tb Tr- 2Ol 6

M*f r+ tO b SurptUER gol b

LLC'|)RL I
o l-vh* is Calcul.:s o.d *V do ae -er^ddr- b?
Calculus ls te sotAV oJ: horu *r"f ( '\Svnceio'es ")
elnny.
It prcvides c,t, rnzaherncrtica I
}.o',,eur,orL *ound=lioV
;i1Lst;errns )n ,^r)-,i.h rhere i*s c.l-taoff- r atnd cL *V €o
JedL).(o d'e- p.ed)-cions +f' 'st-lch "'o"lelt'

u,t, Jgeed @d: rt'to*'ien

, Hoc.,.r .Jo-- Ccr[ ccrlus ,oorL?
* The -oin idec. ,s +o r2-se. +he cor**e * l;"t,*s-
uder-s+ond U,sl:r,+ L*9Pert'= <o
L"irni€s olloriu u,s @)
,Je qe+' '\\oSioi-telg> cIre '( a) c- pirrt'
f ooc+ion.s ,-rtl-,en c
o,nd 1o. '\inpini*V nfa'"ru
n Lt)ha+ e(e +he conter-t^= od: Coltolus /
t-e hcrs +c-L)o tY-SoC &o6cFres z Ds-erentiol Colct-llc''s

o.d )- n+eg, ul Caleul's '

- Di"F&er-er-t*i al C.,lct.,lu's c,e,oc,err]S rcrtes % c'hon7e

T neSro\ Co\cu['=s c@ncerrls clcd)(rlullcrCtbn od;

1u on+i+ies'
These +LLJ> bcoc,er,es cttre -elored @ nach e+ler
og ehe TundoroetJtal -fh*ocero ?f Calc,l"s
. 4o,^., o ld i-s Cal c.r[r- ?

l'lodern C.,lcvlus ;s duuel.,9ed in -o-'e t2-t'\ c-errborU-

uy Js.r. Ne.^.,*on a.r-.J b-La+ried Leibniz.-

f ctoc*ior,s:
uss\Vas +D euh Pirtr' inq
ft;uoc+ioo is ct role d-X
ooe vo\rt+ togecL ) tO o See B-
6x A .*oxlV
, 3'ost GolldL d 6on&ion B o' -*YYioV
Excr..,p\es, ,f (r) = xL+9 , ffL,o=#

*-{>
Input ---+ f **> { }utput
--:>
.f ---* rnlt:hintr --l> /( rt

(;t) ,\ Iultclion *s a nta;l;titte, tb) ,\ luntrlion as a ntatthittr

ff.r",o.L f uUe ,lso n-uA eo sp--\EU 'ele ,eLs A "r-'d B

Sea A o; -d-e 1onett'oo -f
&+B Lcdornc,\n ) g +)-re -tot-'eer96 +
E*o"r,p le; -L )6 x{ 3 Cese Tu.,seion )
4 Lxl = [r'
Ls i; x>3
A*P'* ? ,rk
.v
[elerneots
"I^;-W*,.rin)
GcaPh "f t+e)

Y ->\og,.t4
LelemertLs oS Jotnoin)

r.lcttc.,cal Dornoin I @t a gt'tocLion 4tx) is +he s&" af crll

mbers Fc,r ,^rhicl^' +t;<") i.s de"cinect.
nu

?re*crL! lue u.,il\ urorb wid- natcsral dtmoins Ot oguncfr'Ons

urnless iL i-s s?ecid:ied ather o,,uise.

F'yali+y of fonctiors; To X,^: Y are e|uol-
"ot +)-ta+ n,?,
d-enoted +:t, i= -ec) =oA -)-,a+
l. The clo".,crin o+ A )s equdl +s +he do.naio t
"f
2. EverT x in <.he olo.toin qF I and t, ure hor're
C

+U) : fr[x) '

Sounne Roerr Fuxrc-TroN: ELx)=(; ,ior
oS S&)
glva +he do-nc'io
30, Jowroi n qf .t i5 Lo, x)

*=G

E,<a'ogle z Le+ )^ "rnd h [x ) = x

VLx) =
L'Q
T hen eJo..,ain o+ = LO, n) and Jo"t'ain % h: IP,

3 =- (-oo..*)

H'eoce +h And.ed , ob.=erve -eh*t

V
{,taf

?o*ERs oF THra I DENTTf y FL/Ntcrrcf,.ra,,

)onPinne = R
-) X
l.Ae-oe;+U
-) R. d.e;:iod
;unctioo ne,' rR. bilL x
?o. oy n . posicive ;ofler xh = L:::/ :tU) "hfrT
cL qon&b
4 ar-rv.l€S
o. IL. we ot"p gc,+ yo=L , f-ivinV a c-on.sf,;ant S:-onetdl @
Pouy N o/\.{ t A LS z are Srto*ions of +he flcrfft
n n-l + - +A.rX 4-eo
dnX * Qrl-tX

, rhere n is d non -^e7otiv€ ioc;eyr

4n,Qn-t r-..QtrQo a-re c-eal nt-Tnbgrs

XX=x'x 'x' t\
posldrs /
; LcrnV io{e6er
Exo.",gles, -l-' 6[x) = xt ' tL;.) - '
qtsx .
J
?ou)e(

t--s*'ntox+8 , *h-{
2" t 1Lx) =
t
r'I 1'
-t .1' lll.t' rr
1S

rI
4

t i ,. -
_t .\' l\ .r.

