(o)> Spatial data Spatial data xefess to inforns

tion that ua ssoiated oith geogxaphic (ocations

spaial cooDdinates. Tt carn be i
W Vectoy data- Repte sented as pointo ,
polygons (eg Satellite imagexy,ines, o
elevation
() Rastex data -
iodels).
ReDxesented as grid cells oÝ pixels
(eg Sate lite Jmagexg, xo0ds, boildings)
Attabute data Attibute data, also knon as
tabulax data, is lofomation that
des coibes the chaacteistie spatial
featuses,IH n of ten stooed in tables
or databases and inked to
spatal
dato throgh Common ident'fers.
(6) Diqitization -’ Digitigaion is the poocess t
Convestin9 analog infomotion into cligrtal
data, In the context cf mapping and
Geoaphie lnfos aton Systers.
Scanning methad
) Rastes sCanning:- Raster scanning lovolves scanni ng
an image os document in a gàd pottean, aptueng
the intensity 08 Colox valves 4 each cel,
a) Vec tox SCaìng- Vectos Scanning lovolves Scanni ng
an imaqe ox
vectos data.
documert and onvesting t into
 ses sotaing dsom
-Doom scaning:- Drm Scoming
doconent,
a

to Scan imaqes o
bed Scaoning involves placirg arnn
" Flat bed Scanning: flad
document on a lot susfae and
ox cameta.
Scanning it vsing a moving head os
hand held sconning uses a portable
" Hondheld scanning-
device to Son nage) o8 documents

"Photoguanmetic Scanning :-photogzammebic sconning

using ovsla pping" photogra phs to oeate
involves
a 30 model o an obiett os axea.

DAR 9'-
Sconning'- Li
Li DA
DARRscanning
Scanning uses lases Gght
Li Dmodels A biect,
to Ceate hlgh sesolution

3.a) Ex plain the ditexernt Ga1S hasdunse andsofte

=) G1S Hazdwaxe
Gps Recielvess - Captuwe locahon data in feld, provìd ing
acvxate positoning and timeng
. GlS wos ksBatons - high pex fosmance conpuless optimized fos
Gls processing, onalysis, and visaligaon.
GlS Sezvess- Centalized Sesveas fo stosing, managing
and distibuting Gls data and applicat o ,
Moole GlS Devices - Hordheld devices, Such as tablot
D3 smaatphones, fo collecting and analy3ing
GIS data in the Aeld.
"SCannes and Digrizexs - De vices for
Conveoting anaog
maps and document into digital osmats
"
LiDAR Sensots - Alxbosne os tedestial Sensoxs
* G1S Softwaxe
" Axc G)s

