pt+r ++ tob Sc,ru,uaq 2Olb 2 t Jc:re2ot 6

LectuRE- 3
\eeer)o6: u')e JepineJ ood u+t;d;a) Proper-+.-ias ry
l;rn &tx\ - L
*-> a

ov'r/ce,t^, e,'sch r)-o* dorr:llin -f corttc'ins

i^.rhere o i.s a ,uol
a- LooL ne.,*r*,o'ilU 4-e loi'rc a )
su65i c\eo+lX- c,lcs* Poirr'as +o

*ror-', bod'" *sides.

t=tk) Vi"eo bV 4''e

Examgle: C-onsiJe. +he 4:tsctctiOo
t
V.agh Ccrnsi.,0er -;he
poice ct= 2.

t,

uOe stls;srv€ c)'ta+ +L2)= 4

ul)heo uJ€? o pprO*J a-2 fi,Ortr lr* , '--he ,rolcro= af

t-; &) is fru*i "E - [o-s= +o t-!,.

r-,t J he n q)e o-pprc',,ch a-=2 trorn .fl / tle r,oalue.-s qf

6=- 6Lx\
is Ve++inV -loseo b t . 50 +U) (p+
Ae 4:n ".,l6es
exiSa.
6""1; Dev'ise ct- technil* @ -s*tdy z.his bs5or;o..

- t-
 (e ,,, x LL
Exar'nple 3 Cons\Jet '$e <,c,,s,e 4t:o&icn 4Lx)=;
(- 'q is )( >L

(Ne *)s114 +O s+-ody li,n p t*).

x-> L
CcposiJer +he
ftra7h W, +L*) - t

A-s >L app.ocrches to L 4.rom +he le+.+ , o^-rht ch uJe dcnro+-

bu
tr
x-.L
u.re observe +)-to+ 4U) aP?toc,ches -Lo +he poir>+, 2

t,<Je ,^rriee thi = cLs

.lr*', ,etjt): I
x-> f

Oo +he o+her hr,,nd, a-< x ,pp(o.,che-s oo

/ 4arorn cig!,+'.
,^,hr.h r,^)c drnore b
U-
.+
x d I
J

u<re ob.serue +)na+' + Ln) app(caches @ *le poio+ -2-

vue r--r.rric€ +h'is a s
.b- 4tx) = -2.
*nf
t Each o+ +hese li"i,c. is called .€i;q4-J -/m't=.
a r-to re ose r/ here .lre havg

lio't +Lx) dons rr& e><jSre .

x-> -!-

-2-
Exarngle t Coosidec +he re rooL 4:ooctior, : 4 t*)= .F.
&!tE

Do"ndo f = LOroo) , UUe cr.rill coo-s'idg *he goTctc' O.

? As * -> O* , u')e o hserue +ho.t

+Lx) '-> O =6
Tha+ i=.. l;rn A =- 0.
' yaO+

T h-orer.rr: 6iysn U=+[x ) , a &o6c1;ioo . rohcrse Jorr;cti o ao rrtcr Ins

crll poirre-s s.Jffi jet*)y a[ose @ .so'rr€ c-1fA , Lr-e- har.te

hrn +L"\ = L
*-) a,
<:+ l;rnCt- 4Lx) '- L : .lit-,
><->
Y>C),
+ I*) L

lrlo.ra Y fr,r a bove theorec'. rrnplies <)-,o+ irn 4Lx\ = L 14

X-2 Ct

t) ,/r.r, f L*) .nd /r"^- 4.L^) bo+h e'(ist"

*4a' ^->&
e) The6 bo€h o-,lool @ L,

i; xLZ
Exa"ople e Evolva*e. /-tm
x22
,ulx ) ')l + tx, =l'" if ^>2
Ls^

Solt-rrion: Ob.er.re +F,at lim ,f t. ) l;m 5x -= !,O

xa2+
x42+

li- ,f t^ ) li,, x2 .= 4.
xn^g- *,tt'

Bo+h orr=siJe.0 lirnils exis!, b* *Eff are NOT e_.ql.'al'

Hence l-l- nelx) eloe.s not axlss.

