PRE BOARD III REVISION QUESTIONS

CLASS: X
SOCIAL SCIENCE (087)

Q1. Practice the significance of pictures given in history and Civics chapters
Q2. How sense of belonging was developed in France?
Q.3.Write a short note on Johan Gutenberg.
Q.4. Explain the Napoleonic Code, of 1804.
Q.5. What is the major reason for the decline of biodiversity in Indian forests?
Q.6. Water is a crucial resource for human survival and economic activities. In India, what measures
have been taken to manage water resources effectively?

Q.7. Write the geographical conditions for the following crops.

Barley, Rice, Wheat, Millets,

Tea, jute, cotton

Q.8. Differentiate between Unitary and Federal form of Government.

Q.9. How women are discriminated in Indian society. Explain any five points.
Q. Explain about Nari Shakti.
Q.10. What are the various party systems in a democracy.
Q.11. Democracy e n s u r e s f r e e d o m a n d d i g n i t y o f c i t i z e n s . E x p l a i n .
Q.12. Why Power sharing is important in democracy?
Q.13. How the Legislative subjects are divided between Central and State governments?
Q.14. How do banks mediate between borrowers and depositors.
Q.15. Define the following: Globalisation, Trade Barrier, Liberalisation
Q.16. Define HDI. How countries are compared by World Bank and UNDP for development.
Q.17. Explain Primary, Secondary and Tertiary activities.

Q.18. Write short note on the following (1)

Giuseppe Mazzini,
King Victor Emmanuel II,
Bismark
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Chief Minister Cavour

Q.19. Explain the importance of Plains, mountains and plateaus.

Q.20. How democracy is a better form of government than Dictatorship? / What are the merits of
democracy?
Q. Differentiate between National parties and State parties.
Q. Write in brief about the following National parties- BSP, BJP, INC, CPI-M
Q Why Muslim League had a lukewarm participation in CDM movement? What were their two
demands?

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9. What steps were taken by Gandhiji to uplift the untouchables?
10. Write a short note on the Poona pact of 1932.
11. How sense of belonging was developed in India?
12.How participants saw the Non Cooperation movement.
13. Explain the political and economic impact of Non -cooperation movement? Why the movement
slowed down after some time?
14. Write short note on the following:
 NCM in Awadh
 NCM in the Gudem Hills of Andhra
 Swaraj in Plantation.
15. Write short Note on the following:
 Jallianwala bagh
 Satyagraga Movement
 Salt March
 Lahore Session
16. Give a reading Quit India Movement 1942.
Q.21.Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act 1919? Explain any two reasons.

Ans: Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 for the
following reasons:

1. Violation of Civil Rights: The Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to arrest and detain
individuals without trial for up to two years. This act was seen as a severe violation of fundamental
civil rights and aimed to curb the growing nationalist movement, undermining basic principles of
justice.
2. Suppression of Political Freedom: The act gave the colonial authorities sweeping powers to suppress
political activities, silence dissent, and curtail the freedom of speech and expression. Gandhiji
viewed this as an oppressive measure that stifled the legitimate political aspirations of the Indian
people, which called for a peaceful and united resistance through Satyagraha.

Q. Which three early satyagrahi movements were organised by Mahatma Gandhi? Explain in
short.

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi organized the following three early Satyagraha movements:

1. Champaran Satyagraha (1917): This was Gandhi's first Satyagraha in India, organized in Champaran,
Bihar. It aimed to address the grievances of indigo farmers who were being forced by British planters
to grow indigo under oppressive conditions and at unfair terms. The movement led to significant
relief for the farmers and marked Gandhi’s success in mobilizing mass support through nonviolent
resistance.
2. Kheda Satyagraha (1918): This movement took place in Kheda, Gujarat, where farmers were facing
hardship due to crop failure and plague but were still required to pay high land taxes. Gandhi led the
movement demanding the suspension of revenue collection until the situation improved. The
campaign highlighted the power of collective action and non-cooperation, ultimately resulting in tax
relief for the farmers.
3. Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918): Gandhi intervened to support textile mill workers in Ahmedabad
who were demanding better wages. He advocated for peaceful negotiation and led a hunger strike to
pressure the mill owners to agree to a fair wage increase. This successful Satyagraha strengthened
labor rights and demonstrated Gandhi’s commitment to using nonviolence for social justice.

