1

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

RCET CAMPUS

COURSENAME:

WORKSHOP

SUBMITTED BY:

MUHAMMAD USAMA

REGISTRATION NO:

2022-ME-409

SUBMITTED TO:

Muhammad Irfan

Safety precautions:
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Pre-operational safety check:

• Inspect work pieces and routes to make sure there are no slippery surfaces.
• Find and make sure you are familiar with the function of opening and closing the starter and E-
shop (if installed).
• Make sure all security guards are in place.
• Check that the function is firmly attached to the chuck.
• Remove all tools from the bed and machine slide.
• Ensure the correct speed of the mechanical process.
• Remove the chuck key before starting the lathe machine.
• Do not try to lift a chuck or face plate that is too heavy for you.
• Improper equipment should not be used. Immediately report suspected equipment.

Operational safety checks:

• Never leave the lathe in operation or visit the UN.
• Before making any adjustments or adjustments, turn off and bring the machine to a complete
stop.
• Do not attempt to slow down / stop the chuck there is a circular operation manually.
• Avoid letting his or her whisper over the tool or function. Stop the machine and remove it.
• Always remove the chuck key from the chuck.
• Do not store tools and parts at the top of the machine.

Housekeeping:
• Turn off the machine and reset all guards to a fully enclosed area.
• Leave the machine in a safe, clean and orderly condition.
• Potential risks.
• Flying chuck key left in chuck.
• Damage cutting tools when cleaning, filling, or polishing
.• Rotating machine parts-grip.

LATHE MACHINE
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Lathe Machine is one of the oldest machine tools in the production machine. This machine is
also known as the "mother of all machines".
A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes unwanted material from a rotating workpiece in
the form of chips with the help of a tool that cuts through all the work and can be fed deep into
the work.

Parts of Lathe Machine:

There are different parts of the Lathe machine that are used to perform different functions in the
workplace. These are the parts:

•Headstock:
The headstock provides lathe operating power rotation. Contains bearings used by the lathe to
rotate the working piece against the tool bits.
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 Tailstock:
Tailstock is especially useful if the working piece is long and narrow. Failure to
use the tailstock can result in "conversation," in which the work piece bends excessively
while cutting. It is also used in the lathe to hold piercing or re-drilling tools in the work area.

• Carriage:
The carriage houses the saddle, the cross slide, and the apron. The main function of the
carriage is to position the tool along the lathe bed. This lever controls the spindle's rotation
and direction.

 Bed:
A bed is a large horizontal structure or beam used to support other parts of the lathe such as
the headstock and tailstock. With the exception of wooden lathes, almost all lathes have a
bed. It is a long platform on which these parts are connected.

 Chuck:
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A chuck is a special type of clamp that is used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially
a cylinder. On drills and mills it holds a rotating tool while in lathes it holds a rotating piece of
work. In the lathe the chuck is mounted on a spindle that rotates inside the headstock.

 Saddle:
Seat located at the top of the plate. Officially, the saddle is part of the cart. Includes H-shape, is
responsible for supporting the movement of overlapping slides.

 Cross Slide:
Cross Slide is included in the cart. Its function is to provide the feed of the tool and its movement
is perpendicular to the center of the lathe machine. Compound Rest: Composition rest is set on a
cross slide and we can move in a circular motion.

 Compound Rest Slide:

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A combined rest area (or top slide) is usually where the tool is installed. It provides a small
amount of movement (under the opposite slide) next to its axis with another feed screw. The
combined relaxing axis can be adjusted independently without a cart or cross-slide.

 Tool Post:
Quick switch tool posts are a tool that is always stored in the machine manager so that changes
can be made easily. All instant switch tool posts provide adjustable tool length. Lathe Tool post
is a machine tool that rotates a block of objects when using abrasive tools, cutting, or turning a
block.

Title of Experiment:
To perform basic Lathe operations on a given metallic workpiece.
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STEPS:
 Facing
 Center Drilling
 Straight turning
 Step Turning
 Knurling
 Taper Turning
 Grooving
 Threading
 Finishing

Given Data of Materials:

1. Job Material is “MILD STEEL”.
2. Cutting Tool Material is “H.S.S.(High Speed Steel)”.

Procedure:
 Facing:
1) Adjust the soft metal bar on the three columns of the universal chuck.
2) Adjust the cutting tool on the right side of the toolbox.
3) Place the tool in the center of the work area by moving the cart.
4) Start the machine and move the tool from the center to the outside with the most
precision.
5) Do the facing on both sides until you find your required length of work piece.