>-> I

-3-
fxaragl.: Euolvo@. ,ltrn l4
x-ro x
so\u+ion: ah*rue -hol
l;m ]a = .h* -L .t- .lr^ L - L.
x-, d -L X x->Of
"-r[f
x)O x)O
\

"n.J
x-) O- x xdO- X *->O-
x/,O x{ O

Since l.e6+ a.,cl tVE o(:=-sld€J l;rn]*s' lre r,e eq'-'c''y,

we cctnclude +hat does o& e:<is6'

4:n +

; Fiool +he llrni+ B i-e exT.s+s Z ,L-',o lx+ 0l

E-xawrple y->'k

So\,rtion: B- ..,ll +he Jefinia'oo o+ c'bolcxe vol"e

\x+ t*l =J
L-Cx+4) )# x+Q1O 4 'LA-tr
oc'r 4cnctlbo
SO,ur.r€ t-,ill hove d}+eren1. exPres<1oo= +o(
t*.r hen ure appror.l-, @ - L +feirr, l+St aoc) ^0* -k,le-t'
cto@ ore- 'sided limi*s
thcr+ is, ,re nee"J to evol

l;^ lx+41 =-,/im

^++ =O
x-t-1+ p -ti
lirn lx+Ll :lt"n -x-4=0 ,
x-> - L- y-> -L-
On- - si"ted ll"'ni'+-s are e-lr,al :) '{}rn I x+ 4 I - A '
xa-4

-b-
lnsroite Lirni+s B

Consider -ehe re.,'proaal 4onction gLx\ = L aroond +he

X

poio+ O

As u-)e app.oach O trom rhe )n# / t))e ob.serre vho+

4 de.crea s €s ba +l:.c: ne7o+ive 2l<;txis ) ,^,;thotrt .
ont h-unc'l'
x
L,UE c^lrl+e i+ crs .t
/ir.', _N
v-> O-
x =-

Si-;l ady , d.s trre crPPloclc !'', O 4ror.n -d-,e .igh-a. tte ohserre
.+ha*- L i ncreases ( on 4-'e 'posletve y<octs )
X
ont boond. U)e. r,^lrl+e '1t os
.(ln -l- =- *N
'n'd '(
xlote +hat Itr", "loes od' exis;-c
\
2(
x-t O

-5-
Exarnple z Eva.loctte
!); i,
Sol,-.tronr As x a D- . x' -n On Theo 4 ,^,)ll ioct-eose-
xu
c^,i+houo brund. Ttn B
y'trn L, = + P'
v->O- x'
0., +he o+hq hc,r:lr:), as x
-) O* x h
d . Theo , o.6<,io
-1
( t^rill inc reas€ t-uiehout balod' Tt'p+ Is-
Xt(
-/rrn L =-t&,
*-, f xE

|1.^ +his cc,se, ane- sideJ l)m it-s ( boch ) do

NOT exi:rib

($n.,e 't lirnie e^i-st= " me.,ns 'f is ct r*ol 6,1r,,ber l'
Bu,. t bu7 hove +he .sc.rY)e Ltcl:nViOf. SO, LLE' o-ri6e'
^lirn -L : +N
x-> o xd

Exarople 3 E-.'"olucr+e llrn *-t 1

x.e 3 xz- q

Solt-tlon; uLle ob-serve +ha<. v'r3 > x+3 F- -!-

^^- 1 t^-sl t*S I x-3
inc *F-3 Theo
Am x+-3 = /,-,ut x-.3
+
xa3 ,aa3
^t-cl
t)Je.t-J @ evc)loc'te ehe r,ne-aic,tecJ lirnits

As ^d 3- :> x-3 --) 0- .-) L;m -!- : - F

X-) v4 3-

-6-
 A^J crs x d 3f .=) Y- 3 '- O* - x1
x-rf
The te lrrn Y+ 3 do-= o& ex)st'
Sst-le /
x-) 3 *'-1

l)mi+s a* fni o*il.%

Nex-e, .re *nll 6,g;^siJer .(unc+;ions f+L"l arhcse tfot''o)o

contuios (.rf * ) oclanc) -(-*. q) +o. sorne corts@r*s
ct c.nd c2.
G,.re-s+ion I ur-J hat hc,ppens +o =;Lx ) . a-s x 4<- @
X.
ad/o, as x -) -*Z
io y';rn at,.l 2
Th*+ i9 c{re are io-Eeres+q)
x-) -F

onc) li- +U 2
a-1nN

Exo rnp l. g
,x + , +he recigrocal 4oorlcibn.
Loosider SLx)=

-, @ , +ho+ i-s as x fr* nna+)'ul$ large-'

t ) As x -
, :i ll
(q.ron +he oeVcft\ve *r'le )
A.n.tose -Eo
*
O'
An -ehi-s 46rs€, u-re ,-r.-tri,r- Y-* * -

f) As *ha-c is as x 8*= latge, *

^->+N,
ari(\ ff* c lose @ O (4rorn =|o gasic),.e =fJe J

Tn +his ccrse . LLre ,*, cite l;* l- :- A '

>t-)tN X

-+-
Ero^gle: Evaluo+* the lirni-a ,/;rn 3
laP v3*5

5ol.r+ionr Sin.e , bt oor above ohse-rucrt'oo, ct-s x 4 re

-!-.+O
x? / ure cc rn?r*e'.