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 Q Write a short note on Marianne and Germania.

Q Explain the unification of Germany.

Q. Why Balkan states was an area of intense conflict?
R. What was romanticism? How language was used to develop nationalism in Poland?
Q. Why was there hunger and Hardship in Europe during1848?

Q. “Forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance.” Explain their importance.

Ans: Forests are crucial for maintaining ecological balance due to the following reasons:

1. Regulation of Climate and Air Quality: Forests act as the lungs of the planet by absorbing carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis and releasing oxygen, which helps mitigate climate change and
maintain air quality. This process reduces the greenhouse effect and supports global temperature
regulation.
2. Biodiversity and Habitat: Forests provide habitats for a wide range of plant and animal species,
supporting biodiversity. This biodiversity is essential for ecological stability, as it ensures ecosystem
resilience and the functioning of natural processes like pollination, nutrient cycling, and water
purification.

Q.What is the role of judiciary in power sharing arrangement?

Ans: The judiciary plays a crucial role in the power-sharing arrangement by acting as an independent arbiter
that ensures the rule of law and the protection of constitutional rights. Its main roles include:

1. Upholding the Constitution: The judiciary interprets and enforces the constitution, ensuring that the
legislative and executive branches act within their constitutional limits. This helps prevent the misuse
or concentration of power, promoting checks and balances among the branches of government.
2. Protecting Citizens' Rights: The judiciary safeguards the fundamental rights of citizens by reviewing
laws and government actions. If any law or policy is found to violate the constitution or infringe on
individual rights, the judiciary has the authority to strike it down, ensuring justice and equality in
society.

Q.. “The primary sector is crucial for the livelihood of a large section of India’s population.” Justify
the statement with suitable arguments.

Ans: The primary sector is crucial for the livelihood of a large section of India’s population due to the
following reasons:

1. Employment Generation: The primary sector, which includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
mining, is the largest source of employment in India. A significant portion of the Indian population,
particularly in rural areas, depends on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. Despite
the growth of other sectors, the primary sector remains vital for providing jobs to millions of people
who have limited access to opportunities in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. Contribution to Food Security: Agriculture, a key part of the primary sector, is essential for
producing food grains and other crops that feed the country's population. It ensures food security and

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 supports related industries such as dairy and poultry farming. This sector's stability is fundamental
for the overall well-being and nutrition of the population.
3. Economic Backbone for Rural Areas: The primary sector supports rural economies by sustaining
farmers and small-scale producers. It also drives demand for various services and products,
contributing to the economic development of rural communities. Additionally, the growth and
success of this sector can lead to better living standards and reduced poverty in these areas.The
primary sector, including activities like farming, fishing, and forestry, supports the livelihoods of
rural households and communities.

Q. Explain the relation between democracy and Economic growth and reduction in inequality in income.

Q. What are the two conditions for accommodation of social diversity in a democracy?

Q. Why has the manufacturing sector or secondary sector become so important in India’s economy?
Give any 5 reasons.

Ans: The manufacturing sector has become crucial to India's economy for the following reasons:

1. Contribution to GDP Growth: Over the past few decades, the manufacturing sector has seen
substantial growth, contributing significantly to India's GDP. The sector's expansion has played a
central role in driving overall economic development by increasing industrial output, improving
infrastructure, and generating wealth.
2. Job Creation and Skill Development: The manufacturing sector has created millions of jobs,
particularly in urban and semi-urban areas. This has helped reduce unemployment and poverty, while
also contributing to skill development and technological advancements in the workforce, further
boosting the economy.
3. Export Potential and Trade Balance: The growth of manufacturing has enhanced India's export
capabilities, particularly in industries like textiles, chemicals, and automobiles. Increased exports
contribute to foreign exchange earnings, improving the trade balance and strengthening India’s
position in the global market.
4. Eradicates unemployment and poverty.
5. Helps in the development of far flung and under developed areas.

