Rotordynamic Analysis Guide

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Rotordynamic Analysis .................................................................................................. 1
1.1. The General Dynamics Equations ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2. The Benefits of the Finite Element Analysis Method for Modeling Rotating Structures ........................ 3
1.3. Overview of the Rotordynamic Analysis Process ................................................................................ 3
2. Rotordynamic Analysis Tools .................................................................................................................. 5
2.1. Commands Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis .................................................................................... 5
2.2. Elements Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis ........................................................................................ 6
2.3. Terminology Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis ................................................................................... 6
2.3.1. Gyroscopic Effect ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2. Whirl ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3.3. Elliptical Orbit .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.4. Stability ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.5. Critical Speed ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.5.1. Direct Critical Speeds Calculation for a Single Rotor .......................................................... 8
2.3.5.2. Direct Critical Speeds Calculation for Multiple Rotating and/or Stationary Parts ................ 9
2.3.6. Critical Speed Map ................................................................................................................. 10
2.4. Rotordynamics Reference Sources ................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1. Internal References ................................................................................................................. 10
2.4.2. External References ................................................................................................................ 11
3. Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis ...................................................................................................... 13
3.1. Building the Model ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.2. Modeling Parts ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.3. Modeling Bearings .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1. Using the COMBIN14 Element ................................................................................................ 14
3.3.2. Using the COMBI214 Element ................................................................................................. 14
3.3.2.1. User-Defined Stiffness and Damping Characteristics (KEYOPT(1) = 0) .............................. 15
3.3.2.2. Calculation of the Bearing Characteristics (KEYOPT(1) > 0) .............................................. 16
3.3.2.3. Calculation of the Nonlinear Bearing Forces (KEYOPT(1) > 0) ........................................... 16
3.3.3. Using the FLUID218 Element .................................................................................................. 16
3.3.4. Using the MATRIX27 Element ................................................................................................. 17
3.3.5. Using the MPC184 General Joint Element ............................................................................... 17
3.4. Modeling Hints and Examples ......................................................................................................... 18
3.4.1. Adding a Stationary Part ......................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2. Transforming Non-Axisymmetric Parts into Equivalent Axisymmetric Mass .............................. 18
3.4.3. Defining Multiple Spools ........................................................................................................ 19
3.4.4. Using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) for Rotating Parts .................................................... 19
3.4.4.1. Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement) ................................................................. 19
3.4.4.2. Use Pass ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.4.4.3. Expansion Pass .............................................................................................................. 23
3.4.5. Verifying Your Model with the Rotor Mass Summary Printout ................................................... 23
4. Applying Loads and Constraints in a Rotordynamic Analysis .............................................................. 25
4.1. Applying Quasi-Static Loads ............................................................................................................ 25
4.2. Defining Rotating Forces ................................................................................................................. 25
4.2.1. Rotating Forces in Transient Analysis ....................................................................................... 25
4.2.2. Rotating Forces in Harmonic Analysis ...................................................................................... 26
4.2.2.1. Nodal Force ................................................................................................................... 26
4.2.2.2. Distributed Forces Coming From Solid or Shell Model Unbalance .................................... 26
5. Solving a Rotordynamic Analysis .......................................................................................................... 29
5.1. Adding Damping ............................................................................................................................ 29
5.2. Specifying Rotational Velocity and Accounting for the Gyroscopic Effect .......................................... 30

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Rotordynamic Analysis Guide

5.3. Solving for a Subsequent Campbell Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using the Linear Perturbation
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................. 31
5.4. Solving a Harmonic Analysis with Synchronous or Asynchronous Rotating Forces ............................ 31
5.4.1. Specifying Rotational Velocity with OMEGA ............................................................................ 31
5.4.2. Specifying Rotational Velocity with CMOMEGA ....................................................................... 32
5.4.2.1. Non-Tabular Input ......................................................................................................... 32
5.4.2.2. Tabular Input ................................................................................................................. 32
5.5. Selecting an Appropriate Solver ...................................................................................................... 33
5.5.1. Solver for a Modal Analysis ..................................................................................................... 33
5.5.2. Solver for a Harmonic Analysis ................................................................................................ 34
5.5.3. Solver for a Transient Analysis ................................................................................................. 34
5.6. Using Linear Perturbation Modal Analysis ........................................................................................ 34
6. Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis ............................................................................................. 35
6.1. Postprocessing Complex Results ..................................................................................................... 35
6.1.1. In POST1 ................................................................................................................................ 35
6.1.2. In POST26 .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2. Visualizing the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis ................................................................ 36
6.3. Printing the Orbit Characteristics After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis .............................................. 37
6.4. Animating the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis ................................................................ 38
6.5. Visualizing Your Orbits After a Transient Analysis .............................................................................. 38
6.6. Postprocessing Bearing and Reaction Forces ................................................................................... 38
6.6.1. COMBI214 Bearing Forces ....................................................................................................... 39
6.6.2. FLUID218 Bearing Forces ........................................................................................................ 39
6.7. Campbell Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 39
6.7.1. Visualize the Evolution of the Frequencies With the Rotational Velocity .................................... 40
6.7.2. Check the Stability and Whirl of Each Mode ............................................................................ 41
6.7.3. Determine the Critical Speeds ................................................................................................ 42
6.7.4. Determine the Stability Threshold .......................................................................................... 43
6.7.5. Generating a Successful Campbell Diagram ............................................................................ 43
7. Rotordynamic Analysis Examples ......................................................................................................... 45
7.1. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam .................................................. 45
7.1.1. Problem Description .............................................................................................................. 45
7.1.2. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 46
7.1.3. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 46
7.1.4. Analysis Steps ........................................................................................................................ 47
7.2. Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis ........................................................................................... 48
7.2.1. Problem Description .............................................................................................................. 48
7.2.2. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 49
7.2.3. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 49
7.2.4. Analysis Steps ........................................................................................................................ 51
7.3. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using the Linear Perturbation Pro-
cedure .................................................................................................................................................. 56
7.3.1. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 56
7.4. Example: Mode-Superposition Harmonic Response to Base Excitation .............................................. 57
7.4.1. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 58
7.4.2. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 58
7.4.3. Output for the Analysis ........................................................................................................... 60
7.5. Example: Mode-Superposition Transient Response to an Impulse ..................................................... 61
7.5.1. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 61
7.5.2. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 61
7.5.3. Output for the Analysis ........................................................................................................... 64
7.6. Example: Transient Response of a Startup ........................................................................................ 65

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 Rotordynamic Analysis Guide

7.6.1. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 65

7.6.2. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 66
7.6.3. Output for the Analysis ........................................................................................................... 67
7.7. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Superelement ............. 69
7.7.1. Problem Specifications .......................................................................................................... 69
7.7.2. Input for the Analysis ............................................................................................................. 70
7.7.3. Outputs for the Analysis ........................................................................................................ 74
7.8. Example: Critical Speed Map Generation .......................................................................................... 76
7.8.1. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 76
7.8.2. Output for the Analysis ........................................................................................................... 79
7.9. Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) .......... 80
7.9.1. Problem Specifications ........................................................................................................... 80
7.9.2. Input for the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 80
7.9.3. Output for the Analysis ........................................................................................................... 89
7.10. Example: Calculation of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing Characteristics ...................................... 92
7.10.1. Problem Specifications ......................................................................................................... 92
7.10.2. Input for the Analysis ............................................................................................................ 92
7.10.3. Output for the Analysis ......................................................................................................... 94
7.11. Example: Calculation of a Squeeze Film Damper Characteristics ..................................................... 94
7.11.1. Problem Specifications ......................................................................................................... 94
7.11.2. Input for the Analysis ............................................................................................................ 95
7.11.3. Output for the Analysis ......................................................................................................... 96
7.12. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing ................................................... 96
7.12.1. Problem Specifications ......................................................................................................... 97
7.12.2. Input for the Analysis ............................................................................................................ 97
7.12.3. Output for the Analysis ......................................................................................................... 98
7.13. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with Supply Ori-
fice ..................................................................................................................................................... 101
7.13.1. Problem Specifications ....................................................................................................... 101
7.13.2. Input for the Analysis .......................................................................................................... 102
7.13.3. Output for the Analysis ....................................................................................................... 104
7.14. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach) ......................... 109
7.14.1. Problem Specifications ....................................................................................................... 109
7.14.2. Input for the Analysis .......................................................................................................... 110
7.14.3. Output for the Analysis ....................................................................................................... 114
7.15. Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System ................................................................ 119
7.15.1. Problem Specifications ....................................................................................................... 121
7.15.2. Input for the Analysis .......................................................................................................... 121
7.15.3. Output for the Analysis ....................................................................................................... 124
7.16. Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics .............................................. 126
7.16.1. Problem Specifications ....................................................................................................... 127
7.16.2. Input for the Analysis .......................................................................................................... 127
7.16.3. Output for the Analysis ....................................................................................................... 134
7.17. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing ................................ 136
7.17.1. Problem Specifications ....................................................................................................... 137
7.17.2. Input for the Analysis .......................................................................................................... 137
7.17.3. Output for the Analysis ....................................................................................................... 141
A. Bearing Characteristics File Format ........................................................................................................ 145

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List of Figures
1.1. Rotor Bearing System .............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1. Elliptical Orbit ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Instability ............................................................................................................................................... 8
7.1. Cantilevered Disk Spindle ...................................................................................................................... 58
7.2. Output for the Cantilevered Disk Spindle ............................................................................................... 60
7.3. Rotating Shaft ....................................................................................................................................... 61
7.4. Rotating Shaft Output ........................................................................................................................... 65
7.5. Transient Response – Displacement vs. Time .......................................................................................... 68
7.6. Transient Response - Bending Stress vs. Time ......................................................................................... 68
7.7. Rotor-Bearings-Foundation model ........................................................................................................ 69
7.8. Campbell Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 74
7.9. Mode Shape of the Rotor-Bearings-Foundation (results of the foundation superelement are not expan-
ded) ........................................................................................................................................................... 75
7.10. Mode Shape of the Foundation Structure Alone .................................................................................. 75
7.11. Critical Speed Map .............................................................................................................................. 79
7.12. Multi-Spool Rotor Model (Full and CMS Model) .................................................................................... 80
7.13. Unbalanced Response Using CMS Model ............................................................................................. 90
7.14. Unbalanced Response Using Full Model .............................................................................................. 91
7.15. Bearing Element Results ...................................................................................................................... 94
7.16. Bearing Element Results ...................................................................................................................... 96
7.17. Result Parameters ............................................................................................................................... 98
7.18. Rotor Orbit Plot ................................................................................................................................... 99
7.19. Bearing Forces Plot ............................................................................................................................ 100
7.20. Maximum Fluid Film Pressure Plot ..................................................................................................... 101
7.21. Bearing Forces .................................................................................................................................. 104
7.22. Sommerfield Number ....................................................................................................................... 104
7.23. Attitude Angle .................................................................................................................................. 105
7.24. Maximum Pressure and Angle ........................................................................................................... 105
7.25. Minimum Film Thickness and Angle ................................................................................................... 105
7.26. Element Plot with Pressure Boundary Conditions ............................................................................... 106
7.27. Pressure Profile ................................................................................................................................. 107
7.28. Tangential Fluid Velocities at Mid-Thickness ....................................................................................... 108
7.29. Axial Fluid Velocities at Mid-Thickness ............................................................................................... 109
7.30. Shaft Center Displacements .............................................................................................................. 114
7.31. Shaft Center Orbit ............................................................................................................................. 115
7.32. Bearing Forces .................................................................................................................................. 116
7.33. Maximum Pressure (Elements Centroid Values) .................................................................................. 117
7.34. Minimum Film Thickness (Elements Centroid Values) .......................................................................... 118
7.35. Pressure Profile at End Time ............................................................................................................... 119
7.36. Multi-Rotor System ........................................................................................................................... 120
7.37. Rotation of Multi-Rotor System .......................................................................................................... 120
7.38. Displacement of the Shafts Along X-Direction Due to Centrifugal Force .............................................. 125
7.39. Displacement of the Shafts Along Z-Direction Due to Gyroscopic Moment ......................................... 126
7.40. Model of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing ....................................................................................... 127
7.41. Bearing Forces and Maximum Pressure Using FLUID218 Element Model ............................................. 134
7.42. Bearing Characteristics Using FLUID218 Element Model ..................................................................... 134
7.43. Bearing Forces and Maximum Pressure Using COMBI214 Element Model ............................................ 135
7.44. Bearing Characteristics Using COMBI214 Element Model .................................................................... 135
7.45. Three-Lobe Journal Bearing Cross-Section Geometry ......................................................................... 137
7.46. Bearing Element Thickness Distribution ............................................................................................. 141

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Rotordynamic Analysis Guide

7.47. Bearing Nodal Pressure Distribution .................................................................................................. 142

7.48. Bearing Tangential Fluid Velocity at Mid-Thickness ............................................................................. 142
7.49. Bearing Axial Fluid Velocity at Mid-Thickness ..................................................................................... 143

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotordynamic Analysis
Rotordynamics is the study of vibrational behavior in axially symmetric rotating structures. Devices such
as engines, motors, disk drives and turbines all develop characteristic inertia effects that can be analyzed
to improve the design and decrease the possibility of failure. At higher rotational speeds, such as in a
gas turbine engine, the inertia effects of the rotating parts must be consistently represented in order
to accurately predict the rotor behavior.

An important part of the inertia effects is the gyroscopic moment introduced by the precession motion
of the vibrating rotor as it spins. As spin velocity increases, the gyroscopic moment acting on the rotor
becomes critically significant. Not accounting for these effects at the design level can lead to bearing
and/or support structure damage. Accounting for bearing stiffness and support structure flexibility, and
then understanding the resulting damping behavior is an important factor in enhancing the stability
of a vibrating rotor.

The modeling features for gyroscopic effects and bearing support flexibility are described in this guide.
By integrating these characteristic rotordynamic features into the standard FEA modal, harmonic and
transient analysis procedures found in ANSYS you can analyze and determine the design integrity of
rotating equipment.

There are also specialized postprocessing features you can use to analyze specific behavior, and to
process your simulation results to determine critical parameters. Orbit plots visualize the rotor's forward
and backward whirl in a manner that allows you to easily determine the critical factors and the areas
of concern. With the Campbell plots, you can determine critical speeds and system stability. These
techniques, along with a number of other modeling and results analysis techniques are also covered
in this guide.

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Introduction to Rotordynamic Analysis

Figure 1.1: Rotor Bearing System

The following additional topics offer more information to help you understand rotordynamics and how
ANSYS supports rotordynamic analysis:
1.1.The General Dynamics Equations
1.2.The Benefits of the Finite Element Analysis Method for Modeling Rotating Structures
1.3. Overview of the Rotordynamic Analysis Process

1.1. The General Dynamics Equations

The general dynamic equation is:
(1.1)

where [M], [C] and [K] are the mass, damping and stiffness matrices, and {f } is the external force vector.

In rotordynamics, this equation gets additional contributions from the gyroscopic effect [G], and the
rotating damping effect [B] leading:
(1.2)

This equation holds when motion is described in a stationary reference frame, which is the scope of
this guide. See Rotating Structure Analysis in the Advanced Analysis Guide for a discussion of rotating
reference frame dynamics.

The gyroscopic matrix, [G], depends on the rotational velocity (or velocities if parts of the structure have
different spins) and is the major contributor to rotordynamic analysis. This matrix is unique to rotordy-
namic analyses, and is addressed specifically by certain commands and elements.

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 Overview of the Rotordynamic Analysis Process

The rotating damping matrix, [B] also depends upon the rotational velocity. It modifies the apparent
stiffness of the structure and can produce unstable motion.

For more information on those matrices, see Gyroscopic Matrix in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference

1.2. The Benefits of the Finite Element Analysis Method for Modeling
Rotating Structures
Rotating structures have conventionally been modeled by the lumped mass approach. This approach
uses the center of mass to calculate the effects of rotation on attached or proximal components . A
major limitation of this approach is the imprecise approximation of both the location and the distribution
of the mass and inertias, along with the resulting inaccuracy in the calculation of internal forces and
stresses in the components themselves.

The finite element (FE) method used in ANSYS offers an attractive approach to modeling a rotordynamic
system. While it may require more computational resources compared to standard analyses, it has the
following advantages:

• Accurate modeling of the mass and inertia

• A wide range of elements supporting gyroscopic effects

• The use of the CAD geometry when meshing in solid elements

• The ability of solid element meshes to account for the flexibility of the disk as well as the possible coupling
between disk and shaft vibrations.

• The ability to include stationary parts within the full model or as substructures.

1.3. Overview of the Rotordynamic Analysis Process

A rotordynamic analysis involves most of the general steps found in any ANSYS analysis, as follows:

Step Action Comments

1. Build the model A rotating structure generally consists of rotating parts, stationary
parts, and bearings linking the rotating parts to the stationary
parts and/or the ground. Understanding the relationships between
these parts is often easier when the model is constructed to
separate and define them.

For more information about how to build the different parts, see
Selecting and Components in the Basic Analysis Guide
2. Define element The elements that you select for the rotating parts of your model
types must support gyroscopic effects. The CORIOLIS command
documentation lists the elements for which the gyroscopic matrix
is available.

All rotating parts must be axisymmetric.

Model the stationary parts with any of the 3-D solid, shell, or beam
elements available in the ANSYS element library.

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Introduction to Rotordynamic Analysis

Step Action Comments

You can also add a stationary part as a substructure. For more
information about how to generate and use a superelement, see
Benefits of Substructuring in the Substructuring Analysis Guide.

Model the bearings using either a spring/damper element

COMBIN14, a general stiffness/damping matrix MATRIX27, a bearing
element COMBI214, or a multipoint constraint element MPC184.
3. Define materials Defining the material properties for a rotordynamic analysis is no
different than defining them in any other analysis. Use the MP or TB
commands to define your linear and nonlinear material properties. See
Defining Material Properties in the Basic Analysis Guide.
4. Define the Define the rotational velocity using either the OMEGA or CMOMEGA
rotational command. Use OMEGA if the whole model is rotating. Use CMOMEGA
velocity. if there is a stationary parts and/or several rotating parts having
different rotational velocities. CMOMEGA is based on the use of
components, see Selecting and Components in the Basic Analysis Guide
5. Account for Use the CORIOLIS command with RefFrame = YES to take into
gyroscopic account the gyroscopic effect in all rotating parts, as well as the rotating
effect damping effect (RotDamp = YES).
6. Mesh the model Use the ANSYS meshing commands to mesh the parts. Certain areas
may require more detailed meshing and/or specialized considerations.
For more information, see the Modeling and Meshing Guide.
7. Solve the model The solution phase of a rotordynamic analysis adheres to standard
ANSYS conventions, keeping in mind that the gyroscopic matrices
(as well as possibly the bearing matrices) may not be symmetric.
Modal, harmonic and transient analyses can be performed.

Performing several modal analyses allows you to review the

stability and obtain critical speeds from the Campbell diagrams.

A harmonic analysis allows you to calculate the response to

synchronous (for example, unbalance) or asynchronous excitations.

A transient analysis allows you to study the response of the

structure under transient loads (for example, a 1G shock) or analyze
the startup or stop effects on a rotating spool and the related
components.

Prestress can be an important factor in a typical rotordynamic

analysis. You can include prestress in the modal, transient, or
harmonic analysis, as described in the Structural Analysis Guide for
each analysis type.
8. Review the Use POST1 (the general postprocessor) and POST26 (the time-history
results postprocessor) to review results. Specific commands are available in
POST1 for Campbell diagram analysis (PLCAMP, PRCAMP), animation
of the response (ANHARM) and orbits visualization and printout
(PLORB, PRORB).

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Chapter 2: Rotordynamic Analysis Tools
This section lists the primary commands and elements you will use in your rotordynamics analysis, along
with reference materials.

The following topics are covered:

2.1. Commands Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis
2.2. Elements Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis
2.3.Terminology Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis
2.4. Rotordynamics Reference Sources

2.1. Commands Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis

The following commands are commonly used when performing a rotordynamic analysis:

Solver commands (/SOLU)

CAMPBELL Prepares the result file for a subsequent Campbell diagram of a
prestressed structure. This command is applicable only when prestress
is included in the analysis.
CMOMEGA Specifies the rotational velocity of an element component about a
user-defined rotational axis.
CORIOLIS Applies the gyroscopic effect to a rotating structure (RefFrame =
YES). Also applies the rotating damping effect (RotDamp = YES).
OMEGA Specifies the rotational velocity of the structure about global Cartesian
axes.
SYNCHRO Specifies whether the excitation frequency is synchronous or
asynchronous with the rotational velocity of a structure in a harmonic
analysis.

Postprocessing commands (/POST1)

ANHARM Produces an animation of time-harmonic results or complex mode
shapes.
PLCAMP Plots Campbell diagram data.
PLORB Displays the orbital motion.
PRCAMP Prints Campbell diagram data as well as critical speeds.
PRORB Prints the orbital motion characteristics.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Tools

2.2. Elements Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis

Elements that are part of the rotating structure must account for the gyroscopic effect induced by the
rotational angular velocity. The CORIOLIS command documentation lists the elements for which the
gyroscopic matrix is available.

For information about current element technologies, see Older vs. Current Element Technologies in the
Element Reference.

2.3. Terminology Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis

The following terms describe rotordynamic phenomena:
2.3.1. Gyroscopic Effect
2.3.2. Whirl
2.3.3. Elliptical Orbit
2.3.4. Stability
2.3.5. Critical Speed
2.3.6. Critical Speed Map

2.3.1. Gyroscopic Effect

For a structure spinning about an axis Δ, if a rotation about an axis perpendicular to Δ (a precession
motion) is applied to the structure, a reaction moment appears. That reaction is the gyroscopic moment.
Its axis is perpendicular to both the spin axis Δ and the precession axis.

In finite element modeling, the resulting gyroscopic matrix, [G], couples degrees of freedom that are
on planes perpendicular to the spin axis. It is skew symmetric.

2.3.2. Whirl
When a rotating structure vibrates at its resonant frequency, points on the spin axis undergo an or-
bital motion, called whirling. Whirl motion can be a forward whirl (FW) if it is in the same direction
as the rotational velocity or backward whirl (BW) if it is in the opposite direction.

2.3.3. Elliptical Orbit

In the most general case, the steady-state trajectory of a node located on the spin axis, also called
orbit, is an ellipse. Its characteristics are described below.

In a local coordinate system xyz where x is the spin axis, the ellipse at node I is defined by semi-major
axis A, semi-minor axis B, and phase ψ (PSI), as shown:

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 Terminology Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis

Figure 2.1: Elliptical Orbit

Angle ϕ (PHI) defines the initial position of the node (at t = 0). To compare the phases of two nodes
of the structure, you can examine the sum ψ + ϕ.

