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Earth & Life Science 1

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

is a vital skill of life, a skill that is in every

INTRODUCTION heart of scientific inquiry that allows a
person to make a logical and informed
●​ Our planet formed 4 billion years ago, and decisions, its benefits extends beyond
is ever changing as we know and live science creating citizens that are confident
today. analytical thinker that is able to examine
●​ “History whether of a human kind or the sources, evaluates claims, and successfully
earth itself is made up of perplexing or manage their future, both in different
chain of countless different kinds.” aspects of life.
●​ Human history lies in the written
documents & other artifacts.
Evidence
●​ “Likewise the Earth’s history record or in
the sickness of rocks that are trapped in ●​ Pandemic/ COVID 19 - strong evidence that
the Earth’s crusts, these are the rock or science matters.
rock layers that have been formed from
the earliest geologic time up to the
present.” ●​ The importance of ELS, principles of
●​ As part of a more cosmological process, economics will explain that people
understanding in history and what goes respond to incentive.
beyond its conception connects it to a ●​ Aside from Science Concepts, in the
grand saga of the universe that is rebuilt & process of learning ELS, it can enhance
together by different scientific theories, everyone’s skills of processing
causes and principles. information.*
●​ This unit will help us understand the
wonders of our universe and our planet, Scientific Method
how it evolves, how it behaves, why it
should be nurtured, and where it will go ●​ Is an essential skill all scientists must
from here, so scientific theories and possess, so that they can process the
discoveries. information correctly and be able to
●​ The importance of ELS, principles of disseminate it to others.
economics will explain; that people ○​ Observation - observed
respond to incentive. ○​ Questioning - creates a question
based on the observation
SCIENCE ○​ Experimentation - tested the
●​ Is not simply a body of knowledge but also hypothesis
a way of knowing ○​ Data Gathering and Analyzing
●​ A process of discovery that gathers our Data - collecting
knowledge about our natural world. ○​ Conclusion - shared results
●​ Body of knowledge
●​ A method of acquiring that knowledge ●​ A research is a systematic investigation to
●​ Is an organized body of knowledge of answer the proposed question gathered
things about our environment and the way from the experiment.
things are interconnected. ●​ A conclusion is an answer to the proposed
●​ Is an essential subject. question gathered from the experiment.
●​ A way of knowing. It is to understand the ●​ A hypothesis is a tentative explanation to a
nature and structure of scientific scientific question that can be tested.
knowledge and its development process. ●​ An observant scientist notices the details
●​ This info each world gives us unlimited of their surroundings.
access to all information that we need or
want. Universe
●​ Fact-checking to separate the good and
the bad Theories on the Origin of the Universe
●​ The significance from that is that it has
been long established that critical-thinking Theory of Creation

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 ​ ​ ​ GRADE 11 1ST SEMESTER
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Earth & Life Science 1

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

●​ Creationism is the religious belief that ○​ Gravitational Force, Strong Nuclear,

