage converting amplifier.

34. What is setting or conversion time in DAC?

The time taken by the DAC to convert a given digital data to corresponding analog signal
is called conversion time.

35. What are the different types of ADC?

The different types of ADC are successive approximation ADC, counter type ADC, flash
type ADC, integrator converters and voltage to frequency converters.
 UNIT V MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING & APPLICATIONS

TWO MARKS

1. Write a program using 8051 assembly language to change the data 55h stored in the
lower byte of the data pointer register to AAH using rotate instruction?
MOV DPL,#55H
MOV A,DPL
2. Explain the contents of the accumulator after the execution of the following program
segments?
MOV A,#3CH
MOV R4,#66H
ANL A,R4
A 3C
R4 66
A 24

3. Write a program to load accumulator a,DPH and DPL with 30H?

MOV A,#30
MOV DPH,A
MOV DPL,A

4. Write a program to perform multiplication of 2 nos using 8051?

MOV A,#data 1
MOV B,#data 2
MUL AB
MOV DPTR,#5000
MOV @DPTR,A(lower value)
INC DPTR
MOV A,B
MOVX@DPTR,A

5. Write a program to mask the 0th &7th bit using 8051?

MOV A,#data
ANL A,#81
MOV DPTR,#4500
MOVX @DPTR,A
LOOP SJMP LOOP

6. Write about CALL statement in 8051?

There are two subroutine CALL instructions.they are
*LCALL(Long CALL)
*ACALL(Absolute CALL)
Each increments the pc to the 1st byte of the instruction & pushes them in to the stack.

7. Write about the jump statement?

There are three forms of jump.they are
LJMP(Long-jump)-address 16
AJMP(Absolute jump)-address 11
Sjmp(short jump)-relative address

8. Write a program to load accumulator DPH & DPL using 8051?

MOV A,#30
MOV DPH,A
MOV
RL ADPL,A
LABEL : SJMP Label
9. Write a program to find 2’s complement using 8051?
MOV A,R0
CPL A
INC A

10. Write a program to add two 8-bit numbers using 8051?

MOV A,#30H
ADD A,#50H

11. Write a program to swap two numbers using 8051?

MOV A,#data
SWAP A

12. Write a program to subtract two 8-bit numbers & exchange the digits using 8051?
MOV A,#9F
MOV R0,#40
SUBB A,R0
SWAP A

13. Write a program to subtract the contents of R1 of bank 0from the contents of R0 of
bank 2 using 8051?
MOV PSW,#10
MOV A,R0
MOV PSW,#00
SUBB A,R1

14. Explain the operating mode0 of 8051 serial ports?

In this mode serial enters & exits through RXD,TXD output the shift clock 8 bits are
transmitted or received 8 data bits(LSB first).the baud rate is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator
frequency.

15. Explain the operating mode2 of 8051 serial ports?

In this mode 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD)or received(through RXD)A start
bit(0),8 data bits(LSB first),a programmable 9th data bit & a stop bit(1) ON transmit the 9th data
bit(TB*in SCON) can be assigned the value of 0 or 1.or for eg: the parity bit(p,in the PSW) could
be moved into TB8. On receive the 9th data bit go in to the RB8 in special function register
SCON ,while the stop bit is ignored.the baud rate is programmable to either 1/32 or 1/64 the
oscillator frequency.

16. Explain the mode3 of 8051 serial ports?

In this mode 11 bits are transmitted(through TXD)or received(through RXD): astart
bit(0).8 data bits(LSB first), aprogrammable 9th data bit,& a stop bit(1).in fact, mode3 is the same
as mode2 in all respects except the baud rate. the baud rate in mode3 is variable.in all the four
modes, transmission is intiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination
register.reception is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register.reception
is intiated in mode0 by the condition R1=0 & REN=1.reception is initiated in other modes by the
incoming start bit if REN-1.

17. What are the tasks involved in keyboard interfacing?

The task involved in keyboard interfacing are sensing a keyboard interfacing are sensing
a key actuation, de bouncing the key and generating key codes(decoding the key).these task are
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
performed software if the keyboard is interfaced through ports and they are performed by
hardware if the keyboard is interfaced through 8279.

18. How a keyboard matrix is formed in keyboard interface ?

The return lines RL0 to RL7 of 8279 are used to form the columns of keyboard matrix.in
decoded scan the scan lines SLO to SL3 of 8279 are used to form the rows of keyboard matrix. In
encoded scan mode, the output lines of external decoder are used as rows of keyboard matrix.

19. What is scanning in keyboard and what is scan time?

The process of sending a zero to each row of a keyboard matrix and reading the columns
for key actuation is called scanning. the scan time is the time taken by the processor to scan all
the rows one by one starting from first row and coming back to the first row.

20. What is scanning in display and what is the scan time?

In display devices the process of sending display codes to 7-segment LED’S to display
the led’s one by one is called scanning. The scan time is the time taken to display all the 7-
segment LED’S one by one, starting from first LED and coming back to the first LED again.

21. Give some ex of input devices to microprocessor-based systems

The input devices used in the microprocessor- based system are keyboards, DIP switches
,ADC, floppy disc, etc.