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This document presents a project on logic gates, specifically focusing on AND, OR, and NOT gates, their functions, truth tables, and practical applications in electronic systems. It includes acknowledgments, objectives, theoretical background, circuit diagrams, experimental observations, and results from practical experiments. The project is certified as a genuine work completed by a student in accordance with academic guidelines.

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divitbhavi
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3 views

Document 30 (6)

This document presents a project on logic gates, specifically focusing on AND, OR, and NOT gates, their functions, truth tables, and practical applications in electronic systems. It includes acknowledgments, objectives, theoretical background, circuit diagrams, experimental observations, and results from practical experiments. The project is certified as a genuine work completed by a student in accordance with academic guidelines.

Uploaded by

divitbhavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acknowledgment

I am deeply grateful to my teacher,


[ ], for providing me with guidance
and encouragement throughout this project. I
also extend my gratitude to my school for
offering a platform to explore such an
engaging topic. Lastly, I thank my family and
peers for their continuous support.
Introduction
Logic gates are the building blocks of digital
electronics. They are electronic devices that
perform logical operations on one or more
input signals to produce a single output
signal. These gates are essential
components of circuits that are found in
computers, smartphones, and other digital
systems. This project focuses on the three
fundamental logic gates: AND, OR, and NOT.
Understanding their behavior and
applications is crucial for anyone interested
in electronics and computational systems.
Objectives
1. To study the basic concept of logic gates.
2. To understand the working of AND, OR, and NOT
gates.
3. To explore the truth tables and symbolic
representations of these gates.
4. To understand their practical applications in daily
life and electronic systems.
Theory
Logic gates operate based on Boolean
algebra, which is a mathematical framework
for dealing with binary values (0 and 1). The
binary values represent two states: 0
indicates "OFF" or "LOW" voltage, and 1
indicates "ON" or "HIGH" voltage.
The three basic logic gates, AND, OR, and
NOT, form the foundation for more complex
circuits and operations. These gates process
inputs to generate outputs according to
specific logical rules.
Types of Logic Gates
1. AND Gate
The AND gate performs a logical multiplication. It
outputs 1 only if all its inputs are 1.

• Symbol:

The symbol for an AND gate is a D-shaped curve with


two inputs and one output.

• Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output (A ⋀ B)


0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR Gate
The OR gate performs a logical addition. It outputs 1 if
at least one of its inputs is 1.

• Symbol:

The symbol for an OR gate resembles a curved shape


pointing outward with two inputs and one output.

• Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output (A ∨ B)


0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
OR Gate
The OR gate performs a logical addition. It outputs 1 if
at least one of its inputs is 1.

• Symbol:

The symbol for an OR gate resembles a curved shape


pointing outward with two inputs and one output.

• Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output (A ∨ B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Circuit Diagrams
1. AND Gate Circuit: Connect two switches in
series with a light bulb. The bulb will light up only
when both switches are closed (ON).

2. OR Gate Circuit: Connect two switches in


parallel with a light bulb. The bulb will light up if
either switch is closed (ON).

3. NOT Gate Circuit: Use a transistor-based circuit


to invert the input voltage.
Practical Applications
1. AND Gate Applications:

• Security Systems: Used in systems where multiple


conditions must be met to unlock a door or trigger an
alarm.
• Control Systems: In industrial machines, AND gates
ensure that multiple safety criteria are satisfied before
operations begin.

2. OR Gate Applications:

• Lighting Systems: Used in circuits where multiple


switches can control a single light.
• Alarm Systems: Ensures an alarm is triggered if any
one of several sensors detects an issue.

3. NOT Gate Applications:

• Signal Inversion: Used to invert signals in digital


circuits.
• Voltage Control: Converts high voltage signals into low
voltage signals and vice versa in certain applications.
•
Experimental
Observations
To study the behavior of these gates, a simple
breadboard setup can be used:

1. Connect inputs using switches or push buttons.


2. Use LEDs to display outputs.
3. Verify the truth tables by testing different input
combinations.
Results:
• AND gate lit the LED only when all switches were
ON.
• OR gate lit the LED if any switch was ON.
• NOT gate inverted the input, lighting the LED when
the input switch was OFF.
Bibliography

1. NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook.


2. "Digital Electronics" by Floyd Thomas.
3. Online resources from [reliable websites, e.g.,
IEEE, Khan Academy].
Certificate
This is to certify that the Physics project titled "Logic
Gates: AND, OR, NOT" is a genuine work completed by
[ Divit sawariyan ] of Class 12 during the academic
session [ 2024-2025 ].

The project was completed accordance with the CBSE


guidelines for the physics Practical Examination for
the year 2024-205 .

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