Values YMAX and ZMAX are the maximum displacements along y and z axes, respectively.

2.3.4. Stability
Self-excited vibrations in a rotating structure cause an increase of the vibration amplitude over time
such as shown below.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Tools

Figure 2.2: Instability

Such instabilities, if unchecked, can result in equipment damage.

The most common sources of instability are:

• Bearing characteristics (in particular when nonsymmetric cross-terms are present)

• Internal rotating damping (material damping)

• Contact between rotating and static parts

2.3.5. Critical Speed

The critical speed is the rotational speed that corresponds to the structure's resonance frequency (or
frequencies). A critical speed appears when the natural frequency is equal to the excitation frequency.
The excitation may come from unbalance that is synchronous with the rotational velocity or from
any asynchronous excitation.

Critical speeds can be determined by performing a Campbell diagram analysis, where the intersection
points between the frequency curves and the excitation line are calculated.

Critical speeds can also be determined directly by solving a new eigenproblem, as follows. First, the
case of a single rotor is detailed, then the more general case of multiple rotating and/or stationary
parts.

2.3.5.1. Direct Critical Speeds Calculation for a Single Rotor

For an undamped rotor, the dynamics equation (Equation 1.1 (p. 2)) is rewritten as:
(2.1)

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 Terminology Used in a Rotordynamic Analysis

Where [G1] is the gyroscopic matrix corresponding to a unit rotational velocity ω.

The solution is sought in the form:

(2.2)

Where {Φ} is the mode shape and is the natural frequency.

The critical speeds are natural frequencies that are proportional to the rotational velocity.

The proportionality ratio is defined as:

(2.3)

If the excitation is synchronous (for example, unbalanced excitation), the proportionality ratio is
equal to 1.0.

Replacing Equation 2.2 (p. 9) and Equation 2.3 (p. 9) into Equation 2.1 (p. 8) leads to the new
eigenproblem:
(2.4)

Where:
(2.5)

This problem can be solved using the unsymmetric eigensolver (MODOPT,UNSYM) along with the
APDLMath command *EIGEN. See Eigenvalue and Eigenvector Extraction for more details about
ANSYS eigensolvers.

2.3.5.2. Direct Critical Speeds Calculation for Multiple Rotating and/or Stationary
Parts
For an undamped multi-rotor system with stationary parts, the dynamics equation (Equa-
tion 1.1 (p. 2)) is rewritten as:

(2.6)

where:

= total number of rotating and stationary parts

= unit gyroscopic matrix of the ith part. If the ith part is stationary, is zero.

= the rotational velocity of the ith part. If the ith part is stationary, is zero.
Assuming the first part is rotating, and taking it as the reference rotor ( ), rotating parts' spins
are expressed as:
(2.7)

where:

= relative spin rates of the ith part. Note that for the reference rotor and .
For stationary parts, .

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Rotordynamic Analysis Tools

Replacing Equation 2.7 (p. 9), Equation 2.3 (p. 9), and Equation 2.2 (p. 9) in Equation 2.6 (p. 9),
a new eigenproblem is obtained:
(2.8)

where:

This problem can be solved using the damped eigensolver (MODOPT,DAMP) along with the AP-
DLMath command *EIGEN. See Eigenvalue and Eigenvector Extraction for more details about ANSYS
eigensolvers.

2.3.6. Critical Speed Map

When designing a rotor, it is important to understand the effect of the bearing stiffness on the critical
speeds. The critical speed map can be used to show the evolution of the critical speeds of the rotor
with respect to the bearings stiffness.

To directly generate this map, the eigenproblem defined in Equation 2.4 (p. 9) is solved for different
values of bearing stiffness. In this case, the model is considered undamped with identical bearings.
See example in Example: Critical Speed Map Generation (p. 76).

2.4. Rotordynamics Reference Sources

In addition to the documentation for the commands (p. 5) and elements (p. 6) used in a rotordynamic
analysis, other sources of information are available to help with your analysis.
2.4.1. Internal References
2.4.2. External References

2.4.1. Internal References

Although this guide is specific to rotordynamic applications, you can refer to the following ANSYS,
Inc. documentation for more information about rotordynamics and related rotational phenomena:

Understanding Rotating Structure Dynamics in the Advanced Analysis Guide

Gyroscopic Matrix in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference
Rotating Structures in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference

The Mechanical APDL Verification Manual contains the following rotordynamics cases:

VM247 - Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Bearings

VM254 - Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic Bearings
VM261 - Rotating Beam With Internal Viscous Damping

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 Rotordynamics Reference Sources

2.4.2. External References

A considerable body of literature exists covering the phenomena, modeling, and analysis of rotating
structure vibrations. The following list of resources provides a good foundation for the subject:

D. Childs. Turbomachinery Dynamics. John Wiley 1993.

M. Lalanne and G. Ferraris. Rotordynamics Prediction in Engineering. John Wiley 2nd edition 1998.

G. Gienta. Dynamics of Rotating Systems. Springer 2005

H.D. Nelson and J.M. Mc Vaugh. The dynamics of rotor-bearing systems using finite elements. Journal
of Engineering For Industry. May 1976. ASME.

M.Geradin and N. Kill. A new approach to finite element modelling of flexible rotors. Engineering
Computations. March 1984

J. S. Rao. Rotor Dynamics. Wiley Eastern. India. 1985.

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Chapter 3: Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis
General Modeling and Meshing information can be found in the Modeling and Meshing Guide. This section
contains the following topics to help you optimize model construction using the appropriate elements:
3.1. Building the Model
3.2. Modeling Parts
3.3. Modeling Bearings
3.4. Modeling Hints and Examples

3.1. Building the Model

When building a model in an analysis involving rotordynamics, it is important to identify and separate
rotating and non-rotating parts to:

• Apply the rotational velocity (or velocities) to the rotating parts

• Make sure the rotating parts are axisymmetric

Whether you construct your model in ANSYS, or you import it from an external CAD program, you will
want to use the grouping and selecting capabilities in ANSYS to define areas of your model in ways
that will optimize your analysis.

In the case of a rotordynamic analysis, this means identifying the spool, the bearings, the support
structure and other areas as components or assemblies. See Selecting and Components in the Basic
Analysis Guide for more information on how this capability can be applied to your analysis.

3.2. Modeling Parts

A rotordynamic analysis model consists of rotating and stationary parts:

• The rotating parts are modeled using elements which support the gyroscopic effect. See Elements Used in
a Rotordynamic Analysis (p. 6) for a list of elements.

• You can use any element type including superelements (MATRIX50) for non-rotating parts.

3.3. Modeling Bearings

To model bearings by inputting the stiffness and damping characteristics, select the most appropriate
element type for your application from the following table.

Description Stiffness and Nonlinear stiffness and Mass

Damping cross damping
terms characteristics

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Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis

COMBIN14 Spring-Damper None None None

COMBI214 2-D Unsymmetric Function of the Lumped
Spring-Damper rotational velocity
Bearing
MATRIX27 Stiffness, Unsymmetric None Matrix
Damping, or
Mass Matrix
MPC184 Multipoint Symmetric Function of the None
Constraint for linear displacement
Element characteristics
None for
nonlinear
characteristics

You can also model a plain cylindrical journal bearing or squeeze film damper with COMBI214 (KEYOPT(1)
> 0) or FLUID218 (KEYOPT(1) = 1) which integrates the Reynolds equation for thin fluid film.

Both COMBI214 and FLUID218 elements can also be used in a nonlinear large deflection transient ana-
lysis where the fluid film pressure forces are calculated at each time step.

The following topics provide more information about the element options listed in the table:
3.3.1. Using the COMBIN14 Element
3.3.2. Using the COMBI214 Element
3.3.3. Using the FLUID218 Element
3.3.4. Using the MATRIX27 Element
3.3.5. Using the MPC184 General Joint Element

3.3.1. Using the COMBIN14 Element

The COMBIN14 element allows stiffness and/or damping characteristics in one direction. To define a
bearing with characteristics KX and CX along X axis:
KX = 1.e+5 !Example stiffness value
CX = 100 !Example damping value

et,1,combin14
keyopt,1,2,1 ! X direction
r,1,KX,CX

KEYOPT(2) must be specified to define the active degree of freedom. This element operates in the
nodal coordinate system.

3.3.2. Using the COMBI214 Element

The 2-D element supports user-defined stiffness/damping characteristics (KEYOPT(1) = 0) or the cal-
culation of the bearing characteristics (or the bearing forces) for a plain cylindrical journal bearing
based on finite length assumption (KEYOPT(1) > 0).

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 Modeling Bearings

3.3.2.1. User-Defined Stiffness and Damping Characteristics (KEYOPT(1) = 0)

The COMBI214 element allows stiffness and/or damping characteristics in 2 perpendicular directions
as well as cross-terms. To define a bearing in the YZ plane:
et,1,combi214
keyopt,1,2,1 ! YZ plane
r,1,KYY,KZZ,KYZ,KZY,CYY,CZZ
rmore,CYZ,CZY

Note:

KEYOPT(2) must be specified to define active degrees of freedom. This element operates
in the nodal coordinate system.

In the case of a hydrodynamic bearing for example, the characteristics may vary with the rotational
velocity. In this case, you need to specify OMEGS as the table parameter primary variable (*DIM
command). It is supported when activating the CORIOLIS command in a modal analysis (AN-
TYPE,MODAL), full harmonic analysis (ANTYPE,HARMIC), or full transient analysis (ANTYPE,TRANS).

An example of varying characteristics KYY and KZZ is given below:

et,1,combi214
keyopt,1,2,1 ! YZ plane

! define table KYY

*DIM,KYY,table,3,1,1,omegs ! table of dimension 3 depending upon omegs
KYY(1,0) = 0 , 1000 , 2000 ! 3 rotational velocities (rd/s)
KYY(1,1) = 1.e+6 , 2.7e+6 , 3.2e+6 ! stiffness characteristic at each rotational velocity

! define table KZZ

*DIM,KZZ,table,3,1,1,omegs ! table of dimension 3 depending upon omegs
KZZ(1,0) = 0 , 1000 , 2000 ! 3 rotational velocities (rd/s)
KZZ(1,1) = 1.4e+6 , 4.e+6 , 4.2e+6 ! stiffness characteristic at each rotational velocity

r,1,%KYY%,%KZZ%

Note:

If the characteristics of the COMBI214 element are varying with the rotational velocity
and if the component rotational velocities are used (CMOMEGA), make sure the element
is part of the appropriate rotating component.

In the case of a squeeze film damper, the characteristics may vary with the rotor eccentricity and/or
the phase shift between the rotor displacements in the two nodal directions. In this case, you need
to specify ECCENT and/or THETA as the table parameter primary variables (*DIM command). A basic
example of varying characteristics KXX is given below:
*dim, KXX,table,2,2,, eccent, theta
KXX(1,0) = 0, 1.e-2 ! 2 eccentricity values
KXX(0,1) = -180 ! 2 theta values (in degree)
KXX(0,2) = 180
KXX(1,1) = 1.e+5, 1.e+4 ! stiffness values for each
KXX(1,2) = 1.e+6, 1.e+5 ! value of eccentricity and theta (2x2)

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Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis

The characteristics can be imported directly from an ASCII text file using the APDL macro import-
bearing1.mac. The format of this text file is described in Appendix A: Bearing Characteristics File
Format (p. 145). An example of the macro usage is shown below:
! Import the bearing characteristics read in file bearingAP.txt
! and create the table parameters K11_3, K12_3...
importbearing1, ‘bearingAP’, 3
! Define the bearing element real constants
r,1, %K11_3%, %K22_3%,%K12_3%,%K21_3%,%C11_3%,%C22_3%,
rmore, %C12_3%, %C21_3%

3.3.2.2. Calculation of the Bearing Characteristics (KEYOPT(1) > 0)

In a static analysis, the stiffness and damping characteristics of a plain cylindrical journal bearing
or squeeze film damper can be calculated using a small perturbation near a user-defined equilibrium
position.

Example inputs are shown in Example: Calculation of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing Character-
istics (p. 92) and Example: Calculation of a Squeeze Film Damper Characteristics (p. 94).

These characteristics can then be used as COMBI214 real constants (KEYOPT(1) = 0) in a subsequent
modal or harmonic analysis.

3.3.2.3. Calculation of the Nonlinear Bearing Forces (KEYOPT(1) > 0)

In a nonlinear large-deflection transient analysis, the bearing forces are calculated based on the
bearing definition (real constants and material viscosity) and the instantaneous displacements and
velocities.

A simple example input is shown in Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bear-
ing (p. 96).

Note:

A bearing element usually exhibits large stiffness values to be able to support the rotating
structure. Also, the bearing clearance is very small and fluid film pressure is high, hence
very small displacements induce a change in the bearing forces. When running such an
analysis, make sure the time step is small enough to represent the nonlinearity of the
bearing.

3.3.3. Using the FLUID218 Element

The FLUID218 element is based on the integration of the Reynolds equation for thin fluid film in a
plain cylindrical journal bearing. Unlike COMBI214 and because it is a 3-D element, any type of groove
or supply hole can be modeled specifying pressure boundary conditions. It supports:

• Pressure degree of freedom only (KEYOPT(1) = 0) to be used in a static analysis where the pressure distri-
bution and pressure forces are determined. See Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain
Cylindrical Journal Bearing with Supply Orifice (p. 101).

• Pressure and structural degrees of freedom (KEYOPT(1) = 1) to be used in a nonlinear large-deflection

transient analysis where the time-dependent shaft position, pressure, and pressure forces are calculated.
The note in Calculation of the Nonlinear Bearing Forces (KEYOPT(1) > 0) (p. 16) about the specificity of

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 Modeling Bearings

such a nonlinear analysis applies. See Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing
(3-D Approach) (p. 109).

3.3.4. Using the MATRIX27 Element

The MATRIX27 element allows the definition of 12 x 12 stiffness and damping matrices. Those matrices
can be symmetric or not.

Example of MATRIX27 use:

et,1,matrix27,,2,4,1 ! unsymmetric [K] with printout
et,2,matrix27,,2,5,1 ! unsymmetric [C] with printout

! define stiffness matrix

KXX = 8.e+7 $ KXY = -1.e7 ! $ sign allows several commands on
KYX = -6.e+7 $ KYY = 1.e+8 ! the same line

r,1, KXX,KXY $ rmore,-KXX,-KXY

rmore,KYX,KYY $ rmore,-KYX,-KYY
*do, ir, 1, 8
rmore ! define zero values
*enddo
rmore,-KXX,-KXY $ rmore,KXX,KXY
rmore,-KYX,-KYY $ rmore,KYX,KYY

! define damping matrix

CXX = 8.e+3 $ CXY = -3.e+3
CYX = -3.e+3 $ CYY = 1.2e+4

r,2, CXX,CXY $ rmore,-CXX,-CXY

rmore,CYX,CYY $ rmore,-CYX,-CYY
*do, ir, 1, 8
rmore ! define zero values
*enddo
rmore,-CXX,-CXY $ rmore,CXX,CXY
rmore,-CYX,-CYY $ rmore,CYX,CYY

3.3.5. Using the MPC184 General Joint Element

The MPC184 is a joint element with elastic stiffness and damping behavior. The characteristics are
defined as 6 X 6 matrices using TB commands.

Example of MPC184 use:

keyopt,2,4,1 ! no rotations

sectype,2,joint,gene
local,11,0,4,0,0,0,0,0 ! coordinate system forming the joint element
secjoin,,11

KYY = 1.e+8
CYY = 1.e+6
KZZ = 1.e+10
CZZ = 1.e+2

tb,join,2,,,stiff
tbdata,7,KYY
tbdata,12,KZZ

tb,join,2,,,damp
tbdata,7,CYY
tbdata,12,CZZ

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Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis

3.4. Modeling Hints and Examples

The following modeling hints and examples can help you to create the model for your rotordynamic
analysis:
3.4.1. Adding a Stationary Part
3.4.2.Transforming Non-Axisymmetric Parts into Equivalent Axisymmetric Mass
3.4.3. Defining Multiple Spools
3.4.4. Using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) for Rotating Parts
3.4.5. Verifying Your Model with the Rotor Mass Summary Printout

3.4.1. Adding a Stationary Part

The stationary portion of your model could be a housing, a fixed support, or a flange. To add a sta-
tionary part, first create the part mesh. Since the rotational velocity is applied only to the rotating
part of the structure, you need to create a component based on the elements of the rotating parts.

An example input to create a rotating component and apply the component rotational velocity using
the CMOMEGA command follows:
! create the model

! create the rotating component

esel,,type,,1,2
cm,RotatingPart,elem
allsel

! apply rotational velocity to rotating component only

cmomega,RotatingPart,1000.

3.4.2. Transforming Non-Axisymmetric Parts into Equivalent Axisymmetric

Mass
If your model is composed of a non-axisymmetric part, you can transform it into an equivalent
axisymmetric mass using the following procedure.

• First select the non-axisymmetric part volumes using VSEL command

• Enter the VSUM command to printout global mass properties of these volumes.

• Delete all the volumes.

• Define a new mass element (MASS21) on a node located at the center of gravity of the volumes. Real
constants are the calculated mass and rotary inertia properties. These characteristics are approximated
to obtain the axisymmetry. For example if the rotational velocity axis is along X, then the mass in Y and
Z directions, along with the rotary inertia YY and ZZ are equal.

• Define a rigid region between the mass element node and the rest of the structure using the CERIG
command.

You can obtain more precise mass, center of mass and moments of inertia by using inertia relief cal-
culations. For more information, see Mass Moments of Inertia in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.

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 Modeling Hints and Examples

3.4.3. Defining Multiple Spools

To define several rotating parts, first create the part meshes. Since each part has a different rotational
velocity, you need to define each part as a component based on the elements.

An example input to create two rotating components and apply the component rotational velocities
using the CMOMEGA command follows:
! create the model

! create the first rotating component

esel,,type,,1,2
cm,RotatingPart1,elem

! create the second rotating component

esel,inve
cm,RotatingPart2,elem
allsel

! apply rotational velocities to rotating components

cmomega,RotatingPart1,1000.
cmomega,RotatingPart2,3000.

3.4.4. Using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) for Rotating Parts

The component mode synthesis (CMS) procedure can be used to model rotating parts in a rotordy-
namics analysis.

The following are the primary modeling steps:

3.4.4.1. Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement)
3.4.4.2. Use Pass
3.4.4.3. Expansion Pass

When the CMS procedure is used, outputs specific to rotating structure dynamics are limited to:

• The animation of the whirl (ANHARM) which is available before and after the CMS expansion pass

• The Campbell diagram (PRCAMP and PLCAMP) which is available only before the expansion pass

Orbits (PRORB and PLORB) are not available.

3.4.4.1. Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement)

In this step, the rotor is reduced to two CMS superelements. The following example input illustrates
the generation pass:
! Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement)

/filname,part
/solu
antype,substr
seopt,part,3,1
cmsopt,fix,40

cmomega,comp1,1000 ! Rotational velocity of component ‘comp1’ (previously defined) is 1000rd/s about global
coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on, in a stationary reference frame

cmsel,s,comp1

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Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis

cmsel,s,interface2
m,all,all
nsle

solve
allsel,all,all
save
fini

You can specify the rotational velocity of the rotating superelement using the OMEGA and CMO-
MEGA commands. The Coriolis effect is included using the CORIOLIS command in a stationary
reference frame (CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON). In the generation pass, only gyroscopic damping can be used.
Other types of damping such as element damping and Rayleigh damping (DMPRAT, ALPHAD,
BETAD, MP,ALPD, MP,BETD, TB,SDAMP,,,,ALPD, and TB,SDAMP,,,,BETD) are not supported. Damping
is defined in the use pass step.

3.4.4.2. Use Pass

Define a superelement by reading in the superelement matrices using the SE command to build
the full model and perform the desired analysis.

The following example input illustrates reading superelement matrices in the use pass, and a
modal analysis procedure:
! Use Pass

/filname,use
/prep7

et,1,matrix50
type,1
se,part

save
fini

! Perform Modal Analysis

/solu

antype,modal
modopt,QRDAMP,20,,,ON
mxpand,20,,,yes

solve
fini

In the use pass, you can specify damping using DMPRAT, ALPHAD, BETAD, MP,ALPD and MP,BETD.
If non-rotating parts like bearings and supporting structure are present, they are modeled during
the use pass. The CMOMEGA command is used to specify which parts are rotating and which are
not.

The following example input illustrates modeling of a rotating superelement and a non-superelement
in the use pass:
! Generation Pass

/filname,part
/solu
antype,substr
seopt,part,3,1
cmsopt,fix,Nmode

cmomega,comp1,1 ! Rotational velocity of ‘comp1’ (previously defined) is 1rd/s about global X-Dir (d

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 Modeling Hints and Examples

coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on, in a stationary reference frame

cmsel,s,comp1
cmsel,s,interface2
m,all,all
nsle

solve
allsel,all,all
save
fini

! Use Pass

/filname,use
/prep7

!Superelement
et,1,matrix50
type,1
se,part

! Non-superelements mp,ex,1,2.0e11
mp,dens,1,7800
mp,nuxy,1,0.3

et,2,188
type,2
secnum,2
sectype,2,beam,ctube
secdata,0.20,0.30,1,16

k,3,3,0,0
k,4,7,0,0

l,3,4
lesize,1,,,8

type,2
secnum,2
mat,1
lmesh,1
allsel,all,all

et,4,214 ! Creation of symmetric Bearing

keyopt,4,2,1
keyopt,4,3,0
real,4
r,4,1.0e6,1.4e5,,,10,10
rmore,,,,

n,1000,5,0.22,0

type,4
real,4
e,node(5,0,0),1000
allsel,all

nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,x,10
d,all,all,0
nsel,all

d,1000,all,0
allsel,all

cpintf,all
esel,s,type,,2
cm,comp2,elem ! Creation of non-superelement component
allsel,all,all

save

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Modeling a Rotordynamic Analysis

fini

! Perform Modal Analysis

/solu
antype,modal
modopt,qrdamp,20,,,on
mxpand, 20,,,yes
cmomega,comp1,1000,0,0 ! Rotational velocity of ‘comp1’ is 1000 rd/s about global X-Dir

cmomega,comp2,1000,0,0 ! Rotational velocity of ‘comp2’ is 1000 rd/s about global X-Dir

coriolis,on,,,on

solve
fini

In general, you should specify a unit rotational velocity vector in the generation pass and then
specify the true rotational velocity during the use pass. The Coriolis effect must be activated during
both the generation and use passes in this case (CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON). Internally, the reduced gyro-
scopic matrix from the generation pass is scaled with the amplitude of the rotational velocity vector
defined during the use pass. This procedure is used in particular for the generation of a Campbell
diagram where modal analyses are performed for different rotational velocities.

