Police-reported crime statistics in

Canada, 2022
Released at 8:30 a.m. Eastern time in The Daily, Thursday, July 27, 2023

Police-reported crime in Canada, as measured by the Crime Severity Index (CSI), increased for the second
consecutive year, up 4% in 2022. The Violent CSI rose in 2022, reaching its highest point since 2007. The
Non-violent CSI also increased in 2022 but remained lower than before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The consecutive increases recorded in the overall CSI may indicate a return to the upward trend in crime observed
before the start of the pandemic. The first year of the pandemic was marked by a decline in the overall volume and
severity of police-reported crime, notably while lockdown restrictions were first implemented, driven by less
non-violent crime. Before this drop, the CSI had been rising for five consecutive years beginning in 2015 (+19%
over five years).

The Violent CSI rose 5% in 2022, following a 6% increase the previous year. Compared with 2021, the increase in
the Violent CSI in 2022 included higher rates of robbery (+15%), extortion (+39%), homicide (+8%) and
level 1 sexual assault (+3%).

The Non-violent CSI—which includes, for example, property offences and drug offences—rose 4% in 2022 but
was 6% lower than in 2019. Much of the increase in 2022 was because of higher rates of several property crimes,
notably motor vehicle theft (+24%), breaking and entering (+4%), minor theft ($5,000 or under; +10%), shoplifting
($5,000 or under; +31%) and general fraud (+7%). In contrast, rates of other non-violent violations, such as drug
offences (-17%), identity fraud (-11%) and identity theft (-8%), impaired driving (-3%) and administration of justice
violations (-2%), were down from 2021.

The CSI takes into account both the volume and the severity of crime. The police-reported crime rate—a measure
of the volume of crime—increased by 5% from 2021 to 2022, up to 5,668 incidents per 100,000 population. Like the
CSI, the crime rate in 2022 (-4%) was lower than in 2019.

Interactive data visualization dashboards for police-reported crime statistics are now available through the
"Police-reported Information Hub." The accompanying infographic "Police-reported crime in Canada, 2022" is
also now available.

Detailed tables with police-reported information by violation and geography (province, territory and census
metropolitan area) are available at the end of this article.

For a technical summary about the collection and dissemination of police-reported crime data, see last year's
article "Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2021" and the Juristat publication.
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Chart 1
Police-reported Crime Severity Indexes, Canada, 1998 to 2022
index (2006=100)

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Crime Severity Index Violent Crime Severity Index

Non-violent Crime Severity Index

Note(s): Crime Severity Indexes are based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set
at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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Chart 2
Police-reported crime rates, Canada, 1962 to 2022
rate per 100,000 population

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022

Total Violent crimes

Property crimes Other crimes

Note(s): Information presented in this chart represents data from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR1) Aggregate Survey, and permits historical comparisons back
to 1962. New definitions of crime categories were introduced in 2009 and are only available in the new format back to 1998. As a result, numbers in this chart will not
match data released in the new UCR2 format. Specifically, the definition of violent crime has been expanded. In addition, UCR1 includes some different offences in
the "other crimes" category. Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

Crime Severity Index rises for most of Canada

Most provinces and territories recorded increases in the CSI from 2021 to 2022, with the exceptions of New
Brunswick (-2%), Yukon (-5%) and Nunavut (-4%).

Among the provinces, Manitoba (+14%) recorded the largest CSI increase in 2022, with violent and non-violent
crime contributing fairly equally to the change. This was followed by Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and
Prince Edward Island, which all increased by 6%.

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Chart 3
Police-reported Crime Severity Indexes, by province and territory, 2019 to 2022

Canada

Newfoundland and Labrador

Prince Edward Island

Nova Scotia

New Brunswick

Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

Northwest Territories

Nunavut

0 100 200 300 400 500

index (2006=100)

2019 2020

2021 2022
Note(s): The Crime Severity Index is based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set
at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

Rates of theft, breaking and entering, and robbery increase but remain generally lower
than before the pandemic
Rates of theft (the combined rate of motor vehicle theft, major and minor theft and shoplifting of $5,000 or under),
breaking and entering and robbery increased in 2022, after declining during the start of the pandemic in 2020.
Motor vehicle theft had the greatest impact on the increase in the overall CSI in 2022, followed by robbery, breaking
and entering, minor theft and shoplifting.

More specifically, rates of shoplifting (+31%), minor theft (+10%) and breaking and entering (+4%) increased
in 2022 yet remained lower than in 2019. The rate of motor vehicle theft (+24%) also increased in 2022 and
was 17% higher than in 2019. Breaking and entering, the most severe type of property crime according to the CSI,
continued to be one of the more common crimes. In 2022, nearly 133,000 incidents were reported by police,
contributing 16% to the CSI, the most of any violation.

The rate of robbery was also up for the first time in two years, increasing 15% in 2022. Despite the increase, the
rate was 10% lower than in 2019. Over the five years preceding the drop in 2020, national robbery rates had
remained relatively stable. Categorized as a violent violation, robbery accounted for 39% of the increase in the
Violent CSI in 2022.