" GRASS G1S

" G00GLE Easth
GIS Pro
(b) Explan any foU data structuxes used in GlIS.
) Rastes data stuc ture
-’ Aras ter data stve ture sepsesents geographic data
as a gld of cells o pixels.
" Chasacteis ic
’ Gid based stxvctuxes.
-) Bach cell has a valve assocated with t.
-) Surta ble for sepsesentinA ContinvoLs data.
() vectoy data stouc tuse
-> Avectos data stovc tue se preserta 9e0gtaphìe
dota vsing point, polygon and ines.
chaxoctesistics
-> Point, ine and pblygen based stouctwe.
’ Geometsic shapes defihed by cooxciats.
defined le data.
’ suitoldle fox sepresenting discaéte
) uad tee Doa stavc tuxe
’A
qvadtee cdata stovc tuse is a hiezadchical data
Stkuctus e osed +o xepre sent and stose lacge
amount ot Spatia data.
"Chasactesistic
) Hiexaschlcal steuctuxe.
’ Divides study asea into fovs qUncbant.
’Suitable fox seppesenting loage amoornta d spatia
data.
(v)Talangulated laxequlas Netuwosk (TIN) Data stavctuee
’’AATN deda stctuse sepsesento a
netuor kot lnteconnected toangles.SUstace a a
-chaxacteisticy
> Netos k ot intexconnected taiangles.
’ Suitable for sepresenting Suofaces and
)Con be Used fos D modelng and visuali teran
zation.
4la) De fine vectox doatanodel. Mention the
advantages
and disodvantages of it oves Rastes model.
’ Vecto data model
) AAvectos data nodel
featuxes epsesenta gecqoaphic
as pointa, lne and
4 <,4 Cooxdinates.These polygon Usingea seaiey
the shape and position of he coocinates ne
vecto da ta models ase often featwes in space.
vsed to sepre) ent
discsete feotvses Such as s0ads, buildngs andl
boundanes
aetages of Vectox dota model oves agtes rmodel
*Highes accvaacg
Bettes kepsesentaion of ineas featvzes.
"e{fcient stoxage and queying
Eony to edit and upcat
"Disadvarenes vectos data model ovex tastex model.
complexity.
Di}fcuty in tepsesenting ontnuous data.
* Uimited ability to eprese nt uncertainty
Renuites speoiolized sottwase.
(b) Explain the objective of Gls.
) The poinaxy objechves of Gls ose !
Data integtati on ’ To integsate spattal data
oith noh- 8patioal data tb ptovide
Cempoehensive undex storndBng of Geogzaphic
Pheno mena,
) Spatal Anolysis To analyze and peocess Spatiad
data to ldentity patexns, velatonshps and trends,
(t) Decision Suppeot ’ To poovìde a
deciston - suppot
System fos policymakers, planness and
managexs by
Spaiat dota analyging and viwaliging
() Napping and visvoligation To Coeate maps and
visvalizati on that efectively comnunicote
Spatlal infomation and ~elati
onship.
 ) ooblem Soking> To wse spatha anaysis
modelga to solve complex poblemyanclin vanows
fields such a voban planning ,natusa
tesovtce manage ment, ett,
(wi) Doda Manaqe mend "To manage nd sioxe lasge amourla
spaal data Ina efdent and effectve
mannes
(vin spothial planng To soppost spatial planing and
developmat by onnlysing and visualigig the
Spatiad implicoos o ditaent planrin
Scenaios.
s)Enumeyate the difexent Key component, of GlS
io deta'l with floo chast
-) Hazdoaxe
’ GS hasdwaee xefers to the physical devices
necessaxy to on GalS softwase and stoe the
Vast amounts of spatial data.
This includes Com putes, Sesves, hPS units, and
even dxone.
" Softwake
) Softwae is whexe the magtc happens. This
ocludes the appicatons and programs Used
to input, stove, setsleve,
viseal'ize geospaial data manage,analyg e and
, Yopwas Gais softuose
includes Axc Gnls, QG)S and G Rass GS,
Data
-) Data is what yo'e touing to anayge and
pndexstand. It can be vectos Cpolnts, ines an
polygon ) and Rasteo (Goid baad, Sateit
People
Ihese cue ndviduols toho yn the h tS system
the casto gza phess, analysto, feld uzve yors,
and cecsion - make8S
Methods
3 me thods xefes to the pxoredues and techiquen
Used in collec tHing, anakyging. and presenin9.
spatal dota, Using appopata ond standardized
methods ensuse) tiat Gssesult ase consktent,
Teiable, and epoducilble.

PEOPLE
Reseaschess,techniciam,
analyst, that aslk avestio,
choose,(ollect, analyze the
data,and intesoet sesul.

HARDWARE DATA
The (omptex system, Spatial Dota srotiady lor ot)
techrica equiprent G1S Vectox dota
Rastes data
and netwok uwhee " Imge dota
G1S operotes Attn bute dota (Non-s pathal)

METHO DS
So¢TWARE
Provides the fuctiong Guidenes, specs,
Procedure,and standad
needed to stoze, for anowrsing and
analyze and displa applying GYs.
4eographic gnioe mahy
 6} Explaln the
folovoing
olgy> Topoloqu is a set ot xules that dehe
how featuses in a geogauphic space s hase
geometag
" Topo lo99 descaibes bos Seatuse ike pointa, nes,
and polygens axe
axe Connec ted to foxm s ha pe s.
lopo iey helps ensu8e data quelity anc oonoisteny
(i) Rastes model->A sastes model is a goid a a pirels
that septesent the éath's suoface. Used to
Each pixel is a building block that can beSuofaces.
Cxeate peinta, lines, 0seos,netwosks, and
"The pixels can be tiangles,hexagory , os octayor,
bot scUase pi xels ase the nmost common

(i)DBMs> Databse managemertdota.

system stoses, oxqaniges,
and setieves spoial
DBMS is designed to stooe and setive lage
amount o4 data.
- DBMS Can Daotect and secuse data.
. DBMS ensuses seamless }ntegsaion o4 spatia and
non- spatial nfosmaion.
(i) ARC G1S ’ Asc Gls is a softuoare that helps usess,
a nalyge a nd manage qeoszaphic data.
Uses Can coeate ma ps fxom sCõatch vsing AcMap,
6 Usex can Analyge docta to identity patterý and
tvends.
" Usexs Can Shae maps and dota with othess n
oganigahon. thei
Vseas Can Use Ac GlS to make decis)ons based
data.