INTRODUCTION

in the past and even until now, cutting of grasses in the schools, sports tracks, fields,

industries, hotels, public centres, etc. was done with a cutlass. This method of manual cutting

is time consuming because human effort is needed for the cutting. Also inaccuracy in

cutting level was observed using the manual cutting method. This work deals with the

cutting of verdant (shrubs, stubborn grass, flowers, leaves of trees), and also with the design

of the machine, its efficiency, rigidity, mode of operation and the selection of materials.

The design gives a greater degree of flexible mobility and interchangeability.

The aims of this work include, but not limited to the following: (i) to reduce labour

input in the cutting of not only weeds or grass but also in the trimming of flowers and trees.

to reduce cost, time of cutting and also to beautify the Environment The first lawn mower

was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 in Gloucestershire, England. This first grass

mower was fabricated with wrought iron and manually driven [1]. In 1914, the first gasoline

powered grass mower was invented by Ideal Power Company in the United States [2]. All the

early designs of the mowers were either animal driven or steam powered while the later

models were either petrol or electric powered. The petrol- powered hand-held grass

mower works on the principle that a blade that is turned fast enough is held out from its

housing (the rotating reel) very stiffly by centrifugal force. The hand-held mower is

powered by an internal combustion engine which is located on the opposite end of the

shaft from the cutting head.

WORKING PRINCPLE

The grass cutting machine is known as lawn mower. ... Working principle of the grass

cutter is providing a high speed rotation to the blade, which helps to cut the grass. The blade
will get kinetic energy while increasing the rpm. The cutting edges are very smooth and

accurate.

TYPES

The Original Push Reel Mower

This is a traditional push lawn mower that was invented in 1830. Push reel mowers are

simple machine, the gears of which spin a whorl of between five and eight spiral-shaped

blades that pass by a stationary blade at the rear of the mower. The two, working together,

slice the blades of grass to provide a smooth, fine grass surface.

Push reel mower is easy and safe to use. You can see their blades and it stops cutting when

you stop pushing. Moreover, it is quite to use as it does not use engine to operate. Push reel

mowers, however, have limited cutting ability and is not suitable to large and uneven lawns.

The Popular Walk Behind Power Lawn mower

This type of lawn mower are either rotary or reel. This type of lawn mower are the

most popular lawn mowers found around the world. It comes in either gas or electric. The

most common power lawn mower is the rotary lawn mower.

Rotary lawn mowers became more popular than the reel mower for several reasons. First,

rotary mowers are less expensive and requires less maintenance than its reel counterpart. The

second reason is that fact that rotary mowers have the capability to cut tall swards. They mow

through tall grasses and weeds with ease.

Rotary mowers operates either on gas or electricity. Further, small electric powered mowers

are either corded or cordless that rund on rechargeable battery.

Riding Lawn Mowers or Ride-on Lawn Mowers

These types of lawn mowers became in demand as the lawns became larger. These

lawn mowers are fitted with seat and controls where the operator can settle and control the

lawn mower. They are basically in between the normal lawn mowers and tractors. Most of

these lawn mowers have manual transmission though there are certain types that have

hydrostatic transmission. Hydrostatic transmissions are more expensive than mechanical

transmissions but they are easier to use and can transmit greater torque to the wheels as

compared to a typical mechanical transmission. The least common drive type, and the most

expensive, is electric.

Hover mowers

These are powered rotary push lawn mowers that utilize an impeller above the spinning

blades to push air downwards, thereby creating an air cushion that lifts the mower above the

ground. The lawn mower then can be easily moved as it floats over the grass. Hover mowers

are light in order to achieve enough lift so typically they have plastic bodies with an electric

motor. The most significant downside, however, is the cumbersome usability in rough terrain

or on the edges of lawns, as the lifting air-cushion is destroyed by wide gaps between the

chassis and the ground. Hover mowers are built to operate on steep slopes, waterfronts, and

high-weeded areas, so they are often used by golf courses and commercial landscapers. The

quality of cut can be inferior if the grass is pushed away from the blade by the cushion of air.