 Center Drilling:
1) Do it in the middle using centric operation using tail stock.
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2) Adjust the drill tool on the tail cell and pierce the center of the working area on both
sides.

 Straight Turning:
1) The work piece is held on the chuck and it is made to rotate about the axis.
2) This process produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the
work piece.

 Step Turning:
1) Perform a turning step using a split tool.
2) Reduce the width to 17 mm to 15 mm.

 Knurling:
1) Adjust the wrap tool in the toolbox.
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2) Reduce the speed of the lathe machine and increase the power of the machine.
3) Make knurling 15 mm in the work area.

 Taper Turning:
1) We do a taper turning using a combined break.
2) First, we have to find the angle we have to do the taper turning.
3) Set the angle to the integrated rest area and start performing taper turning.
4) Do a little taper turning and you will get a cone

 Grooving:
1) When turning the sides, use a cut depth larger than the input corner radio.
2) Wiper effect - the feed rate at each cut depth should be high to ensure slight
deviation of the tool and insertion.
3) Too low causes tool scrubbing, vibration and fine finish.

 Threading:
1) Set the speed to about one quarter of the speed used for turning.
2) Set the gearbox to change quickly to get the required height in the strings.
3) Set the combined rest area 25 degrees to the right to get the right hand strands.
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Remarks:
By performing the lathe machine experiment, I came to know that how the different types of
facings are done on the machine. The chucks of the machine should be perfectly tight that the
specimen don’t get loose on performing the experiment. The cross slide should be moved
simultaneously during the experiments. We can perform various types of facing functions and
others operations on the lathe machine. We can also do drilling, taper Turing, knurling etc. and
various types of functions.

DRAWN DIAGRAM:
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FITTING SHOP

SafetyPrecautions:
• Always wear safety goggles, gloves and safety shoes
• Smoking and drinking should be banned
• In the event of a fire, we should know the difference between a water extinguisher and a carbon
dioxide extinguisher. For example, in the event of a power outage a fire extinguisher should not
be used
• Mechanical malfunction may occur at any time during excavation or otherwise in the operation
of machinery 45.
 Before any work is done in the workplace, permission must be obtained from the workshop
manager or lecturer.
 Maintain good conduct at the workshop.
 Do not play with the tool because it is sharp.
 When using a hacksaw, check its teeth should be sharp and forward.
 When using a hacksaw, check its hinges should be pinned correctly.
 When you last leave work, make sure all appliances are turned off.

INTRODUCTION
Machine tools can produce work faster but there are times when parts are processed on a bench.
Sometimes there is a need for change or adjustment
the part must be exactly the same as the other part in the reassemble. This involves a certain
amount of hard work. The integration of machine tools, jigs, gears etc., involves a certain amount
of bench time. The accuracy of the work done depends on experience and skills of the filter.

BENCH WORK:
The term bench function refers to the production of parts by hand on a
bench there as a proper contraction when assembling the bearing part, by removing the metal, to
obtain the required balance. Both bench function and installation require the use of a number of
simple hand tools and a great deal of effort.
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STEPS:
 Filing
 Chipping
 Scraping
 Sawing drilling
 Tapping

Holding tools
Benchvice:
A bench vice is a work device. It is the most widely used vice in the spray shop. The
bench vice is shown in Figure.

Fixed to the bench with bolts and nuts. The vice body consists of two main parts, a
fixed jaw and a moving jaw. When the vice handle is rotated clockwise, the smooth
jaw forces the work against the fixed jaw. Jaw plates are made of solid metal. The
jaws in the jaws ensure a good grip. Jaw hats made of soft materials are used to
protect the finished areas, held in vice. The size of the vice is determined by the
length of the jaws. The body of the vice is made of strong Iron in stress, weak in
stress and therefore breaks down in shock so it should never be repaired.

V block:
A V-block is a rectangular or square block with a V-groove on one or both sides.
The ‘V’ angle is usually 900.
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C Clamp:
This is used to hold work against an angle plate or v‐block or any other surface, when gripping is
required.

Marking and Measuring Tools

Surface plate:
The surface plate is machined to fine limits and is used for testing the flatness of the work piece.
It is used for marking out small box and is more precious than the marking table

Try square:
It is a 900 angle measurement and marking tool. In fact, it is used to test the
magnitude of many types of small tasks where extreme accuracy is not required. Try a square
blade made of solid metal and stock of cast iron or steel. Try square size is specified by blade
length.

