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Foundations of Computing

The document outlines the foundational aspects of computer hardware, detailing components such as the CPU, memory hierarchy, and storage devices. It explains the roles of the CPU, including its three major units: the Memory or Storage Unit, Control Unit, and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Each unit's functions are described, emphasizing how they work together to process data and execute tasks within a computer system.

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Meenu Pradeep
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49 views

Foundations of Computing

The document outlines the foundational aspects of computer hardware, detailing components such as the CPU, memory hierarchy, and storage devices. It explains the roles of the CPU, including its three major units: the Memory or Storage Unit, Control Unit, and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Each unit's functions are described, emphasizing how they work together to process data and execute tasks within a computer system.

Uploaded by

Meenu Pradeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATIONS OF

COMPUTING: FROM
HARDWARE ESSENTIALSTO
WEB DESIGN
2

MODULE 1

Computer Hardware – CPU, Memory - Memory


hierarchy: registers, cache, RAM, virtual memory,
Motherboard - Computer Peripherals - I/O devices,
Storage devices- HDDs, SSDs, optical drives, I/O
communication and device
management, Interface cards – Buses – Firmware -
Boot process
DAY 1
What is computer hardware?

• Refers to physical components of a computer system


that you can see and touch.
• Physical components of a computer system, such as
the CPU, motherboard, memory (RAM), storage
devices (HDD/SSD), input devices (keyboard, mouse),
output devices (monitor, printer), and power supply.
• These components work together to perform tasks
and process data, forming the tangible foundation of
a computer system.
5

WHAT IS A CPU?
• A Central Processing Unit is the most important
component of a computer system.
• A CPU is hardware that performs data input/output,
processing, and storage functions for a computer
system.
• A CPU can be installed into a CPU socket.
• These sockets are generally located on
the motherboard.
• CPU can perform various data processing operations.
• CPU can store data, instructions, programs, and
intermediate results.
Different Parts of CPU
6

CPU consists of 3 major units, which are:


1.Memory or Storage Unit
2.Control Unit
3.ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
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1.Memory or Storage Unit


• It is also known as an internal storage unit or the main
memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory
(RAM).

• There are two types of memory in the computer


primary memory and secondary memory.

• Some main functions of memory units are listed below:


i. Data and instructions are stored in memory units which are
required for processing.
ii. It also stores the intermediate results of any calculation or
task when they are in process.The final results of processing
are stored in the memory units before these results are
released to an output device for giving the output to the user.
iii. All sorts of inputs and outputs are transmitted through the
memory unit.
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2.Control Unit

• Control unit controls the operations of all parts of the


computer

• It does not carry out any data processing operations.

• It controls the functioning of the computer.

• Its main task is to maintain the flow of information


across the processor.
it obtain the instructions or data that is input from
the memory unit, interpret them, and then direct the
operation of the computer according to that.
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3.ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

• ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical


functions or operations.
• It consists of two subsections
1. Arithmetic Section: Operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, and all these operations and
functions are performed by ALU. Also, all the complex
operations are done by making repetitive use of the
mentioned operations by ALU.
2. Logic Section: By Logical operations, we mean operations
or functions like selecting, comparing, matching, and
merging the data, and all these are performed by ALU.
Note: The CPU may contain more than one ALU and it can
be used for maintaining timers that help run the computer
system.

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