Robotic mower
Robotic mowers can mow the lawn unsupervised. Simply turn it on and let it wander around

your lawn cutting the grasses. It is contained by a border wire around the lawn that defines

the area to be mowed. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area to be

trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. These types of lawn mowers are

becoming popular especially to those who cannot spare time for mowing their lawn.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Prof. C. J. Shende: In this paper they have prepared manually handle device which is capable

to cut the grass. This device consists of linear blades and it does not affected by climatic

conditions. The main objective of this paper is to move the grass cutter is different directions

to prepare various designs as per requirements. By using link mechanism the height of the cut

can be adjusted. The unskilled labour can easily operate this device. C. B. Mills: Today, new

technology is bringing us improved mower versions. Low emission gasoline engines with

catalytic converters are being manufactured to help reduce air pollution. Improved muffling

devices are also being installed to reduce the noise pollution. Battery powered mowers are

also becoming practical. Although slightly smaller with an average cutting swath of only 17-

19", these new mowers will quietly cutting lawns without the common cloud of blue smoke

hanging in the air, for about an hour per charge. Prices are comparable to a high-end gasoline

powered mower. Davidge E D: "I’m planning on moving my entire fleet to propane. Not only

is it better for the environment, it also increases my productivity. I’m saving money on fuel,

and labor costs as well, since my crew isn’t spending time filling up at the pump. Propane has

no additives and is a clean burning system. I save on maintenance since there is no carburetor

or fuel filter to maintain. Edwin Beard Budding: Budding obtained the idea of the lawn

mower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder mounted on

a bench to trim cloth to make a smooth finish after weaving. Budding realized that a similar

concept would enable the cutting of grass if the mechanism could be mounted in a wheeled
frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. Ms. Lanka Priyanka: In this paper

they have fabricated grass cutting machine with tempered blades are attached to this grass

cutter. This grass cutter is manually operated as well as automatic operated. The materials

commonly used GI sheet, motor, wheel, Al sheet, switch, wire, square pipe and insulating

material. P.Bulski: Bulski identify the sound created by the machine is making noice

pollution. He research on sound created by the machine and giving the result how to remove

the sound while cutting the grass of lawn or ground. As looking to the petrol engine it make

air pollution to environment so from my recommendation it should be implement on electric

operated lawn mower. Praful P. Ulhe: In this paper they have prepared manually operated

grass cutter with spiral roller blades due to spiral blades increases the efficiency of cutting.

For adjusting the height reel cutter is component placed on grass cutter. This grass cutter used

to cut the grass uniformly and also it can cut the different types grasses. Randsome: The first

was produced by Ransomes in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I,

produced a range of very popular chain-driven mowers. About this time, an operator could

ride behind animals that pulled the large machines. These were the first riding mowers. In the

United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1914 by Ideal

Power mower.

APPLICATIONS

The wheels in turn drove the reel, as in the push mower. Greens mowers are used for the

precision cutting of golf greens and have a cylinder made up of at least eight, but normally

ten, blades. The machine has a roller before and after the cutting cylinder which smooths the

freshly cut lawn and minimizes wheel marks.

ADVANTAGES

 Far less complexity than other mowers gives better reliability

  Very cheap solution

 Better for grass than cutting with a powered mower

 Can provide more aesthetically pleasing appearance

 Good exercise

DISADVANTAGES

 Only suitable for small spaces

 Can be frustrating to use

REFERENCES

1. "Mower History". oldlawnmowerclub.co.uk.

2. ^ US RE 8560, Passmore, Everett G., "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers", published 23

February 1869, issued 28 January 1879; see pg 1, col 2. For a copy, see Google

Patents copy. This source indicates the patent number as "6,080". According to

"British patent numbers 1617 – 1852 (old series) Archived 2011-10-17 at

the Wayback Machine", the patent number would have been assigned sometime after

1852 and taken the form of "6080/1830".