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Chart 4
Selected police-reported property crimes and robbery, Canada, 1998 to 2022
rate per 100,000 population

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Breaking and entering Motor vehicle theft

Robbery Shoplifting of $5,000 or under

Theft of $5,000 or under

Note(s): Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

Rate of fraud nearly twice as high as a decade earlier, and extortion five times higher
In 2022, the rate of police-reported fraud (which includes general fraud, identity theft and identity fraud) was 78%
higher than a decade earlier. Compared with 2021, fraud increased 4% to 459 incidents per 100,000 population
in 2022 and, aside from two years of stability in 2020 and 2021, has generally been on the rise since 2011.

Extortion is a relatively serious violent crime that involves obtaining property through coercion and is often
associated with fraud. The rate of police-reported extortion increased for the third consecutive year in 2022 (+39%
to 25 incidents per 100,000 population), following similar increases in 2020 and 2021. Overall, the rate of extortion
was five times higher in 2022 than in 2012, rising from 5 to 25 incidents per 100,000 population.

Relatively high proportions of fraud (23%) and extortion (48%) are reported as cybercrimes. Combined, these
offences made up 62% of cybercrimes in 2022.

Smaller rise in police-reported hate crime after two sharp increases

Canada is ethnoculturally and religiously diverse, a characteristic of the country that is both legally protected and
valued by most Canadians. Despite this, people living in Canada are not always treated equally, and many
encounter various forms of discrimination and victimization. For example, according to data from the 2020 General
Social Survey on Social Identity, just over one-third of the population aged 15 years or older reported having
experienced discrimination at some point before or since the beginning of the pandemic.

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Hate crimes are one specific example of discrimination, targeting the integral and visible parts of a person's identity
and possibly affecting not only the individual but also the wider community. The number of police-reported hate
crimes increased by 7%, from 3,355 incidents in 2021 to 3,576 incidents in 2022. This followed a 72% increase
from 2019 to 2021. Higher numbers of hate crimes targeting a race or an ethnicity (+12%; 1,950 incidents) and a
sexual orientation (+12%; 491 incidents) accounted for most of the increase. Hate crimes targeting a religion were
down 15% in 2022, yet remained higher than the previous three years. Among the provinces and territories,
Ontario, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan accounted for much of the national increase.

National homicide rate increases for fourth consecutive year

Police reported 874 homicides in 2022, 78 more than the year before. The homicide rate increased 8%
from 2.08 homicides per 100,000 population in 2021 to 2.25 homicides per 100,000 population in 2022. This was
the highest rate since 1992. The national increase was largely the result of more homicides in British Columbia
(+30 homicides), Manitoba (+26 homicides) and Quebec (+20 homicides). As has been the case historically,
provincial homicide rates were highest in Manitoba (6.24 homicides per 100,000 population) and Saskatchewan
(5.94 per 100,000).

The homicide rates in the Northwest Territories (6.58 homicides per 100,000 population), Yukon (4.57 per 100,000)
and Nunavut (2.47 per 100,000) were above the national average in 2022. The relatively small population counts in
the territories typically result in more variable annual rates.

Rates of homicide higher among Indigenous people and racialized people

Indigenous people are overrepresented among victims of violence in Canada, including victims of homicide. Several
scholars have alluded to the association between violence against Indigenous people (First Nations people, Métis
and Inuit) and the traumatic and destructive history of colonization and enduring marginalization that has impacted
and continues to impact Indigenous families and communities (for more information, see the Note to readers).

Police reported 225 Indigenous homicide victims in 2022, 32 more than in 2021. Over two-thirds (69%) of
Indigenous homicide victims were identified by police as First Nations, while 3% were identified as Métis and 4% as
Inuk (Inuit). The specific Indigenous group was not identified by police for 24% of Indigenous homicide victims. The
homicide rate for Indigenous people (10.98 homicides per 100,000 population) was nearly seven times higher than
for the non-Indigenous population (1.69 homicides per 100,000 population).

There were 265 victims of homicide identified by police as racialized (a diverse grouping of those who are identified
as belonging to one of the visible minority groups defined by the Employment Equity Act), accounting for almost
one-third (31%) of homicide victims in 2022. The rate of homicide for the racialized population was higher than the
previous year, up 2% from 2.45 homicides per 100,000 population in 2021 to 2.49 homicides
per 100,000 population in 2022. This rate was higher than the rate in 2022 for the non-racialized and
non-Indigenous population (2.12 homicides per 100,000 population). Two out of five (43%) racialized victims were
identified by police as Black, and another 27% were identified as South Asian.

Rate of violent Criminal Code firearm offences up for eighth consecutive year, while
non-violent firearm offences stable
Measuring the incidence of firearm offences is complex, because it includes a range of violent and non-violent
offences. For example, they can include specific violent Criminal Code offences that involve firearms, such as
discharging a firearm with intent, pointing a firearm or using a firearm in the commission of an indictable offence.
These offences increased for the eighth consecutive year, rising 4% in 2022 to 12.2 incidents
per 100,000 population. In contrast, non-violent Criminal Code offences that involve a firearm, such as illegal
possession and unsafe storage, remained stable after increasing for seven years (52.5 incidents
per 100,000 population in 2021 to 52.4 incidents per 100,000 population in 2022). The vast majority (92%) of these
non-violent violations were related to possession of weapons offences and breach offences for weapons
possession contrary to an order.

