Republic of Yemen

Ministry of Higher Education

Sana'a University

Faculty of Engineering

Mechatronics Department

Subject: Fluid Mechanics Lab.

Report: Characteristic of Different type of flow rate.

.

Done by: Jubran Abdul Aziz Ali.

Supervised by/
Prof. Dr. Abdul-Malik Momin
Eng. Hussam AL-khatib

AC.NO. 202474030

Sana'a 2024
 Contents

CHARACTERISTIC OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FLOW RATE ________ 2

1-ABSTRACT ___________________________________________________ 2
2-INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________ 2
3-OBJECTIVE ___________________________________________________ 2
4-METHODOLOGY _______________________________________________ 2
Components and equipment: _____________________________________ 2
Equipment Description: _________________________________________ 2
Procedures: __________________________________________________ 3
Theory: ____________________________________________________ 3
5-RESULTS: ____________________________________________________ 4
-Tabular & Graphical Data & Calculation __________________________ 4
Table1: experimental results: ____________________________________ 4
Table 2: calculation results: _____________________________________ 4
Calculation: _________________________________________________ 5
CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________ 6
7-REFERENCES __________________________________________________ 6

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 Characteristic of Different type of flow rate
1-Abstract
In this experiment we find the flow rate using three type flow rate meters (venturi, orifice, variable area) and
compare the result with actual flow rate.

2-Introduction
There are many different meters used to measure fluid flow: the turbine-type flow meter, the rotameter, the
orifice meter, and the venturi meter are only a few. Each meter works by its ability to alter a certain physical
property of the flowing fluid and then allows this alteration to be measured. The measured alteration is then
related to the flow. The subject of this experiment is to analyze the features of certain meters

3-Objective
1-determine flow rate using venturi, orifice plate and variable area meters.
2-compare each device flow rate with actual flow rate.
3- determine the head loss of each device.
4-Methodology
Components and equipment:
1. Venturi.

2. Orifice plate.

3. Variable area meters.

4. Timer
Equipment Description:
1-Venturi Meter:
A Venturi meter is a type of differential pressure flow meter that measures the flow rate of a fluid by
constricting the diameter of the pipe. This constriction causes an increase in flow velocity and a corresponding
pressure drop, which can be measured to determine the flow rate1. Venturi meters are known for their high
accuracy and low pressure drop, making them suitable for large flow applications.

Fig.1: venturi meter equation.

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2-Orifice Meter:

An orifice meter also measures flow rate using the differential pressure principle. It consists of an orifice
plate with a hole that creates a pressure drop as fluid flows through it. The pressure difference before and after
the orifice plate is measured and used to calculate the flow rate. Orifice meters are simple and cost-effective
but can have higher pressure drops compared to Venturi meters1.

Fig.2: orifice meter.

3-Variable Area Meter (Rotameter)

A variable area meter, often called a rotameter, measures flow rate by allowing the fluid to lift a float in a
tapered tube. The position of the float is directly proportional to the flow rate3. These meters are simple to
use, versatile, and provide a visual indication of flow rate. They are commonly used for measuring the flow
of gases and liquids.

Fig.3: Variable Area Meter.

Procedures:
First we set rotameter at 5scale then we open the valve and set a timer for three liters to pass. Repeat this
operation for 10 and 15 to calculate the time and the h height we have seven h's to measure.

Theory:
The flow measurement apparatus consists of a water loop as shown above figure. The supple line is connected
to a gravimetric hydraulic bench. The flow rate controlled by a gate valve located at the discharge side of the
hydraulics bench. A venturi meter, wide-angled diffuser, orifice meter and rotameter are arranged in series.
Pressure taps across each device are connected to vertical manometer tubes located on a panel at the rear of
the apparatus. The discharge from the apparatus is returned to the hydraulics bench.
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 2
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣2
+ +Z1= 𝛾 + +Z2
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
2
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣2
+ 2𝑔 = 𝛾 +
𝛾 2𝑔
2
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝐴1/𝐴2)2 𝑝2 𝑣2
+ =𝛾+
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑝1−𝑝2 𝑣22 (1−(𝐴1/𝐴2)2 )

=
𝛾 2𝑔

(𝑝1−𝑝2)2𝑔
𝑣22 = 𝛾((1−(𝐴1/𝐴2)2)