3. ^ Jump up to:a b c The Old Lawnmower Club. "Mower History". The Old Lawnmower

Club. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

4. ^ "The Hall & Duck Trust: Lawn Mower History Part 2". Hdtrust.co.uk.

Retrieved 2011-04-23.

5. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first

broadcast 6 June 2010.

6. ^ "The History of the LawnMower". backyardrefuge.com. Retrieved 2018-11-19.

7. ^ mary bellis (2010-06-16). "Greener Pastures – History of the Lawn Mower".

Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

8. ^ "Ideal Power Lawn Mower". reoldsmuseum.org.

9. ^ "Lansing & Lawnmowers". reoldsmuseum.org.

10. ^ "About: An Industry Innovator for Over 70 Years". kutkwick.com.

11. ^ "How do you sell a million mowers?". Archived from the original on 2009-06-15.

12. ^ "Collection Explorer – National Museum of Australia". nma.gov.au.

 INTRODUCTION TO CAD

Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and

drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-

documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer.

CADD software, or environments, provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of

streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD

output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The

development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to

economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-

based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated)

environments.

CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of

technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as

materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific

conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,

surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including

automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design,

prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for

special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power

of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using

techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic

importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry,

computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.

The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-

aided geometric design (CAGD).

Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting

systems to 3D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow

rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle,

even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic

modelling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and

drafting.

CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types

of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial

structures (hospitals and factories).

CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical

components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design

and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of

manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects.

CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided

technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened

design cycle. CAD enables designers to layout and develops work on screen, print it out and

save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.

Types of CAD Software

2D CAD

Two-dimensional, or 2D, CAD is used to create flat drawings of products and

structures. Objects created in 2D CAD are made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots and curves.

2D CAD programs usually include a library of geometric images; the ability to create Bezier

curves, splines and polylines; the ability to define hatching patterns; and the ability to provide

a bill of materials generation. Among the most popular 2D CAD programs are AutoCAD,

CAD key, CADDS 5, and Medusa.

3D CAD

Three-dimensional (3D) CAD programs come in a wide variety of types, intended for

different applications and levels of detail. Overall, 3D CAD programs create a realistic model

of what the design object will look like, allowing designers to solve potential problems earlier

and with lower production costs. Some 3D CAD programs include Autodesk Inventor, To

Create Solid Designer, Pro/Engineer Solid Edge, Solid Works, Unigraphics NX and VX

CAD, CATIA V5.

5.1 .3 3D Wireframe and Surface Modeling

 CAD programs that feature 3D wireframe and surface modeling create a skeleton-like

inner structure of the object being modeled. A surface is added on later. These types of CAD

models are difficult to translate into other software and are therefore rarely used anymore.

5.1 .4 Solid Modeling

Solid modeling in general is useful because the program is often able to calculate the

dimensions of the object it is creating. Many sub-types of this exist. Constructive Solid

Geometry (CSG) CAD uses the same basic logic as 2D CAD, that is, it uses prepared solid

geometric objects to create an object. However, these types of CAD software often cannot be

adjusted once they are created. Boundary Representation (Brep) solid modeling takes CSG

images and links them together. Hybrid systems mix CSG and Brep to achieve desired

designs.

INTRODUCTION TO CATIA AND ANSYS

CATIA

CATIA also known as Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application and it

is software suit that developed by the French company call Dassault Systems.

CATIA is a process-centric computer-aided design/computer-assisted

manufacturing/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE) system that fully uses

next generation object technologies and leading edge industry standards. CATIA is integrated
with Dassault Systems Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) solutions. It allows the users to

simulate their industrial design processes from initial concept to product design, analysis,

assembly and also maintenance. In this software, it includes mechanical, and shape design,

styling, product synthesis, equipment and systems engineering, NC manufacturing, analysis

and simulation, and industrial plant design. It is very user friendly software because CATIA

Knowledge ware allows broad communities of user to easily capture and share know-how,

rules, and other intellectual property assets.