Scriber:
A Scriber is a slender steel tool, used to scribe or mark lines on metal work pieces. It is made of
hardened and tempered High Carbon Steel. The Tip of the scriber is generally ground at 12oto
15o. It is generally available in lengths, ranging from 125mm to 250mm. It has two pointed ends
the bent end is used for marking lines where the straight end cannot reach.
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Odd Leg Caliper:

This is also called 'Jenny Caliper' or Hermaphrodite. This is used to mark parallel lines on the
finished edge and to find space between round bars; it has one leg pointed like a divider and the
other leg bent like a caliper. Specifies the length of the leg up to the point of the hinge .

Divider:
It basically resembles a caliper except that its legs are kept straight and point to the edge of the
scale. This is used to mark circles, arcs forming perpendicular lines, by placing lines. It is made
of solid or durable stainless steel and low carbon steel. Its size is defined by the length of the leg.

Trammel:
Trammel is used to draw large circles or arcs.

Punches
These are used to make retrospective lines, so that they are clearly visible. These are made of
high carbon steel. The punch is specified by its length and width (say 150 ’12.5mm). It consists
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of a cylinder body with wheels, which stretches a certain length on top of it. On the other hand, it
is low and high. The tapered point of the punch is reinforced with a length of 20 to 30mm.
The dot punch is used to zoom slightly around the lines of the building, to find the center of the
holes and to provide a small marker for the separator point, etc. For this purpose, the lower fist
goes to the concrete area with a 60 ° angle inserted.
The middle punch is the same as the dot punch, except for the bottom until it reaches a conical
point with a 90 ° angle inserted. It is used to mark the location of holes to be drilled.

Vernier Caliper:
These are used to measure external and internal sizes accurately. It can also be used as a depth
gauge. It has two jaws. One jaw forms at the end of its large scale and the other jaw forms part of
the Vernier scale.

Cutting Tools
Hack Saw:
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Hack Saw is used to cut metal by hand. It consists of a frame, holding a small blade, firmly in
place. The hacksaw blade determines the number of teeth per inch. Hacksaw blades have a range
of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per centimeter (cm). Blades with a small number of teeth per cm
are used to cut soft materials such as aluminum, copper and brass. Blades with a large number of
teeth per cent are used to cut solid objects such as steel and cast iron. Hacksaw blades are
classified as (i) All hard and (ii) flexible.

Chisels:
Sheets are used to remove excess metal or to cut smaller sheets. These tools are made from 0.9%
to 1.0% octagonal carbon steel or hexagonal component. The chisels are inserted, reinforced and
ventilated to produce a strong shank and a strong cutting edge. Annealing relieves internal
pressures on steel. The cutting angle of the chisel for a normal purpose is approximately 60 °.e;

Twist Drill:
Twist drills are used to make holes. These are made of high-speed steel. Both straight and taper
shank twist drills are used. A parallel shank twist drill can be caught with a standard test of
decaying effort. The tapper shank twist drill is equal to the corresponding tapered bore provided
on the drilling rig.

Touch and Touch wrenches:

A tap is a solid and metal tool, used to cut the inner thread into a drilling hole. Hand Taps are
usually offered in three sets of width and size for each thread. Each set consists of a suction
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pump, a central faucet and a plug or a drain plug. Taps are made of high carbon steel or high-
strength steel.

Diesanddie holders:
Dies are cutting tools used to make the outer thread. Assets are made solid or a separate type.
They are repaired in a death cell to catch and repair the death gap. They are made of steel or
High Carbon Steel.

Bench Drilling Machine:

The holes are covered to connect the parts with rivets, bolts or to produce an
internal cord. .
The following are the stages of excavation work
• Select the correct piercing size, place it in the check and lock it firmly
• Adjust the machine speed to suit the function by changing the belt on the pulleys. Use high
speed on small drills and soft objects and low speed on large drills and solid objects.
• Create a post office area and mark it with a middle fist.
• Hold the function firmly in the vice on the machine table and press it directly on the machine
table.
• Enter power, find punch mark and press slightly with the server handle.
• Once the digging has started in the right place, apply enough pressure and continue drilling.
If you are digging for metal, use cutting oil in the area of the piercing.
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• Remove the pressure slightly, when the piercing area pierces the lower part of the metal. This
prevents the piercing from gripping and injuring the work or drilling.
• When the drilling is over, follow the exit machine and turn off the electricity.