nature, and aspects such as the universe, Electromagnetic and Weak Force
earth, life and humans, originated with (all forces) slipped away.
supernatural acts of divine creation. ●​ Quark
○​ All Universe’s ingredients were
present, Quarks and Electrons ;
Theory of the Big Bang Theories (1920) Combination of Quarks ⇾ Protons
-​ Alexander Friedman and George ●​ Hadron
Lamaitre ○​ Formation of Protons and Neutrons
●​ Lepton and Nuclear
●​ Universe began as a hot and indefinitely ○​ Protons and Neutrons fused
dense point. together and created Nucleus then
●​ Planck Era Helium ; Matter as a result too.
●​ Earliest known period of the Universe
●​ 13.7 billion years ago ( this dense point
violently exploded)
●​ Energy, Matter, Space, Time Matter Era
●​ The universe was made up of fundamental
particles and energy : quarks, electrons, ⇾ Matter began to dominate ; Electrons joined
protons, and neutrons. the hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small
●​ CMB or Cosmic Microwave Background neutral atoms
was the evidence of BBT, galaxies moving ●​ Atomic Epoch
away, abundance of light elements. ○​ All Universe’s ingredients are
present; Hydrogen was a result.
2 Eras after the Singularity Exploded : ●​ Galactic Epoch
○​ Helium and Hydrogen atoms
Group of Forces dotted (epoculated) the universe
with atomic clouds
●​ Gravitational Force ○​ Within clouds, small pockets of gas
●​ Weak Force may have had enough gravity to
●​ Strong Nuclear cause atoms to collect
●​ Electromagnetic ○​ Clusters of atoms became
seedlings (Hydrogen and Helium)
Radiation Era of galaxies
○​ Stars began to form
⇾ Energy was in the form of radiations ●​ Stellar Epoch
(wavelengths); Cosmic Microwave Background ○​ Formations of stars caused
Radiation tremendous ripple effect
○​ Heat within the stars caused
●​ Planck Epoch Helium and Hydrogen be
○​ Gravitational Force slips away from converted into different elements
the group of Forces ○​ These elements became the
●​ Grand Unification Epoch building blocks of planets
○​ Gravitational Force and Strong
Nuclear slips away from the group Additional Notes :
of Forces
●​ Inflationary ●​ Recombination
○​ It is hot and still constantly rising ○​ Attachment of the electrons to the
and as a result the Universe is nucleus
rapidly expanding. ●​ Law describes, Theory explains
○​ The Universe expanded from the ●​ Birth of Stars and Galaxies
size of an atomic nucleus 10³⁵ ○​ Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud
meters in width. gravitationally attracted nearby
●​ Electroweak matter and became cleanser
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○​ Gained enough mass to ignite and ○​ The universe will continue to

produce light expand

Big Bang Theory Phases Steady State Theory (Bondi, Goldy, Hoyle, 1948)

●​ Boiling “soup” with electrons, quarks, and ●​ The universe doesn’t change in its
other elementary particles. Space cools off appearance and is homogeneous.
rapidly. Quarks form protons and neutrons ●​ When an old star dies, a new star replaces
●​ Universe- superhot fog. Heated protons it.
and electrons hinder the emission of light. ●​ Everything remains the same.
Light elements created like deuterium, ●​ The universe has neither any beginning
lithium, and helium. nor any end.
●​ Protons, electrons, neutrons combine and ●​ Universe was and will always be the same
form atoms. Primarily hydrogen and helium through the whole time.
atoms.
●​ Galaxy formation era. Hydrogen and Inflation Theory (Extension of Big Bang Theory)
helium atoms begin to form giant clouds
that will become galaxies and stars. ●​ Flatness
●​ First dying start produce heavy elements ○​ Big bang states that there should
which turn into new stars and planets be curvature
○​ Sun ⇾ 4.6 billion years old ○​ Things will appear flat even though
○​ Solar System ⇾ 4.5 billion years it is curved
old ●​ Horizon
○​ Milky Way ⇾ 13.2 billion years old ○​ Big bang states that space in
opposite direction are so far apart
they could never have contact with
Supporting Evidences each other
○​ Exponential expansion in early
●​ Galaxies moving away (Edwin Hubble, universe presupposes that the
1924): The distance between galaxies is distant regions were much closer to
increasing with time. each other prior to inflation
●​ Presence of cosmic microwave ●​ Monopole
background (CMB) (Arno Penzia and ○​ Big bang predicts production of
Robert Wilson, 2960): CMB is speculated magnetic poles
to be the remnant energy left over from the ○​ Dropped exponentially to
formation of the universe. undetectable level during rapid
●​ Abundance of light elements: Massive expansion
amounts of Helium and Hydrogen, with
trace amounts of Lithium and Beryllium. Solar System

Red Shifting Early Solar System Models

●​ Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red Heliocentrism

end of the spectrum, occurs because the ●​ Earth and other planets orbit the sun.
light waves are “stretched”, which shows Geocentrism
that Earth and the source are moving away ●​ In the ancient Greeks’ this model, the
from each other. moon, the sun, and the known planets -
Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter - orbits
Fate of the Universe? the Earth