The following example input illustrates the scaling of the gyroscopic damping matrix to print
Campbell diagram data:
! Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement)

/filname,part
/solu
antype,substr
seopt,part,3,1
cmsopt,fix,40

cmomega,comp1,1.0 ! Component ‘comp1’ (defined previously) is rotating about global X-Dir

coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on, in a stationary reference frame

cmsel,s,comp1
cmsel,s,interface2
m,all,all
nsle

solve
allsel,all,all
save
fini

!Use Pass

/filname,use
/prep7

et,1,matrix50
type,1
se,part

esel,s,type,,1
cm,rot1,elem
allsel,all,all

save
fini

!Perform Modal Analysis

/solu

antype,modal
modopt,qrdamp,20,,,ON

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 Modeling Hints and Examples

mxpand,20,,,yes

coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on, in a stationary reference frame

! First rotational velocity

cmomega,rot1,1000 ! Component ‘rot1’ is rotating at 1000rd/s about global X-Dir (Scaling)
solve

! Second rotational velocity

cmomega,rot1,2000 ! Component ‘rot1’ is rotating at 2000rd/s about global X-Dir (Scaling)
solve

fini

/post1

prcamp,,,,,rot1 ! Print Campbell diagram information for component ‘rot1’

fini

If the true rotational velocity is specified in both the generation and use passes, the resulting
gyroscopic effect will be based on the square of the rotational velocity, due to an internal scaling
of the gyroscopic matrix. Make sure you use unit rotational velocity during the generation pass to
ensure the correct scaling.

To compute and postprocess quantities using nodal velocities and nodal accelerations (damping
force, inertial force, kinetic energy, etc.) resulting from the gyroscopic effect, the OUTRES command
with DSUBres = ALL must be issued in the first load step of the use pass. These quantities are not
computed if:

• At least one superelement load vector is applied in the use pass (SFE,,,SELV)

• The use pass analysis is a mode-superposition method (TRNOPT,MSUP and HROPT,MSUP)

For more information, see Component Mode Synthesis in the Substructuring Analysis Guide.

3.4.4.3. Expansion Pass

This step is the same as described in The CMS Use and Expansion Passes in the Substructuring
Analysis Guide.

3.4.5. Verifying Your Model with the Rotor Mass Summary Printout
You can verify the rotating parts modeling using the rotor mass summary printout activated via
RotMass = ON on the CORIOLIS command. It is provided for line element models only. This summary
contains the following information for each rotating part:

• Number of nodes

• Spin direction

• Mass summary, including the details of inertia properties at nodes

• Center of gravity

To see an example of the rotor mass summary printout, see Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-
Rotor System (p. 119).

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Chapter 4: Applying Loads and Constraints in a Rotordynamic
Analysis
After you have built your model, you can apply the loads and constraints. The general procedures found
in Loading in the Basic Analysis Guide apply.

In a quasi-static analysis, the gyroscopic forces are calculated. See Applying Quasi-Static Loads (p. 25)
for details.

In a rotordynamic analysis, rotating forces must be applied. See Defining Rotating Forces (p. 25) for
details about how to define those forces in a transient or harmonic analysis.

4.1. Applying Quasi-Static Loads

In a static analysis, the gyroscopic forces are calculated from the gyroscopic matrix and instantaneous
nodal velocities. Just like in a dynamics analysis, the gyroscopic matrix is generated from the rotational
velocity input (OMEGA or CMOMEGA) and the activation of the CORIOLIS command. For more inform-
ation, see Specifying Rotational Velocity and Accounting for the Gyroscopic Effect (p. 30).

The nodal velocities are specified using IC and ICROTATE. Depending on the finite elements used in
your model, you may need one or both commands. For example, if your model is a line element model
(6 degrees of freedom per node), because all nodes lie on the rotational velocity axis, use IC input to
directly enforce the nodal rotational velocities (OMGX, OMGY, or OMGZ). If your model is a solid element
model (3 degrees of freedom per node), use ICROTATE input to specify the rotational velocity and ro-
tational velocity axis so as to generate equivalent nodal translational velocities. If your model is a shell
element model (6 degrees of freedom per node), use ICROTATE and IC commands to specify both
translational and rotational nodal velocities.

The centrifugal force due to ICROTATE definition is also included in the analysis.

4.2. Defining Rotating Forces

4.2.1. Rotating Forces in Transient Analysis

In a transient analysis, the rotating forces are defined using table array parameters to specify the
amplitude of the forces in each direction, at each time step. The analysis example provided in Example:
Transient Response of a Startup (p. 65) shows how this is accomplished for mass unbalance.

The equations for the mass unbalance forces can be found in Mass Unbalance Transient Forces in the
Theory Reference.

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Applying Loads and Constraints in a Rotordynamic Analysis

4.2.2. Rotating Forces in Harmonic Analysis

4.2.2.1. Nodal Force

Because complex notations are used in a harmonic analysis, a rotating load is defined with both a
real component and an imaginary component. For example, to apply a rotating force F0 in the (YZ)
plane, rotating in the counterclockwise direction (Y to Z), the force components are:
F0 = 1.e+6 ! sample force component value
INODE = node(0.1,0,0) ! sample node number
F,INODE,fy,F0 ! real fy component at node INODE
F,INODE,fz,,-F0 ! imaginary fz component at node INODE

If a phase needs to be included, the expressions of the forces components are as shown below:

Force Real (VALUE) Imaginary (VALUE2)

FY F0cosα -F0sinα
FZ -F0sinα -F0cosα

where:

F0 is the amplitude of the force. For unbalance, the amplitude is equal to the mass
times the distance of the mass unbalance to the spin axis.

α is the phase of the force, needed only when several such forces, each with a dif-
ferent relative phase, are defined.

For more information, see Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution in the Structural Analysis
Guide.

If the rotating harmonic load is synchronous or asynchronous with the rotational velocity, use the
SYNCHRO command. In this case, the amplitude of the force generated by unbalance represents
the mass times the radius of the eccentric mass. The spin squared factor is introduced automatically.
See Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis (p. 48) for more information about harmonic analysis
with rotating forces.

Note:

When defining an unbalance force in an analysis that uses component-based rotation

(CMOMEGA), make sure you apply the force at a node attached to elements belonging
to the rotating component.

4.2.2.2. Distributed Forces Coming From Solid or Shell Model Unbalance

If a solid or shell model is not exactly axisymmetric, it induces unbalance forces that may need to
be taken into account in your harmonic analysis. To determine and apply such forces, do the fol-
lowing:

• Create nodes on the rotational velocity axis (center line) of the rotor model.

• Couple the model to the center nodes that define a rigid region (CERIG command).

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 Defining Rotating Forces

• If the rotational velocity is along X, constrain UY, UZ, and ROTX degrees of freedom at the center nodes.
Do not constrain the bearings locations.

• Perform a static analysis with unit rotational velocity (OMEGX=1.0 on the OMEGA command).

• In the post-processor (/POST1), retrieve and store the reaction forces at the center nodes (Entity=Node
and Item1=RF on the *GET command).

• You can perform your harmonic analysis after you have:

– Removed the constraints at the center nodes.

– Added your constraints at the bearings locations.

– Applied the stored reaction forces at the center nodes. Ensure that you take the opposite sign and
define complex rotating forces.

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Chapter 5: Solving a Rotordynamic Analysis
After modeling the structure and specifying the loads and constraints, you can run your rotordynamic
analysis. Although certain differences will be covered in the subsequent sections, whether your analysis
is modal, transient or harmonic the general procedures are very similar to those described in the solution
portion of Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution in the Structural Analysis Guide.

This following topics related to solving a rotordynamic analysis are available:

5.1. Adding Damping
5.2. Specifying Rotational Velocity and Accounting for the Gyroscopic Effect
5.3. Solving for a Subsequent Campbell Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using the Linear Perturbation Pro-
cedure
5.4. Solving a Harmonic Analysis with Synchronous or Asynchronous Rotating Forces
5.5. Selecting an Appropriate Solver
5.6. Using Linear Perturbation Modal Analysis

5.1. Adding Damping

Damping is present in most systems and should be specified for your dynamic analysis. Bearings are
one of the most common sources of rotordynamic damping. More information on how to specify your
bearing damping characteristics is found in Modeling Bearings (p. 13), also in this guide.

In addition, the following forms of damping are available:

• Alpha and Beta Damping (Rayleigh Damping) ALPHAD BETAD

• Material-Dependent Damping MP,BETD, MP,ALPD, TB,SDAMP,,,,BETD, TB,SDAMP,,,,ALPD

• Constant Material Damping Coefficient MP,DMPS

• Global Material Damping DMPSTR

• Damping Ratio DMPRAT

• Modal Damping MDAMP

• Element Damping

• Material Structural Damping Coefficient DMPSTR

See Damping in the Structural Analysis Guide. The accompanying tables provide more information on
the types of damping that are available for your analysis.

The effect of rotating damping is specific to rotating structures and may induce stability (p. 7) issues.
It is supported by all the elements which generate a gyroscopic matrix (see CORIOLIS for a list of ele-
ments) when proportional viscous or structural damping is defined. The viscous damping is defined via

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Solving a Rotordynamic Analysis

beta damping (BETAD) or the material-dependent damping (MP,BETD). Similarly, the structural damping
is defined via DMPSTR or MP,DMPS.

It is also supported by the following elements:

• Bearing element COMBI214 with real constants K11 = K22 and K21 = K12 = 0

• 3-D longitudinal spring-damper element COMBIN14 with KEYOPT(2) = 0 and KEYOPT(3) = 0

• General joint MPC184 with 6 degrees of freedom, KEYOPT(1) = 16 and KEYOPT(4) = 0, and with stiffness
characteristics (TB,JOIN,,,,STIF)

• Stiffness matrix MATRIX27 with KEYOPT(2) = 0 and KEYOPT(3) = 4

• Bushing element COMBI250 when stiffness characteristics are non-zero.

For COMBI214, the rotating damping effect comes directly from the damping characteristics (real con-
stants C11 = C22 and C21 = C12 = 0).

The rotating damping effect is activated using the RotDamp argument of the CORIOLIS command. An
example can be found in VM261 - Rotating Beam with Internal Viscous Damping.

5.2. Specifying Rotational Velocity and Accounting for the Gyroscopic

Effect
The rotational velocity of the structure is specified via the OMEGA or CMOMEGA commands. For the
OMEGA command, define the rotational velocity vector along one of the global coordinate system axes.
The gyroscopic effect is set via the CORIOLIS command.
omega,1000.
coriolis, on,,, on ! last field specifies stationary reference frame

Note:

In rotordynamics, the effect of the rotating inertias is calculated in the stationary reference
frame (the scope of this guide). The RefFrame argument of the CORIOLIS command must
be set accordingly.

Unlike OMEGA, CMOMEGA lets you define a rotational velocity vector independent of the global X, Y
or Z axes. For example, you may define the direction of the rotational velocity vector using two points
and the rotational velocity as a scalar, as follows:
! Define rotational velocity for COMPONENT1:
! spin is 1000 rd/s
! direction is parallel to Z axis and passing through point (0.1,0,0)
cmomega, COMPONENT1, 1000.,,, 0.1, 0, 0, 0.1, 0,1

The load interpolation setting (KBC) applies to the rotational velocity. It can be stepped, linearly inter-
polated, or quadratically interpolated over a load step.

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 Solving a Harmonic Analysis with Synchronous or Asynchronous Rotating Forces

5.3. Solving for a Subsequent Campbell Analysis of a Prestressed Structure

Using the Linear Perturbation Procedure
For more information on the Linear Perturbation procedure for rotating structures, see Considerations
for Rotating Structures.

To generate the Campbell diagram of a prestressed structure, multiple static and perturbed modal
solutions are calculated alternately. The Campbell action (Action on the CAMPBELL command) must
be set to the results file name extension of the perturbed solution (RSTP) in the first static analysis. Issue
the command CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON in the static prestress portion of the analysis to include the Coriolis
effect.

The results of the modal analyses are appended to the Jobname.RSTP file to accommodate a sub-
sequent Campbell diagram analysis – see Campbell Diagram (p. 39).

For an example analysis that includes a Campbell diagram of a thin disk, see Example: Campbell Diagram
Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using the Linear Perturbation Procedure (p. 56).

5.4. Solving a Harmonic Analysis with Synchronous or Asynchronous

Rotating Forces
To perform a harmonic analysis of an unbalanced excitation, the effect of the unbalanced mass is rep-
resented by forces in the two directions perpendicular to the spinning axis. (See Defining Rotating
Forces (p. 25).) The forces are applied on a node located on the axis of rotation. The SYNCHRO command
is used to specify that the frequency of excitation is synchronous with the rotational velocity.

Note:

The SYNCHRO command's RATIO argument is not valid in the case of an unbalanced force.

This linear approach can be used for beam models as well as for solid models.

For solid models, your analysis may require a more precise determination of displacements and stresses
in the wheel/disk containing the unbalanced mass. In this case, you can model the unbalance using a
MASS21 element and performing a nonlinear transient analysis.

5.4.1. Specifying Rotational Velocity with OMEGA

You can specify the rotational velocity using the OMEGA command. When the SYNCHRO command
is activated, the OMEGA command defines the rotational velocity direction vector. The spin is specified
automatically with the HARFRQ command. See the following example:
harfrq,100 ! 100 Hz
synchro
omega,1.,1.,1. ! direction vector of the rotational velocity

The above commands denote:

• an excitation frequency of 100 Hz,

• a spin of (100) (2π) rd/sec

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Solving a Rotordynamic Analysis

• a rotational velocity vector of

5.4.2. Specifying Rotational Velocity with CMOMEGA

You can specify the rotational velocity using the CMOMEGA command. The rotational velocity
definition is different when tabular input is used. See below for the details of tabular and non-tabular
input.

5.4.2.1. Non-Tabular Input

When the SYNCHRO command is activated, the CMOMEGA command only defines the rotational
velocity direction vector for the component. If there are several components, the ratios between
their different spins are also calculated from the CMOMEGA input. The spin of the driving component
(specified by Cname in the SYNCHRO command) is derived from the HARFRQ command, as noted
in the following example:
harfrq,100. ! excitation 100 Hz
synchro,,SPOOL1 ! driving component is SPOOL1
cmomega,SPOOL1,1.,1.,1 ! direction vector of the rotational velocity for SPOOL1
cmomega,SPOOL2,2.,2.,2. ! direction vector of the rotational velocity for SPOOL2 (also spin ratio between the

The above commands denote:

• an excitation frequency of 100Hz

• the spin of SPOOL1 is (100) (2π) rd/sec, with a rotational velocity vector of:

• the spin of SPOOL2 is twice the spin of SPOOL1 with the same rotational velocity vector

5.4.2.2. Tabular Input

Using tabular input may sometimes be necessary, for example when rotors' rotational velocities
are not proportional. In this case, all rotating components must be defined with the CMOMEGA
command and a tabular rotational velocity OMEGAX(%tab%) with primary variable FREQ.

For each harmonic analysis solution, the rotational velocity of the driving component is directly
obtained from the excitation frequency and the two points provided. It is scaled with the asynchron-
ous ratio if provided (RATIO on SYNCHRO).

For all other rotating components, the spin is calculated as the spin of the driving component
multiplied by the ratio of the tabular inputs.

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 Selecting an Appropriate Solver

5.5. Selecting an Appropriate Solver

The solver you select depends on the analysis type, as follows:
5.5.1. Solver for a Modal Analysis
5.5.2. Solver for a Harmonic Analysis
5.5.3. Solver for a Transient Analysis

5.5.1. Solver for a Modal Analysis

Both the DAMP and QRDAMP eigensolvers are applicable to a rotordynamic analysis. Before selecting
an eigensolver, consider the following:

• If you intend to perform a subsequent modal superposition, harmonic or transient analysis, use the QRDAMP
eigensolver. The DAMP eigensolver is not supported for mode-superposition methods.

• The DAMP eigensolver solves the full system of equations, whereas the QRDAMP eigensolver solves a re-
duced system of equations. Although the QRDAMP eigensolver is computationally more efficient than
the DAMP eigensolver, it is restricted to cases where damping (viscous, material, etc.) is not critical. In
particular, QRDAMP is not recommended when structural damping is present.

Note:

When using the QRDAMP eigensolver in a multiple load step modal analysis (a Campbell
analysis for example), you can activate the ReuseKey on the QRDOPT command to reuse
the eigenvectors from the symmetric eigensolution of the first step. This will result in
better performances. Note, however, that if variable bearings are present (COMBI214 with
tabular characteristics), this option may lead to incorrect results given the change in stiffness
in each load step.

When rotating damping is included in the analysis (RotDamp=ON in the CORIOLIS command) and
solid elements are used for the rotating parts of the structure, DAMP eigensolver is recommended.

After a complex modal analysis using the QRDAMP method, complex frequencies are listed in the
following way:
***** DAMPED FREQUENCIES FROM REDUCED DAMPED EIGENSOLVER *****

MODE COMPLEX FREQUENCY (HERTZ) MODAL DAMPING RATIO

1 -0.78052954E-01 49.844724 j 0.15659202E-02
(a) (b) (c)

where

(a) is the real part of the complex frequency. It shows the damping of this particular frequency
as well as its stability. A negative real part reflects a stable mode while a positive one reflects an
unstable mode. More information on instability can be found earlier in this guide under Stabil-
ity (p. 7).
(b) is the complex part of the complex frequency. It represents the damped frequency.
(c) is the modal damping ratio. It is the ratio between the real part and the complex frequency
modulus (also called norm of the complex frequency).

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Solving a Rotordynamic Analysis

Although the gyroscopic effect creates a “damping” matrix, it does not dissipate energy; therefore, if
there is no damping in a rotating structure, all the real parts of its complex frequencies are zero.

The complex part is zero if the complex frequency corresponds to a rigid body mode, or if it corres-
ponds to an overdamped frequency where the damping is so high that it suppresses the vibration.

For more information, see Complex Eigensolutions in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference

5.5.2. Solver for a Harmonic Analysis

The full method and the mode-superposition (based on QRDAMP modal analysis) method are supported
for rotordynamic analyses.

If the SYNCHRO command is used (as in an unbalanced response calculation), the mode-superposition
method is not supported. In this case, the gyroscopic matrix must be recalculated at each frequency
step. Only the FULL method is applicable.

5.5.3. Solver for a Transient Analysis

In a small-deflection transient analysis, the Coriolis effect is activated using the CORIOLIS command.
Full method and mode-superposition based on QRDAMP modal analysis method are supported for
rotordynamics.

For the full method, use the Newton-Raphson with unsymmetric matrices option (NROPT, UNSYM).

Support for a start-up or stop simulation is available. Issue the KBC command to ramp the rotational
velocity using linear interpolation. This command also supports quadratic interpolation. If the rota-
tional velocity is varying, the gyroscopic matrix needs to be recalculated at each time step; the mode-
superposition method is not supported and only the FULL method is applicable.

In a large-deflection transient analysis, (NLGEOM,ON), the Coriolis effect and all other nonlinear inertial
effects are automatically included in the analysis and the CORIOLIS command should not be used.
This is the case for rotor-bearing simulation using COMBI214 or FLUID218, for example.

5.6. Using Linear Perturbation Modal Analysis

If the effects of prestress need to be taken into account in your modal analysis, you may want to use
linear perturbation analysis. For details about this procedure, see Considerations for Rotating Structures
in the Structural Analysis Guide.

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Chapter 6: Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis
After you solve your analysis, you will want to analyze the results. This often involves processing data
from the results file and organizing it so that the relevant parameters and their relationships are available.
This section contains information on the tools you will use, along with examples of how to use them.

General information on postprocessing can be found in The General Postprocessor (POST1) and The
Time-History Postprocessor (POST26) in the Basic Analysis Guide

The following specific topics are available here:

6.1. Postprocessing Complex Results
6.2. Visualizing the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis
6.3. Printing the Orbit Characteristics After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis
6.4. Animating the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis
6.5. Visualizing Your Orbits After a Transient Analysis
6.6. Postprocessing Bearing and Reaction Forces
6.7. Campbell Diagram

6.1. Postprocessing Complex Results

The results obtained from a modal or harmonic analysis are complex. They require specific postprocessing
procedures detailed in POST1 and POST26 – Complex Results Postprocessing in the Mechanical APDL
Theory Reference. The main procedures are given below.

6.1.1. In POST1
The general postprocessor POST1 allows you to review the solution at a specific excitation frequency
after a harmonic analysis, or for a specific damped frequency after a complex modal analysis.

The SET command provides options to define the data set to be read from the results file. Specifically,
the KIMG argument is used for complex results as follows:

• the real part (KIMG = REAL)

• the imaginary part (KIMG = IMAG)

• the amplitude (KIMG = AMPL)

• the phase (KIMG = PHAS)

It is also possible to store your solution at a given angle into the database using the HRCPLX command.

Once the desired data is stored in the database, you may use any postprocessing command to create
graphics displays or tabular listings. See Reviewing Results in POST1 in the Basic Analysis Guide for
more information.

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Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis

6.1.2. In POST26
After a harmonic analysis, the time-history postprocessor (POST26) allows you to review your results
at a specific location as a function of the frequency.

The general procedure for complex results processing follows that found in The Time-History Postpro-
cessor (POST26) in the Basic Analysis Guide.

• Define your variables using the NSOL, ESOL, and RFORCE commands

• Process your variables to develop calculated data using the ABS, IMAGIN, REALVAR and ADD commands.

• Review the variables using the PRVAR, PLVAR and EXTREM commands.

When plotting complex data, PLVAR plots the amplitude by default. You can switch to plotting the
phase angle or the real part or the imaginary part via the PLCPLX command.

When listing complex data, PRVAR printout the real and imaginary parts by default. You can switch
to listing the amplitude and phase via the PRCPLX command.

6.2. Visualizing the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis

To visualize the orbits after a modal or harmonic analysis has been performed, use the PLORB command
in POST1.

Because the elliptical orbit is valid only for nodes on the rotational velocity axis, PLORB command is
valid for current-technology beam and pipe elements. If you have a solid element model, you can add
line elements (with negligible stiffness and mass) on the rotational velocity axis to visualize the orbits.

Sample command input to output your orbit plot at a given frequency:

/POST1
set,1,6 ! read load step 1, substep 6
plorb

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 Printing the Orbit Characteristics After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis

The spool line is in dark blue, while the orbits are in light blue.