Q. “Sometimes the new crops in Europe could make the difference between life and death.” Explain
the statement by giving suitable examples. (Hint- Potato etc)

1. Introduction of Potatoes: In the 17th century, potatoes were introduced to Europe from the
Americas. Potatoes proved to be a highly nutritious and calorie-dense crop, which could be grown in
poor soil and harsh climates. This became a vital food source, especially in countries like Ireland and
Russia, and helped prevent famines, thereby saving countless lives.
2. Maize (Corn): Another crop introduced from the Americas, maize, also became a staple food in
many parts of Europe. It was particularly important during times of crop failure, as it could be grown
in diverse climates and provided a reliable food source during difficult times.
3. Tomatoes and Peppers: Similarly, crops like tomatoes and peppers, which were introduced from the
Americas, added to the variety of food available, improving nutrition and reducing the risk of
malnutrition and famine in Europe.

These new crops helped diversify European agriculture, improve food security, and reduce the impact
of crop failures, making the difference between survival and famine in certain regions.

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Q. Explain appropriate irrigation methods based on local water resources and soil conditions.

Ans: Here are three common irrigation methods that she can consider:

1. Drip Irrigation: If Sunita's land has limited water resources, drip irrigation would be an efficient
choice. This method delivers water directly to the roots of plants through a system of pipes, tubes,
and emitters. It minimizes water wastage and is ideal for areas with water scarcity or for crops that
require precise water management, like vegetables or fruit orchards.
2. Sprinkler Irrigation: If Sunita has access to a moderate or regular water supply, sprinkler irrigation
could be a good option. It works by spraying water over the crops in the form of droplets, similar to
rainfall. This method is suitable for areas with well-distributed water resources and is effective on
loamy or sandy soils that allow water to percolate easily.
3. Canal or Surface Irrigation: If Sunita's area has sufficient water from nearby rivers or canals, surface
irrigation (flood or furrow) could be suitable. In this method, water flows over the soil surface or
through furrows, allowing the crops to absorb the water. It is best for areas with good water supply
and soils that can retain water well, such as clayey or loamy soils.

We should assess the availability of water, the type of soil on her land (whether it is sandy, clayey, or
loamy)

Q. Give various methods of rainwater harvesting since ancient times in India.

Ans: Rainwater harvesting has been practiced in India for centuries, with various methods designed to
collect and store water for agricultural, domestic, and community use. Some of the traditional methods of
rainwater harvesting include:

1. Stepwells (Baolis or Vavs): Stepwells were commonly used in ancient India, especially in Rajasthan
and Gujarat. These are deep wells with steps leading down to the water, allowing people to access
water even during dry periods.
2. Rooftop Rainwater harvesting: In many parts of India, especially in southern and central regions,
large tanks and ponds were built to capture rainwater. These tanks were often constructed near
villages or agricultural fields to store rainwater and replenish groundwater levels, providing water for
irrigation during dry spells.
3. Kul and guls in Himalayan areas SystemThe Kuhl system, used primarily in the hilly areas of
Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, involves the construction of small irrigation channels.
These channels direct rainwater from higher elevations to agricultural fields and villages for
irrigation.
4. Water Harvesting Pits: Small pits or trenches were dug in the ground to capture rainwater. These
pits, often lined with stones or other materials, allowed the water to seep into the ground and
recharge the local groundwater table.
5. Inundation channels in Bengal
6. Tanka System arid in arid and semi arid areas of Rajasthan
7. Rooftoo rainwater harvesting system
8. Khadin and Johads of Rajasthan

These ancient methods were highly effective in regions with varying rainfall patterns and have
inspired modern-day rainwater harvesting practices. They demonstrate the sustainable use of local
resources to manage water scarcity.