Finishing Tools
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Reamers:
Restoration is a function of measuring and removing a perforated hole, with the
help of a cutting tool called a reamer with multiple edges. With this, the hole begins to be drilled,
its size is slightly smaller than the finished size and then a hand thrower or generator is used to
fill the hole with the correct size.

Files:
Installation is one of the ways to remove small objects from the surface of a metal part.
The file is a solid metal and, with small parallel lines of cut edges or teeth in its place.
On the face, the teeth usually have diagonal edges. One side of the file is designed to fit
into a wooden handle. The image shows the various parts of a hand file. The hand file is parallel
in diameter and slightly narrower in thickness, facing the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth.
On the face, one cut on one side and no teeth on the other edge, known as a secure edge. Files are
divided by their shape, cut teeth and tone or level of teeth. The diagram shows the different types
of files based on their format.

Miscellaneous Tools
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File card:
It is a metal brush, which is used to clean files, to free them from files, and to get
stuck between teeth.

Ball Peen Hammer:

Ball-Peen hammers are named, depending on their shape and material and are defined by their
weight. A ball peen hammer has a flat surface used for normal work and a ball end, especially
used for folding.

Cross Peen Hammer

It is similar to ball peen hammer, except the shape of the peen. This is used for chipping,
riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the curves and shoulders.

Straight Peen Hammer:

This is similar to a cross peen hammer, but its pen is attached to the hammer
handle. It is used for movement, wrapping in restricted areas and stretch marks.

Screw driver:
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The screw driver is designed to turn the screws. The blade is made of steel and
is available in different lengths and widths. Grinding a tip to get it right is very important. The
star screw driver is specially designed to fit the head of the star screw.

Spanners:
A spanner or wrench is a tool for turning nuts and bolts. It is usually made of
wrought iron. There are many types of panels. Named at request. Panel size defines the size of
the bolt we can work with.

Title of Experiment
Prepare a specimen provided with a jaw of mild steel.
Measurements:
The measurement which I measurement of provided jaw before filling were:

Thickness: 5mm
Length: 6.7cm
Width: 4.5cm

Procedure:
 Cut a piece of soft metal 6.9cm long and 4.8 cm wide.
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 Now use a filling process file about 6.7cm and 4.5cm wide
 The new scale after filling will be 6.7cm long and 4.5cm wide.
 Now clean a piece of soft metal and check the angle of all four sides with an angular scale
 If angles are less than or less than 90 degrees there is a filling process make the four sides
equal to 90 degrees
 By using a writer, mark the metal in the anvel and by using a hammer and punches mark the
metal.
 After the marking process make holes with a drill
 Then to finish or not to say that at the last touch use the end using a piece of envy paper and
rub the metal until.

COMMENTS:
The apparatus should be checked before use. Drilling machine should be checked properly
before drilling.

Diagram:

ELECTRIC SHOP
Safety Precautions:
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 When work is done it should be completely separated from the

property
 A live or empty conductor in the installation should never be
touched.
 All cord joints are properly aligned and tightly closed.
 Turn off the main-switch before installing a blown fuse.
 Any electrical appliance should be sealed and fitted properly.
 Connections to all electrical equipment should be provided through
their use
 Individual switch. The switch should be provided with live or
phase cable.
 Provide feeds in all electrical circuits using a limited volume cable.
 Do not carry a sharp tool in your pocket.
 All tools must have independent handles.
 Before you move or carry any electrical appliances from one place
to another, they should be disconnected from the supply.

Cable:
An electric cord is a compound of one or more coils that run side by side or wired,
used to carry electrical energy.

Parts of cable:
 Conductor
 Isolator or Dielectric
 The protective covering.

Rope system:
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The network that connects the various accessories and part of the electrical
installation is called the wiring system.

Types of domestic wiring system:

 Cleat wiring (streets wiring)

 Casing & capping wiring

 Batten wiring
 Conduit wiring
1) Concealed
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2) Surface

Industrial Wiring:
A network that connects wiring through electrical industries such as
electrical panels and equipment is called industrial wiring.

Classes:
 Power wiring
 Wiring for lights, fans.