6.3. Printing the Orbit Characteristics After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis

To print out the characteristics of the orbits after a modal or harmonic analysis has been performed,
use the PRORB command in /POST1. See Elliptical Orbit (p. 6) in this guide for a definition of the
characteristics. Angles are in degrees and within the range of -180 through +180.

Because the elliptical orbit is valid only for nodes on the rotational velocity axis, the PRORB command
is valid for current-technology beam and pipe elements. If you have a solid element model, you can
add line elements (with negligible stiffness and mass) on the rotational velocity axis so that the orbit
characteristics are calculated and printed out.

The following command string prints out the orbit characteristics at a given frequency:
/POST1
set,1,6 ! read load step 1, substep 6
prorb

The angles are expressed in degrees for the range of -180° to +180°. The position vector of the local Y
axis in the global coordinate system is printed out along with the elliptical orbit characteristics.

To retrieve and store your orbit characteristics as parameters, use the *GET command with Item1 =
ORBT after issuing the PRORB command.

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Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis

6.4. Animating the Orbits After a Modal or Harmonic Analysis

To animate the orbits and visualize the whirling, use ANHARM command in /POST1. A sample input
follows:
/POST1
set,1,6 ! read load step 1, substep 6
plnsol,u,sum ! specify the results to be animated
anharm

6.5. Visualizing Your Orbits After a Transient Analysis

Plot the transient orbits using the PLVAR command, as shown in the following example:
/post26
INODE = 12 ! node of interest
nsol,2,INODE,u,y ! define variable 2
nsol,3,INODE,u,z ! define variable 3

/axlab,X,displacement UY ! specify Xaxis label

/axlab,Y,displacement UZ ! specify Yaxis label

xvar,2 ! variable 2 is on Xaxis

plvar,3 ! plot variable 3 on Yaxis

6.6. Postprocessing Bearing and Reaction Forces

You can postprocess element forces only if those forces are written to the database. Database writing
is controlled using the OUTRES command at the solver level. You may also printout the loads at the
solver level using the OUTPR command.

To print out the reaction forces and element forces in the general postprocessor (/POST1):

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 Campbell Diagram

/post1
set,last ! last substep of last loadstep

! printout reaction forces

force,static ! elastic forces (stiffness)
prrfor
force,damp ! damping forces
prrfor

! printout element forces

force,static ! elastic forces (stiffness)
presol,F
force,damp ! damping forces
presol,F

If you use the COMBI214 or FLUID218 element to model the bearings, you can retrieve reaction forces
from the element. Details on using this feature after your transient analysis follow.

6.6.1. COMBI214 Bearing Forces

Transient bearing reaction forces are part of element COMBI214 outputs. Elastic forces (also called
spring forces) as well as damping forces are available along the principal axes of the element. All
calculated forces include the cross-term effects.

You can use the POST26 time-history postprocessor to print out the stiffness and damping bearing
forces, as shown in the following example:
/post26
! parameters for element and node number
BEARING_ELEM = 154
BEARING_NODE1 = 1005

! define elastic forces as variables 2 and 3

esol,2,BEARING_ELEM,BEARING_NODE1,smisc,1,FE1
esol,3,BEARING_ELEM,BEARING_NODE1,smisc,2,FE2

! damping forces as variables 4 and 5

esol,4, BEARING_ELEM,BEARING_NODE1,nmisc,5,FD1
esol,5, BEARING_ELEM,BEARING_NODE1,nmisc,6,FD2

! printout all forces as function of time

prvar,2,3,4,5

! plot all forces as function of time

plvar,2,3,4,5

6.6.2. FLUID218 Bearing Forces

Bearing forces are part of the FLUID218 output. Because it is a 3-D element, the element forces must
be summed to obtain the total bearing forces. See Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a
Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with Supply Orifice (p. 101).

6.7. Campbell Diagram

After you have run a modal analysis with several rotational velocity load steps, you can perform a
Campbell diagram analysis. The analysis allows you to:

• Visualize the evolution of the frequencies with the rotational velocity

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Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis

• Check the stability (p. 7) and whirl (p. 6) of each mode

• Determine the critical speeds (p. 8).

• Determine the stability threshold

The plot showing the variation of frequency with respect to rotational velocity may not be readily ap-
parent. For more information, see Generating a Successful Campbell Diagram (p. 43) below.

6.7.1.Visualize the Evolution of the Frequencies With the Rotational Velocity

In the general postprocessor (POST1), issue the PLCAMP command to display a Campbell diagram
as shown below.

If there are rotating components, you will specify the name of the reference component via the
Cname argument in the PLCAMP command.

A maximum of 10 frequency curves are plotted within the frequency range specified.

Use the following commands to modify the appearance of the graphics:

Scale
To change the scale of the graphic, you can use the /XRANGE and /YRANGE commands.

High Frequencies
Use the FREQB argument in the PLCAMP command to select the lowest frequency of interest.

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 Campbell Diagram

Rotational Velocity Units

Use the UNIT argument in the PLCAMP command to change the X axis units. This value is expressed as
either rd/sec (default), or rpm.

Use the SLOPE argument in PLCAMP command to display the line representing an excitation. For
example, an excitation coming from unbalance corresponds to SLOPE = 1.0 because it is synchronous
with the rotational velocity.

6.7.2. Check the Stability and Whirl of Each Mode

Forward (FW), and backward (BW) whirls, and unstable frequencies are identified in the Campbell
diagram analysis. These characteristics appear in the Campbell diagram graphic legend generated by
the PLCAMP command. Forward and backward whirls are printed out in the table generated by the
PRCAMP command, as shown below.

If an unstable frequency is detected, it is identified in the table by a letter u between the mode
number and the whirl characteristics (BW/FW). In this example, all frequencies are stable.

The whirl direction is calculated at maximum rotational velocity by default. KeyWhirl on the PRCAMP
command can be used to print out the whirl direction of each mode at each rotational velocity. The
whirl direction of a mode is calculated as the average of the whirl directions of the nodes belonging

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Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis

to a rotating part. The nodal whirl directions can be printed out using WhrlNodkey = ON on the
PRORB command.

Note:

For a rotating structure meshed in shell elements lying in a plane perpendicular to the
rotational velocity axis—for example, a thin disk—the whirl effects are not plotted or
printed by the PRCAMP or PLCAMP commands. However, they can be visualized using
the ANHARM command.

By default, the PRCAMP command prints a maximum of 10 frequencies (to be consistent with the
plot obtained via the PLCAMP command). If you want to see all frequencies, set KeyALLFreq = 1.

You can determine how a particular frequency becomes unstable by issuing the PLCAMP or PRCAMP
and then specifying a stability value (STABVAL) of 1. You can also view the logarithmic decrements
by specifying a STABVAL = 2 or 3.

To retrieve and store frequencies and whirls as parameters: Use the *GET command with Entity
= CAMP and Item1 = FREQ or WHRL. A maximum of 200 values are retrieved within the frequency
range specified.

6.7.3. Determine the Critical Speeds

The PRCAMP command prints out the critical speeds for a rotating synchronous (unbalanced) or
asynchronous force when SLOPE is input:

The critical speeds correspond to the intersection points between frequency curves and the added
line F = sω (where s represents SLOPE > 0 as specified via PRCAMP).

Because the critical speeds are determined graphically, their accuracy depends upon the quality of
the Campbell diagram. For example, if the frequencies show significant variations over the rotational
velocity range, you must ensure that enough modal analyses have been performed to accurately
represent those variations. For more information about how to generate a successful Campbell diagram,
seeGenerating a Successful Campbell Diagram (p. 43) below.

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 Campbell Diagram

To retrieve and store critical speeds as parameters: Use the *GET command with Entity = CAMP
and Item1 = VCRI. A maximum of 200 values are retrieved within the frequency range specified.

6.7.4. Determine the Stability Threshold

The PRCAMP command prints out the stability threshold of each mode when a zero line (SLOPE) is
input and stability values (or logarithmic decrements) are post-processed (STABVAL = 1, 2, or 3).

Stability thresholds correspond to change of signs. Because they are determined graphically, their
accuracy depends upon the quality of the Campbell diagram. For example, if the stability values (or
logarithmic decrements) show significant variations over the rotational velocity range, you must ensure
that modal analyses have been performed with enough load steps to accurately represent those
variations.

To retrieve and store stability thresholds as parameters, use the *GET command with Entity =
CAMP and Item1 = VSTA.

6.7.5. Generating a Successful Campbell Diagram

To help you obtain a good Campbell diagram plot or printout, the sorting option is active by default
(PLCAMP,ON or PRCAMP,ON). ANSYS compares complex mode shapes obtained at 2 consecutive
load steps using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). The equations used are described in POST1 -
Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference. Similar modes shapes are
then paired. If one pair of matched modes has a MAC value smaller than 0.7, the following warning
message is output:
*** WARNING ***
Sorting process may not be successful due to the shape of some modes.
If results are not satisfactory, try to change the load steps and/or
the number of modes.

In this case, or if the plot is otherwise unsatisfactory, try the following:

• Start the Campbell analysis with a nonzero rotational velocity.

Modes at zero rotational velocity are real modes and may be difficult to pair with complex modes
obtained at nonzero rotational velocity.

• Increase the number of load steps.

It helps if the mode shapes change significantly as the spin velocity increases.

• Change the frequency window.

To do so, use the shift option (PLCAMP,,,FREQB or PRCAMP,,,FREQB). It helps if some modes fall
outside the default frequency window.

Running multiple damped modal analyses for a 3-D model may result in a large results file. To reduce
its size, you can:

• Decrease the number of extracted modes (MODOPT,,NMODE).

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Postprocessing a Rotordynamic Analysis

• Generate the results file for a reduced set of selected nodes (for example, nodes on the axis of rotation).
Issue OUTRES,ALL,NONE and then OUTRES,Item,Freq,Cname where Item = NSOL, Freq = ALL
and Cname is the name of a node-based component.

For the sorting process and whirl calculation to be successful, the set of selected nodes must
represent the dynamics of the structure. In general, nodes on the spin axis contribute to the
bending mode shapes that are needed in the Campbell analysis.

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Chapter 7: Rotordynamic Analysis Examples
The following example analysis samples are available:
7.1. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam
7.2. Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis
7.3. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using the Linear Perturbation Procedure
7.4. Example: Mode-Superposition Harmonic Response to Base Excitation
7.5. Example: Mode-Superposition Transient Response to an Impulse
7.6. Example: Transient Response of a Startup
7.7. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Superelement
7.8. Example: Critical Speed Map Generation
7.9. Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis (CMS)
7.10. Example: Calculation of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing Characteristics
7.11. Example: Calculation of a Squeeze Film Damper Characteristics
7.12. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing
7.13. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with Supply Orifice
7.14. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)
7.15. Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System
7.16. Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics
7.17. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

7.1. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam

This example demonstrates a modal analysis of a rotating structure using a stationary reference frame.
The analysis generates a Campbell diagram (PLCAMP).

These additional Campbell diagram examples are available in the Mechanical APDL Verification Manual:

• For the Campbell diagram and critical speed analysis of a rotor on bearings, see VM247 “Campbell
Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Bearings” and VM254 “Campbell Diagrams and Critical
Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic Bearings”.

• For the Campbell diagram and stability analysis of a rotating beam on bearings with viscous internal
damping, see VM261 “Rotating Beam with Internal Viscous Damping”.

7.1.1. Problem Description

The model is a simply supported beam spinning at up to 30,000 rd/s.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.1.2. Problem Specifications

The geometric properties for this analysis are as follows:

Length: 8m
Diameter: 0.2m

The material properties for this analysis are as follows:

Young's modulus (E) = 2e+11 N/m2

Poisson's ratio (υ) = 0.3
Density = 7800 kg/m3

7.1.3. Input for the Analysis

Use this input file to perform the example modal analysis of a rotating structure using a stationary
reference frame.
/batch,list
/title, Spinning Simply Supported Beam
!* Parameters
lx=8 ! length
dia=0.2 ! diameter
/PREP7 ! -----
ET,1,16
R,1, dia, dia/2
MP,EX,1,2e+11
MP,DENS,1,7800
MP,PRXY,1,0.3
n,1
n,9,lx
fill,1,9
e,1,2
egen,8,1,-1
d,1,uy,,, ,,uz ! simply supported left end
d,9,uy,,, ,,uz ! simply supported right end
d,all,ux ! supress axial motion
d,all,rotx ! supress torsion
finish
/SOLU ! -----
antype,modal
! Use the QRDAMP eigensolver, request 8 modes,
! get complex eigensolutions
modopt,qrdamp,8,,,on
! Reuse the block Lanczos eigenvectors from the first loadstep
qrdopt,on
! Write 8 modes to the result file, calculate
! element results
mxpand,8,,,yes
! Apply Coriolis effect and specify
! stationary reference frame
coriolis,on,,,on
! Solve 2 loadsteps with rotational velocity
omega,0.
solve
omega,30000.
solve
finish
/POST1 ! -----
! Plot Campbell Diagram
plcamp
! Print Campbell Diagram
prcamp

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 Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam

finish

7.1.4. Analysis Steps

The following table describes the input listing and the general process involved in the example ana-
lysis in more detail:

Step Description ANSYS Command(s)

1. Set parameters. lx=8

dia=0.2
2. Define nodes, elements, and material properties. ET,…

R,…

MP,...

N,…

E,…
3. Set boundary conditions. D,...
4. Set the analysis type (modal in this case). Use the QRDAMP ANTYPE,MODAL
eigensolver, request 8 modes, and specify complex
eigensolutions. MODOPT,QRDAMP,8,,,ON

MXPAND,...
5. Include the Coriolis effect in a stationary reference frame. CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON
6. For each load step, define the rotation velocity, and then solve. OMEGA,…

SOLVE
7. Plot and print the Campbell diagram. PLCAMP

PRCAMP

The results of your analysis should be similar to those shown here:

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

The printout (PRCAMP) should yield the following data:

PRINT CAMPBELL DIAGRAM
Sorting : ON
X axis unit : rd/s

***** FREQUENCIES (Hz) FROM CAMPBELL (sorting on) *****

Spin(rd/s) 0.000 30000.000

1 BW 6.207 4.639
2 FW 6.207 8.305
3 BW 24.750 18.547
4 FW 24.750 33.027
5 BW 55.461 41.735
6 FW 55.461 73.701
7 BW 98.248 74.337
8 FW 98.248 129.852

7.2. Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis

Following is an example harmonic analysis with unbalance force. It illustrates the use of the SYNCHRO
command and the following postprocessing capabilities:

• Orbits plotting (PLORB)

• Whirl animation (ANHARM)

7.2.1. Problem Description

The structure is a two-spool rotor on symmetric bearings. Both spools have two rigid disks. The inner
spool rotates at up to 14,000 RPM and the outer spool rotates 1.5 times faster.

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 Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis

Disks are not visible in the plot because they are MASS21 elements.

7.2.2. Problem Specifications

The unbalance is located on the second disk of the inner spool and harmonic response is calculated.

Outputs are as follows:

• Amplitude at nodes 7 and 12 as a function of the frequency

• Orbit plot at a given frequency

• Animation of the whirl at a given frequency

7.2.3. Input for the Analysis

Use this input file to perform the example unbalance harmonic analysis of rotating structure using a
stationary reference frame.
/batch,list
/title, twin spools - unbalance (inner spool) response
/PREP7
mp,EX ,1,2.1e+11
mp,DENS,1,7800
mp,PRXY,1,0.3
! shaft
et,1,188,,,2
sectype,1,beam,csolid
secdata,0.01524,32
sectype,2,beam,ctube
secdata,0.0254,0.03048,32
! disks
et,2,21
r,3,10.51,10.51,10.51,8.59e-2,4.295e-2,4.295e-2
r,4,7.01 ,7.01 ,7.01 ,4.29e-2,2.145e-2,2.145e-2
r,5,3.5 ,3.5 ,3.5 ,2.71e-2,1.355e-2,1.355e-2
r,6,7.01 ,7.01 ,7.01 ,6.78e-2,3.390e-2,3.390e-2
! bearings
et,3,214,,1
r,7 ,2.63e+7 ,2.63e+7
r,8 ,1.75e+7 ,1.75e+7
r,9 ,0.875e+7,0.875e+7
r,10,1.75e+7 ,1.75e+7
! nodes
n,1
n,2 ,0.0762

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

n,3 ,0.1524
n,4 ,0.2413
n,5 ,0.32385
n,6 ,0.4064
n,7 ,0.4572
n,8 ,0.508
n,9 ,0.1524
n,10,0.2032
n,11,0.2794
n,12,0.3556
n,13,0.4064
! bearings second nodes
n,101, ,0.05
n,108,0.508 ,0.05
n,109,0.1524,0.05
! components elements
type,1
secn,1
e,1,2
egen,7,1,1
type,2
real,3
e,2
real,6
e,7
cm,inSpool,elem
type,1
secn,2
e,9,10
egen,4,1,10
type,2
real,4
e,10
real,5
e,12
esel,u,,,inSpool
cm,outSpool,elem
allsel
! bearings
type,3
real,7
e,1,101
real,8
e,9,109
real,9
e,6,13
real,10
e,8,108
! boundary conditions
d,all,ux,,,,,rotx
d,101,all
d,108,all
d,109,all
! unbalance forces (eccentric mass * radius)
f0 = 70e-6
f,7,fy,f0
f,7,fz,,-f0
fini
/SOLU
antype,harmic
synchro,,inSpool
nsubst,500
harfrq,,14000/60 ! implicitly defines OMEGA for Coriolis calculation
kbc,1
dmpstr,0.01
cmomega,inSpool,100.
cmomega,outSpool,150.
coriolis,on,,,on
solve
fini
! output: amplitude at nodes 7 and 12 as a function of the frequency
/POST26

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 Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis

nsol,2,7,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,7,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR
prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2
prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2
add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
sqrt,9,8,,,AMPL7
!
nsol,2,12,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,12,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR
prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2
prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2
add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
sqrt,10,8,,,AMPL12
!
/gropt,logy,1
/yrange,1.e-7,1.e-3
plvar,9,10
fini
! output: orbit plot at the given frequency
/POST1
set,1,262
/view,,1,1,1
plorb
! output: animation of the whirl at the given frequency
SET,1,500
!reset for subsequent post processing
/eshape,1
/gline,,-1
plnsol,u,sum
anharm

7.2.4. Analysis Steps

The following table describes the input listing and the general process involved in the example ana-
lysis in more detail.

Step Description ANSYS Command(s)

1. Define material properties. MP,EX,1,2.1e+11

MP,DENS,1,7800

MP,PRXY,1,0.3
2. Define element types, sections, real and nodes. ET,…

SECTYPE,…

SECDATA,…

R,…

N,…
3. Define first component named inSpool. TYPE,1

SECNUM,1

E,1,2

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Step Description ANSYS Command(s)

EGEN,7,1,1

TYPE,2

REAL,3

E,2

REAL,6

E,7

CM,inSpool,ELEM
4. Define second component named outSpool. TYPE,1

SECNUM,2

E,9,10

EGEN,4,1,10

TYPE,2

REAL,4

E,10

REAL,5

E,12

ESEL,u,,,inSpool

CM,outSpool,ELEM

ALLSEL
6. Define bearing elements. TYPE,3

REAL,7

E,1,101

REAL,8

E,9,109

REAL,9

E,6,13

REAL,10

E,8,108
5. Set boundary conditions. D,...

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 Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis

Step Description ANSYS Command(s)

7. Define the unbalance forces (eccentric mass * radius) f0 = 70e-6
at node 7.
F,7,FY,f0

F,7,FZ,,-f0
8. Set the solution options. ANTYPE,HARMIC

• Harmonic analysis SYNCHRO,,inSpool

• Unbalance on component inSpool NSUBST,500

• 500 substeps HARFRQ,,14000/60

• Frequency at end of range is 14000/60 Hz KBC,1

• Step loading DMPSTR,0.01

• Damping ratio is 1% CMOMEGA,inSpool,100.

• Rotational velocity of component inSpool CMOMEGA,outSpool,150.

• Rotational velocity of component outSpool CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON

• Coriolis force in stationary reference frame SOLVE

Note:

The rotational velocities (CMOMEGA) are

not applied in the usual way. Rather,
ANSYS considers only their direction
cosines and the velocity ratio between
spools. For more information, see the
documentation for the SYNCHRO
command.

9. First output (in POST26). /POST26

• The maximum amplitude of the displacement of nodes NSOL,2,7,U,Y,UY

7 (AMPL7) is calculated in variable 9.
NSOL,3,7,U,Z,UZ
• The maximum amplitude of the displacement of nodes
12 (AMPL12) is calculated in variable 10. REALVAR,4,2,,,UYR

• Set logY scale. REALVAR,5,3,,,UZR

• Set a specific scale range in Y. PROD,6,4,4,,UYR_2

• Plot variables 9 and 10. PROD,7,5,5,,UZR_2

ADD,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2

SQRT,9,8,,,AMPL7

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Step Description ANSYS Command(s)

!

NSOL,2,12,U,Y,UY

NSOL,3,12,U,Z,UZ

REALVAR,4,2,,,UYR

REALVAR,5,3,,,UZR

PROD,6,4,4,,UYR_2

PROD,7,5,5,,UZR_2

ADD,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2

SQRT,10,8,,,AMPL12

/GROPT,LOGY,1

/YRANGE,1.e-7,1.e-3

PLVAR,9,10
10. Second output (in POST1). /POST1

• Read load step 1 and substep 262 from results file. SET,1,262

• Change the view. /VIEW,,1,1,1

• Plot the orbits at each rotating node. PLORB

11. Third output. /ESHAPE,1

• Display takes dimensions into account. /GLINE,,-1

• No element outline. PLNSOL,U,SUM

• Display the displacements as contours. ANHARM

• Animate the displays (defined by the last set command

and last display command).

The outputs of your analysis should match those shown here:

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 Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis

You can obtain the two critical frequencies (at which the amplitudes are largest) via
PRCAMP with SLOPE = 1.0.

Orbits are represented in different colors. Orbits from the inner spool appear in sky
blue, and from the outer spool in purple. Spool lines appear in dark blue.

The following demo is presented as an animated GIF. View online if you are reading the PDF version of
the help. Interface names and other components shown in the demo may differ from those in the released
product.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

The animation of the whirls shown here is the third output resulting from the example
harmonic analysis with unbalance.

7.3. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Prestressed Structure Using

the Linear Perturbation Procedure
This problem is the same as the one described above, except that the effect of the prestress due to the
centrifugal force is taken into account.