.= y'';rn '/rt 3 '/xt

A^ == = l; rn t/x"
*-, ) x3+ S N '/*' x3rS x4F 4*
^->

,lr,n
, ('/n)t 6-: a.
= x.->oa ,3
- ,l .y S.oa
I + sL'lx)
-/tr

hold
-Qe-c..LT All .,he pcope{*ies 04 lirt ies olto
/l''
" Lirnits a+ Tn6io\+Xt
t\ n \
+of

E>.omple hn' F
3 r.',rrlrt.z*e +he l'i,.''i''e k)Q

So\u+)o1-l3 As 7--> N / -x )pa ' Theo L-x -F bo'

- ->
Hen ce , -ehe above l:"tlt don= not et!€o rnctLe
Sen. sP

Moro trn..oily / tLe hcrv€

Lt)

'4(x)=-G
3 fsqu,,re Roc F.rnc$on) L*
Exorngle =-;'^
Theo ias recip coc) tLx) = sar6\;:ie-s
# = *,
,hrn \{} :0.
*4N -T-
Limi+s a+ an4-i o\+,V +o( ?. .cr+joool Foo*)ooS:!
L* y=S&)=ffi be a '&i''-'l ,e"'cr$oo'

Srrp !- , t r)e )*nrrnlne +he +errn ) n p tx ) LqLx\ '-.-'hich

hc.s +he Srea+es+ ;.o-,.ter, ?-t 'o'

S+ep 2 t A)e Jivi..le bo*h +he nOmera@r . P [^ ) od =he

1L^) JLx) 1 xn

5*.P 3: Ta co,'-,,1Lj+e /ir,' +U) oc !f* .'etx) I uJe offlt

><-) @

+l.e l"irnlrs tJ ) +gferfer , rieh Trope-des o+ hm*s'

Exarngle S Eualv q+e +he htt'i+ hrn x2-. 2

^)P 4x^-3x+T
Solu+i or,; ltn @_ 2. xL-2r/
^iP @"+
= L;,-.
x-> N trx2-3x++1Oz
az

crrd,tnt+
0 z)-
V6*", is x2
=- .Lr rn t-uD ---O
l-o =_L
x)N L
4-@r ,fA t,-O+O I

l, )o
D
e-3
/rr', x-- x
Exo".,gle 3 Luolucrte *Le h,.''i+
"-, -: ,=-
"a-*5
t,7o
l-- /x
5o lr+)on ! ,{;nt "brtt
= 'x-w --2 Joes (Pt
x-)-oo *3-^a+ 5
Zr- '/, n Vxg <zxEs€

+rr+
ooo
- 1-
!trOtuovec / LDe gl26strJ€ +l'ro+ as x.€-fl / x5-x3 -2 -P
tn-N b,.+ ,Q,->*N, So
cLnd d9 x-)*N =) x

There4o ce/. +he quofi=nt

-.-,N
x-<\3-x c ri l\ -ectVe @n 7o.si+i
r-'e uoLret 45 1.- -?o.

x3 -lQ+S

TheA, a3
: *P'
^ltrn ='--x+5
x->p xJ-xe
is a .o+)oncrl 4ort*ioo. -tlut
Rur',..rL Y 14 pLxl = ',och
H
&t xn 15 zhe tern . r,sh ?ouJe-c ?
(^) o".l
fea@+-
.
b^\
lY)
tJ +he @rrr, r-.rlel" a-ceates-t- PoL,-)er
io qLx),
d
t.-hen n
.{in', nc [x ) = lirn ?9 : li,-t
xi 9/
_QoY
. rY1
.*4 *
^->
@ l Lx) br'' x