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Furthermore, other firearm-related offences can include more serious violent crimes, such as homicide and robbery,
that also involved a firearm in the commission of the offence. In 2022, there were 9,198 victims of violent crime
where a firearm was present during the commission of the offence (30.8 victims per 100,000 population). This rate
was 10% higher compared with 2021. The rate of victims of firearm-related crime has generally been increasing
since 2013 (+60%).

More specifically, 4 in 10 (41%) homicides were firearm-related in 2022, similar to 2021 (40%). Of
the 342 firearm-related homicides, 63% were committed with a handgun, and 23% were committed with a rifle or
shotgun. The firearm type was unknown or of another type for the remaining 14% of firearm-related homicides.

Rise in the rate of level 1 sexual assault

The rate of police-reported level 1 sexual assault rose 3% to a rate of 90 incidents per 100,000 population in 2022,
an increase of 1,574 incidents. With the exception of a decrease in 2020, the rate of level 1 sexual assault has been
rising since 2014.

As in previous years, level 1 sexual assault accounted for 98% of sexual assaults in 2022. Rates of level 2 and
level 3 sexual assault, two more serious offences, remained stable and both decreased 4%.

Chart 5
Sexual assault (level 1, 2 and 3), police-reported rate, Canada, 1986 to 2022
rate per 100,000 population

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50
1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022

Note(s): Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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Note to readers
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey

Police-reported crime data, other than detailed information on homicides, are drawn from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey, a
census of all crime known to police services. Police-reported crime statistics conform to a nationally approved set of common crime
categories and definitions. They have been systematically reported by police services and submitted to Statistics Canada every year
since 1962. Differences in local police service policies, procedures and enforcement practices can affect the comparability of crime.

Revisions to the UCR Survey are accepted for a one-year period after the data are initially released. For example, when the 2022 crime
statistics are released, the 2021 data are updated with any revisions that have been made from May 2022 to May 2023. The data are
revised only once and are then permanently frozen. Over the past 10 years (2013 to 2022), data corresponding to previous years have
been revised upward 10 times, with an average annual revision of 0.36%. Additionally, the 2021 revision to counts of people charged and
youth not charged resulted in a 0.5% increase to 2021 counts.

See "Definitions" for detailed explanations of common concepts and terminology used in the analysis of police-reported crime information.

Understanding the Crime Severity Index

The traditional crime rate and the Crime Severity Index (CSI) are two complementary ways to measure police-reported crime. The crime
rate measures the volume of crime per 100,000 population, including all Criminal Code violations (except traffic violations). The CSI
measures both the volume and the severity of crime and includes all Criminal Code and other federal statute violations. The CSI has a
base index value of 100 for 2006. Both the traditional crime rate and the CSI measure crime based on the most serious violation in the
criminal incident.

The CSI was developed to address the limitation of the police-reported crime rate being driven by high-volume, but relatively less serious,
crimes. The CSI considers not only the volume of crime, but also the relative severity of crime. Therefore, the CSI will vary when changes
in either the volume or the average severity—or both the volume and the average severity—of crime are recorded.

To determine severity, each crime is assigned a weight. CSI weights are based on the crime's incarceration rate, as well as the average
length of prison sentences handed down by criminal courts. More serious crimes are assigned higher weights, while less serious crimes
are assigned lower weights. As a result, relative to their volume, more serious crimes have a greater impact on the index.

For more information on the concepts and use of the severity indexes, see the video "Measuring crime in Canada: a detailed look at the
Crime Severity Index." Also, see the report "Measuring Crime in Canada: Introducing the Crime Severity Index and Improvements to the
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey" (85-004-X).

Homicide Survey

Detailed information on the characteristics of homicide victims and accused persons is drawn from the Homicide Survey, which collects
police-reported information on the characteristics of all homicide incidents, victims and accused persons in Canada. This survey began
collecting information on all murders in 1961 and was expanded in 1974 to include all incidents of manslaughter and infanticide. The term
"homicide" is used to refer to each single victim of homicide. For instance, a single incident can have more than one victim; for the
purpose of this article, each victim is counted as a homicide. Detailed homicide statistics can be found in data tables available online.

Indigenous identity is reported by police to the Homicide Survey and is determined through information found with the victim or accused
person, such as status cards, or through information supplied by victims' families, by community members or from other sources (i.e.,
band records). Forensic evidence such as genetic testing results may also be an acceptable means of determining the Indigenous identity
of victims.

For the purposes of the Homicide Survey, Indigenous identity includes people identified by police as First Nations people (either status or
non-status), Métis or Inuit, and people with an Indigenous identity whose Indigenous group is not known to police. Non-Indigenous
identity refers to instances where the police have confirmed that a victim is not identified as an Indigenous person. Indigenous identity
reported as "unknown" by police includes instances where police are unable to determine the Indigenous identity of the victim or where
the Indigenous identity is not collected by the police service. For more information and context on victimization of Indigenous people, see
for example the following reports: "Violent victimization and perceptions of safety: Experiences of First Nations, Métis and Inuit women in
Canada," 2022; "Victimization of First Nations people, Métis and Inuit in Canada," 2022; "Understanding the Impact of Historical Trauma
Due to Colonization on the Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Young Peoples: A Systematic Scoping Review," 2021; "Reclaiming
Power and Place: The Final Report on the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls," 2019; and
"Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada," 2015.