7.3.1. Input for the Analysis

The different load steps, each one including a static and a modal analysis, are performed within a
*DO loop for simplicity.

! ** parameters
pi = acos(-1)
xa = 47.5e-3
xb = 16.5e-3
zh = 0.8e-3
spin = 120*2*pi

/prep7
et,1,181
r,1,zh

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 Example: Mode-Superposition Harmonic Response to Base Excitation

! ** material = aluminium
mp,ex,,7.2e+10
mp,nuxy,,.3
mp,dens,,2800.

! ** mesh
esize,0.0025
cyl4,,,xb,0,xa,360
amesh,all

! ** constraints = clamp inner radius

lsel,,,,5,8
dl,all,1,all
allsel
fini

! *** prestress modal analysis in rotation

nbstep = 5
dspin = spin/(nbstep-1)
*dim,spins,,nbstep
*vfill,spins,ramp,0.,dspin
spins(1) = 0.1 ! non zero to ease the Campbell diagram sorting

*do,iloop,1,nbstep

/solu
antype,static ! Perform Static analysis.
rescontrol,linear ! Enable file writing for a subsequent linear perturbation
coriolis,off ! Coriolis effect is OFF
omega,,,spins(iloop)
campbell,rstp ! Campbell for LP modal
solve
fini

/solu
antype,static, restart,,,perturb ! Perform a static restart with
! perturbation from the last load step and
! substep of the previous static solve
perturb, modal,,, INERKEEP ! Set the analysis options for perturbed
! modal analysis
coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis effect is ON in stationary
! reference frame
solve, elform ! Reform element matrices

modopt,qrdamp,20,,,on
mxpand,20
omega,,,spins(iloop)
solve
fini
*enddo

! *** Campbell diagram

/post1
file,,rstp
/show,JPEG
plcamp
prcamp
finish
/show,CLOSE

7.4. Example: Mode-Superposition Harmonic Response to Base Excitation

The model, a cantilevered disk-spindle system, is shown in Figure 7.1: Cantilevered Disk Spindle (p. 58).
The disk is fixed to the spindle with a rigid clamp and is rotating at 0.75*50 Hz. The base excitation is
a harmonic force along the negative Y direction, with a frequency of up to 500 Hz.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.1: Cantilevered Disk Spindle

7.4.1. Problem Specifications

The geometric properties of the disk are as follows:

Thickness: 1.0 mm
Inner radius: 0.1016 m
Outer radius: 0.2032 m

The geometric properties of the shaft are as follows:

Length: 0.4064 m
Radius: 0.0132 m

The clamp is modeled with constraint equations. The inertia properties of the clamp are:

Mass = 6.8748 kg
Inertia (XX,YY) = 0.0282 kg.m2
Inertia (ZZ) = 0.0355 kg.m2

The material properties for this analysis are as follows

Young's modulus (E) = 2.04e+11 N/m2

Poisson's ratio (υ) = 0.28
Density = 8030 kg/m3

7.4.2. Input for the Analysis

! ** parameters
pi = acos(-1)

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 Example: Mode-Superposition Harmonic Response to Base Excitation

xb = 0.1016
xa = 0.2032
zh = 1.0e-3
rs = 0.0191
ls = 0.4064
d1 = 0.0132
spin = 50*2*pi*0.75
fexcit = 500

/prep7

! ** material
mp,ex,,2.04e+11
mp,nuxy,,.28
mp,dens,,8030.

! ** spindle
et,1,188
sectype,1,beam,csolid
secd,rs,30
type,1
secn,1
k,1,,,-ls-d1
k,2,,,-d1
l,1,2
lesize,1,,,5
lmesh,all

! ** disk
et,2,181
sectype,2,shell
secd,zh
type,2
secn,2
esize,0.01
cyl4,,,xb,0,xa,360
amesh,all

! ** clamp between disk and spindle

et,3,21
r,3,6.8748,6.8748,6.8748,0.0282,0.0282,0.0355
type,3
real,3
n,
ncent = node(0,0,0)
e,ncent
cerig,ncent,node(0,0,-d1),all
csys,1
nsel,,loc,x,xb
nsel,a,node,,ncent
cerig,ncent,all,all
allsel
csys,0

! ** constraints = clamp free end

nsel,,node,,node(0,0,-ls-d1)
d,all,all,0.0
allsel
fini

! *** modal analysis in rotation

/solu
antype,modal
modopt,qrdamp,30
mxpand,30
betad,1.e-5
coriolis,on,,,on
omega,,,spin
acel,,-1 !! generate load vector
solve
fini

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

! *** harmonic analysis in rotation

/solu
antype,harmonic
hropt,msup,30
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,all
acel,0,0,0
kbc,0
harfrq,,fexcit
nsubst,500
lvscale,1.0 !! use load vector
solve
fini

! *** expansion
/solu
expass,on
numexp,all
solve

! *** generate response plot

/post26
nsol,2,node(0,0,0),U,X,uxTip
nsol,3,node(0,0,0),U,Y,uyTip
nsol,4,node(0,xa,0),U,Z,uzDisk
/gropt,logy,on
/axlab,x,FREQUENCIES
/axlab,y,DISPLACEMENTS (m)
/show,JPEG
plvar,2,3,4
EXTREM,2,4,1
/show,CLOSE

7.4.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.2: Output for the Cantilevered Disk Spindle (p. 60) shows the graph of displacement versus
frequency.

Figure 7.2: Output for the Cantilevered Disk Spindle

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 Example: Mode-Superposition Transient Response to an Impulse

7.5. Example: Mode-Superposition Transient Response to an Impulse

The model is depicted in Figure 7.3: Rotating Shaft (p. 61). The shaft is rotating at 105000 RPM and is
supported by two bearings. It is excited by an impulse along the X axis at a node situated in the right
overhung part of the rotor.

Figure 7.3: Rotating Shaft

7.5.1. Problem Specifications

The specifications for this model, including the geometry, and the stiffness characteristics for the
identical bearings are found in VM247 , “Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric
Bearings” in the Mechanical APDL Verification Manual.

7.5.2. Input for the Analysis

/PREP7

MP,EX,1,2.078e+11
MP,DENS,1,7806
MP,NUXY,1,0.3

et,1,273,,3 !! 3 circumferential nodes

nbdiam = 18
*dim,diam,array,nbdiam
diam(1) = 1.02e-2
diam(2) = 2.04e-2
diam(3) = 1.52e-2
diam(4) = 4.06e-2
diam(5) = diam(4)
diam(6) = 6.6e-2
diam(7) = diam(6)
diam(8) = 5.08e-2
diam(9) = diam(8)
diam(10) = 2.54e-2
diam(11) = diam(10)
diam(12) = 3.04e-2
diam(13) = diam(12)
diam(14) = 2.54e-2
diam(15) = diam(14)
diam(16) = 7.62e-2

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

diam(17) = 4.06e-2
diam(18) = diam(17)

k,1
k,2 ,diam(1)/2
k,3 ,diam(1)/2,1.27e-2
k,4 , ,1.27e-2
a,1,2,3,4

k,5 ,diam(2)/2,1.27e-2
k,6 ,diam(2)/2,5.08e-2
k,7 ,diam(3)/2,5.08e-2
k,8 , ,5.08e-2
a,4,3,5,6,7,8

k,9 ,diam(3)/2,7.62e-2
k,10, ,7.62e-2
a,8,7,9,10

k,11,diam(4)/2,7.62e-2
k,12,diam(4)/2,8.89e-2
k,13, ,8.89e-2
a,10,9,11,12,13

k,14,diam(5)/2,10.16e-2
k,15, ,10.16e-2
a,13,12,14,15

k,16,diam(6)/2,10.16e-2
k,17,diam(6)/2,10.67e-2
k,18,3.04e-2/2,10.67e-2
k,19, ,10.67e-2
a,15,14,16,17,18,19

k,20,diam(7)/2,11.43e-2
k,21,diam(8)/2,11.43e-2
k,22,3.56e-2/2,11.43e-2
k,23,3.04e-2/2,11.43e-2
a,18,17,20,21,22,23

k,24,diam(8)/2,12.7e-2
k,25,3.56e-2/2,12.7e-2
a,22,21,24,25

k,26, ,12.7e-2
k,27,diam(9)/2,13.46e-2
k,28,diam(10)/2,13.46e-2
k,29, ,13.46e-2
a,26,25,24,27,28,29

k,30,diam(10)/2,16.51e-2
k,31, ,16.51e-2
a,29,28,30,31

k,32,diam(11)/2,19.05e-2
k,33, ,19.05e-2
a,31,30,32,33

k,34,diam(12)/2,19.05e-2
k,35,diam(12)/2,22.86e-2
k,36, ,22.86e-2
a,33,32,34,35,36

k,37,diam(13)/2,26.67e-2
k,38,diam(14)/2,26.67e-2
k,39, ,26.67e-2
a,36,35,37,38,39

k,40,diam(14)/2,28.7e-2
k,41, ,28.7e-2
a,39,38,40,41

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 Example: Mode-Superposition Transient Response to an Impulse

k,42,diam(15)/2,30.48e-2
k,43, ,30.48e-2
a,41,40,42,43

k,44,diam(16)/2,30.48e-2
k,45,diam(16)/2,31.5e-2
k,46,diam(17)/2,31.5e-2
k,47, ,31.5e-2
a,43,42,44,45,46,47

k,48,diam(17)/2,34.54e-2
k,49,3.04e-2/2,34.54e-2
k,50, ,34.54e-2
a,47,46,48,49,50

k,51,diam(18)/2,35.5e-2
k,52,3.04e-2/2,35.5e-2
a,49,48,51,52

esize,0.5e-2
amesh,all

sect,1,axis !! symmetry axis along Y

secd,1, 0,0,0, 0,1,0
naxi

! bearings
et,3,combin14
keyopt,3,2,1
et,4,combin14
keyopt,4,2,2
et,5,combin14
keyopt,5,2,3
r,3,4.378e+7

visu = -0.02 !! visualization of bearing

n,10000,visu,16.51e-2
n,10001,visu,28.7e-2

type,3
real,3
e,node(0,16.51e-2,0),10000
e,node(0,28.7e-2,0),10001
type,4
real,3
e,node(0,16.51e-2,0),10000
e,node(0,28.7e-2,0),10001
type,5
real,3
e,node(0,16.51e-2,0),10000
e,node(0,28.7e-2,0),10001

d,10000,all
d,10001,all

fini

! *** modal analysis in rotation

pi = acos(-1)
spin = 105000*pi/30

/solu
antype,modal
modopt,qrdamp,10,1.0
coriolis,on,,,on
betad,1.e-5
omega,,spin
mxpand,10,,,yes
solve
fini

! *** mode-superposition transient analysis

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

dt = 1.0e-04
nodF = node(0.20300E-01,0.88900E-01,0)

/solu
antype,transient
trnopt,msup,10
deltim,dt
kbc,0
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,all
outres,rsol,all

f,nodF,FX,0
time,2*dt
solve

f,nodF,FX,1.e+3
time,10*dt
solve

f,nodF,FX,0
time,100*dt
solve
fini

! *** expansion pass

/solu
expass,on
numexp,all
solve
fini

! *** generate bearing reaction forces plot

/post26
rforce,2,10000,F,X,fxRightBearing
rforce,3,10000,F,Z,fzRightBearing
rforce,4,10001,F,X,fxLeftBearing
rforce,5,10001,F,Z,fzLeftBearing

/show,JPEG
plvar,2,3,4,5
EXTREME,2,5,1
/show,CLOSE

7.5.3. Output for the Analysis

The plot of Bearing Reaction Forces vs. Time is shown in Figure 7.4: Rotating Shaft Output (p. 65).

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 Example: Transient Response of a Startup

Figure 7.4: Rotating Shaft Output

7.6. Example: Transient Response of a Startup

The model is a simply supported shaft. A rigid disk is located at 1/3 of its length. A bearing is located
at 2/3 of its length. The rotational velocity varies with a constant slope from zero at t = 0 to 5000 RPM
at t = 4 s.

7.6.1. Problem Specifications

The geometric properties of the shaft are as follows:

Length: 0.4 m
Radius: 0.01 m

The inertia properties of the disk are:

Mass = 16.47 kg
Inertia (XX,YY) = 9.47e-2 kg·m2
Inertia (ZZ) = 0.1861 kg·m2

The material properties for this analysis are as follows:

Young's modulus (E) = 2.0e+11 N/m2

Poisson's ratio (υ) = 0.3
Density = 7800 kg/m3

The mass unbalance (0.1 g) is located on the disk at a distance of 0.15 m from the center line of the
shaft. The mass unbalance transient forces are input using table array parameters. See Mass Unbalance
Transient Forces in the Theory Reference for details of the equations. Note that the unbalance phase
is 90 degrees in this example.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.6.2. Input for the Analysis

/prep7
! ** parameters
length = 0.4
ro_shaft = 0.01
ro_disk = 0.15
md = 16.47
id = 9.427e-2
ip = 0.1861
kxx = 2.0e+5
kyy = 5.0e+5
beta = 2.e-4

! ** material = steel
mp,ex,1,2.0e+11
mp,nuxy,1,.3
mp,dens,1,7800

! ** elements types
et,1,188
sect,1,beam,csolid
secdata,ro_shaft,20
et,2,21
r,2,md,md,md,id,id,ip
et,3,14,,1
r,3,kxx,beta*kxx
et,4,14,,2
r,4,kyy,beta*kyy

! ** shaft
type,1
secn,1
mat,1
k,1
k,2,,,length
l,1,2
lesize,1,,,9
lmesh,all

! ** disk
type,2
real,2
e,5

! ** bearing
n,21,-0.05,,2*length/3
type,3
real,3
e,8,21
type,4
real,4
e,8,21

! ** constraints
dk,1,ux,,,,uy
dk,2,ux,,,,uy
d,all,uz
d,all,rotz
d,21,all
finish

! ** transient tabular force (unbalance)

pi = acos(-1)
spin = 5000*pi/30
tinc = 0.5e-3
tend = 4
spindot = spin/tend
nbp = nint(tend/tinc) + 1
unb = 1.e-4
f0 = unb*ro_disk

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 Example: Transient Response of a Startup

*dim,spinTab,table,nbp,,,TIME
*dim,rotTab, table,nbp,,,TIME
*dim,fxTab, table,nbp,,,TIME
*dim,fyTab, table,nbp,,,TIME
*vfill,spinTab(1,0),ramp,0,tinc
*vfill,rotTab(1,0), ramp,0,tinc
*vfill,fxTab(1,0), ramp,0,tinc
*vfill,fyTab(1,0), ramp,0,tinc
tt = 0
*do,iloop,1,nbp
spinVal = spindot*tt ! omega use to compute coriolis force and omega^2
spinTab(iloop,1) = spinVal ! table of omega vs time
spin2 = spinVal**2 ! omega^2 used to compute centrifugal force
rotVal = spindot*tt**2/2 ! total rotation in radians
rotTab(iloop,1) = rotVal ! table of rotation vs time
sinr = sin(rotVal) ! direction of force based on rotVal
cosr = cos(rotVal)
fxTab(iloop,1)= f0*(-spin2*sinr + spindot*cosr) ! centrifugal force plus
! tangential force due to
fyTab(iloop,1)= f0*( spin2*cosr + spindot*sinr) ! rotation acceleration

tt = tt + tinc ! time used to compute omega

! and rotation
*enddo
fini

! ** transient analysis
/solu
antype,transient

time,tend
deltim,tinc,tinc/10,tinc*10
kbc,0
coriolis,on,,,on
omega,,,spin
f,5,fx,%fxTab%
f,5,fy,%fyTab%
outres,all,all
solve
fini

! ** generate response graphs

/post26
nsol,2,5,U,X,UXdisk
prod,3,2,2
nsol,4,5,U,Y,UYdisk
prod,5,4,4
add,6,3,5
sqrt,7,6,,,Ampl_At_Disk
/axlab,y,Displacement (m)
/show,JPEG
plvar,7
EXTREME,7
/show,CLOSE

esol,8,4,5,smisc,32,Sy_At_Disk
esol,9,4,5,smisc,34,Sz_At_Disk
/axlab,y,Bending Stresses (N/m2)
/show,JPEG
plvar,8,9
EXTREME,8,9
/show,CLOSE

7.6.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.5: Transient Response – Displacement vs. Time (p. 68) shows displacement vs. time.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.5: Transient Response – Displacement vs. Time

Figure 7.6: Transient Response - Bending Stress vs. Time (p. 68) shows bending stress vs. time.

Figure 7.6: Transient Response - Bending Stress vs. Time

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68 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
 Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Supere-
lement
7.7. Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported
by a CMS Superelement
A rotating shaft is supported by two symmetric bearings and a foundation structure. This foundation
is reduced to a Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) superelement. A Campbell diagram analysis is per-
formed on the model.

Figure 7.7: Rotor-Bearings-Foundation model

7.7.1. Problem Specifications

Problem Specifications:

Shaft = 0.595 m
length
Shaft = 0.015 m
diameter
Support = 0.79 m
block
length

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Support = 0.25 m
block
height
Support = 0.154 m
block
width
Support = 0.025 m
block
thickness
Bearing = 5E+07 N/m
stiffness

The inertia properties of the disks are:

Disc Mass [kg] Ixx [kg-m2] Iyy [kg-m2] Izz [kg-m2]

No
1 0.334 2.688e-4 2.688e-4 1.360e-4
2 0.782 7.02e-4 7.020e-4 4.310e-4
3 4.390 1.39e-2 1.194e-2 8.809e-3

The material properties for this analysis are:

Structure Material Young's modulus [N/m2] Density [kg/m3] Poisson's

ratio
Shaft Steel 2 E+11 7850 0.3
Support Aluminum 7 E+10 2710 0.3

7.7.2. Input for the Analysis

!** parameters
fl=0.79 ! foundation length
fw=0.154 ! foundation width
ft=0.025 ! foundation thickness
ex_f=70e9 ! foundation young's modulus
dens_f=2710 ! foundation density
fsh=0.25 ! support height
fst=0.025 ! support thickness
sch=0.2 ! shaft centre height
bor=0.025 ! bearing or =0.025 m
bs=5e7 ! bearing stiffness n/m
!** disc 1
m1=0.334
j1=2.688e-4
i1=1.36e-4
!** disc 2
m2=0.782
j2=7.02e-4
i2=4.31e-4
!** disc 3
m3=4.39
ix3=1.39e-2
iy3=1.194e-2
iz3=8.809e-3
ex_s=200e9
dens_s=7850
s_or=0.015

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70 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
 Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Supere-
lement

/prep7

!** foundation
block,0,fw,0,ft,0,fl
block,0,fw,0,fsh,(0.23-fst/2),(0.23+fst/2)
block,0,fw,0,fsh,(0.668-fst/2),(0.668+fst/2)
wpcsys,-1,0
wpoff,fw/2,sch
cswpla,11,1,1,1,
cyl4, , ,bor, , , ,fl
vsbv,2,4,,,keep
vsbv,3,4,
vovlap,all
wpcsys,-1,0
csys,0
n,1,fw/2,0.2,0.073
n,2,fw/2,0.2,0.23
n,3,fw/2,0.2,0.23+0.147
n,4,fw/2,0.2,0.23+0.147+0.179
n,5,fw/2,0.2,0.23+0.147+0.179+0.112

!** shaft
et,1,188
keyopt,1,3,3
sectype,1,beam,csolid,shaft, 0
secoffset,cent
secdata,s_or
ex,1,ex_s
nuxy,1,0.3
dens,1,dens_s
r,1,
e,1,2
*repeat,4,1,1
et,2,21
r,2,m1,m1,m1,j1,i1,i1
r,3,m2,m2,m2,j3,i2,i2
r,4,m3,m3,m3,ix3,iy3,iz3
type,2 ! motor
real,4
e,1
real,2 ! disc 1
e,3
real,3 ! disc 2
e,4
et,5,185
keyopt,5,2,3
ex,5,ex_f
nuxy,5,0.3
dens,5,dens_f
r,5
type,5
mat,5
real,5
csys,11
lsel,s,loc,x,0.025
lesize,all,,,4
csys,0
lsel,s,loc,y,0.1*ft,0.9*ft
lesize,all,,,2
lsel,s,loc,z,(0.23-fst/3),(0.23+fst/3)
lesize,all,,,2,,1
lsel,s,loc,z,(0.668-fst/3),(0.668+fst/3)
lesize,all,,,2,,1
allsel
esize,0.05
vsweep,all
*get,maxnode,node,,num,max

!** bearings radial stiffness modeling

et,7,14
r,7,bs/4

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

type,7
real,7
csys,11
nsel,s,loc,x,0,bor
nsel,r,loc,z,0.23
e,2,node(bor,0,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,45,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,90,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,135,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,180,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,225,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,270,0.23)
e,2,node(bor,315,0.23)
nsel,s,loc,x,0,bor
nsel,r,loc,z,0.668
e,5,node(bor,0,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,45,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,90,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,135,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,180,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,225,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,270,0.668)
e,5,node(bor,315,0.668)
allsel

!** components
esel,s,ename,,188
esel,a,ename,,21
cm,rotor,elem ! rotating parts
esel,a,ename,,14
nsle,s,1
cm,rotor_bear,elem ! rotor+bearings (non se)
esel,inve
cm,support,elem ! foundation (se)
allsel
save,rotor_supp_full,db
finish

!***************************
! superelement generation
!***************************
/filname,support
/solu
antype,substr
ematwrite,yes
seopt,support,1,
cmsopt,fix,4
nsel,s,loc,x,bor
m,all,all
csys,0 ! fix bottom of the support structure
nsel,s,loc,y,0
d,all,all
cmsel,s,support,elem
nsle,s
solve ! generate superelement "support.sub"
fini
save

!**********************************************
! rotor+bearings+superelement modal analysis
!**********************************************
/clear, nostart
/filname, rotor_use
resume, rotor_supp_full,db ! resume original assembly model
/prep7
vclear,all ! delete foundation elements to be replaced by superelement
et,10,matrix50
type,10
se,support ! read in superelement from file "support.sub"
allsel
/solu
pi=acos(-1)

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72 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
 Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Supere-
lement
rpmtorps=2*pi/60
antype,modal
modopt, qrdamp,6,1,0,1,on
mxpand,6, , ,1
coriolis,on,,,on
beta,1e-6
cmomega,rotor,0*rpmtorps,,,fw/2,sch,0.073,fw/2,sch,0.668
solve
cmomega,rotor,1000*rpmtorps,,,fw/2,sch,0.073,fw/2,sch,0.668
solve
cmomega,rotor,5000*rpmtorps,,,fw/2,sch,0.073,fw/2,sch,0.668
solve
cmomega,rotor,10000*rpmtorps,,,fw/2,sch,0.073,fw/2,sch,0.668
solve
save, rotor_use,db
finish

! **********************************
! expand results for superelement
! **********************************
/clear, nostart
/filname, support
resume, support,db
/solu
expass,on
seexp, support, rotor_use,
numexp,all, , , yes
solve
finish

! **********************
! review the results
! **********************
/clear, nostart
resume, rotor_use,db

/post1
cmsfile,clear
file, rotor_use,rst
/gropt,divx,5
/gropt,divy,5
/yrange,0,500,1
/show,jpeg
plcamp,on,1,rpm,,rotor ! plot campbell diagram with 1st order excitation
prcamp,on,1,rpm,,rotor
/noerase
plcamp,on,2,rpm,,rotor ! plot campbell diagram with 2nd order excitation
prcamp,on,2,rpm,,rotor
plcamp,on,3,rpm,,rotor ! plot campbell diagram with 3rd order excitation
prcamp,on,3,rpm,,rotor
plcamp,on,4,rpm,,rotor ! plot campbell diagram with 4th order excitation
prcamp,on,4,rpm,,rotor
/show,close
/erase
fini

!** combined results of foundation and rotor

/clear, nostart
/verify
resume, rotor_use,db
/post1
/eshape,1
cmsfile,clear
file, rotor_use,rst
set,3,2
/show,jpeg
plnsol,u,sum,2
*get, umax,plnsol,0,max
*stat,umax
/show,close
cmsfile,add,support.rst
set,last

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

esel,s,ename,,185
/show,jpeg
plnsol,u,sum,2
*get, umax,plnsol,0,max
*stat,umax
/show,close

finish

7.7.3. Outputs for the Analysis

Figure 7.8: Campbell Diagram

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 Example: Campbell Diagram Analysis of a Simple Rotor Supported by a CMS Supere-
lement
Figure 7.9: Mode Shape of the Rotor-Bearings-Foundation (results of the foundation superelement
are not expanded)

Figure 7.10: Mode Shape of the Foundation Structure Alone

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.8. Example: Critical Speed Map Generation

The example consists of an eight stage centrifugal compressor supported by two tilting pad bearings.
It is modeled with beam (BEAM188), bearing elements (COMBI214), and points masses (MASS21). AP-
DLMath commands are used to directly calculate the critical speeds and generate the critical speed
map.