RrrS J Do.", c.in of c. ll .yolyrrornlals ctre lR= Gry P),

RtfrOxr r+ z- FuxtcT IO N\S:,F k) = PLx ) is a sqli6,oal +.,nct)on
9 Lx)

\4. boch ?t^) ortd o/x) a re 7olyo",") crls '

?xa"''ples' ,L. f Lx) = 3*-^"5 q-[x) *-9

= *n!-
)(
.,
o
t{oee z .!-- C-o o*ant Eonc+iorrs Cr}.e ?.l7*"o icrl-s

e.fr' S(x)=2 . t[x)= G-

2, - ont 'Poldnornlol
Henc-e a C,n be .^r.itc- n a.-s q.
ra-+ionol +oaaioo'
n.V: ftx)= xt<-812 '> ^1, -, bo-el-t
-Y^2- :-) ro-*.i'.tol
--
I ,-) irn6-+ioO
"olil*'oial5
Exa"r',p\es t 2, ;'Lr) = Q )s o& o c*+\',-,.,l 4rr't &lon
3
x

3,t* in Sa &. ,t*) = Q: = x LL is -1@l oo aL

T7- x

ra+\ onc,l +u 694io o-

L
E^;,r,,gle, Ber't?AocAt- F''xc:T/oN ' 1--Lx)- x
l's urclq:in"d )
Sioce O h o-s no re.igro.., I [tll'i=io..' 't O
A 4 do.",oin of ,+ r*

R rr-r-[r 41,) , qLN

?f )c ele;ined +or all )( s.rl'' ,*crt t[^) +0
J
R nD t cA t- Fur.r c:l1 OgS : + Lx ) -- ,b is ct todi c-l &on ction
*lrere bisa.oe6oL\vei&evr@r(r-posif)vera-tto,-'6,.l
t\srnbec,
E.xangles: L, tsgu ctr€ rooE ,fooc+ion ) +ta )^ G = ^'/n
>,- l/o
: -)
A. Lcubie co& tu,r,c+ion) ;Lx)=-'{x ^
ner-ll1-, on1 ,f'nction ag <-he <fo
rtr>
3. lJore f
,ln
;Lx) -

Br l-eT- Glven ; U)= *"t , i; n is oJcl , ,)o'',oln o3: & : R

iS o ts eveo, dorr,oin gf & = LQ'=),

+, @rvre(s at rec\9 "o ,..,l t''r,r':\c,r.) ,,e lx ) : 'L

x =
x-L

al:il- L = x^a
0x-
Br re T 6ireo 4ta) = X-t , cJornoin ot + = ('*,O)olO'n)
=- rR - loS

5,.rr"tl.,tA5l1 3 lS r.^le a(e glven ont cc'{)bio a*ion eJ abo.,e

fonc+iort , *o Je+etrnine T-ts dor',oln , t*)e o*d +o

l. A,oi J Ji vi-sioo bU' 0'

g. ft volcl eveo roo1us qr oeviue r)>ft1ber:s

3. Poff a+@n+iO n +O sTeclSTc- tre.lz;-_i &.-ons.

 -lhe, absoltrte ucrlve A+ o ,-ol
Agsor-urP VnuuE FuxtrrtoN '.
norrtVter x/ q:r\tteo \xI, is d efi--d bU-
Y
(x \; x>zo a=:
lxl -J

[-* inc x4O

Gragh ot

Exc,"rrple, Find x i; lx-3)=5

Sol,-r+ion ' BE -che Je4ini*)on q c'b'sol.rte toltre
lx-3) ={
fx-3 i.9. x-3 >O
l-^*g is x-3t'O
50, \; x-3 >C :) >>3 ure have x-3=5 -'' JI;;8 I

o 3 LUe h.,ve -x+3 = 5 =-) Ll=zl

an.r i4 x-3 1 =) x 1'

Examp\e: FiocJ +he J6'rr^'oio o+ .glx ) -

X - x--<

5o1,.'eion: r.<)e shool.J ovoicl O :) Y'*;lt.*O

'"ff V
"h"\cl
- 2- '+-L

is Lx-2 ) [x+ {) +O -) x+ 2
o',d ** -L.
ahr,+
Hen ce, Jort c,'h q.F + is fR \ l-,.,2 I,
Exor.,g\ e l F;nd +he "Jor.,al", of g lx)=
^4'
Sol.;+iont )= ^5b = (*th
8A "Jtl
l-len ce, Jo -ain a; ,'*s 8.
f
Larnpcrjclon oS Tunccions :

Range of/

Domain
ofg
.

t-,\)e cor",bi ne +u-)a Suocl-ions 8L*) cttrl 1(x) , a7

pir-s+ opplt,"t ct .fur-c-clon (h.rn gL{ ) @ crr) iogc:t
otlol chen aPPlt'nff +he o+hea +v)c+i sn {hc-'e +(r)
)

to -che ot.ltT<t+ a;- t},e ;llr'se'

+Lx )= G o',d VLx)= 2x'L-

5 oluclonl
X +-) VL{, 9*-L aLgt-t) = W
Er. cr.ng le. : A\ so cornpo tP t gnf ) tx.)
Solt-rtlon: t->,f tr): (? +_)
frbrx))-2&-L
^
Lxcr-g\el FincJ LPB) (t ) , r''td t3"o) (
i)
Solu.,+ion; LSoV) (+ )= tru)4 : G is not dg=i'ed'

Lt"o) (i) = o

A E1,ner $ Tn Bun .o I L+"

B) tx ) + (goS) [xJ,