In this article, data on racialized groups are measured with the visible minority variable. The non-racialized group is measured with the
category "not a visible minority" of the variable, excluding Indigenous people. Indigenous people are not part of the racialized group or the
non-racialized group. "Visible minority" refers to whether a person belongs to one of the visible minority groups defined by the

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Employment Equity Act. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are
non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour." The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian,
Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

The number of firearm-related homicides excludes 4% of homicides in 2022 and 7% of homicides in 2021 where the primary weapon
used to cause death was unknown.

Self-reported information

Police-reported metrics include only incidents that come to the attention of police, either through reporting by the public or proactive
policing. As a complementary measure, results from the 2019 General Social Survey (GSS) on Canadians' Safety (Victimization) found
that just under one-third (29%) of violent and non-violent incidents were reported to the police. Similarly, just over one-fifth (22%) of
incidents perceived to be motivated by hate were reported to police. The number of sexual assaults reported by police is also likely a
significant underestimation of the true extent of sexual assault in Canada, since these types of offences often go unreported to police.
Results from the 2019 GSS on Victimization show that 6% of sexual assault incidents experienced by Canadians aged 15 and older in the
previous 12 months were brought to the attention of police.

Available tables

Homicide
statistics:
35-10-0060-01, 35-10-0068-01, 35-10-0069-01, 35-10-0071-01, 35-10-0073-01 to 35-10-0075-01, 35-10-0119-01, 35-10-0156-01, 35-10-
0157-01, 35-10-0170-01 and 35-10-0206-01 to 35-10-0208-01.

Police-reported crime statistics and Crime Severity

Index:
35-10-0001-01, 35-10-0002-01, 35-10-0026-01, 35-10-0061-01 to 35-10-0064-01, 35-10-0066-01, 35-10-0067-01 and 35-10-0177-
01 to 35-10-0191-01.

Table 1
Police-reported Crime Severity Indexes, Canada, 2012 to 2022
Total Crime Total Crime Violent Crime Violent Crime Non-violent Non-violent
Severity Index Severity Index Severity Index Severity Index Crime Severity Crime Severity
Index Index

% change % change % change

from previous from previous from previous
index year index year index year
2012 75.5 -3 82.0 -4 73.0 -2
2013 68.9 -9 74.0 -10 66.9 -8
2014 66.9 -3 70.7 -4 65.4 -2
2015 70.4 5 75.3 7 68.4 5
2016 72.0 2 76.9 2 70.1 2
2017 73.6 2 81.3 6 70.7 1
2018 75.6 3 83.6 3 72.6 3
2019 79.8 5 90.3 8 75.8 4
2020 74.0 -7 88.0 -2 68.7 -9
2021r 74.9 1 93.4 6 68.1 -1
2022 78.1 4 97.7 5 70.9 4
r revised
Note(s): Crime Severity Indexes are based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set
at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Data on the Crime Severity Indexes are available beginning in 1998. Percent changes are based on unrounded rates.
Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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Table 2
Police-reported crime rate, Canada, 2012 to 2022
Total Total Total Violent Violent Property Property Other Other
crime crime crime crime crime crime crime Criminal Criminal
(crime (crime (crime Code Code
rate) rate) rate) offences offences

% % % %
change in change in change in change in
rate from rate from rate from rate from
previous previous previous previous
number rate year rate year rate year rate year
2012 1,957,227 5,638 -2 1,199 -3 3,438 -3 1,001 -1
2013 1,826,431 5,206 -8 1,096 -9 3,154 -8 956 -4
2014 1,793,612 5,061 -3 1,044 -5 3,100 -2 918 -4
2015 1,867,833 5,232 3 1,070 2 3,231 4 930 1
2016 1,912,752 5,297 1 1,076 1 3,239 0s 982 6
2017 1,964,129 5,375 1 1,113 3 3,265 1 997 1
2018 2,043,328 5,513 3 1,152 3 3,348 3 1,013 2
2019 2,209,794 5,877 7 1,279 11 3,511 5 1,087 7
2020 2,030,264 5,342 -9 1,266 -1 3,086 -12 990 -9
2021r 2,063,335 5,398 1 1,332 5 3,054 -1 1,013 2
2022 2,206,454 5,668 5 1,365 2 3,314 9 989 -2
r revised
0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded
Note(s): Crime rates are based on Criminal Code incidents, excluding traffic offences. See table 5 for a list of offences included in the violent crime, property crime
and other Criminal Code offences categories. Counts are based on the most serious violation in the incident. One incident may involve multiple violations.
Data for the rates of total, violent, property and other Criminal Code offences categories are available beginning in 1962. Rates are calculated on the basis
of 100,000 population. Percent changes are based on unrounded rates. Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for
Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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Table 3
Police-reported Crime Severity Index and crime rate, by province or territory, 2022
Total Crime Total Crime Total Crime Total crime Total crime Total crime Total crime
Severity Severity Severity (crime rate) (crime rate) (crime rate) (crime rate)
Index Index Index