cr..t c[
At^ 4[x ) = ,lirn L9 ltr',
.= x4-P Q., X^
x-x> \-tq Q Lx) b- x^

,brn x
ExrrrnP\e : Euo\vq@ x+ -F C3x-I)a

So lu€ion ; lt,n x
(3x- 4 )L
A,n
X.)*F
a t
.Lir".
x-)-a Qx'
*d'e ffDa"*

,ti rn
= x)-N li,n t *
1x
^->420

(:
=1^ ,l;*
f .-,** X fito)=o

_,o_
Limi*s a+ I F'oc=eio,'s ;
1n4.i
"Yt +or PolXnornia

(-()e lrrve' z As Y-) e Lo, X-)- * ) +le lirnie a+ a plVa-t"l

,eunctio n
i5 +he -sctry,e c,.s 4e lrmi+ qf i€-s -e€ftTl

t\c& inv olves che greaLe.sf ?ocuer ef x.

o
Exarnple g Evoluc,ee +he [],-, ;+ -0r rn L* - 4

x4 _y
5
Solu+ioo: .l;rn tx-t,1 = !.ir"' *5 : -F.
X-)-cY '2<-) -P

b 3/z-
Exarn gle 3 7u, [urcr+e +he y'i,n;+ lrn X +x + )-
X)tP

S otc*ion: It^ *b + x3/t + s = hrn yb: + Oo.

xl-)+(Y x l->+.ao

Lxarnple Z Vuc,lucr+e +he hnni+ lirn ([^\" -* )

k>P

No"e The ven .fuoceion is no+ c, rc,+i61ool +oo &io n ,

Y V
crncj t*t€ ut afrt @ observe dt+
(e-,s+ric+iny oo(
qF
d.++e n€)or, @ ++E @rn u.rieh fl'ceo@+ Pu'q
x do-s noL vplsl here- 3

Observe i hctL
I ttt' .r} -x -=. -Ai rn x-X :- A.
x4W x->P

B,t-+ , in 4crct rr.JC= eoryt}te.

.!r r"l {fr -^ ) =.li,n (G _ x) (J-Er+x)

A-) P ('@*x +-x )
^4@

-tl-
 ,l;^
= 7\+ OO .G* +X
J-/

rn
,Lr z{ u* --<'
)<) d {ffi +x
,L;,N x
X.-)e q+x
lln, */n
x-)F W/^ + "/x

,!i rn I
xa.P tr-@ +.1
'Yo
I L
G*L 2

Exarnp\. o, Le+ = J
I l-" i,F Y L3
fLv) i4: x)3
f*sr-xz
b) g,.,r1., a*@ ,lirn + L* ) "..d
-l;n
*rc
nuLx).
2<-)
AOP

,rt 4 tx ) hrn -x^ : *N

So lu+io n ; 7.) lr-
e )<-) * x.-> N
x)j

..ac,l li rn ,f &) .!-i rn 2-x - L;rn -x *- 4gn,

;(-) - 9o >(-)- F x->*F
xL3

tb) LvoloatQ 4-ta)

)-t rn ;r i+ exists.
xa3
5o lution z ,llr--t 4L*) = lt- 2-x:-L I
^-:3
- xa3- l_ .0-r,n 4tx)
: .LJ x-> 3
ond ,/f "o . ne tx ) =
l:rn 1+ 3x-xa
doa not
><-> 3r xr 3n
e,,<Tsrt .

- t2-
Exercise.s:
r) ri"a .1,'- [;J -2
x-> 6 >.- b

2) Find +he c-oos@rft; e 's,o 4a+ ,/r;n x\Y-Y*+ |c r

ez:< i:=ts .

x-) 3 y\ 5x'+
5^+ b

3) (^ i; x4O eac h
E volvate eoc o& *,he
le+
ht-x)=)r, lrc. oi'xLz ,
I
\r-^ )4 x )- 2

tollo.^rin7 hrni*,s, iy *bff e>cts+.

La) Ltm h [x ) ( b) ,1,',-t h [x ) (.\ "L;n h tx)

r-tCd x-:O v- )t

t"J) !r.n hh) te) 4;n, htx) l;n

W \-)(n h tx)
2t )22
xd2- ,.->

4) Lu,..lv ote +he +ollo*t\o7 limi ts, i'f +hey exlst:

ta) lt_ (l g- "\
I
cb) bm x\-l
xo !, L^- xL--L J x-> ,+ ix-Il

5) Evolvat@ *-he li rnit .lr,n

x-) 2- L
lz- x-2
-L

_ 13-