(𝑝1−𝑝2)2𝑔 1 1
V2= [ ]2 [1 − (𝐴1/𝐴2)2 )]−2
𝛾
1 1
V2= [(ℎ1 − ℎ2)2𝑔]2 [1 − (𝐴1/𝐴2)2 )]−2
1 1
Qventuri=A2 [(ℎ1 − ℎ2)2𝑔]2 [ρ1 − (𝐴1/𝐴2)2 )]−2
1 1
𝑄 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢
=Cd A2 [(ℎ1 − ℎ2)2𝑔]2 [ρ1 − (𝐴1/𝐴2)2 )]−2 Cd=0.98 for venturi meter = 𝑄 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟
1 1
Qorifice =Cd A7 [(ℎ6 − ℎ7)2𝑔]2 [𝜌1 − (𝐴7/𝐴6)2 )]−2

5-Results:
-Tabular & Graphical Data & Calculation

Table1: experimental results:

N Volume(lit) Time(s) h1 mm h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 Q
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm variable
1 3 31.15 364.5 347 355 350 300 300 292 295 0.0833
2 3 18.25 395 345 372 364 305 307 275 286 0.1666
3 3 11.79 287 183 245 250 230 165 100 165 0.25

Table 2: calculation results:

N Flow rate (𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐) % Error
Q venturi Q orifice Q variable venturi Orifice variable
1 3/31.15=0.0963 0.1041 0.2671 0.0833 0.0809 1.773 0.135
2 3/18.25=0.1643 0.1761 0.1335 0.1666 0.0718 0.187 0.0139
3 3/11.79=0.2544 0.2541 0.3807 0.25 0.0179 0.496 0.0173
Head losses (mm)
venturi orifice variable
h1-h3 h4-h5 h6-h8
1 364.5-355=9.5 350-300=50 300-295=5
2 359-372=23 364-305=59 307-286=21
3 287-245=42 250-230=20 165-100=65

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Calculation:
d1, d3=31.35mm d2= 15mm d7=20mm d6= 31.35mm
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A1= 𝑑 = 31.35 =771.9 mm^2 A2= 𝑑 = 152 =176.7mm^2 A7= 𝑑2= 202 = 314.16mm^2
4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋
A6, A8 = 4 𝑑2 = 4 31.352 = 771.9mm^2
Qventuri:
1 1
[(ℎ1 − ℎ2)2𝑔]2 [𝜌(1 − (𝐴2/𝐴1)2 )]−2
1 1
[(364.5 − 347)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (176.7/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
1 1
[(395 − 345)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (176.7/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
1 1
[(287 − 183)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (176.7/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
Error:
Qactual−Qventuri
Qactual

0.0963−0.1041
= = 0.0809
0.0963

0.1643−0.1761
(2)= = 0.0718
0.1643

0.2544−0.2541
(3)= = 0.0179
0.2544

Qorifice:
1 1
[(ℎ6 − ℎ7)2𝑔]2 [𝜌(1 − (𝐴7/𝐴6)2 )]−2
1 1
[(300 − 292)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (314.16/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
1 1
[(307 − 275)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (314.16/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
1 1
[(165 − 100)2𝑥 9.81]2 [1000(1 − (314.16/771.9)2 )]−2 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑚3 /𝑠
Error:
Qactual−Qorifice
Qactual
0.0963−0.2671
(1) = = 1.773
0.0963

0.1643−0.1335
(2) = = 0.187
0.1643

0.2544−0.3807
(3) = = 0.496
0.2544
variable Error:
Qactual−Qorifice
Qactual
0.0963−0.0833
(1) = = 0.135
0.0963

0.1643−0.1666
(2) = = 0.0139
0.1643

0.2544−0.25
(3) = = 0.0173
0.2544

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Conclusion
This experiment successfully analyzed the characteristics of different flow rate meters: Venturi meter, orifice
plate, and variable area meter (rotameter). Each meter's measured flow rates were compared to actual flow
rates, revealing variations and associated errors. The Venturi meter demonstrated high accuracy with minimal
pressure loss, making it suitable for high-flow applications. The orifice plate, while cost-effective, showed
higher pressure losses and greater errors. The rotameter provided a visual and straightforward measurement
but was less accurate compared to the Venturi meter.
The analysis also highlighted the relationship between head loss and flow measurement accuracy for each
device, emphasizing the trade-offs between precision, energy loss, and application suitability. These findings
reinforce the importance of selecting an appropriate flow meter based on specific operational requirements.

7-References
1- https://www.aybu.edu.tr/bolumroot/contents/muhendislik_makina/files/VENTURIMETER%20EXP
ERIMENT(1).pdf
2- https://studentopportunityfund.barnsley.ac.uk/results/browse/fetch.php/engineering_fluid_mechanics
_crowe_9th_edition.pdf

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