Engineering Design

Catia V5 offers a range of tools to enable the generation of a complete digital representation

of the product being designed. In addition to the general geometry tools there is also the

ability to generate geometry of other integrated design disciplines such as industrial and

standard pipe work and complete wiring definitions. Tools are also available to support

collaborative development.

A number of concept design tools that provide up-front Industrial Design concepts can then

be used in the downstream process of engineering the product. These range from conceptual

Industrial design sketches, reverse engineering with point cloud data and comprehensive

freeform surface tools.

Different Modules in Catia 5

 Sketcher

 Part Modelling

 Surfacing

 Sheet Metal
  Drafting

 Manufacturing

 Shape designs

ANSYS

ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite

Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small

pieces (of user-designated size) called elements. The software implements equations that

govern the behaviour of these elements and solves them all; creating a comprehensive

explanation of how the system acts as a whole. These results then can be presented in

tabulated or graphical forms. This type of analysis is typically used for the design and

optimization of a system far too complex to analyse by hand. Systems that may fit into this

category are too complex due to their geometry, scale, or governing equations.

ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the Mechanical Engineering Department at

many colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as well as the

Physics and Chemistry departments.

ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of products or processes in

a virtual environment. This type of product development is termed virtual prototyping.

With virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various scenarios to optimize the

product long before the manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level of risk,

and in the cost of ineffective designs. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS also provides a

means to ensure that users are able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of the

product, be it electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical etc.

Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS

Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution domain, (2) the

physical model, (3) boundary conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the

problem and present the results. In numerical methods, the main difference is an extra step

called mesh generation. This is the step that divides the complex model into small elements

that become solvable in an otherwise too complex situation. Below describes the processes in

terminology slightly more attune to the software.

Build Geometry

Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the object to be

modeled and tested using the work plane coordinates system within ANSYS.

Define Material Properties

Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary materials that

compose the object (or project) being modeled. This includes thermal and

mechanical properties.

Generate Mesh

At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part. Now define how

the modelled system should be broken down into finite pieces.

Apply Loads
 Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the system with

constraints, such as physical loadings or boundary conditions.

6.2.1.5 Obtain Solution

This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state

(steady state, transient… etc.) the problem must be solved.

6.2.1.6 Present the Results

After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to present ANSYS’

results, choose from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots.

SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES OF ANSYS

Structural

Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method

as it implies bridges and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as

ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as

pistons, machine parts, and tools.

· Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static

loading conditions. ANSYS can compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses.

Nonlinearities can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain,

hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.

· Transient Dynamic Analysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to

arbitrarily time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis

above are allowed.

 · Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the

buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling

analyses are possible.

In addition to the above analysis types, several special-purpose features are available such as

Fracture mechanics, Composite material analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and

Beam analyses.

Thermal

ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis of any solid with

thermal boundary conditions.

Steady-state thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or

component. Users often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient thermal

analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be the last step

of a transient thermal analysis; performed after all transient effects have diminished. ANSYS

can be used to determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in

an object that are caused by thermal loads that do not vary over time. Such loads include the

following:

· Convection

· Radiation

· Heat flow rates

· Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)

· Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)

 · Constant temperature boundaries

A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or

nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of

most material vary with temperature. This temperature dependency being appreciable, the

analysis becomes nonlinear. Radiation boundary conditions also make the analysis nonlinear.

Transient calculations are time dependent and ANSYS can both solve distributions as well as

create video for time incremental displays of models.

Fluid Flow

The ANSYS/FLOTRAN CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) offers comprehensive

tools for analyzing two-dimensional and three-dimensional fluid flow fields. ANSYS is

capable of modeling a vast range of analysis types such as: airfoils for pressure analysis of

airplane wings (lift and drag), flow in supersonic nozzles, and complex, three-dimensional

flow patterns in a pipe bend. In addition, ANSYS/FLOTRAN could be used to perform tasks

including:

· Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust

manifold

· Studying the thermal stratification and breakup in piping systems

· Using flow mixing studies to evaluate potential for thermal shock

· Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in

electronic enclosures
 · Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid

regions

Coupled Fields

A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interaction

(coupling) between two or more disciplines (fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis,

for example, handles the interaction between the structural and electric fields: it solves for the

voltage distribution due to applied displacements, or vice versa. Other examples of coupled-

field analysis are thermal-stress analysis, thermal-electric analysis, and fluid-structure

analysis.