●​ Scenario 1 : Solar System Theories

○​ The outward flight of the galaxies
will slow and eventually stop René Descartes “Vortex Theory”
●​ Scenario 2 :
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●​ Influenced by Nicholas Cupurnicus ●​ Disk spins faster and faster and

●​ The sun is at the center of a vast vortex of temperature decreased
rotating invisible matter, and the swirl of 3.​ Flattering
the vortex carries the planets around, ●​ Disk become sphere due to
rather like leaves in a whirlpool. rotation, because of fast rotation,
●​ Every star is a sun, with its own vortex some of the fog escape
4.​ Condensation
●​ Some fog formed the core of the
longest mass in the middle, while
small part formed around cooling
process
5.​ Accretion
●​ Cores of smaller mass turns into
planets, while most remain in a
high-temperature flare.
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Our Solar System
“Collision Theory”
Why is it called the Solar System?
●​ A comet striking the sun had broken off
debris that became the planets in the Solar
●​ There are many planetary systems like
System
ours in the universe, with planets orbiting a
●​ The Earth was scorching, but gradually
host star.
cooled until molten rock turned to dry land
●​ Our planetary system is called “the solar
and clouds rained down to form oceans
system” because we use the word “solar”
●​ Estimated the entire process took over
to describe things related to our star, after
75,000 years
the Latin word for Sun, “solis”
Immanuel Kant “Nebular Theory”
Members of the Solar System
●​ A Nebula began to collapse because of
●​ Sun
gravitational pull. As the cloud contracted,
○​ Is a yellow star
it spun more rapidly.
○​ Brings light
●​ Suggested that gravitational forces in a
○​ Brings warmth
slowly rotating nebula would gradually
○​ Center of the Solar System
flatten it and create within it several denser
○​ Giant ball of glowing gasses
clouds of gas which would separately
○​ Makes a lot of energy
compact themselves into distinct spheres,
●​ Mercury
the Sun, and planets.
○​ Closest to the sun
○​ Rocky crust with craters
Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace
○​ Cold on half of the planet
“Solar Nebular Theory”
○​ Hot on half facing the sun
○​ Gray in color
●​ The Sun, planets, and their moons began
○​ Smallest planet
as a whirling cloud of gas ~ Exposition du
●​ Venus
système du monde (Exposition of the
○​ Second planet from the sun
System of the World) (1796)
○​ “The Evening Star”
The Formation of the Solar System
○​ Poisonous fog
○​ The HOTTEST Planet
1.​ Collapse
○​ Orange in color
●​ High temperature gas ball collapse
●​ Earth
then heat up and then become disk
○​ Third planet from the sun
shape
○​ Only planet with large amounts of
2.​ Spinning
liquid water
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○​ Only planet with living things ??? ●​ Have a diameter of greater than 48,000
km
●​ Mars
○​ The RED Planet How about Pluto?
○​ 2 moons
○​ Volcanoes and Canyons ●​ Used to be considered a planet
○​ Rocks and Sand ●​ One of Neptune’s moon
○​ Very Thin Atmosphere ●​ Gray in Color
●​ Jupiter
○​ Largest planet
○​ Giant ball of swirling gas
○​ Has between 80 and 95 moons
○​ Has 2 very thin rings Dwarf Planets
○​ Has a large red spot, which is a (Pluto, Eis, Haumea, Makemake, Ceres)
giant storm
●​ Saturn ●​ In 2003, an astronomer saw a new object
○​ Has rings that are made up of beyond Pluto. The astronomer thought he
frozen gas, ice and rock had found a new planet, The object that
○​ 2nd largest planet the astronomer saw was larger than Pluto.
○​ Made mostly of hydrogen and He named the object Eris (EER-is)
helium ●​ In August 2006 the International
●​ Uranus Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the
○​ Looks like it is on its side status of Pluto to that of “dwarf planet”.
○​ 90° Angle This means that from now on only the
○​ Very cold and windy rocky worlds of the inner Solar System and
○​ Has some rings the gas giants of the outer system will be
○​ Blue-green in color designed as planets
●​ Neptune ●​ Celestial bodies that orbit the Sun
○​ Most distant major planet ●​ Essentially spherical due to their own
○​ 2 dark spots gravity
○​ Blue in color ●​ But are not large enough to sweep their
○​ First planet located through orbits
mathematical calculations ●​ Clear of other orbits
●​ “Cleared the Neighborhood”
Terrestrial Planets
( Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) Other Members of the Solar System