Q. “Gender equality ensures equal opportunities for women and men.” Explain the statement by
giving suitable examples.

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Ans: The statement "Gender equality ensures equal opportunities for women and men" means that both
women and men should have the same rights, responsibilities, and opportunities in all aspects of life, such as
education, employment, and participation in decision-making. Here are three examples to explain the
statement:

1. Education: Gender equality ensures that both boys and girls have equal access to education. For
example, the implementation of programs like "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" in India promotes the
education of girls and works towards eliminating the gender gap in literacy and school enrollment.
2. Employment: Gender equality means that both men and women should have equal opportunities in
the workforce. Laws like the Equal Remuneration Act ensure that women receive equal pay for equal
work, and initiatives like maternity leave provide women with the necessary support to balance work
and family life, promoting gender equality in employment.
3. Political Participation: Gender equality ensures that women have the same opportunities as men to
participate in politics. For instance, the reservation of seats for women in local governance
(panchayats) under the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Indian Constitution has increased women’s
representation in decision-making processes at the grassroots level.

These examples highlight how gender equality helps create a fairer and more just society by providing
equal opportunities to both women and men in different spheres of life.

Q. Between 1991 and 2020, India’s credit market has expanded, providing businesses with necessary
funding for growth. As a result, credit availability has become crucial for India’s economic
development. Why is credit availability important for India’s economy? Support your answer by
giving any three reasons.

Ans: Credit availability is crucial for the growth and development of India's economy. Here are three
reasons why:

1. Facilitates Business Expansion: Credit allows businesses, especially small and medium enterprises
(SMEs), to access the necessary funds for expansion, upgrading technology, and increasing
production. This leads to the creation of jobs and boosts economic activity.
2. Supports Infrastructure Development: With credit, the government and private sector can invest in
large-scale infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, and energy production. These investments
are critical for improving the overall economic infrastructure and supporting long-term economic
growth.
3. Encourages Consumer Spending: Credit availability also allows consumers to make purchases on
loans, stimulating demand in the economy. This increased consumption boosts the production of
goods and services, thus contributing to economic growth.

In conclusion, credit plays a vital role in driving both supply-side and demand-side factors in India's
economy, supporting business growth, infrastructure development, and consumer spending.

Q. Explain the reformations done by Napoleon in 1804.

Q‘The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of knowledge in Europe.’ Substantiate
the statement with key features.

Ans: ‘The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of knowledge in Europe.’

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 1. Increased Access to Books: The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century,
made books more affordable and accessible. This was a significant change from hand-copied
manuscripts that were labor-intensive and costly, making books rare and reserved for the wealthy.
2. Rapid Dissemination of Information: With the ability to produce multiple copies quickly, the printing
press allowed ideas and knowledge to spread more rapidly across Europe. This facilitated the sharing
of scientific, religious, and philosophical ideas, contributing to movements like the Renaissance and
the Reformation.
3. Standardization of Texts: The printing press led to more uniform and accurate reproduction of texts,
which helped establish a common base of knowledge and reduced discrepancies that were common
in hand-copied manuscripts.
4. Growth of Literacy: The increased availability of books encouraged literacy among the general
public. As more people learned to read, education and intellectual growth flourished, contributing to
the development of a more informed society.
5. Catalyst for Social and Cultural Change: The spread of printed materials played a crucial role in
shaping public opinion and challenging established authorities. For example, Martin Luther's 95
Theses spread quickly due to printed pamphlets, fueling the Protestant Reformation and transforming
religious and political landscapes.

Q. ‘The role of newspapers and magazines was crucial in mobilizing public opinion during the
nationalist movements.’ Explain the statement with relevant points.