Some of the applications in which coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels

(thermal-stress analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-structure analysis), induction heating

(magnetic-thermal analysis), ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis), magnetic forming

(magneto-structural analysis), and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS).

Modal Analysis - A modal analysis is typically used to determine the vibration

characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine component

while it is being designed. It can also serve as a starting point for another, more detailed,

dynamic analysis, such as a harmonic response or full transient dynamic analysis.

Modal analyses, while being one of the most basic dynamic analysis types available in

ANSYS, can also be more computationally time consuming than a typical static analysis. A

reduced solver, utilizing automatically or manually selected master degrees of freedom is

used to drastically reduce the problem size and solution time.

6.2.2.6 Harmonic Analysis- Used extensively by companies who produce rotating

machinery, ANSYS Harmonic analysis is used to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of

structures to consistent cyclic loading. Examples of rotating machines which produced or are

subjected to harmonic loading are:

 Turbines

o Gas Turbines for Aircraft and Power

Generation

o Steam Turbines

o Wind Turbine

o Water Turbines

o Turbo pumps

 Internal Combustion engines

 Electric motors and generators

 Gas and fluid pumps

 Disc drives

A harmonic analysis can be used to verify whether or not a machine design will successfully

overcome resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.

 INTRODUCTION TO FEA
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was first developed in 1943 by R. Courant, who

utilized the Ritz method of numerical analysis and minimization of variation calculus to

obtain approximate solutions to vibration systems. Shortly thereafter, a paper published in

1956 by M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Top established a broader

definition of numerical analysis. The paper centered on the "stiffness and deflection of

complex structures".

FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for

specific results. It is used in new product design, and existing product refinement. A company

is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the client's specifications prior

to manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to

qualify the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA

may be used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition.

There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D

modeling. While 2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a

relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however,

produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest

computers effectively. Within each of these modeling schemes, the programmer can insert

numerous algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave linearly or non-linearly.

Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into account plastic

deformation. Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are

capable of testing a material all the way to fracture.

FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh. This

mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define how the
structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain density

throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area.

Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than

those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of

previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh

acts like a spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the

adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object,

creating many elements.

A wide range of objective functions (variables within the system) are available for

minimization or maximization:

 Mass, volume, temperature

 Strain energy, stress strain

 Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration

 Synthetic (User defined)

There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to a system. Some examples are

shown:

 Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrifugal static loads

 Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis

 Enforced displacements

 Heat flux and convection

 Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads

Each FEA program may come with an element library, or one is constructed over time. Some

sample elements are:

  Rod elements

 Beam elements

 Plate/Shell/Composite elements

 Shear panel

 Solid elements

 Spring elements

 Mass elements

 Rigid elements

 Viscous damping elements

Many FEA programs also are equipped with the capability to use multiple materials within

the structure such as:

 Isotropic, identical throughout

 Orthotropic, identical at 90 degrees

 General anisotropic, different throughout

9.1 TYPES OF ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Structural analysis consists of linear and non-linear models. Linear models use simple

parameters and assume that the material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models

consist of stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The stresses in the material then

vary with the amount of deformation as in.

Vibrational analysis is used to test a material against random vibrations, shock, and impact.

Each of these incidences may act on the natural vibrational frequency of the material which,

in turn, may cause resonance and subsequent failure.

Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of a material or structure by showing the

effects of cyclic loading on the specimen. Such analysis can show the areas where crack

propagation is most likely to occur. Failure due to fatigue may also show the damage

tolerance of the material.

Heat Transfer analysis models the conductivity or thermal fluid dynamics of the material or

structure. This may consist of a steady-state or transient transfer. Steady-state transfer refers

to constant thermo properties in the material that yield linear heat diffusion.