% change % change % change % change

index 2021 to 2022 2012 to 2022 number rate 2021 to 2022 2012 to 2022
Canada 78.1 4 3 2,206,454 5,668 5 1
Newfoundland and Labrador 82.2 6 21 36,110 6,865 4 13
Prince Edward Island 59.3 6 -19 8,511 4,986 10 -25
Nova Scotia 74.7 3 -3 60,911 5,973 8 -6
New Brunswick 86.2 -2 27 52,131 6,420 -2 17
Quebec 59.7 6 -16 305,082 3,508 9 -19
Ontario 58.5 4 -1 627,201 4,151 7 2
Manitoba 146.5 14 28 150,702 10,694 14 19
Saskatchewan 152.5 3 10 145,484 12,176 5 6
Alberta 103.2 2 20 373,267 8,216 5 13
British Columbia 100.4 4 6 391,847 7,366 -2 -6
Yukon 207.6 -5 33 9,427 21,528 -6 4
Northwest Territories 436.8 8 29 24,256 53,187 -2 12
Nunavut 379.7 -4 19 20,470 50,511 -6 32
Note(s): Crime Severity Indexes are based on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set
at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Data on provincial and territorial Crime Severity Indexes are available beginning in 1998. Under the authority of the Canadian
Forces Provost Marshal (CFPM), the Canadian Forces Military Police Group (CF MP Gp) is now reporting incidents to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)
Survey. They have provided incidents going back to January 2020. Data from the Office of the CFPM are aggregated at the national level to account for
small counts and to protect confidentiality. Therefore, provincial and territorial totals will not equal Canada-level totals. Currently, the Canadian Centre for
Justice and Community Safety Statistics (CCJCSS) is developing the methodology for determining the population counts for the Canadian Armed Forces
(CAF). Therefore, Crime Severity Index data and rates are not available for the 2022/2021r release. Crime rates are based on Criminal Code incidents,
excluding traffic offences. See table 5 for a list of offences included in the violent crime, property crime and other Criminal Code offences categories.
Counts are based on the most serious violation in the incident. One incident may involve multiple violations. Data for the rates of total, violent, property and
other crime categories are available beginning in 1962. Rates are calculated on the basis of 100,000 population. Percent changes are based on unrounded
rates. Populations are based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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Table 4
Police-reported Crime Severity Index and crime rate, by census metropolitan area, 2022
Crime Severity Index Crime rate
2022 2021 to 2022 2022 2021 to 2022

index % change rate % change

Canada 78.1 4 5,668 5
Census metropolitan areas (CMAs)1,2,3
St. John's 81.0 19 6,061 19
Halifax 72.2 8 5,660 15
Moncton 105.4 -6 8,206 -11
Saint John 54.6 9 4,224 -5
Saguenay 51.4 3 3,278 6
Québec 46.8 9 3,164 12
Sherbrooke 51.2 -1 3,260 4
Trois-Rivières 54.8 8 3,312 5
Montréal 61.4 3 3,595 12
Gatineau4 60.4 20 3,767 20
Ottawa5 52.9 10 4,019 15
Kingston 76.1 8 5,613 6
Belleville 67.7 -1 5,266 -2
Peterborough 64.0 -1 5,183 10
Toronto 51.9 14 3,531 17
Hamilton 57.7 0s 4,101 4
St. Catharines–Niagara 56.9 -9 4,135 3
Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo 79.1 3 5,462 -2
Brantford 75.9 1 5,323 -6
Guelph 60.6 8 4,714 7
London 74.0 -8 5,482 -5
Windsor 68.6 -11 4,765 1
Barrie 47.1 4 3,691 5
Greater Sudbury 82.8 -3 5,297 -2
Thunder Bay 103.5 0s 5,842 -5
Winnipeg 136.6 20 8,757 24
Regina 106.9 -5 7,543 0s
Saskatoon 113.5 8 8,079 9
Lethbridge 119.0 -8 9,358 -5
Calgary 75.2 4 5,716 5
Edmonton 100.4 3 7,884 8
Kelowna 128.0 4 10,532 -5
Abbotsford–Mission 85.3 5 5,706 -2
Vancouver 92.4 6 5,891 0s
Victoria 75.0 3 5,692 -3
0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded
1. A census metropolitan area (CMA) consists of one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a major urban core. A CMA must have a total population
of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the urban core. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration
with the central urban area, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA typically comprises more than one police service.
2. CMA populations have been adjusted to follow policing boundaries. The 2021 Census of Population boundary changes have not yet been incorporated in
police-reported crime statistics. The geographic boundaries from the 2016 Census are still being used as the base geography and changes for the 2021 Census,
including new census metropolitan areas, are expected to be available in 2024.
3. The Oshawa CMA is excluded from this table due to the incongruity between the police service jurisdictional boundaries and the CMA boundaries.
4. Gatineau refers to the Quebec part of the Ottawa–Gatineau CMA.
5. Ottawa refers to the Ontario part of the Ottawa–Gatineau CMA.
Note(s): Police-reported statistics may be affected by differences in the way police services deal with offences. In some instances, police or municipalities might
choose to deal with some offences using municipal bylaws or provincial provisions rather than Criminal Code provisions. Crime Severity Indexes are based
on Criminal Code incidents, including traffic offences, as well as other federal statute violations. The base index was set at 100 for 2006 for Canada. Data
on the Crime Severity Indexes by census metropolitan area are available beginning in 1998. The crime rate is based upon Criminal Code incidents,
excluding traffic offences. Rates are calculated on the basis of 100,000 population. Percent changes are based on unrounded rates. Populations are based
upon July 1st estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Tables 35-10-0177-01 and 35-10-0026-01.

