WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

Exp. No. 3
Name: Aswathi S.
Reg no:21BEC1081
Date:19.01.2024

Aim- To estimate the path loss in Free Space and 2-Ray Propagation Model

Tool Used: MATLAB

Problem Statements

A. Estimate the received power and the corresponding path loss using Free Space Propagation Model. (i)
Plot distance Vs. Received power and (ii) Distance Vs. Path loss.
Use the following values:
1. Frequency of operation = 900 MHz.
2. Transmit Power = 10W.
3. Gain of the transmitting antenna = 5 dB.
4. Gain of the receiving antenna = 3 dB.
5. Assume the system loss factor L = 1.
6. Distance d = 100:100:2000 m

B. Estimate the received power and the corresponding path loss using Two-ray Model.
(i) Plot distance Vs. Received power and
(ii) Distance Vs. Path loss.
Use the following values:
1. Frequency of operation = 900 MHz
2. Transmit Power = 10W
3. Gain of the transmitting antenna = 5 dB
4. Gain of the receiving antenna = 3 dB
5. ht=40 m, hr = 3 m;
6. Distance d = 100:100:2000 m

C. Consider any one distance value and compare the path loss estimated using both the models.

Theory:
Free space propagation model:
The free space propagation model assumes a transmit antenna and a receive antenna to be located in an
otherwise empty environment. Neither absorbing obstacles nor reflecting surfaces are considered. In
particular, the influence of the earth surface is assumed to be entirely absent. For propagation distances d
much larger than the antenna size, the far field of the electromagnetic wave dominates all other components.
That is, we are allowed to model the radiating antenna as a point source with negligible physical dimensions.
In such case, the energy radiated by an omni-directional antenna is spread over the surface of a sphere. This
allows us to analyse the effect of distance on the received signal power.
In the below Figure, Transmit antenna modelled as a point source. Transmit power is spread over the surface
area of a hypothetical sphere. The receiver antenna has an aperture A, illustrated in orange.
The surface area of a sphere of radius d is 4pd2. The power density w at distance d from a transmitter with
power pT and antenna gain Gt is

w = pT Gt/ (4 p d2).

The available power pR at a receive antenna with gain GR is

where A is the effective area or `aperture' of the antenna, with GR = 4p A / l2. The wavelength l is c /
fc with c the velocity of light and fc the carrier frequency. The product Gt pT is called the effectively radiated
power (ERP) of the transmitter.

Two ray propagation model:

A two-ray model, which consists of two overlapping waves at the receiver, one direct path and one reflected
wave from the ground. The total received E-field is the result of the direct line of sight component
ELOS and the ground reflected component Eg.
Path difference formula:
Phase difference:

Power of received signal:

Path loss in db:

Algorithm:
CODE A:
1. Frequency of operation = 900 MHz.
2. Transmit Power = 10W.
3. Gain of the transmitting antenna = 5 dB.
4. Gain of the receiving antenna = 3 dB.
5. Assume the system loss factor L = 1.
6. Distance d = 100:100:2000 m
Received Power Calculation: The received power (Pr) is calculated using the Friis transmission equation,
considering free-space path loss.
Formula:
Conversion to dB: The calculated received power is converted to decibels (dB) for easier interpretation.

Path Loss Calculation: The path loss is calculated as the ratio of transmit power to received power.
Formula:

Conversion of Path Loss to dB: The path loss is also converted to decibels.

CODE B:
1. Frequency of operation = 900 MHz
2. Transmit Power = 10W
3. Gain of the transmitting antenna = 5 dB
4. Gain of the receiving antenna = 3 dB
5. ht=40 m, hr = 3 m;
6. Distance d = 100:100:2000 m
Calculating Received Power:

Calculating Path Loss in (db):

CODE C:
1.Configure parameters such as frequency, transmission power, antenna gains, antenna heights, distance,
speed of light, system loss factor, and wavelength.

2.Compute path loss using the Free Space Path Loss model, determining the signal attenuation based on the
specified parameters.

3.Evaluate path loss utilizing the 2-Ray Ground Reflection model, calculating signal propagation
incorporating ground reflection effects.

4.Generate plots illustrating both sets of path loss data in relation to distance. Label the axes and title the
plot, including a legend for differentiation between Free Space and Two-Ray Ground Reflection models.

MATLAB CODE:
A) DISTANCE VS RECEIVED POWER AND DISTANCE VS PATH LOSS:
CODE1:
freq=900*10^6;
c=3*10^8;
pt=10;
gt=10^(5/10);
gr=10^(3/10);
l=1;
r=100:100:2000;
wl=c/freq;
pr=(pt*gt*gr*wl.^2)./((4*pi)^2.*r.^2)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(r,pr);
title("received power vs distance");
xlabel("distance");
ylabel("received power in watts");
disp(pr);
pl=10*log(pt)-10*log(pr);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(r,pl);
title("path loss vs distance");
xlabel("distance");
ylabel("path loss in db");

CODE OUTPUT:

GRAPHS:
MATLAB CODE:
B)PLOT DISTANCE VS RECEIVED POWER AND DISTANCE VS PATHLOSS.

freq=900*10^6;
c=3*10^8;
pt=10;
gt=10^(5/10);
gr=10^(3/10);
ht=40;
hr=3;
r=100:100:2000;
wl=c/freq;
pr=(pt*gt*gr*ht.^2*hr.^2)./(r.^4);
disp(pr);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(r,pr);
title("distance vs received power");
xlabel("distance");
ylabel("recieved power");
pl=40*log(r)-10*log(gt)-10*log(gr)-20*log(ht)-20*log(hr);
disp(pl);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(r,pl);
title("distance vs path loss");
xlabel("distance");
ylabel("path loss");

CODE OUTPUT:
GRAPHS:

MATLAB CODE:
C)COMAPRING PATH LOSS BETWEEN THE TWO MODELS:
freq=900*10^6;
c=3*10^8;
pt=10;
gt=10^(5/10);
gr=10^(3/10);
ht=40;
hr=3;
r=100:100:2000;
wl=c/freq;
pr=(pt*gt*gr*wl.^2)./((4*pi)^2.*r.^2)
plfree=10*log(pt)-10*log(pr);
pltworay=40*log(r)-10*log(gt)-10*log(gr)-20*log(ht)-20*log(hr);
plot(r,plfree);
xlabel("distance");
ylabel("path loss");
hold on;
plot(r,pltworay);
legend("free","two ray");
CODE OUTPUT:

GRAPHS:
CONCLUSION:
The path loss in both Free Space and the 2-Ray Propagation Model has been computed. The Free Space Path
Loss (FSPL) model, which characterizes unobstructed free space, demonstrates a swift elevation in path loss
proportionate to the square of the distance. In contrast, the 2-Ray model considers both the direct line-of-
sight and ground-reflected components, resulting in a more gradual path loss curve. The incorporation of
ground reflections introduces patterns of constructive and destructive interference, contributing to a less
steep increase in path loss.