●​ Substantially smaller ●​ Moons

●​ Short orbital periods and less satellites ○​ It comes in many shapes, sizes, and
●​ Made up mostly of rock and metal types.
●​ Move slowly in space ○​ A few have atmospheres and even
●​ No rings and few moon (if any) hidden oceans beneath their
●​ Have a diameter of less than 13,000 km surfaces.
○​ Most planetary moons probably
Jovian Planets formed from the discs of gas and
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Mars) dust circulating around planets in
the early solar system, though
●​ Substantially larger some are captured objects that
●​ Long orbital periods and numerous formed elsewhere and fell into orbit
satellites around larger worlds.
●​ Made up mostly of gasses (primarily ●​ Asteroids
hydrogen and helium) ○​ Sometimes called minor planets,
●​ Have rings and many moons are rocky, airless remnants left over
from the early formation of our
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solar system about 4.6 billion years ●​ Nucleus

ago ○​ Solid comet core, may be hidden
○​ Giuseppe Piazzi of Italy discovered by coma
the very first asteroid (Ceres) in
1801 Source of Comets
○​ NEAR - Shoemaker or ( Near Earth
Asteroid Rendezvous - Shoemaker) ●​ Oort Cloud
-​ Named after Eugene ○​ Jan Oort
Shoemaker ○​ Cosmographical boundary of the
-​ Monitors solar system
near-Earth-asteroids ○​ Source of long-period comets
●​ Meteoroid ●​ Long-period comets
○​ Rocky or metallic fragments of an ○​ Take hundreds of thousands of
asteroid, comet, or planet. years to complete a single orbit
●​ Meteor around the Sun
○​ Streak of light seen when a ●​ Kuiper Belt
meteoroid heats up in the ○​ Gerald Kuiper
atmosphere ○​ Hosts short-period comets
●​ Meteorite ●​ Short-period comets
○​ Meteor fragment that reacher the ○​ Orbital periods of less than 200
ground years
●​ Comets ○​ Halley’s Comet (76 years)
○​ Icy body that releases gasses as it ○​ Encke’s Comet (3 years)
orbits the Sun
Additional Notes

Parts of the Comet Wave ⇾ light = wave and particle

↳ carries energy ⇽ Sun ⇾ more than 98% of the
mass of the Solar System ⇾ 92% Hydrogen ; 8%
Helium

Comet collide with the Sun ⇾ Buffon,

Cosmotologist
↳ Collision Theory
Nebula collapse because of gravity ⇾ Immanuel
Kant
↳ Nebula Theory
Vortex
↳ René Descartes “Vortex Theory ⇾
Mathematician and Scientist
↳No empty space = transparent matter ↴
●​ Dust Tail
Universe is filled with vortices of all sizes ↴
○​ Prominent trail of dust and gasses
Luminous opaque and transparent matter
generally in direction of solar wind
but curves toward comet path
Earth = living with organisms ⇽ don’t know about
●​ Ion Tail
other planets if there are any living organisms
○​ Trail of plasma teams back from the
= sustains lives so far
solar wind
●​ Hydrogen envelope
Moon/s are natural satellites ⇾ “Luna”
○​ Invisible, irregular cloud
↳2 moons = Mars
surrounding the coma
↳ 80-90 moons = Jupiter ⇾ big because of
●​ Coma
gasses
○​ Vapor cloud surrounding the
nucleus