Color coding:
Color of the core insolation
 Red = phase Black = Neutral
 Yellow = phase Green = Earthing
 Blue = phase

Types of cables according to conductor :

 1-44 (.044’’ is the diameter of conductor)
1/.044’’ use for 5A
 3-29
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3/.029’’ use for 10A

 3-36
3/.036’’ use for 15A
 7-29
7/.029’’ use for 20A
 7-36
7/.036’’ use for 28A
 7-44
7/.044’’ use for 36A
 7-52 (Wapda use)
7/.052’’ use for 43A
 7-64
7/.064’’ use for 53A
 19-44
19/.044’’ use for 62A
 19-52

19/.052’’ use for 74A

Types of cables according to core :

 Vulcanized Indian Rubber (V.I.R)
 Polyvinyl Chloride cable (P.V.C)
 Paper insolated cables
 Varnished Cambric insolated cables
 Lead-Sheathed cable

Types of cable joints:

 Western-Union joints
 Britannia joints
 Rat-tail joints
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Difference between wire & cable:

Wire:
Single wire may bare or cover with insolation Known as wire.

Cable:
Several wires stranded together is known as cable.

Sources of energy:
Primary sources:
 Sun
 Wind
 Tidal waves

Secondary source:

 Gas
 Coal
 Water at high altitude
 Nuclear fuel
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Types of power stations:

 Thermal power station

 Hydroelectric power station

 Nuclear power station

 Solar power station

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Types of fuse:
 Round type fuse unit
 Rewirable or Kit-Kat
 Cartridge type fuses
 High Rupturing fuse

Tolls Use For Electric Shop:

 Bradawl

 Single way ON OFF switch

 Socket

 Bulb Holder

 Selling Rose
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 Round Block

 Pair of plyers

 Screwdriver

EXPERIMENT NO :1
To control a lamp in parallel circuit
Tools:
 Screwdriver
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 Bradawl
 Plier
 Tester

Accessories:
 On off switch
 wires
 Board

Bulb parallels circuit for controlling a lamp

NOTE: Only phase wire use in switch.

Procedure:
 Draw circuit according to picture No 1.
 Adjust the switch and lamp on the board.
 Take a piece of string, and attach it to one term (point) for replacement.
 Take another phase wire, attach one piece of wire to the second terminal of
the machine and attach it to one lamp terminal.
 Take a neutral wire and attach it to the second lamp terminal.

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
To control a lamp and a socket in parallel circuit.
Tools:
 Screwdriver
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 Bradawl

Accessories:
 On off switch
 Wires
 Board

Procedure:
 Draw circuit according to picture No 2.
 Adjust the switch and lamp on the board.
 Take a section string, attach it to one terminal (point) for replacement 1.
 Take another phase cable, attach one end of the wire and a second switch-1
terminal and attach a single lamp line.
 Take another phase wire, attach one end to the first S-1 terminal and then
attach the second end of the wire to one S-2 terminal.
 Take another phase wire, attach one part of the wire to the second S-2
terminal and the other to the first terminal of the socket.
 Take the middle wire, and attach the second light terminal to the second
terminal of the socket.

EXPERIMENT NO : 3
To control a lamp, a ceiling fan and a socket in parallel circuit.

Tools:
 Screwdriver
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 Bradawl
 Plier

Accessories:
 On off switch
 Wires
 Board
 Bulb holder
 socket
 Ceiling rose

Procedure:
• Draw circuit according to picture No. 3.
• Adjust the switch and lamp on the board.
• Take a piece of string, attaching it to a single term (point) switch 1.
• Take another cable cord, attach one piece of wire and a second switch-1
terminal and finally attach one single lamp terminal.
• Take another phase wire, attach one end to the first S-1 terminal and then
attach the second part of the wire to one S-2 terminal.
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• Take another section wire, attaching one piece of wire to the second S-2
terminal and the other to the first ceiling rose terminal.
• Take another piece of string, attaching one end to the first S-2 terminal and
the other end to the first S-3 term.
• Take an extra cord, attach one end to the second S-3 terminal and the other
to one terminal socket.
• Take a neutral cord, attaching one end to the second lamp terminal and the
other to the second term rosary ceiling.
• Take another neutral wire and attach it to the second ceiling terminal at the
second terminal of the socket.

Comments:
I did the all practical’s according to the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
I learned how to make parallel circuit and always voltage is same in parallel
circuit.