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Table 5
Police-reported crime for selected offences, Canada, 2021 and 2022
2021r 2021r 2022 2022 Change in rate Change in rate
2021 to 2022 2012 to 2022

number rate number rate %

Total Criminal Code (excluding
traffic offences) - "Crime rate" 2,063,335 5,398 2,206,454 5,668 5 1
Total violent crime 509,017 1,332 531,243 1,365 2 14
Homicide 796 2.08 874 2.25 8 44
Other violations causing death 106 0s 86 0s -20 -25
Attempted murder 748 1.96 840 2.16 10 13
Sexual assault - level 3 -
aggravated 126 0s 123 0s -4 -12
Sexual assault - level 2 - weapon
or bodily harm 617 2 627 2 0s 50
Sexual assault - level 1 33,641 88 35,215 90 3 47
Sexual offence occurring prior to
January 4, 19831 485 1 486 1 -2 ...
Sexual violations against children 12,838 34 11,859 30 -9 168
Assault - level 3 - aggravated 3,960 10 4,124 11 2 4
Assault - level 2 - weapon or
bodily harm 71,274 186 76,462 196 5 37
Assault - level 1 185,199 484 195,701 503 4 2
Assault against a peace officer 12,461 33 12,623 32 -1 4
Other assaults 1,922 5 2,061 5 5 -37
Firearms - use of, discharge,
pointing 4,457 11.7 4,741 12.2 4 106
Robbery 18,618 49 21,864 56 15 -30
Forcible confinement or
kidnapping 3,592 9 3,727 10 2 -9
Trafficking in persons2 386 1 411 1 5 ...
Extortion 6,845 18 9,717 25 39 401
Criminal harassment 27,178 71 27,324 70 -1 9
Uttering threats 87,799 230 87,292 224 -2 10
Indecent or harassing
communications 27,497 72 26,503 68 -5 26
Non-consensual distribution of
intimate images3 2,491 7 2,524 6 -1 ...
Offences in relation to sexual
services4 710 2 703 2 -3 ...
Other violent Criminal Code
violations5 5,271 14 5,356 14 0s -4
Total property crime 1,167,253 3,054 1,290,215 3,314 9 -4
Breaking and entering 125,914 329 132,897 341 4 -33
Possess stolen property6 20,600 54 22,573 58 8 15
Theft of motor vehicle 83,416 218 105,673 271 24 21
Theft over $5,000 (non-motor
vehicle) 20,570 54 24,295 62 16 40
Shoplifting of $5,000 or under 95,242 249 127,444 327 31 24
Theft of $5,000 or under
(non-motor vehicle) 336,032 879 374,793 963 10 -18
Fraud 138,296 362 150,425 386 7 71
Identity theft 7,233 19 6,764 17 -8 225
Identity fraud 23,813 62 21,586 55 -11 115
Mischief 305,973 800 313,999 807 1 -9
Arson 10,164 27 9,766 25 -6 -22
Total other Criminal Code
offences 387,065 1,013 384,996 989 -2 -1
Weapons violations 20,073 52.5 20,402 52.4 0s 30
Child pornography7 11,882 31 13,490 35 11 453
Prostitution4 44 0s 41 0s -9 ...
Terrorism8 72 0s 57 0s -22 ...
Disturb the peace 107,542 281 104,733 269 -4 -18
Administration of justice violations 214,903 562 214,378 551 -2 5