Ans: ‘The role of newspapers and magazines was crucial in mobilizing public opinion during the nationalist
movements.’

1. Spreading Awareness: Newspapers and magazines played a significant role in spreading political and
social awareness among the public. They provided a platform for nationalist leaders to express their
ideas, highlight injustices, and promote the need for unity and independence.
2. Fostering National Identity: Through articles, essays, and editorials, these publications helped create
a sense of shared identity and common purpose. They emphasized cultural heritage, history, and
symbols that resonated with the masses, strengthening the call for national self-determination.
3. Reporting on Events and Mobilization: Newspapers covered political gatherings, protests, and other
events related to the nationalist movement, ensuring that even those who could not attend in person
were informed and inspired to participate. This helped maintain momentum and broaden the support
base.
4. Critiquing Colonial Policies: Journals and newspapers were often used to critique colonial
governments and their exploitative practices. They exposed the public to injustices such as economic
exploitation, discriminatory laws, and political repression, thereby fueling anti-colonial sentiments.
5. Encouraging Intellectual Debates: Magazines offered a platform for intellectuals, writers, and
reformers to debate and discuss political ideas and strategies for achieving independence. This
exchange of ideas strengthened the ideological underpinnings of the nationalist movements and
guided future actions.

Publications like Kesari by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Amrita Bazar Patrika in India were examples
of how newspapers became powerful tools to rally people around the nationalist cause, raising
awareness and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule.

Q. Explain the various technological and institutional reform initiatives taken by the government
to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

Ans: Various Technological and Institutional Reform Initiatives Taken by the Government to Ensure the
Increase in Agricultural Production

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 1. Green Revolution: The introduction of the Green Revolution in the 1960s was a major technological
reform aimed at boosting agricultural productivity. It involved the use of high-yield variety (HYV)
seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques. This significantly
increased the production of staple crops like wheat and rice, particularly in states like Punjab and
Haryana.
2. Operation Flood during 1970s
3. Irrigation Infrastructure: The government invested in the development of large-scale and small-scale
irrigation projects such as dams, canals, and tube wells to ensure a reliable water supply for
agriculture. This allowed farmers to cultivate crops more consistently and reduced their dependence
on monsoon rains.
4. Mechanization and Modern Equipment: The introduction of tractors, harvesters, and other modern
farm machinery helped increase the efficiency of farming operations. This reduced manual labor,
sped up agricultural processes, and enabled farmers to manage larger areas of farmland.
5. Institutional Support: Various institutional reforms, such as the establishment of agricultural research
centers and extension services, provided farmers with education and training on modern farming
techniques. The government also set up cooperative societies and farmer support programs to ensure
access to credit and subsidies for seeds, fertilizers, and machinery.
6. KKC, PAIS, Insurance against natural calamity, Information through newspaper, television etc.
7. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policy: To protect farmers from price fluctuations and ensure a fair
return on their produce, the government implemented the MSP system. This policy guaranteed a
minimum price for specific crops, encouraging farmers to invest in production without fear of
significant financial loss.

Q. Rajeev’s region specializes in the cultivation of rice, a water-intensive crop. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of growing water-intensive crops, and what alternatives can be
suggested?

Ans: Advantages and Disadvantages of Growing Water-Intensive Crops and Alternatives

Advantages of Growing Water-Intensive Crops (e.g., Rice):

1. High Yield and Economic Value: Rice is a staple food in many regions, making it a reliable crop for
income and food security. High demand both locally and globally can provide a stable source of
revenue for farmers.
2. Support from Government Schemes: Water-intensive crops like rice often benefit from subsidies,
minimum support prices (MSP), and government procurement, ensuring farmers receive financial
support and a fair price.
3. Employment Opportunities: Rice cultivation and associated processing industries provide significant
employment opportunities in rural areas, supporting livelihoods.