7.8.1. Input for the Analysis

/filename,tutor-rag07s

/prep7
! *** material
mp, ex, 1, 1.33414e+11
mp, dens, 1, 7833.3834
mp, prxy, 1, 0.3

! *** rotor geometry

et, 1, beam188,,, 2
nbdiam = 34
*dim, diam, array, nbdiam
diam(1) = 0.06985
diam(2) = 0.110744
diam(3) = 0.127
diam(4) = diam(3)
diam(5) = 0.1651
diam(6) = 0.168148
diam(7) = 0.157988
diam(8) = 0.182372
diam(9) = 0.17018
diam(10) = diam(9)
diam(11) = diam(9)
diam(12) = diam(9)
diam(13) = diam(9)
diam(14) = diam(9)
diam(15) = diam(9)
diam(16) = diam(9)
diam(17) = diam(9)
diam(18) = diam(9)
diam(19) = diam(9)
diam(20) = diam(9)
diam(21) = diam(9)
diam(22) = diam(9)
diam(23) = diam(9)
diam(24) = diam(9)
diam(25) = diam(9)
diam(26) = 0.1778
diam(27) = 0.168148
diam(28) = diam(27)
diam(29) = 0.1651
diam(30) = 0.127
diam(31) = diam(30)
diam(32) = 0.118872
diam(33) = 0.094996
diam(34) = 0.093472
*do,i,1,nbdiam
sectype, i, beam, csolid
secdata, diam(i)/2
*enddo

! *** point masses

et, 2, mass21
r,101,72.1224,72.1224,72.1224
r,102,3.22056,3.22056,3.22056
r,103,4.58136,4.58136,4.58136
r,104,2.54016,2.54016,2.54016
r,105,4.39992,4.39992,4.39992

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 Example: Critical Speed Map Generation

r,106,5.57928,5.57928,5.57928
r,107,5.67,5.67,5.67
r,108,7.4844,7.4844,7.4844
r,109,6.66792,6.66792,6.66792
r,110,33.3396,33.3396,33.3396,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,111,7.80192,7.80192,7.80192,0.00992065,0.00520907,0.00520907
r,112,33.3396,33.3396,33.3396,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,113,7.80192,7.80192,7.80192,0.00992065,0.00520907,0.00520907
r,114,33.3396,33.3396,33.3396,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,115,7.80192,7.80192,7.80192,0.00992065,0.00520907,0.00520907
r,116,36.69624,36.69624,36.69624,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,117,13.19976,13.19976,13.19976
r,118,36.92304,36.92304,36.92304,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,119,9.5256,9.5256,9.5256,0.01436885,0.00793067,0.00793067
r,120,34.33752,34.33752,34.33752,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,121,9.5256,9.5256,9.5256,0.01436885,0.0079014,0.0079014
r,122,34.33752,34.33752,34.33752,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,123,9.5256,9.5256,9.5256,0.01436885,0.00793067,0.00793067
r,124,36.56016,36.56016,36.56016,0.1805617,0.09042717,0.09042717 ! disk
r,125,17.14608,17.14608,17.14608,0.04799371,0.03540999,0.03540999
r,126,5.62464,5.62464,5.62464
r,127,5.94216,5.94216,5.94216
r,128,5.71536,5.71536,5.71536
r,129,5.53392,5.53392,5.53392
r,130,4.39992,4.39992,4.39992
r,131,1.99584,1.99584,1.99584
r,132,3.58344,3.58344,3.58344
r,133,7.39368,7.39368,7.39368
r,134,9.43488,9.43488,9.43488
r,135,4.71744,4.71744,4.71744

! *** bearing (YZ plane)

et, 3, 214
keyopt, 3, 2, 1
keyopt, 3, 3, 0

*dim, kb, array, 10, 1, 1

kb(1,1) = 1751181.1, 3772744.57, 8128282.20, 17511811.02, 37717971.02, 81282646.93, 175118110.24, 377280585.83, 81

r,3, kb(1,1), kb(1,1)

! *** nodes (shaft along X)

n, 1 , 0.
n, 2 , 0.034544
n, 3 , 0.20574
n, 4 , 0.24384
n, 5 , 0.287274
n, 6 , 0.375412
n, 7 , 0.429768
n, 8 , 0.51943
n, 9 , 0.60579
n, 10, 0.668274
n, 11, 0.747014
n, 12, 0.809498
n, 13, 0.888238
n, 14, 0.950722
n, 15, 1.029462
n, 16, 1.091946
n, 17, 1.251966
n, 18, 1.411986
n, 19, 1.484122
n, 20, 1.575054
n, 21, 1.64719
n, 22, 1.738122
n, 23, 1.810258
n, 24, 1.90119
n, 25, 2.028444
n, 26, 2.10185
n, 27, 2.160524
n, 28, 2.250694
n, 29, 2.30505
n, 30, 2.39268

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

n, 31, 2.436114
n, 32, 2.474214
n, 33, 2.61874
n, 34, 2.666238
n, 35, 2.806192
n, 40 , 0.24384
n, 310, 2.436114

! *** mesh
type, 1
mat, 1
*do,i,1,nbdiam
secnum, i
e, i, i+1
*enddo
type, 2
*do,i,1,nbdiam+1
real, i+100
e, i
*enddo
type, 3
real, 3
e, 4, 40
e, 31, 310

! *** boundary conditions

d, all, ux ,,,,,rotx
d, 40, all
d, 310, all
fini

! *** Example of how to determine critical speeds

! -------------------------------------------
! ** modify the bearing stiffness
/prep7
rmodif, 3, 1, kb(5,1), kb(5,1)
finish

! ** write the full file

/solu
antype, modal
modopt, damp, 2
coriolis, on,,, on
omega, 1.0 ! unit rotational velocity to get [G1]
wrfull, 1 ! stop solve when the full file is written
solve
fini

! ** read matrices on the full file

*smat, K , D,IMPORT,FULL,tutor-rag07s.full, STIFF
*smat, M , D,IMPORT,FULL,tutor-rag07s.full, MASS
*smat, G1, D,IMPORT,FULL,tutor-rag07s.full, DAMP

! ** obtain the new eigenproblem matrices

alpha = 1.0
*smat, zMbar, Z, COPY, M
*axpy,, -1/alpha, G1, 1,, zMbar
*smat, zK, Z, COPY, K
*free,K
*free,M
*free,G1

! ** solve the new eigenproblem

/solu
antype, modal
modopt, unsym , 10
*eigen, zK, zMbar,, eigenVal, eigenVec
fini
*free,zK
*free,eigenVec

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 Example: Critical Speed Map Generation

! ** store the critical speeds

*dim, critspeed1, ARRAY, 5
_coefunit = 60/alpha ! Hz -> rpm
*do,_iloop,1,5
xx = eigenVal(_iloop*2,1)*_coefunit ! real part of the eigenvalue (FW)
critspeed1(_iloop) = xx
*enddo
*free,eigenVal
*status,critspeed1

! ** Obtain the complete critical speed map

! Macro CRITSPEEDMAP.MAC
! ARG1 Number of critical speeds
! ARG2 Number of excitations per revolution
! =0 Defaults to 1.0 (synchronous excitation)
! Bearings stiffness
! ARG3 Lowest value
! ARG4 Highest value
! ARG5 Number of steps
! =0 Defaults to 10
! Rotational velocity direction (normalized to unity)
! ARG6 X component
! ARG7 Y component
! ARG8 Z component
!
! Eigensolver parameter
! ARG9 Beginning of the frequency range (defaults to 1 Hz)
!--------------------------------------------
/show,JPEG
critspeedmap, 5,, kb(1,1), kb(10,1),, 1,0,0
/show,CLOSE

7.8.2. Output for the Analysis

The critical speed map is shown in Figure 7.11: Critical Speed Map (p. 79).

Figure 7.11: Critical Speed Map

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.9. Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component

Mode Synthesis (CMS)
The following example shows a harmonic analysis with unbalanced force using the component mode
synthesis (CMS) procedure on a rotating part. It illustrates the use of the SYNCHRO command and whirl
animation using the ANHARM command during postprocessing.

The structure is a two-spool rotor on symmetric bearings as shown in Figure 7.12: Multi-Spool Rotor
Model (Full and CMS Model) (p. 80). The outer spool rotates at up to 5000 RPM and the inner spool
rotates about twice as fast.

This model is also used in Example: Unbalance Harmonic Analysis (p. 48). In the following example,
however, the inner spool is reduced to a CMS superelement.

Figure 7.12: Multi-Spool Rotor Model (Full and CMS Model)

7.9.1. Problem Specifications

An unbalanced force is applied at a node on the outer spool and the harmonic response is calculated.

7.9.2. Input for the Analysis

/out,
/com, ******************************************
/com, Multi-Spool CMS Model
/com, ******************************************
/out,scratch
/filname,cms_model
/prep7
et,1,281
type,1
sectype,1,shell
secdata,0.05/2,1,0,3

mp,ex,1,2.0e11

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
mp,dens,1,7800
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
mat,1

k,1,0,0.15,0
k,2,0,0.20,0
k,3,3,0.20,0
k,4,3,0.15,0

k,5,0,0,0
k,6,10,0,0

a,1,2,3,4

vrotat,1,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,2,8,2
lsel,a,line,,22,24,2
lsel,a,line,,14,16,2
lesize,all,,,6
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,9,12,1
lsel,a,line,,17,20,1
lsel,a,line,,25,32,1
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,1,7,2
lsel,a,line,,13,15,2
lsel,a,line,,21,23,2
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,all

amesh,all
allsel,all

et,3,281
type,3
secnum,3
mat,1
sectype,3,shell
secdata,0.05/2,1,0,7

k,35,7,0.20,0
k,36,7,0.15,0
k,37,10,0.15,0
k,38,10,0.20,0

a,35,36,37,38

vrotat,21,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,34,40,2
lsel,a,line,,54,56,2
lsel,a,line,,46,48,2
lesize,all,,,6
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,57,64,1
lsel,a,line,,41,44,1
lsel,a,line,,49,52,1
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,33,39,2
lsel,a,line,,45,47,2
lsel,a,line,,53,55,2
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,all

amesh,21,40,1

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

allsel,all

nummrg,node
nummrg,kp

numstr,node,3000
numstr,elem,3000

et,2,281
mp,ex,2,2.0e11
mp,dens,2,7800
mp,nuxy,2,0.3
mp,alpd,2,1e-3 ! Material damping
mp,betd,2,1e-4
type,2
secnum,2
mat,2
sectype,2,shell
secdata,0.1/2,1,0,5

k,39,3,0.20,0
k,40,3,0.30,0
k,41,7,0.30,0
k,42,7,0.20,0

a,39,40,41,42

vrotat,41,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,66,72,2
lsel,a,line,,78,80,2
lsel,a,line,,86,88,2
lesize,all,,,8

lsel,s,line,,89,96,1
lsel,a,line,,81,84,1
lsel,a,line,,73,76,1
lesize,all,,,4

lsel,s,line,,65,71,2
lsel,a,line,,77,79,2
lsel,a,line,,85,87,2
lesize,all,,,1

amesh,41,60,1
allsel,all

cpintf,all

et,4,214
keyopt,4,2,1
keyopt,4,3,0
real,4
r,4,1.0e6,1.4e5,,,10,10
rmore,,,,

n,10000,5,0.22,0

type,4
real,4
e,node(5,0.20,0),10000
allsel,all

esel,s,type,,1
cm,comp1,elem
esel,all

esel,s,type,,2
cm,comp2,elem
esel,all

esel,s,type,,3

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
cm,comp3,elem
esel,all

nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,x,10
d,all,all,0
nsel,all

d,10000,all,0

nsel,s,loc,x,0
cm,interface1,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,3
cm,interface2,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,7
cm,interface3,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,10
cm,interface4,node
allsel,all,all

save
fini

/clear,nostart

/filname,model
/prep7
et,1,281
type,1
sectype,1,shell
secdata,0.05/2,1,0,3

mp,ex,1,2.0e11
mp,dens,1,7800
mp,nuxy,1,0.3

k,1,0,0.15,0
k,2,0,0.20,0
k,3,3,0.20,0
k,4,3,0.15,0

k,5,0,0,0
k,6,10,0,0

a,1,2,3,4

vrotat,1,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,2,8,2
lsel,a,line,,22,24,2
lsel,a,line,,14,16,2
lesize,all,,,6
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,9,12,1
lsel,a,line,,17,20,1
lsel,a,line,,25,32,1
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,1,7,2
lsel,a,line,,13,15,2
lsel,a,line,,21,23,2
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,all

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

amesh,all
allsel,all

et,3,281
type,3
secnum,3
mat,1
sectype,3,shell
secdata,0.05/2,1,0,7

k,35,7,0.20,0
k,36,7,0.15,0
k,37,10,0.15,0
k,38,10,0.20,0

a,35,36,37,38

vrotat,21,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,34,40,2
lsel,a,line,,54,56,2
lsel,a,line,,46,48,2
lesize,all,,,6
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,57,64,1
lsel,a,line,,41,44,1
lsel,a,line,,49,52,1
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,33,39,2
lsel,a,line,,45,47,2
lsel,a,line,,53,55,2
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,all

amesh,21,40,1
allsel,all

nummrg,kp
nummrg,node

esel,s,type,,1
cm,comp1,elem
esel,all

esel,s,type,,2
cm,comp2,elem
esel,all

esel,s,type,,3
cm,comp3,elem
esel,all

nsel,s,loc,x,0
cm,interface1,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,3
cm,interface2,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,7
cm,interface3,node
allsel,all,all

nsel,s,loc,x,10
cm,interface4,node
allsel,all,all

save

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
fini
!generation pass

/filname,part1
/sol
antype,substr
seopt,part1,3,1
cmsopt,fix,10

cmomega,comp1,1
coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on in a stationary reference frame

cmsel,s,comp1
cmsel,s,interface2
m,all,all
nsle

cmsel,s,interface1
m,all,all
nsle

solve
allsel,all,all
fini
save

/filname,part2
/sol
antype,substr
seopt,part2,3,1
cmsopt,fix,10

cmomega,comp3,1
coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on in a stationary reference frame

cmsel,s,comp3
cmsel,s,interface3
m,all,all
nsle

cmsel,s,interface4
m,all,all
nsle

solve
fini
save

!use pass

/clear,nostart
/filname,use
!/out,
/prep7
et,1,matrix50
type,1
se,part1
se,part2

numstr,node,3000
numstr,elem,3000

et,2,281
sectype,2,shell
secdata,0.1/2,1,0,5

mp,ex,1,2.0e11
mp,dens,1,7800
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
mp,alpd,1,1e-3 ! Material damping
mp,betd,1,1e-4

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

type,2
mat,1
secnum,2

k,5,0,0,0
k,6,10,0,0

k,19,3,0.20,0
k,20,3,0.30,0
k,21,7,0.30,0
k,22,7,0.20,0

a,19,20,21,22

vrotat,1,,,,,,5,6,360

lsel,s,line,,2,8,2
lsel,a,line,,14,16,2
lsel,a,line,,22,24,2
lesize,all,,,8
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,9,12,1
lsel,a,line,,17,20,1
lsel,a,line,,25,32,1
lesize,all,,,4
lsel,all

lsel,s,line,,1,7,2
lsel,a,line,,13,15,2
lsel,a,line,,21,23,2
lesize,all,,,1
lsel,all
nummrg,kp
amesh,1,20,1
allsel,all

nsel,s,loc,x,3
nsel,a,loc,x,7
cpintf,all
allse,all,all

et,4,214
keyopt,4,2,1
keyopt,4,3,0
real,4
r,4,1.0e6,1.4e5,,,10,10
rmore,,,,

n,10000,5,0.22,0

type,4
real,4
e,node(5,0.20,0),10000
allsel,all

nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,x,10
d,all,all,0
nsel,all

d,10000,all,0

esel,s,type,,1
cm,comp1,elem
allsel,all,all

esel,s,type,,2
cm,comp2,elem
allsel,all,all

save

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
fini
/com, ******************************************
/com, Solution Controls for Full Harmonic Solve
/com, ******************************************
/solu
antype,harmic ! Perform Harmonic analysis
hropt,full

F0 = 1.0e-4 ! Unbalance Force

n3 = node(5.0,-0.29424,0.58527e-1)

f,n3,fy,-F0 ! Real FY component at node 'nodeUnb'

f,n3,fz,,F0 ! Imaginary FZ component at node 'nodeUnb'

cmomega,comp1,1000
cmomega,comp2,500
coriolis,on,,,on ! Coriolis on in a stationary reference frame

synchro,,comp2

dmprat,0.02 ! Global damping ratio

spinRpm1 = 0
spinRpm2 = 7200
begin_freq = spinRpm1/60 ! Begin frequency of excitation
end_freq = spinRpm2/60 ! End frequency of excitation
harfrq,begin_freq,end_freq
nsubs,120

kbc,1
solve
finish

/post1
file,use,rst

set,last
/show,jpeg
/graphics,power
/eshape,1
plnsol,u,sum
*get,umax,plnsol,0,max
/show,close
/out,
*stat,umax
/out,scratch
fini

!expansion pass

/clear,nostart
/filname,part1
resume,part1,db
/solu
expass,on
seexp,part1,use
numexp,all,,,yes
solve
fini

/clear,nostart
/filname,part2
resume,part2,db
/solu
expass,on
seexp,part2,use
numexp,all,,,yes
solve
fini

/inquire,test,exist,final,rst
*if,test,eq,1,then

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

/delete,final,rst
*endif

/clear,nostart
resume,cms_model,db

/post1
*do,j,1,120
file,part1 ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j
file,part2 ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j
file,use ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j
reswrite,final,,,,1
file,part1 ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j,,1
file,part2 ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j,,1
file,use ! generation pass 1 rst file
append,1,j,,1

reswrite,final,,,,1
*enddo
fini

/post1
file,final,rst

set,last
/show,jpeg
/graphics,power
/eshape,1
plnsol,u,sum
*get,umax,plnsol,0,max
plesol,s,eqv
*get,smax,plnsol,0,max
plesol,epel,eqv
*get,emax,plnsol,0,max
/show,close
/out,
*stat,umax
*stat,smax
*stat,emax
/out,scratch

plnsol,u,sum
anharm,12,0.1,,,3, ! Full Harmonic

fini

/post26
file,final,rst

n1 = node(5.0,0.58527e-1,0.29424)
n2 = node(5.0,0.29424,-0.58527e-1)

/com ************************************************************************
/com, Output: Amplitude at nodes %n1% and %n2% as a function of the frequency
/com ************************************************************************

nsol,2,n1,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,n1,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR
prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2
prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2
add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
sqrt,9,8,,,AMPL%n1%

extreme

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
nsol,2,n2,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,n2,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR
prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2
prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2
add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
sqrt,10,8,,,AMPL%n2%

extreme
/com *****************
/com, Graphics display
/com *****************
/gropt,logy,1
/show,jpeg
/title,'Unbalance Response Analysis using CMS Model'
!/yrange,1.0e-5,1.0e+2
/out,
plvar,9,10 ! Displays variables in the form of a graph
/show,close
!prvar,9,10
finish

/exit,nosave

7.9.3. Output for the Analysis

The results of the unbalanced response analysis, postprocessed in /POST26, are shown in Fig-
ure 7.13: Unbalanced Response Using CMS Model (p. 90) and Figure 7.14: Unbalanced Response Using
Full Model (p. 91). The logarithmic plots show the variation of the displacement amplitudes of two
selected nodes with respect to the frequency of excitation.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.13: Unbalanced Response Using CMS Model

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 Example: Harmonic Response to Unbalanced Force using Component Mode Synthesis
(CMS)
Figure 7.14: Unbalanced Response Using Full Model

The animation of the whirls is shown below.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.10. Example: Calculation of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing Charac-

teristics
The model is a plain cylindrical journal bearing supporting a shaft rotating at 100000 rad/s. The stiffness
and damping characteristics are calculated at the adimensional equilibrium position XX = 0.5, YY = -0.7,
and XXdot = YYdot = -0.05.

7.10.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

Clearance: 1 x 10-4 m
Length: 0.02 m
Radius: 0.01 m
Viscosity: 0.07 Pa·s
A perturbation increment of 1 x 10-5 is used.