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Gaseous ⇾ Uranus ⇾ Cold ⇾ Raining Diamonds ●​ Founder of the study of fossils and one of
⇾ extreme temperature the main founders of geology.
↳Saturn ●​ His theory of how geological strata were
laid down opened the way to
Oort Cloud and Kuiper belt ⇾ Rocks has ice understanding the history and age of the
↳ between Neptune and Pluto earth.
●​ The study of geology led Steno to the
Sublimation of ice ⇾ tail of comets ⇾ “ice ball” study of crystals, where he discovered the
Comets ⇾ Ice body and ice basic fact, known as Steno’s Law, that in all
Asteroid ⇾ Rocks has no gas crystals of the same mineral the angles are
the same.
Meteoroid ⇾ rock fragment in space
↓
Meteors ⇾ enters the atmosphere Branches of Geology
↓
Meteorite ⇾ fragments left on Earth’s surface ●​ Petrology
○​ Study of Rocks
Space is a violent place and we live in it. ○​ Deals with the origin, composition,
structure and classification of rocks
Geological Time Scale ↳ to assess
↳to come up with the idea of the
history of the earth
●​ Stratigraphy
○​ Stratified = many layers ↑
○​ Study of rocks and layering
●​ Paleontology
○​ Study of fossils to understand how
organisms evolved and interacted
with the environment
○​ It’s importance is to know the age
of organisms

2 Types of Dating

●​ Absolute Dating
○​ Accuracy or Accurate
○​ High Precision
○​ Many Problems
○​ Determines the exact age of the
artifact or a site
●​ Is a time scale organized according to ○​ Determines the numerical age
when certain organisms lived on earth. ○​ Works better for igneous and
●​ This is based on the appearance and the metamorphic rocks ( both are
disappearance of life-forms radioactive rocks )
○​ Radiometric, amino acid dating
Nicholas Steno dendrochronology and
thermoluminescence
●​ Prominent, contributed to 4 branches of
science ●​ Relative Dating
○​ Anatomy - Study of Human Body ○​ Less Accuracy
○​ Paleontology - Study of Fossils ○​ Determine which object is older
○​ Geology - Study of Rocks ○​ Works better for sedimentary rocks
○​ Crystallography - Study of minerals ○​ Arrange fossils in order
forming crystal elements
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○​ Processes, biostratigraphy,
stratigraphy, and cross dating
thermoluminescence
○​ Low Precision

Law of Stratigraphy ( Neil Stensen, 1638 to 1686)

●​ A guide that helped him make sense of

○​ Assumes that similar layers of rocks
rocks, rock layers and the various objects
or sediment by a valley or other
contained within them.
erosional feature were once joined
together.
Types of Law of Stratigraphy
●​ Law of Cross-cutting Relationship
●​ Law of Superposition

○​ Geological features like faults or

igneous intrusions that cross other
layers or rock must be younger
than the material it cuts across.
○​ The layer at the bottom of the ●​ Law of Inclusion
sequence is the oldest, and the
successively higher levels are
successively younger
○​ Bottom = oldest ;
○​ Higher/est = younger/est

●​ Law of Original Horizontality ○​ Relatively dated objects based on

their placement within with other
earth materials.

Unconformities
●​ Gaps or missing data in rock records
●​ Illustrated as a thick line
●​ Included in the rock layers

Types of Fossils
○​ All sediment is originally deposited
●​ Petrification
horizontally and tilting, folding or
○​ Form when materials are replaced
erosion happened after the layers
the structure of an organisms
were formed.
●​ Compression
○​ Cause : heat and pressure over
○​ Formed due to the burial of plants
time.
or plant parts in sediments
●​
●​ Mold and Cast
●​ Law of Lateral Continuity
○​ “ clay “ or “ pinagbakatan”
○​ Are 3D or three dimensional and
preserve the surface contours of
the organisms.
○​ A mold preserves a negative
imprint on the surface.

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○​ A cast preserves the external form

of the organisms.
●​ Preserved Remains
○​ Preservation of original skeletons
and soft body parts

Eons
●​ Longest subdivisions which can last up to
hundreds of million years.
●​ Determined by the prevalence of certain
fossils.
Eras
●​ The next-longest subdivision.
●​ Marks a major shift in the types of fossils
present.
Periods
●​ Divisions within an era.
●​ Mark stages within an era where different
kinds of life existed.
Epochs
●​ Shortest subdivision
●​ Divides periods into smaller units
●​ Determined by life-form changes

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