Disadvantages of Growing Water-Intensive Crops:

1. Excessive Water Usage: Growing rice requires large amounts of water, leading to depletion of
groundwater resources, especially in water-scarce regions. This contributes to long-term
environmental issues, such as droughts and reduced water table levels.
2. Soil Degradation: Continuous cultivation of water-intensive crops can lead to soil salinity and
nutrient depletion, affecting the long-term fertility of the land.
3. Energy Consumption: The reliance on irrigation systems for rice cultivation can lead to high energy
consumption, especially if electric or diesel pumps are used, increasing costs and carbon emissions.

Suggested Alternatives:

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 1. Crop Diversification: Encouraging the cultivation of less water-intensive crops such as millets,
pulses, and oilseeds can help conserve water and improve soil health while maintaining farmers’
incomes.
2. Drought-Resistant Varieties: Switching to drought-resistant or short-duration rice varieties can
significantly reduce water usage while still allowing farmers to grow rice.
3. Sustainable Farming Practices: Techniques such as System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which uses
less water and promotes better plant growth, can be adopted. Additionally, implementing rainwater
harvesting and drip irrigation can optimize water use.
4. Agroforestry and Intercropping: Integrating crops that use less water alongside rice or other main
crops can create a more balanced use of water and resources, improve soil quality, and diversify
farmers’ incomes.

Shifting to these practices and alternatives can help Ravi’s region maintain agricultural productivity
while preserving essential water resources for future generations.

Q.32. What are the functions of political parties in a democracy?

1. Formation of Government: In democratic systems, political parties that win elections form the
government and are responsible for enacting policies and legislation. This structure ensures that the
government reflects the will of the majority and has a clear mandate to implement its agenda.
2. Policy Formulation and Debate: Parties develop and promote specific policy platforms and
programs, enabling voters to make informed choices during elections. They also foster public debate
and discussion, which helps shape policies that address pressing social, economic, and political
issues.
3. Accountability and Opposition: Political parties in opposition play a crucial role in holding the ruling
government accountable for its actions. They scrutinize government decisions, propose alternatives,
and represent the voice of those who did not vote for the ruling party, ensuring checks and balances.
4. Political Education and Participation: Parties mobilize voters and encourage political participation by
organizing rallies, campaigns, and discussions. This engagement helps educate citizens about
political processes, their rights, and the importance of active involvement in democratic governance.

Political parties, therefore, are vital for structuring political dialogue, representing diverse views, and
maintaining democratic governance.

Q. Explain the five challenges faced by political parties.

Ans: ‘Political parties today face several challenges that impact their democratic functioning.’

1. Lack of Internal Democracy: One of the significant challenges is the lack of transparency and
democracy within parties themselves. Decisions are often made by a small group of leaders or a
single influential figure, leading to a concentration of power and limited opportunities for broader
participation from party members.
2. Dynastic Succession: Many political parties face the problem of dynastic politics, where leadership
roles are passed down within a particular family, regardless of merit or democratic processes. This
practice undermines the principles of equal opportunity and can alienate competent leaders who are
not part of the ruling family.
3. Money Power: Elections often involve substantial financial resources, leading to the influence of
wealthy individuals or groups on party policies and candidate selection. This can skew priorities
away from public welfare toward serving the interests of influential donors.
4. Muscle Power The use of force or intimidation during elections also compromises the democratic
process. Parties give tickets to criminals to contest elections for the sake of winning.

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 5. No Meaningful choice: Some parties lack a clear and consistent ideology or policy framework,
which can lead to shifting stances based on short-term gains or political expediency. This erodes trust
among voters, who may find it challenging to align with parties that do not hold steadfast beliefs or
principles.

Q. Write a short note on Right to work 2005 (MGNAREGA).

Q. How more employment can be created in rural and urban areas?

Q.33. How do formal and informal sources of credit differ from each other?

Ans: formal and informal sources of credit differ from each other?