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Table 5 - continued
Police-reported crime for selected offences, Canada, 2021 and 2022
2021r 2021r 2022 2022 Change in rate Change in rate
2021 to 2022 2012 to 2022
Other violations5 32,549 85 31,895 82 -4 -11
Total Criminal Code traffic
violations 119,848 314 118,856 305 -3 -25
Alcohol-impaired driving 55,914 146 57,221 147 0s -38
Drug-impaired driving 7,745 20 6,096 16 -23 178
Alcohol- and drug-impaired
driving9 5,686 15 4,884 13 -16 ...
Impaired driving (not specified)9 2,465 6 2,387 6 -5 ...
Other Criminal Code traffic
violations 48,038 126 48,268 124 -1 -25
Total drug offences10 62,416 163 52,857 136 -17 -57
Total other federal statute
violations 18,686 49 33,368 86 75 -17
Human trafficking under the
Immigration and Refugee
Protection Act2 169 0s 117 0s -32 226
Youth Criminal Justice Act 1,035 3 932 2 -12 -93
Quarantine Act11 2,252 6 549 1 -76 ...
Other federal statutes12 15,230 40 31,761 82 105 22
Total - all violations 2,264,285 5,923 2,411,535 6,195 5 -4
r revised
... not applicable
0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded
1. In 2019, the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey added a new violation code to collect information on "sexual offences which occurred prior to January 4, 1983."
While most violations are not typically reported years after their occurrence, there are a variety of reasons why sexual violations may be reported by a victim long
after the incident took place. On January 4, 1983, Canadian legislation surrounding sexual offences changed considerably. To reflect these changes, the survey
added the new violation code rather than collecting historical offences under an existing violation code that did not reflect the state of Canadian legislation at the
time of the offence. Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown.
2. Changes to the Criminal Code, including the introduction of new offences related to trafficking in persons were made in 2005, 2010, 2012 and 2014. Therefore,
the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown. Additionally, data specific to human trafficking violations under the Immigration and Refugee Protection
Act are not available before 2011. Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 should be interpreted with caution since there could be delays in reporting
new violations. Trafficking in persons incidents reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey may be undercounted because of differences in police reporting
practices for this violation.
3. Non-consensual distribution of intimate images is an offence created in 2015 by the former Bill C-13 "Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act." Therefore, the
percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown.
4. In December 2014, new legislation came into effect governing prostitution-related activities. The new legislation targets "the exploitation that is inherent in
prostitution and the risks of violence posed to those who engage in it" (Criminal Code Chapter 25, preamble). New violations classified as "offences in relation to
sexual services" under "violent crime" include the purchasing of sexual services or communicating for that purpose, receiving a material benefit deriving from the
purchase of sexual services, procuring of persons for the purpose of prostitution, and advertising sexual services offered for sale. In addition, a number of other
offences related to prostitution continue to be considered non-violent offences and are classified under "other Criminal Code offences". These include
communicating to provide sexual services for consideration and stopping or impeding traffic for the purpose of offering, providing or obtaining sexual services for
consideration. Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown.
5. In 2022, new violation codes were added to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey. The "other violent Criminal Code violations" category now includes the following
violations: 1633 'Causing or Providing Conversion Therapy', 1634 'Material Benefit from Conversion Therapy', 1635 'Intimidation of a person to impede them from
obtaining health services', 1636 'Intimidation of a health professional to impede their duties', 1637 'Intimidation of a person assisting in the performance of the
health services to impede in those functions', 1638 'Obstruction or interference with access to health services', 1639 'Failure to Provide Necessaries', 1640
'Impeding Attempt to Save Life' and 1641 'Trafficking in Human Organs', which are not presented in detail for confidentiality reasons. Additionally, the "other
Criminal Code violations" category now includes the following two violation categories: the category "Total violations related to Animal Cruelty" was created and
includes the following UCR violations: 3812 'Injuring or endangering Animals', 3813 'Killing or injuring Law Enforcement or Military Animals', 3814 'Causing
unnecessary suffering to Animals', 3815 'Causing damage or injury due to a failure to exercise reasonable care - animals or birds', and 3816 'Arena for animal
fighting' which are not presented in detail for confidentiality reasons. Additionally, the "Total other violations" category includes: 3570 'Promoting or Advertising
Conversion Therapy', 3700 'Unauthorized Recording of a Movie/Purpose of Sale, Rental, Commercial Distribution', and 3771 'Failure to comply with the
regulations/obligations for medical assistance in dying', which are not presented in detail for confidentiality reasons.
6. Includes trafficking and the intent to traffic stolen goods. In 2011, the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey updated the offences included in this violation. Therefore,
the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 should be interpreted with caution since there could be delays in reporting new violations.
7. Because of the complexity of cyber incidents, which represent a significant number of incidents of child pornography, these data likely reflect the number of active
or closed investigations for the year rather than the total number of incidents reported to police. Data are based on police-reported incidents that are recorded in
police services' records management systems. Particularly large changes in total child pornography incidents may be attributed in part to the number of cases
forwarded to local police services by the RCMP's National Child Exploitation Coordination Centre (NCECC), which serves as the national law enforcement arm of
the National Strategy for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation on the Internet.
8. Includes seven terrorism violations which were introduced mid-year in 2013 as a result of the enactment of former Bill S-7 "An Act to amend the Criminal Code,
the Canada Evidence Act and the Security of Information Act." An additional terrorism violation code was introduced in late 2015 as a result of the enactment of
former Bill C-51 "Anti-terrorism Act." Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown. Because of the length of time for investigations to confirm
whether the incident is founded, annual counts of terrorism offences are subject to revisions downwards when revised data are released one year after the initial
release; therefore, changes between the current year of data and the previous year should be interpreted with caution.