7.10.2. Input for the Analysis

! ** Bearing parameters
mass = 1 ! unused
xclear = 1e-4
length = 0.02
radius = 0.01
mu = 0.07
omegaj = 1e+5
pertInc = 1e-5

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 Example: Calculation of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing Characteristics

! ** Equilibrium position (adimensional)

XX = 0.5
YY = -0.7
XXdot = -0.05
YYdot = -0.05

u1 = XX*xclear
u2 = YY*xclear
veloc1 = XXdot*xclear*omegaj
veloc2 = YYdot*xclear*omegaj

/prep7

! ** Nodes
n, 1, -1
n, 2, 0

! ** Elements

et, 1, 21,,, 2 ! 3D no rotary inertias

r, 1, mass

et, 2, 214
keyopt,2,1, 2 ! Reynolds integration
r, 2, xclear, length, radius, veloc1, veloc2, pertInc

! ** Material
mp,visc,2, mu

! ** Mesh
type,1
real,1
e, 2

type,2
real,2
mat,2
e, 1, 2

! ** Boundary conditions
d, all, all, 0.0
ddel, 2, UX
ddel, 2, UY
finish

! ** Static analysis with specified displacements

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
d,2,ux, u1
d,2,uy, u2
outres,all,all
solve
finish

/post1
set,last

esel,,elem,,2

etable, fx, smisc,1

etable, fy, smisc,2

etable, theta1, nmisc,1

etable, theta2, nmisc,2
etable, mofp, nmisc,3
etable, thetap, nmisc,4
etable, hmin, nmisc,5
etable, thetah, nmisc,6

pretab

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

etable, kxx, nmisc,7

etable, kyy, nmisc,8
etable, kxy, nmisc,9
etable, kyx, nmisc,10

pretab, kxx, kyy, kxy, kyx

etable, cxx, nmisc,11

etable, cyy, nmisc,12
etable, cxy, nmisc,13
etable, cyx, nmisc,14

pretab, cxx, cyy, cxy, cyx

finish

7.10.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.15: Bearing Element Results

7.11. Example: Calculation of a Squeeze Film Damper Characteristics

The model is a squeeze film damper supporting a shaft in circular precession motion. The stiffness and
damping characteristics are calculated at the adimensional equilibrium position XX = 0.5. The precession
rotational velocity is 500 rad/s.

7.11.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

Clearance: 2.54 x 10-5 m

Length: 0.005 m
Radius: 0.025 m
Viscosity: 0.07 Pa·s
A perturbation increment of 5 x 10-4 is used.

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 Example: Calculation of a Squeeze Film Damper Characteristics

7.11.2. Input for the Analysis

/title, Squeeze Film Damper - Circular synchronous precession

! ** Bearing parameters
mass = 1 ! unused
xclear = 2.54e-5
length = 0.005
radius = 0.025
epsinc = 5e-4

mu = 0.07

! ** Equilibrium position
XX = 0.5
omegaprec = 500 ! precession

u1 = XX*xclear

/prep7

! ** Nodes
n, 1, 0
n, 2, 0
n, 3, 0

! ** Elements
et, 1, 21,,, 2 ! 3D no rotary inertias
r, 1, mass
type,1
real,1
e, 2

et, 2, 214
keyopt,2,1, 2 ! Reynolds integration
r, 2, xclear, length, radius, ,, epsinc
rmore,, omegaprec

! ** Material
mp,visc,2,mu

! ** Mesh
type,2
real,2
mat,2
e, 1, 2, 3

! ** Boundary conditions
d, all, all, 0.0
ddel, 2, UX
ddel, 2, UY
finish

! ** Static Analysis with specified displacement

/solu
antype, static
d,2,ux,u1
outres,all,all
solve
finish

/post1
set,last

esel,,elem,,2

etable, fx, smisc,1

etable, fy, smisc,2

etable, theta1, nmisc,1

etable, theta2, nmisc,2
etable, mofp, nmisc,3

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

etable, thetap, nmisc,4

etable, hmin, nmisc,5
etable, thetah, nmisc,6

pretab

etable, kxx, nmisc,7

etable, kyy, nmisc,8
etable, kxy, nmisc,9
etable, kyx, nmisc,10

pretab, kxx, kyy, kxy, kyx

etable, cxx, nmisc,11

etable, cyy, nmisc,12
etable, cxy, nmisc,13
etable, cyx, nmisc,14

pretab, cxx, cyy, cxy, cyx

finish

7.11.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.16: Bearing Element Results

7.12. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

This simple model is a plain cylindrical journal bearing supporting a point mass which represents a rotor.
The 22.68 kg rotor is subjected to gravity and rotates at 4000 RPM. A transient analysis is performed
for the first 5 rotational cycles (0.075 s). The maximum pressure in the bearing and the maximum
amplitude of the bearing force are calculated and the rotor orbit is plotted.

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

7.12.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

Clearance: 1.27 x 10-4 (5 Mils)

Length: 0.0254 m (1 inch)
Radius: 0.0254 m (1 inch)
Viscosity: 6.89 x 10-2 Pa·s (1 x 10-5 Reyns)

7.12.2. Input for the Analysis

/title, Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

! ** Rotor parameters
mass = 22.68
pi = 4*atan(1)
omegaj = 4000*pi/30

! ** Bearing parameters
xclear = 1.27e-4
length = 0.0254
radius = 0.0254

mu = 6.89e-2

! ** Transient analysis parameters

nbcyc = 5
tend = nbcyc*2*pi/omegaj
dt = 1e-4

/prep7

! ** Nodes
n, 1, 0
n, 2, 0
n, 3, 0

! ** Elements
et, 1, 21
r, 1, mass, mass, mass

et, 2, 214
keyopt,2,1, 2 ! Reynolds integration
r, 2, xclear, length, radius

! ** Material
mp,visc,2, mu

! ** Mesh
type,1
real,1
e, 2

type,2
real,2
mat,2
e, 1, 2, 3

! ** Boundary conditions
d, all, all, 0.0
ddel, 2, UX
ddel, 2, UY
fini

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

! ** Transient Analysis
/solu
antype, transient
nlgeom,on
acel,, 9.81
d, 2, OMGZ, omegaj
deltim, dt
time, tend
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post26
numvar,20
nsol,2,2,u,x,ux2
nsol,3,2,u,y,uy2

esol,6,2,2,SMISC,1,fx
esol,7,2,2,SMISC,2,fy

esol,8,2,2,NMISC,3,mofp

prod,10,6,6,,fx_2
prod,11,7,7,,fy_2
add,12,10,11,,fx_2+fy_2
sqrt,13,12,,,fampl

prod,15,2,2,,ux2_2
prod,16,3,3,,uy2_2
add,17,15,16,,ux2_2+uy2_2
sqrt,18,17,,,ecc

extrem

*get,pmax,vari,8,extrem,vmax
*get,fmax,vari,13,extrem,vmax
*get,tfmax,vari,13,extrem,tmax
*get,eccend,vari,18,extrem,vlast

/show,png,rev
xvar,2
/axlab,x,ux@node2
/axlab,y,uy@node2
plvar,3
/reset
xvar,0
plvar,6,7
plvar,8

finish

7.12.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.17: Result Parameters

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

Figure 7.18: Rotor Orbit Plot

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.19: Bearing Forces Plot

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with
Supply Orifice
Figure 7.20: Maximum Fluid Film Pressure Plot

7.13. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical

Journal Bearing with Supply Orifice
The model is a plain cylindrical journal bearing with full leakage at both ends and rectangular supply
orifice at 85° supporting a shaft rotating at 3000 RPM. The pressure profile is calculated at the adimen-
sional equilibrium position XX = 0.4, YY = 0.4. The FLUID218 element is used in a static analysis. Element
size is small to capture the variation of the pressure for each degree.

7.13.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

• Clearance: 2.5 x 10-5 m

• Length: 0.02 m

• Radius: 0.02 m

• Viscosity: 0.01 Pa˙s

Supply characteristics:

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

• Pressure: 0.5 x 106 Pa

• Orifice height: 10°

• Orifice width: ¼ of the diameter

7.13.2. Input for the Analysis

/title, Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with Supply Orifice

! ** Main Parameters
rshaft = 20e-3
lshaft = 20e-3
omgshaft_rpm = 3000
XX = 0.4
YY = 0.4
xclear = 25e-6
mu = 0.01
Psup = 0.5e+6

! ** Secondary Parameters
pi = 4*atan(1)
l2 = lshaft/2
l4 = lshaft/4
omgshaft = omgshaft_rpm*pi/30

/prep7
! ** SOLID185 (unused) - to support FLUID218 mesh only
et,1,185
mp,ex,1,1.0
mp,nuxy,1,1.0
mp,dens,1,1.0

! ** Solid Geometry and Mesh

type,1
mat,1
cylind,0,rshaft, -l2,l2, 0,90
ndvlz = 40 ! longitudinal lines divisions
lesiz,7,,,ndvlz
lesiz,8,,,ndvlz
lesiz,9,,,ndvlz
ndvrd = 12 ! radial lines divisions
lesiz,1,,,ndvrd
lesiz,6,,,ndvrd
lesiz,2,,,ndvrd
lesiz,5,,,ndvrd
ndvcr = 90 ! arc lines divisions
lesiz,3,,,ndvcr
lesiz,4,,,ndvcr
vsweep,all
vsymm,x,all
vsymm,y,all
nummrg,node
nummrg,kp

! ** FLUID218 Mesh
et,2,218
mp,visc,2, mu
r,2, xclear, rshaft, XX*xclear, YY*xclear
type,2
mat,2
real,2
csys,1
nsel,,loc,x,rshaft
esln
esurf
csys,0
allsel

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with
Supply Orifice
! ** Remove Solid Elements
vclear,all
etdele,1

! ** Boundary Conditions
nsel, ,loc,z,-l2
nsel,a,loc,z,l2
d, all, pres, 0.0 ! zero pressure at both ends
allsel
csys,1
nsel, ,loc,x,rshaft
nsel,r,loc,y, 80,90
nsel,r,loc,z, -l4,l4
d, all, pres, PSup ! supply pressure
csys,0
allsel
finish

! ** Static Analysis
/solu
antype,static
omega,,, omgshaft
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
set,last
/show,png,rev
/view,,1,1,1

! ** Element Plot with Boundary Conditions

/pbc,pres,1
eplot
/pbc,pres,0

! ** Nodal Pressures
plnsol,pres

! ** Sum Element Forces

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
fbx = 0
fby = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
fbx = fbx + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
fby = fby + con
*enddo
*status,fbx
*status,fby

! ** Element Fluid Velocities

rsys,solu
plesol,PG,X ! tangential
plesol,PG,Y ! axial
rsys

W = sqrt(fbx**2 + fby**2)
omgshaft_rps = omgshaft_rpm/60
Somm = mu*lshaft*2*rshaft*omgshaft_rps*(rshaft/xclear)**2/W
/output,
/com, Sommerfeld Number
/com,
*status,Somm
/output,scratch

AngLoad = atan(fby/fbx)*180/pi
AngCenter = atan(YY/XX)*180/pi
AngAtt = AngCenter - AngLoad

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

/output,
/com, Attitude Angle
/com,
*status, AngAtt
/output,scratch

csys,1
nsort,pres,,1,,,,
*get,pmax,sort,0,max
*get,pmaxnode,sort,0,imax
thetapmax = ny(pmaxnode)
/output,
/com, Maximum Pressure and Angle
/com,
*status,pmax
*status,thetapmax
/output,scratch

etable,thick,NMISC,9
esort,etab,thick,1
*get,hmin,sort,0,min
*get,hminelem,sort,0,imin
*get,thetahmin,elem,hminelem,cent,y
/output,
/com, Miminum Film Thickness and Angle
/com,
*status,hmin
*status,thetahmin

finish

7.13.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.21: Bearing Forces

Figure 7.22: Sommerfield Number

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with
Supply Orifice
Figure 7.23: Attitude Angle

Figure 7.24: Maximum Pressure and Angle

Figure 7.25: Minimum Film Thickness and Angle

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.26: Element Plot with Pressure Boundary Conditions

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing with
Supply Orifice
Figure 7.27: Pressure Profile

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.28: Tangential Fluid Velocities at Mid-Thickness

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)

Figure 7.29: Axial Fluid Velocities at Mid-Thickness

7.14. Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

(3-D Approach)
The simple model of the bearing is described in Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical
Journal Bearing (p. 96) where a 2-D approach is used. In this example, a 3-D model is created with
SOLID185 and FLUID218 elements. The rotational velocity is applied to the shaft part using pilot nodes
(MPC contacts) on the rear and front faces.

The mesh is coarse and a nonlinear large-deflection transient analysis is performed. In the first load
step, the loads are applied gradually (KBC,0) and a very small time step is used to ease the convergence.
Default force and pressure-based convergence criteria are specified (CNVTOL).

The variation of the position of the shaft center, bearing forces, maximum pressure, and minimum film
thickness as a function of time is obtained.

7.14.1. Problem Specifications

See Problem Specifications (p. 97).

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.14.2. Input for the Analysis

/TITLE, Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing
! ** Main parameters
lshaft = 2.54e-2
rshaft = lshaft
mshaft = 22.7
omgshaft_rpm = 4000
xclear = 1.27e-4
mu = 0.069

! ** Secondary parameters
pi = 4*atan(1)
l2 = lshaft/2
omgshaft = omgshaft_rpm*pi/30
roshaft = mshaft/(lshaft*pi*rshaft**2)
zedge = -l2

/prep7

! ** Solid Element
et,1,185
mp,ex,1,2.0e13
mp,nuxy,1,0.33
mp,dens,1,roshaft
mp,betd,1,0.1

! ** Geometry and Solid Mesh

cylind,0,rshaft, -l2,l2, 0 ,90
ndvlz = 10 ! longitudinal lines divisions
lesiz,7,,,ndvlz
lesiz,8,,,ndvlz
lesiz,9,,,ndvlz
ndvrd = 5 ! radial lines divisions
lesiz,1,,,ndvrd
lesiz,6,,,ndvrd
lesiz,2,,,ndvrd
lesiz,5,,,ndvrd
ndvcr = 10 ! arc lines divisions
lesiz,3,,,ndvcr
lesiz,4,,,ndvcr
type,1
mat,1
vsweep,all
vsymm,x,all
vsymm,y,all
nummrg,node
nummrg,kp

! ** MPC on Rear Face

*get,numn,NODE,0,NUM,MAX
numn = numn + 1
*get,nume,ELEM,0,NUM,MAX
nume = nume + 1
*set,tid,4
*set,cid,5
et,cid,174
et,tid,170
keyo,tid,2,1 ! Don't fix the pilot node
keyo,tid,4,111111
keyo,cid,12,5 ! Bonded Contact
keyo,cid,4,2 ! Rigid CERIG style load
keyo,cid,2,2 ! MPC style contact
type,cid
mat ,cid
real,cid
nsel,,loc,z,-l2
esln
esurf
*set,_npilot1,numn
n,_npilot1,0,0,-l2

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)

type,tid
tshape,pilo
en,nume,_npilot1
tshape
allsel

! ** MPC on Front Face

*get,numn,NODE,0,NUM,MAX
numn = numn + 1
*get,nume,ELEM,0,NUM,MAX
nume = nume + 1
*set,tid,6
*set,cid,7
et,cid,174
et,tid,170
keyo,tid,2,1 ! Don't fix the pilot node
keyo,tid,4,111111
keyo,cid,12,5 ! Bonded Contact
keyo,cid,4,2 ! Rigid CERIG style load
keyo,cid,2,2 ! MPC style contact
type,cid
mat ,cid
real,cid
nsel,,loc,z,l2
esln
esurf
*set,_npilot2,numn
n,_npilot2,0,0,l2
type,tid
tshape,pilo
en,nume,_npilot2
tshape
allsel

! ** Bearing Element and Mesh

et,3,218
keyopt,3,1,1 ! U + PRES dofs
mp,visc,3,mu
r,3, xclear, rshaft
rmore, zedge
type,3
mat,3
real,3
csys,1
nsel,,loc,x,rshaft
esln
esurf
csys,0
allsel

! ** Boundary Conditions
nsel, ,loc,z,-l2
nsel,a,loc,z,l2
d, all, pres, 0.0d0 ! zero pressure at both ends
nsel, ,node,,_npilot1
nsel,a,node,,_npilot2
d, all, uz, 0.0d0,,,, rotx,roty ! pilot nodes constraints
allsel
finish

! ** Transient Analysis
/solu
antype, transient
nlgeom,on
outres,all,all

nbdt1 = 10
dt1 = 1e-6
deltim, dt1
time, nbdt1*dt1
acel,, 9.81 ! gravity
nsel, ,node,,_npilot1

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

nsel,a,node,,_npilot2
d, all, OMGZ, omgshaft ! rotational velocity at pilot nodes
allsel
kbc,0
cnvtol,PRES ! add default pressure criterion
cnvtol,F,,,,1.0 ! specify MINREF
cnvtol,FLOW,-1 ! remove fluid flow criterion
cnvtol,M,-1 ! remove moment criterion
solve

nbdt2 = 7500
dt2 = 1e-5
deltim, dt2
tend = nbdt1*dt1 + nbdt2*dt2
time, tend
kbc,1
solve
finish

/post1
/show,png,rev
/view,,1,1,1

! ** Bearing forces - Maximum Pressure - Minimum Thickness

nbdt = nbdt1 + nbdt2
*dim,fxtab,array,nbdt
*dim,fytab,array,nbdt
*dim,pmaxtab,array,nbdt
*dim,hmintab,array,nbdt
esel,,type,,3
*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
*do,iloops,1,nbdt

*if,iloops,gt,nbdt1,then
set,2,iloops-nbdt1
*else
set,1,iloops
*endif

f1 = 0
f2 = 0
pmax = 0
hmin = xclear
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f1 = f1 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f2 = f2 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,10
*if,con,gt,pmax,then
pmax = con
*endif
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,9
*if,con,lt,hmin,then
hmin = con
*endif
*enddo
fxtab(iloops) = f1
fytab(iloops) = f2
pmaxtab(iloops) = pmax
hmintab(iloops) = hmin

*enddo
/out,
*status
/out,scratch
finish

/post26
nos = node(0,0,0) ! shaft center

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)

nsol,2,nos,u,x,uxs
nsol,3,nos,u,y,uys
plvar,2,3
xvar,2
/axlab,x,ux@node2
/axlab,y,uy@node2
plvar,3
/reset
xvar,0

vput,fxtab,4,0.0,,FX
vput,fytab,5,0.0,,FY
vput,pmaxtab,6,0.0,,PMAX
vput,hmintab,7,0.0,,HMIN

plvar,4,5
plvar,6
plvar,7
/out,
prvar,4,5,6,7
/out,scratch
finish

/post1
set,last
esel,,type,,3
plnsol,pres
finish
/exit,nosave

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.14.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.30: Shaft Center Displacements

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)

Figure 7.31: Shaft Center Orbit

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.32: Bearing Forces

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 Example: Transient Analysis of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing (3-D Approach)

Figure 7.33: Maximum Pressure (Elements Centroid Values)

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.34: Minimum Film Thickness (Elements Centroid Values)

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 Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System

Figure 7.35: Pressure Profile at End Time

7.15. Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System

The following example shows a quasi-static analysis of a two rotor system. In this analysis, the gyroscopic
forces are included as a load vector. They are calculated from the gyroscopic matrix, generated from
the rotational velocity input (OMEGA and CMOMEGA) and the activation of the CORIOLIS command,
and from the instantaneous velocities, specified using IC and ICROTATE commands.

The structure is a two rotor system on symmetric bearings as shown in Figure 7.36: Multi-Rotor Sys-
tem (p. 120). The rotors, meshed using beam elements, are rotating at 1000 RPM and 2000 RPM respect-
ively about its axis (global X-direction). The stator is meshed using shell elements. Parts are assembled
using constraint equations (CERIG and RBE3). The whole structure is also rotating in a direction perpen-
dicular to the shaft axis (global Z-direction), specified using the ICROTATE command.

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.36: Multi-Rotor System

The shafts nodes are rotated along the local z-direction aligned with the global X-direction. The instant-
aneous nodal velocities are specified along the local x-direction for both shafts using the IC command.

Figure 7.37: Rotation of Multi-Rotor System

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 Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System

7.15.1. Problem Specifications

Rotational velocity of shaft 1 = 1000 RPM
Rotational velocity of shaft 2 = 2000 RPM

The centrifugal force due to the ICROTATE command definition along the global Z-direction is included
in the analysis.