1. Regulation and Oversight:

o Formal Sources: These include banks and cooperative societies, which are regulated by
government authorities such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Their operations follow
strict guidelines and legal protocols.
o Informal Sources: These include moneylenders, friends, family, and local credit groups that
are not regulated by formal authorities. They operate based on trust or informal agreements
and lack legal oversight.
2. Interest Rates:
o Formal Sources: Typically offer lower and standardized interest rates. These rates are
monitored by financial authorities to prevent exploitation.
o Informal Sources: Often charge much higher and variable interest rates, which can lead to
exploitation of borrowers, especially in rural and economically weaker communities.
3. Documentation and Procedures:
o Formal Sources: Require proper documentation, proof of identity, income verification, and
collateral for larger loans. The process can be more complex and time-consuming.
o Informal Sources: Usually have minimal or no paperwork, making them more accessible for
those without formal documents or credit histories. Loans can often be obtained quickly and
without extensive verification.
4. Accessibility:
o Formal Sources: More accessible to individuals with steady income, good credit scores, and
adequate documentation. They are often concentrated in urban areas, limiting reach in rural
and remote regions.
o Informal Sources: Are easily accessible, even in rural and underdeveloped areas where
formal financial institutions may not be present. They are often the first choice for those
without access to banks or formal credit.
5. Security and Legal Recourse:
o Formal Sources: Offer borrowers legal protection and transparent agreements. Borrowers can
seek recourse through consumer protection laws if disputes arise.
o Informal Sources: Borrowers have little to no legal protection. Disputes may lead to
harassment or exploitation as there is no formal process to manage conflicts.

These differences highlight how formal sources are more structured and regulated, while informal
sources offer convenience but pose risks of higher costs and potential exploitation.

Q. How Globalisation has affected the producers and workers in an economy?

Q. What What factors have stimulated globalization?

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Q. what are the causes of pollution caused by industries? What steps can be taken to control the pollution?

Q.“Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.” Support the statement with
examples.

Ans: “Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.” Support the statement with examples.

1. Lack of Access to Formal Institutions: Many poor households, especially in rural areas, lack access
to formal banking services. Banks and financial institutions may be located far from villages or lack
the infrastructure needed to serve remote areas, pushing households to rely on informal sources like
local moneylenders or community lenders for quick credit.
2. Minimal Documentation: Formal credit often requires significant documentation, such as proof of
income, identity, and collateral, which poor households may not possess. Informal sources provide
loans without these requirements, making them more accessible to those without proper paperwork.
3. Quick and Flexible Loans: Poor households often face urgent financial needs, such as medical
emergencies or sudden expenses. Informal sources of credit, like moneylenders or loans from friends
and relatives, offer quick disbursal of funds without procedural delays. This flexibility is crucial
when households cannot afford to wait for formal loan approvals.
4. Personal Relationships and Trust: Informal credit often relies on personal trust and relationships. For
example, a farmer might borrow from a local trader or neighbor who knows their family background.
This trust-based system allows for more flexibility in repayment terms, unlike formal institutions that
have rigid repayment schedules.
5. Higher Acceptance Rate: Formal financial institutions may reject loan applications due to poor credit
history or the inability to provide collateral. In contrast, informal lenders are more lenient and are
willing to lend to households that are considered risky by formal banks. For example, a daily wage
worker with unstable income might still receive a loan from a village moneylender, even when banks
refuse.

Example: In many rural parts of India, farmers and small business owners often depend on moneylenders
who may charge higher interest rates but provide immediate cash without lengthy processes. Similarly, small
traders might turn to community lending circles for funds due to their convenience and the absence of
bureaucratic requirements.

These factors show why poor households, despite the risks involved, continue to rely on informal sources of
credit to meet their financial needs.

Q.37. Two places A and B are marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
B. The place where the December 1920 session of the Indian National Congress took place.

Q. 38. On the outline map of India, mark and locate any three of the following with suitable
symbols.
A. An airport
B. A software technology park
C. A dam
D. A seaport in Goa

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