Carpentry Shop
Safety Precautions:
 Never wear loose clothes.
 While working with cutting tools like chisels make sure that cutting is
performed in the direction, away from the body.
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 Always uses a well-shaped tool. A blunt not only takes more time but there
are chances of slipping that may result in accidents.
 Never keep boards or other pieces carrying nails on the floor.
 While working on machines use safety guards provided on them.
 While working on a band saw adjust the guide properly.
 Keep the floor area free from obstructions.

Wood Working in Carpentry:

INTRODUCTION
Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting,
shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings,
ships, timber bridges etc.

Carpentry Tools:
A fairly large number of tools are used in carpentry to successfully work
difference forms to accurate shapes and dimensions. The principal hand tools
used in carpentry are classified as:
 Marking tools.
 Cutting tools.
 Planning tools.
 Boring and Drilling tools.
 Fixing and Striking tools.
 Holding tools.

MARKING TOOLS:
 Accurate marking and measurements is indispensable in carpentry to produce
components to produce exact size. The marking tools are as follows:
 Pencil: A pencil is used for marking dimensions and counters on wooden piece
in the carpentry shop.
 Carpenter’s steel rule: For larger
measures.
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 A carpenter uses a flexible

measuring rule or
 It is usually 2-meter-long steel rule.
It is also used
 for measuring curved and angular
surfaces.

CUTTING TOOLS:
Saw:
A saw consists of a wooden handle and a thin spring steel hardened and
tempered steel blade having a series of sharp teeth on one edge. This is the most
commonly used wood working tool. The basic function of all saws is to cut
wood. T he bending of teeth is also called setting of teeth.
Different types of saws are as follows:
 Rip saw
 Cross cut saw
 Jack saw
 Tenon saw
 Dovetail saw

Chisels:
Chisels are cutting tools consisting of the steel blade and a wooden handle. They
are used for shaping, fitting and surface decoration of wooden pieces. Different
types of chisels are as follows:
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Planning Tools:
Planes are cutting tools used for shaving or smoothing surfaces in carpentry.
Different types of planes are as follows:
 Jack Plane

The main parts of wooden jackplane are nose, stud, stock throat, wedge, back iron,
iron cutters and handle.
Striking Tools:
Various wood working tools like chisels and nails need striking from above to
drive them into wood. Striking is also needed for assembly of different parts. The
most commonly used striking tools are hammers and mallets.

Holding Tools:
To enable a carpenter to perform different operations accurately, the work piece
must be held firmly. Various holding are as follows:
Bench Vice:
It consists of 2 jaw (a) fixed and (b) movable. The fixed jaw is rigidly fixed with
the bench of the movable jaw is mounted on the screw and two sliding rods.
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CARPENTRY PROCESS:
In a carpentry shop a large number of operations are carried out to give a finish to a
work piece. Different operations are as follows:
 Marking measuring and layout
 Sawing
 Planing
 Chiseling

Marking:
Marking is the process of setting out dimensions on wood pieces to required shape.
We are given a wood piece of 15cm length which we measured from the trisquare
by putting it on the one of the plan side of the wooden piece. 3.5cm is the width of
the piece. Marking and measuring operations are carried out collectively on the
wood piece to set out the given dimensions.
Sawing:
It is the basic operation carried out in the carpentry for cutting wood to required
size and shape, straight, inclined or curved. The sawing of wood may also be
required along the grains and across the grains. In this the wooden piece is first
fixed in a vice and wood is moved up and sawing proceed.
Planning:
It is an operation used for obtaining perfectly smooth dimensionally true surface
with the application of the smooth planer. Now we plan the wooden piece up to the
required length of 15cm. This operation is known as facing and edging. A perfectly
planned surface should be perfectly straight parallel in width and thickness and all
edges square to the face.
Chiseling:
It is an operation of cutting a small stock of wood for producing different desired
shapes. When we made the dove tail joint we use chisel for making the area where
the joint is going to be attached.

Experiment
 39

TO PRERARE CROSS CUT LAP JOINT.

Cross cut lap joint:
In this joint the two wooden pieces cross each other and at the same time
remain in the same plane.
Tools:
Chisel, Jack plane, Cross cut saw

Procedure:
First I marked a line with lead pencil on long softwood piece and then cut into two
pieces using cross cut saw having length 15cm. After cutting we reduce the size of
specimen with jack plan, up to the width of 3.5cm & thickness of 1.5cm. Then I
smooth the surface with chisel to sure all edges are at right angles this can observe
by try square. After this I made a cross cut lap joint.