7.15.2. Input for the Analysis

/out,scratch
/prep7

LOCAL,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,90
CSYS,0

! ** ROTOR 1

ET,1,188
SECTYPE,1,BEAM,CSOLID
SECDATA,0.1

MP,EX,1,2E11
MP,NUXY,1,0.3

k,1,0,0,0
k,2,9,0,0
l,1,2
lesize,all,,,9

TYPE,1
SECNUM,1
MAT,1
lmesh,all

CSYS,12
nrotate,all
CSYS,0

! ** ROTOR 2

ET,2,188
SECTYPE,2,BEAM,CSOLID
SECDATA,0.05

MP,EX,2,2E11
MP,NUXY,2,0.3

k,3,2,0,0
k,4,7
l,3,4
lesize,all,,,5

TYPE,2
SECNUM,2
MAT,2
lmesh,all

CSYS,12
nrotate,all
CSYS,0

! ** SHELL CASING

ET,3,181
SECTYPE,3,SHELL

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

SECDATA,0.1

MP,EX,3,1E11
MP,NUXY,3,0.3
MP,DENS,3,7800

CSYS,12
WPCSYS,-1
CYLIND,1,,1,3

TYPE,3
SECNUM,3
MAT,3
AMESH,3,4
CSYS,0
ALLSEL

! ** DISK MASS 1
ET,4,21
KEYOPT,4,2,0
R,4,75,75,75,125,125,250

TYPE,4
REAL,4
MAT,4

E,6
E,8
E,10

! ** DISK MASS 2
ET,5,21
KEYOPT,5,2,0
R,5,50,50,50,100,100,200

TYPE,5
REAL,5
MAT,5

E,13
E,15

! ** BEARING 1
N,1000,9,0,0
CSYS,12
nrotate,all
CSYS,0

ET,6,14
KEYOPT,6,2,1 ! >> along X direction
R,6,1E7

TYPE,6
REAL,6
MAT,6
E,2,1000

ET,7,14
KEYOPT,7,2,2 ! >> along Y direction
R,7,1E7

TYPE,7
REAL,7
MAT,7
E,2,1000

! ** BEARING 2
LSEL,S,,,3,6
NSLL
RBE3,3,ALL,ALL
ALLSEL

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 Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System

! ** BEARING 3
LSEL,S,,,7,10
NSLL
RBE3,13,ALL,ALL
ALLSEL

! ** BEARING 4
CERIG,9,12,UX,UY

! ** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
D,1,ux
D,1,uy
D,1,uz
D,1,rotz

D,1000,ALL ! >> grounded

! ** COMPONENTS DEFINITIONS
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1
ESEL,A,TYPE,,4
CM,ROT_1,ELEM
ALLSEL

ESEL,S,TYPE,,2
ESEL,A,TYPE,,5
CM,ROT_2,ELEM
ALLSEL,ALL,ALL
FINISH

! ** STATIC ANALYSIS
/solu
antype,static
coriolis,on,,,on,,on ! last field for rotor mass summary printout

cmomega,ROT_1,1000,,,nx(1),ny(1),nz(1),nx(2),ny(2),nz(2)
cmomega,ROT_2,2000,,,nx(11),ny(11),nz(11),nx(12),ny(12),nz(12)

kbc,1

cmsel,s,ROT_1
nsle
ic,all,omgx,1.0 ! ** rotating about global Z (local x)
allsel,all

cmsel,s,ROT_2
nsle
ic,all,omgx,1.0 ! ** rotating about global Z (local x)
allsel,all

icrotate,all,1.0,4,0,0,4,0,1 ! ** axis of rotation passing though ! ** node 6 along z - direction

outres,all,all
/out,
solve
finish

/post1
set,last
rsys,0
cmsel,s,ROT_1
cmsel,a,ROT_2
nsle
/out,
/com, ------------------------------------------------------------
/com, Response UX is due to the centrifugal force.
/com, Response UZ and ROTY are due to the gyroscopic moment.
/com, ------------------------------------------------------------
prnsol,dof
/out,scratch
/view,,1,1,1
/show,png,rev
plnsol,u,x ! ** response due to centrifugal force

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

plnsol,u,z ! ** response due to gyroscopic moment

/show,close
finish

/exit,nosave

7.15.3. Output for the Analysis

In this example, both rotors are massless. Masses are concentrated at nodes 6, 8, and 10 for rotor 1,
and 13 and 15 for rotor 2. The mass information for both rotors can be viewed using the rotor mass
summary printout as shown below:

The results of the quasi-static analysis, postprocessed in /POST1, are shown in Figure 7.38: Displacement
of the Shafts Along X-Direction Due to Centrifugal Force (p. 125) and Figure 7.39: Displacement of the
Shafts Along Z-Direction Due to Gyroscopic Moment (p. 126).

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 Example: Quasi-Static Analysis of a Multi-Rotor System

Figure 7.38: Displacement of the Shafts Along X-Direction Due to Centrifugal Force

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.39: Displacement of the Shafts Along Z-Direction Due to Gyroscopic Moment

7.16. Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

In this example, a 3-D model of a plain cylindrical journal bearing is created using FLUID218 element,
supporting a shaft rotating at 10,000 RPM as shown in Figure 7.40: Model of a Plain Cylindrical Journal
Bearing (p. 127). The stiffness and damping characteristics are calculated about the adimensional equi-
librium position XX = 0.5, YY = -0.7, XXdot = YYdot = -0.05.

In order to evaluate the bearing characteristics, a small perturbation = 1 x 10-5 is given about the
equilibrium position and the bearing forces are calculated. Using these bearing forces, the stiffness and
damping characteristics are evaluated.

The bearing characteristics of the FLUID218 element model are compared with the bearing character-
istics of the COMBI214 element model.

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 Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

Figure 7.40: Model of a Plain Cylindrical Journal Bearing

7.16.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

• Clearance: 7.62 x 10-5 m

• Length: 1.143 x 10-2 m

• Radius: 6.477 x 10-2 m

• Viscosity: 2.632 x 10-3 Pa˙s

7.16.2. Input for the Analysis

/title, Calculation of a 3D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics
/out,scratch
/com, ************************************************************************
/com, Case 1: Force calculation @ equilibrium position (X ,Y, XXdot, YYdot)
/com, ************************************************************************
/filnam,case1
! Parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)
pi = 4*atan(1)
mshaft = 1
xclear = 7.62e-5
lshaft = 0.01143
rshaft = 0.06477
roshaft = mshaft/(lshaft*pi*rshaft**2) ! equivalent density
mu = 0.002632
omegaj = 1e4

pertInc = 1e-5
XX = 0.5
YY = -0.7
XXdot = -0.05
YYdot = -0.05
veloc1 = XXdot*xclear*omegaj
veloc2 = YYdot*xclear*omegaj
zedge = -lshaft/2

/prep7

et,1,185 ! only used for FLUID218 meshing

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

mp,ex,1,1.0e11
mp,nuxy,1,mu
mp,dens,1,0.32051

cylind,0,rshaft,-lshaft/2,lshaft/2,0,90
cylind,0,rshaft,-lshaft/2,lshaft/2,90,180
cylind,0,rshaft,-lshaft/2,lshaft/2,180,270
cylind,0,rshaft,-lshaft/2,lshaft/2,270,360

nummrg,kp

esize,0.001

type,1
mat,1
vmesh,all

et, 2, 218
keyopt,2,1,0 ! PRES only dof
sectype,2,shell
secdata, xclear
r, 2, xclear, rshaft,XX*xclear,YY*xclear, veloc1, veloc2
rmore, zedge

mp,visc,2,mu
mp,dens,2,roshaft

type,2
mat,2
real,2

csys,1
nsel,,loc,x,rshaft
esln
esurf
csys,0
allsel

! --- remove solid elements

vclear,all
etdele,1

! --- boundary conditions

nsel,,loc,z,-lshaft/2
nsel,a,loc,z,lshaft/2
d, all, pres, 0.0d0 ! zero pressure at both ends
allsel

finish
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case1,rst
set,last

esel,,type,,2
nsle

! sum the forces and moments to get total quantities

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
f11 = 0
f12 = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)

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 Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f11 = f11 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f12 = f12 + con
*enddo
allsel,all

/show,png,rev
/view,1,1,1,1
plnsol,pres
*get,presmax,plnsol,0,max
/show,close

fx = f11
fy = f12
mofp = presmax
/out,
/com, *************************************************************************
/com, Forces and Pressures @ equilibrium position using FLUID218 element model
/com, *************************************************************************
*status,fx
*status,fy
*status,mofp
/out,scratch

parsav,all,temprm,parm
finish

/clear,nostart
/com, **************************************************************
/com, Case 2: Force calculation @ equilibrium position with small
/com, perturbation "dX" (X+dX, Y, XXdot, YYdot)
/com, **************************************************************
/out,scratch
/filnam,case2
/prep7
resume,case1,db
rdel,2

! Parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)

dX = pertInc
XXX = XX + dX

r,2,xclear, rshaft,XXX*xclear,YY*xclear, veloc1, veloc2

rmore, zedge

fini
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case2,rst
set,last

esel,,type,,2
nsle

! sum the forces and moments to get total quantities

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
f21 = 0
f22 = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f21 = f21 + con

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f22 = f22 + con
*enddo
allsel,all

*status,f21
*status,f22
*status,presmax

parres,change,temprm,parm
parsav,all,temprm,parm
finish

/clear,nostart
/com, **************************************************************
/com, Case 3: Force calculation @ equilibrium position with small
/com, perturbation "dY" (X,Y+dY, XXdot, YYdot)
/com, **************************************************************
/out,scratch
/filnam,case3
/prep7
resume,case1,db
rdel,2

! Parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)

dY = pertInc
YYY = YY + dY

r, 2, xclear, rshaft,XX*xclear,YYY*xclear, veloc1, veloc2

rmore, zedge

fini
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case3,rst
set,last

esel,,type,,2
nsle

! sum the forces and moments to get total quantities

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
f31 = 0
f32 = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f31 = f31 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f32 = f32 + con
*enddo
allsel,all

*status,f31
*status,f32
*status,presmax

parres,change,temprm,parm
parsav,all,temprm,parm
finish

/clear,nostart
/com, *********************************************************************

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 Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

/com, Case 4: Force calculation @ equilibrium position with small

/com, perturbation "dXXdot" (X, Y, XXdot+dXXdot, YYdot)
/com, *********************************************************************
/out,scratch
/filnam,case4
/prep7
resume,case1,db
rdel,2

! Parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)

dXXdot = pertInc
XXXdot = XXdot + dXXdot
veloc1x = XXXdot*xclear*omegaj

r, 2, xclear, rshaft,XX*xclear,YY*xclear, veloc1x, veloc2

rmore, zedge

fini
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case4,rst
set,last

esel,,type,,2
nsle

! sum the forces and moments to get total quantities

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
f41 = 0
f42 = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f41 = f41 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f42 = f42 + con
*enddo
allsel,all

*status,f41
*status,f42
*status,presmax

parres,change,temprm,parm
parsav,all,temprm,parm
finish

/clear,nostart
/com, *********************************************************************
/com, Case 5: Force calculation @ equilibrium position with small
/com, perturbation of "dYYdot" (X,Y, XXdot, YYdot+dYYdot)
/com, *********************************************************************
/out,scratch
/filnam,case5
/prep7
resume,case1,db
rdel,2

! Parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)

dYYdot = pertInc
YYYdot = YYdot + dYYdot
veloc2y = YYYdot*xclear*omegaj

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

r, 2, xclear, rshaft,XX*xclear,YY*xclear, veloc1, veloc2y

rmore, zedge

fini
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case5,rst
set,last

esel,,type,,2
nsle

! sum the forces and moments to get total quantities

*get,nelem,ELEM,0,COUNT
f51 = 0
f52 = 0
ielem = 0
*do,iloop,1,nelem
ielem = ELNEXT(ielem)
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,11
f51 = f51 + con
*get,con,ELEM,ielem,NMISC,12
f52 = f52 + con
*enddo
allsel,all

*status,f51
*status,f52
*status,presmax

parres,change,temprm,parm
parsav,all,temprm,parm
finish

/out,
/com, **************************************************
/com, Bearing characteristics of FLUID218 element model
/com, **************************************************
/out,scratch

parres,new,temprm,parm

/com, **************************************************
/com, Stiffness calculation
/com, **************************************************
dX = dX*xclear
dY = dY*xclear
KXX_ = (f21-f11)/dX
KYY_ = (f32-f12)/dY
KXY_ = (f31-f11)/dY
KYX_ = (f22-f12)/dX

/com, **************************************************
/com, Damping calculation
/com, **************************************************
dXXdot = dXXdot*xclear*omegaj
dYYdot = dYYdot*xclear*omegaj
CXX_ = (f41-f11)/dXXdot
CYY_ = (f52-f12)/dYYdot
CXY_ = (f51-f11)/dYYdot
CYX_ = (f42-f12)/dXXdot

/out,
/com, **************************************************

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 Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

/com, Stiffness and Damping characteristics of FLUID218

/com, element model
/com, **************************************************
*status,PRM_

/clear,nostart
/out,
/com, *****************************************************
/com, Bearing characteristics of COMBI214
/com, *****************************************************
/out,scratch
/filnam,case6
! Resume parameters (corresponding to non dimensional input)
parres,new,temprm,parm

/prep7
n, 1, -1
n, 2, 0
n, 3, 0, -1

et, 1, 21,,,2 ! 3D mass, no rotary inertias

r, 1, mass,
type,1
real,1
e, 2

et, 2, 214
keyopt,2,1, 2 ! get outputs
r, 2, xclear, lshaft, rshaft, veloc1, veloc2,pertInc

mp,visc,2,mu

type,2
real,2
mat,2
e, 1, 2, 3

d, all, all, 0.0

ddel, 2, UX
ddel, 2, UY

fini
save

/solu
antype, static
omega,,, omegaj
d,2,ux,XX*xclear
d,2,uy,YY*xclear
outres,all,all
solve
fini

/post1
file,case6,rst
set,last

esel,,elem,,2

etable, fx, smisc,1

etable, fy, smisc,2
etable, mofp, nmisc,3

/out,
/com, *************************************************************************
/com, Forces and Pressures @ equilibrium position using COMBI214 element model
/com, *************************************************************************
pretab

/out,scratch

etable, kxx, nmisc,7

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

etable, kyy, nmisc,8

etable, kxy, nmisc,9
etable, kyx, nmisc,10

/out,
/com, ***************************************************
/com, Stiffness characteristics of COMBI214 element model
/com, ***************************************************
pretab, kxx, kyy, kxy, kyx
/out,scratch

etable, cxx, nmisc,11

etable, cyy, nmisc,12
etable, cxy, nmisc,13
etable, cyx, nmisc,14

/out,
/com, ***************************************************
/com, Damping characteristics of COMBI214 element model
/com, ***************************************************
pretab, cxx, cyy, cxy, cyx

finish

7.16.3. Output for the Analysis

Figure 7.41: Bearing Forces and Maximum Pressure Using FLUID218 Element Model

Figure 7.42: Bearing Characteristics Using FLUID218 Element Model

Stiffness Characteristics

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 Example: Calculation of 3-D Hydrodynamic Bearing Characteristics

Damping Characteristics

Figure 7.43: Bearing Forces and Maximum Pressure Using COMBI214 Element Model

Figure 7.44: Bearing Characteristics Using COMBI214 Element Model

Stiffness Characteristics

Damping Characteristics

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

7.17. Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe

Journal Bearing
The following example shows the computation of pressure distribution in a three-lobe journal bearing.
The input clearance as a function of the angular position can be downloaded here.

The fluid pressure and thickness distributions are computed in a static analysis. The rotor is a cylindrical
shaft rotating at 200 rad/s whose equilibrium position in the stator is (-4.2, -35.0) x (1x10-6) m. The
bearing cross-section geometry consists of three lobes as shown in Figure 7.45: Three-Lobe Journal
Bearing Cross-Section Geometry (p. 137). The clearance is defined as a function of angular position (θ)
as:
(7.1)

Where Cmax and Cmin are the maximum and minimum clearance, respectively, and is the angular
position of the lobe center i, i ∈ {1,2,3}.

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

Figure 7.45: Three-Lobe Journal Bearing Cross-Section Geometry

The bearing fluid film is modeled with FLUID218 elements with node-based clearance following
Equation 7.1 (p. 136) in element real constants.

7.17.1. Problem Specifications

The bearing properties are as follows:

• Length: 0.1 m

• Shaft radius: 0.1 m

• Fluid viscosity: 0.12 Pa·s

• Minimum clearance: 9 x 10-4 m

• Maximum clearance: 22 x 10-4 m

7.17.2. Input for the Analysis

/title,Calculation of the Profile of a Three-lobe Bearing
/out,scratch

!============
! PARAMETERS
!============

pi = acos(-1)
eps = 1e-6 ! accuracy for node selection

! Three-Lobe Bearing Parameters

! ------------------------------
bearingLength = 0.1 ! length of the bearing
Nlobe = 3 ! number of lobes
Cmax = 0.0022 ! maximum clearance (at lobes edges)

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Cmin = 0.0009 ! minimum clearance (at lobes center)

alpha = 2*pi/Nlobe ! arc angle of the lobes
offsetRatio = 0.5 ! angular offset ratio
Dclear = Cmin - Cmax ! delta of clearance

! Shaft (Stator) Parameters

! -------------------------
shaftRadius = 0.1 ! radius
shaftPosX = -4.2e-6 ! X-position inside the bearing
shaftPosY = -3.5e-5 ! Y-position inside the bearing

! Fluid Properties
! -----------------
fluidVisc = 0.12 ! viscosity
fluidDens = 1000 ! density

! Meshing Parameters
! ------------------
NeltCirc = 200 ! number of elements along bearing circumference
NeltLength = 20 ! number of axial elements

! Loading
! -------
omg = 200 ! rotational velocity

!======================
! READ CLEARANCE INPUT
!======================
*dim,clearanceArray,array,NeltCirc+1,2
*vread,clearanceArray(1,1),clearanceInput,txt,,JIK,2,NeltCirc+1
(F5.1,F10.8)

!===============
! PRE-PROCESSING
!===============
/prep7

! Geometry
! --------

! Create shaft for virtual use in FLUID218 (suppressed at the end)

cylind,0,shaftRadius,0,bearingLength,0,90
cylind,0,shaftRadius,0,bearingLength,90,180
cylind,0,shaftRadius,0,bearingLength,180,270
cylind,0,shaftRadius,0,bearingLength,270,360
NUMMRG,KP

! Material Properties
! -------------------

! Shaft (virtual parameters)

mp,ex,1,2e9
mp,prxy,1,0.3
mp,dens,1,8000

! Fluid parameters
mp,visc,2,fluidVisc
mp,dens,2,fluidDens

! Meshing
! -------

! Mesh the shaft

et,1,solid185

csys,1
! basis circumference
lsel,s,loc,z,0
lsel,a,loc,z,bearingLength
lsel,r,loc,x,shaftRadius
lesize,all,,,NeltCirc/4

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

! basis interior lines

lsel,s,loc,x,shaftRadius
lsel,inve
lsel,r,loc,z,0
lesize,all,,,NeltCirc/4

lsel,s,loc,x,shaftRadius
lsel,inve
lsel,r,loc,z,bearingLength
lesize,all,,,NeltCirc/4

! longitudinal
lsel,all
lsel,u,loc,z,0
lsel,u,loc,z,bearingLength
lesize,all,,,NeltLength
csys,0

! sweep mesh
allsel
type,1
mat,1
vsweep,all

! Mesh bearing fluid

et,2,fluid218
type,2
mat,2

! loop over angular position

*DO,i,1,NeltCirc,1
etid = i + 1

! create real constant

r,etid,0,shaftRadius,shaftPosX,shaftPosY
rmore,,clearanceArray(i,2),clearanceArray(i+1,2),clearanceArray(i+1,2),clearanceArray(i,2)

! create elements
real,etid

! select elements wrt angular position and mesh

csys,1
nsel,s,loc,x,shaftRadius
nsel,r,loc,y,clearanceArray(i,1)-eps,clearanceArray(i+1,1)+eps
esln
esel,r,cent,y,clearanceArray(i,1),clearanceArray(i+1,1)
esurf
csys,0

*ENDDO

! Clear solid elements

allsel
vclear,all
etdele,1
numcmp,all

! Boundary Conditions
! --------------------
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,a,loc,z,bearingLength
d,all,pres,0 ! zero pressure at both ends

allsel
save
finish

!===================
! SOLUTION PROCESSOR
!===================
/solu
antype,static

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

omega,,,omg
solve
finish

!=================
! POST-PROCESSING
!=================
/post1
set,last
allsel

*get,eltNum,elem,,count

! Get Maximum Pressure

! --------------------
nsort,pres,,1
*get,maxPressure,sort,0,max
*get,maxPressureNode,sort,0,imax
csys,1
maxPressureAngle = ny(maxPressureNode)
csys,0

! Get Minimum Film Thickness

! --------------------------
etable,H,nmisc,1
esort,etab,h,1
*get,minThickness,sort,0,min
*get,eltMinThickness,sort,0,imin
*get,nodeMinThickness,elem,eltMinThickness,node,1
csys,1
minThicknessAngle = ny(nodeMinThickness)
csys,0

! Get Total Forces

! -----------------
ielem = 0
forceX = 0
forceY = 0
*DO,i,1,eltNum
ielem = elnext(ielem)
*GET,CON,elem,ielem,NMISC,11
forceX = forceX + CON
*GET,CON,elem,ielem,NMISC,12
forceY = forceY + CON
*ENDDO

! Get Attitude Angle

! ------------------
angLoad = atan(forceY/forceX)*180/pi
angCenter = atan(shaftPosY/shaftPosX)*180/pi
angAtt = angCenter - angLoad

! Results Plots
! -------------

/show,png,rev
/view,,1,1,1

! Fluid thickness
/edge,,1
plesol,nmisc,9
/edge,,0

!Nodal pressures
plnsol,pres

! Fluid velocities
/edge,,1
rsys,solu
plesol,PG,X ! tangential
plesol,PG,Y ! axial
rsys

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

/edge,,0

/out,
/com,* ========================================================
/com,* =========
/com,* RESULTS
/com,* =========
/com,*
/com,* Minimum thickness: %minThickness% m
/com,* Minimum thickness angle: %minThicknessAngle% deg
/com,* Maximum pressure: %maxPressure% Pa
/com,* Maximum pressure angle: %maxPressureAngle% deg
/com,* Total force in X direction: %forceX% N
/com,* Total force in Y direction: %forceY% N
/com,* Attitude angle: %angAtt% deg
/com,*
/com,* ========================================================
/out,scratch

7.17.3. Output for the Analysis

* ========================================================
* =========
* RESULTS
* =========
*
* Minimum thickness: 8.678740123E-04 m
* Minimum thickness angle: -118.8 deg
* Maximum pressure: 63682.2737 Pa
* Maximum pressure angle: -140.4 deg
* Total force in X direction: -27.6204842 N
* Total force in Y direction: -25.9966112 N
* Attitude angle: 39.8919837 deg
*
* ========================================================

Figure 7.46: Bearing Element Thickness Distribution

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Rotordynamic Analysis Examples

Figure 7.47: Bearing Nodal Pressure Distribution

Figure 7.48: Bearing Tangential Fluid Velocity at Mid-Thickness

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 Example: Calculation of the Pressure Profile of a Three-Lobe Journal Bearing

Figure 7.49: Bearing Axial Fluid Velocity at Mid-Thickness

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Appendix A. Bearing Characteristics File Format
Occurrence Content Format
1 Title 1 (A80)
1 Title 2 (A80)
1 Title 3 (A80)
1 nbstep, keyunit1 (optional), keyunit2 (optional) (3I10)
id, omega (I10, F10.2)
nbstep K11, K12, K21, K22 at omega (4E15.7)
C11, C12, C21, C22 at omega (4E15.7)

Definitions:
nbstep -- Number of rotation velocity steps.

keyunit1 -- Key for the bearing characteristics units. If keyunit1 is not on file, it defaults to 1.

If keyunit1 = 0, there is no transformation.

If keyunit1 = 1, it transforms lbf/in into N/m and lbf.s/in into N.s/m.

keyunit2 -- Key for the rotational velocity unit. If keyunit2 is not on file, it defaults to 1.

If keyunit2 = 0, there is no transformation.

If keyunit2 = 1, it transforms rpm into rd/s.

id -- Step identification number.

omega -- Current step rotational velocity (see keyunit2 for units).

K11, K12,.. -- Stiffness characteristics at omega (see keyunit1 for units).

C11, C12,.. -- Damping characteristics at omega (see keyunit1 for units).

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