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Crystal PhysicsUnit 2 - Part A

The document covers fundamental concepts in crystal physics, including definitions of crystal lattice, basis, unit cell, and various types of defects. It also discusses crystal systems, packing factors, and growth techniques, providing examples and formulas where applicable. Additionally, it differentiates between edge and screw dislocations and outlines the limitations of solution growth techniques.

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10 views

Crystal PhysicsUnit 2 - Part A

The document covers fundamental concepts in crystal physics, including definitions of crystal lattice, basis, unit cell, and various types of defects. It also discusses crystal systems, packing factors, and growth techniques, providing examples and formulas where applicable. Additionally, it differentiates between edge and screw dislocations and outlines the limitations of solution growth techniques.

Uploaded by

amirdhaajaganath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT – II CRYSTAL PHYSICS

PART – A QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Define space (or) crystal lattice.


A 3-dimensional collection of points in space is called space (or) crystal lattice. The
environment about any point is the same in every way.

2. Define basis.
The crystal structure obtained by adding an unit assembly of atoms to each lattice
point.This unit assembly is called basis.

3. What are interfacial angles and lattice parameters?


The angles between three intercepts α,β and γ are called interfacial angles.The three
intercepts and three interfacial angles are the lattice parameters of the unit cell.

4. What are amorphous materials?


Amorphous means without form.The materials in which atoms are arranged in an
irregular(random) fashion are known as non- crystalline or amorphous materials.

5. Define unit cell.


A unit cell is defined as the smallest geometric figure, the repetition of which gives the actual
crystal structure.
(OR)
A unit cell in 3-dimension is defined as that volume of the solid from which the entire crystal
can be formed by the translational repetition in 3-dimension.

6. What are Miller indices?


Miller indices are the smallest possible integers which have the same ratios as the reciprocals
of the intercepts of the plane concerned on the 3 axes.

7. What planes are known as lattice planes?


A crystal lattice is considered as a collection of a set of parallel equidistant planes passing
through lattice points.These planes are known as lattice planes.

8. What is primitive cell? Give example.


A primitive cell is the simplest type of unit cell which contains one lattice points per unit
cell.
Example: Simple cubic crystals.

9. What is meant by non-primitive cell? Give example.


A unit cell which contains more than one lattice point in it is called as non-primitive cell.
If the number of lattice points per unit cell is two then it is called doubly primitive and if it
has four then it is called quadruply primitive.
Examples:
Doubly primitive cell - Body centered cubic crystals.
Quadruply primitive cell - Face centered cubic crystals.

10. What are Bravais lattices?


The 14 possible ways of arranging points in space lattice such that all the lattice points
have exactly the same surroundings. These 14 lattices are called the Bravais lattices.

11. Define atomic packing factor (or) packing density (or) density of packing and
give its unit.
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of atoms per unit cell to the total volume
occupied by the unit cell.

( No . of atoms present∈unit cell ×Volume of one atoms )


APF =
Volume of unit cell
Since atomic packing factor is the ratio, it does not have any unit.

12. Name the seven crystal systems.


 Cubic
 Tetragonal
 Orthorhombic
 Monoclinic
 Triclinic
 Rhombohedral
 Hexagonal

13. Define co-ordination number and atomic radius.


Coordination number is the no. of nearest neighbouring atoms directly surrounding a
given atom.
Example : Coordination number of FCC is 12
Atomic radius is defined as the half of the distance between two nearest neighbours
in a crystal of pure element.
Example : In SC a = 2r

14. Calculate the packing factor of simple cubic (SC) crystal structure.

( No. of atoms present ∈unit cell × Volume of one atoms )


Packing factor =
Volume of unit cell

=
1× ( 43 ) π r 3

3
a
a
We know, r = , therefore,
2
4
Packing factor = 3 ()
π a3
3
a
π
APF = = 0.52
6
15.Name the crystal structure of the following:
(a)Gold, (b) Germanium, (c) Barium and (d) Zinc

Gold: FCC
Germanium: Diamond cubic
Barium: BCC
Zinc: HCP

16..Defects in crystals are not always harmful. Justify.


Doping in pure semiconductors increases their electrical conductivity and given
boundaries increase the mechanical strength of the material. Hence the defects in crystals
are not always harmful.

17 .Define Frenkel and Schottky defect. (or) What are Frenkel and Schottky
imperfections?
Frenkel defect is an ionic crystal imperfections that occurs when an ion moves into an
interstitial site, thereby creating two defects simultaneously i.e., one vacancy and the other
self interstitial.
A pair of ion vacancies in an ionic crystal is termed as Schottky defect.

18.What is Burger’s vector?


The vector which indicates the direction and magnitude of the shift of the lattice on
the slip plane is called Burger’s vector

19.Give the values number of atoms in unit cell of SC, BCC, FCC and HCP.
 Simple cubic(SC) - 1 atom
 Body centered cubic(BCC) - 2 atoms
 Face centered cubic (FCC) - 4 atoms
 Hexagonal close packed (HCP) - 6 atoms

20. State the coordination number for HCP and diamond structures.
 coordination number for HCP - 12
 coordination number for diamond structures - 4

21. What is meant by closed packed structure? Give one example.


The co-ordination number (12 and atomic packing factor (0.74) are the same for both face
centered cubic and hexagonal closed pack structures, when we compare these structures with
other structures, it has high packing factor and hence it is called as closely packed structure.
Examples: Magnesium, Zinc etc

22. Write the lattice parameters for Triclinic crystal.


1. The three axes are unequal i.e., a#b#c.
2. All three axes are oblique to each other i.e., α#β#γ#90º

23. Differentiate edge dislocation and screw dislocation.

Edge Dislocation Screw Dislocation


Edge dislocations arise due to the Screw dislocation results from the
introduction or elimination of an extra plane displacement of the atoms in one part of a
of atoms. crystal relative to the rest of crystal forming a
spiral ramp around the dislocation line.
The region of lattice disturbance extends The region of lattice disturbance extends in
along an edge inside a crystal. two separate planes at right angles to each
other.
An edge dislocation can glide and climb A screw dislocation can glide only.
Burger vector is always perpendicular to the Burger vector is always parallel to the
dislocation line. dislocation line.

24.Mention the various growth techniques.


 Melt growth technique
 Low temperature solution growth
 High temperature solution growth
 Hydrothermal growth
 Gel growth
 Vapour phase growth

25.List the limitations of solution growth technique.


 The growth substance should not react with the solvent.
 This method is applicable to substances that are only fairly soluble in the solvent.
 A variable rate of evaporation may affect the quality of the crystal.

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