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 The Daily, Thursday, July 27, 2023

9. Reflects new impaired driving offences as per former Bill C-46 "An Act to amend the Criminal Code (offences relating to conveyances) and to make consequential
amendments to other Acts," which came into effect part way through 2018. Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown.
10.In 2022, marked declines observed in drug offences, particularly drug possession, may be due to changes in police charging practices in response to: 1) August
2020 guidelines issued by the Public Prosecution Service of Canada directing prosecutors to avoid prosecutions for simple possession offences under the
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA), and 2) the anticipated introduction of Health Canada's exemption from the CDSA for the province of British
Columbia for the personal possession of small amounts of certain illegal drugs, that came into effect on January 31, 2023. Additionally, changes in the rate of
offences related to importation or exportation of Cannabis and other illicit drugs and controlled substances may be due in part to operational conditions and
reporting of seizure cases, conducted by the Canada Border Services Agency and the Canada Post Mail Centre. These cases are forwarded for processing and
investigation, and as a result of this exchange, the year in which occurrences are reported by police may not always correspond to the year in which they
occurred. Therefore, year-over-year changes in these offences should be considered with caution.
11. The Quarantine Act is applicable to persons arriving in or departing from Canada. It provides measures for the screening, health assessment and medical
examination of travellers to determine whether they have a communicable disease and to prevent the introduction and spread of such disease. The Quarantine
Act requires any persons entering Canada—whether by air, sea or land—to quarantine (self-isolate) themselves for 14 days if they are asymptomatic to limit the
introduction and spread of COVID-19. The 14-day period begins on the day the person enters Canada. After the Government of Canada's March 2020
announcement of restrictions on persons arriving in or departing from Canada, pursuant to its powers under the Quarantine Act, the Uniform Crime Reporting
Survey was adjusted to add a specific Quarantine Act violation code. Therefore, the percentage change from 2012 to 2022 is not shown.
12.The marked increase observed in the 2022 counts for "other federal statutes" offences is due in part to an increase in violations under the "Customs Act" as a
result of criminal incidents at the Roxham Road unofficial border crossing point from New York State to Quebec.
Note(s): Police-reported statistics may be affected by differences in the way police services deal with offences. In some instances, police or municipalities might
choose to deal with some offences using municipal bylaws or provincial provisions rather than Criminal Code provisions. Counts are based on the most
serious violation in the incident. One incident may involve multiple violations. Data for specific types of crime are available, in most cases, from 1977.
Rates are calculated on the basis of 100,000 population. Percentage changes are based on unrounded rates. Populations are based on July 1 estimates
from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

Table 6
Police-reported hate crimes, by detailed motivation, Canada, 2020 to 2022
2020 2020 2021 2021 2022 2022

% change % change % change

from previous from previous from previous
number year number year number year
Total 2,646 36 3,355 27 3,576 7
Race or ethnicity 1,619 83 1,745 8 1,950 12
Black 676 96 647 -4 829 28
East or Southeast Asian 263 293 312 19 220 -29
South Asian 135 67 167 24 197 18
Arab or West Asian 126 1 184 46 172 -7
Indigenous (First Nations, Métis
or Inuit) 78 169 77 -1 69 -10
White 85 77 57 -33 88 54
Other race or ethnicity1 188 25 223 19 284 27
Race or ethnicity not specified 68 74 78 15 91 17
Religion 530 -14 886 67 750 -15
Jewish 331 8 492 49 502 2
Muslim 84 -54 142 69 108 -24
Catholic 43 -16 155 260 52 -66
Other religion2 40 -30 64 60 55 -14
Religion not specified 32 88 33 3 33 0
Sexual orientation 258 -3 438 70 491 12
Other motivation3 200 33 205 3 268 31
Motivation unknown 39 ... 81 ... 117 ...
... not applicable
1. Includes motivations based upon race or ethnicity not otherwise stated (e.g., Latin American, South American) as well as hate crimes which target more than one
race or ethnic group.
2. Includes motivations based upon religion not otherwise stated (e.g., Sikh, Hindu, Buddhist).
3. Includes mental or physical disability, language, sex or gender, age and other similar factors (e.g., occupation or political beliefs).
Note(s): Hate crime counts from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey include both confirmed and suspected hate crime incidents. Information in this table reflects
data reported by police services covering 99.7% of the population of Canada.
Source(s): Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (3302).

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 The Daily, Thursday, July 27, 2023

Available tables: 35-10-0001-01, 35-10-0002-01, 35-10-0026-01, 35-10-0060-01 to 35-10-0064-01 ,

35-10-0066-01 to 35-10-0069-01 , 35-10-0071-01, 35-10-0073-01 to 35-10-0075-01 , 35-10-0119-01,
35-10-0156-01, 35-10-0157-01, 35-10-0170-01, 35-10-0177-01 to 35-10-0191-01 and 35-10-0206-01
to 35-10-0208-01 .

Definitions, data sources and methods: survey numbers 3302 and 3315.

Interactive data visualization dashboards "Police-reported Information Hub: Selected Crime Indicators,"
"Police-reported Information Hub: Criminal Violations" and "Police-reported Information Hub: Geographic
Crime Comparisons" are now available through the "Police-reported Information Hub" as part of the
publication Statistics Canada – Data Visualization Products (71-607-X).

The infographic "Police-reported crime in Canada, 2022" (11-627-M) is also released today.

Additional data, such as detailed microdata and the primary drivers of the change in the CSI in different
geographies, are available upon request.

For more information, or to enquire about the concepts, methods or data quality of this release, contact us
(toll-free 1-800-263-1136; 514-283-8300; [email protected]) or Media Relations
([email protected]).

16 Component of Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-001-X