9. 2Results of Finite Element Analysis

FEA has become a solution to the task of predicting failure due to unknown stresses by

showing problem areas in a material and allowing designers to see all of the theoretical

stresses within. This method of product design and testing is far superior to the

manufacturing costs which would accrue if each sample was actually built and tested.

In practice, a finite element analysis usually consists of three principal steps:

1. Pre-processing: The user constructs a model of the part to be analysed in which the

geometry is divided into a number of discrete sub regions, or elements," connected at

discrete points called nodes." Certain of these nodes will have fixed displacements,

and others will have prescribed loads. These models can be extremely time

consuming to prepare, and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most

user-friendly graphical “pre-processor" to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of

these pre-processors can overlay a mesh on a pre-existing CAD file, so that finite
 element analysis can be done conveniently as part of the computerized drafting-and-

design process.

2. Analysis: The dataset prepared by the pre-processor is used as input to the finite

element code itself, which constructs and solves a system of linear or nonlinear

algebraic equations where u and f are the displacements and externally applied forces

at the nodal points. The formation of the K matrix is dependent on the type of

problem being attacked, and this module will outline the approach for truss and linear

elastic stress analyses. Commercial codes may have very large element libraries, with

elements appropriate to a wide range of problem types. One of FEA's principal

advantages is that many problem types can be addressed with the same code, merely

by specifying the appropriate element types from the library.

3. Post processing: In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore

through reams of numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and stresses at

discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots

this way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing the results.

Typical postprocessor display overlays colored contours representing stress levels on

the model, showing a full field picture similar to that of photo elastic or moiré

experimental results.

INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
INTRODUCTION

ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite

Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small

pieces (of user-designated size) called elements. The software implements equations that

govern the behaviour of these elements and solves them all; creating a comprehensive

explanation of how the system acts as a whole. These results then can be presented in

tabulated or graphical forms. This type of analysis is typically used for the design and

optimization of a system far too complex to analyse by hand. Systems that may fit into this

category are too complex due to their geometry, scale, or governing equations.

ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the Mechanical Engineering Department at

many colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as well as the

Physics and Chemistry departments.

ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of products or processes

in a virtual environment. This type of product development is termed virtual prototyping.

With virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various scenarios to optimize the

product long before the manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level of risk,

and in the cost of ineffective designs. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS also provides a

means to ensure that users are able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of the

product, be it electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical etc.

GENERIC STEPS TO SOLVING ANY PROBLEM IN ANSYS:

 Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution

domain, (2) the physical model, (3) boundary conditions and (4) the physical

properties. You then solve the problem and present the results. In numerical methods,

the main difference is an extra step called mesh generation. This is the step that

divides the complex model into small elements that become solvable in an otherwise

too complex situation. Below describes the processes in terminology slightly more

attune to the software.

BUILD GEOMETRY

Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the object to be

modeled and tested using the work plane coordinates system within ANSYS.

DEFINE MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary materials that

compose the object (or project) being modeled. This includes thermal and

mechanical properties.

GENERATE MESH

At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part. Now define how

the modeled system should be broken down into finite pieces.

APPLY LOADS

Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the system with

constraints, such as physical loadings or boundary conditions.

 OBTAIN SOLUTION

This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state

(steady state, transient… etc.) the problem must be solved.

PRESENT THE RESULTS

After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to present ANSYS’

results, choose from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots.

SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES OF ANSYS:

STRUCTURAL

Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method

as it implies bridges and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as

ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as

pistons, machine parts, and tools.

· Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static

loading conditions. ANSYS can compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses.

Nonlinearities can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain,

hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.

Modal Analysis

A modal analysis is typically used to determine the vibration characteristics (natural

frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is being

designed. It can also serve as a starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis,

such as a harmonic response or full transient dynamic analysis.

Modal analyses, while being one of the most basic dynamic analysis types available in

ANSYS, can also be more computationally time consuming than a typical static analysis. A

reduced solver, utilizing automatically or manually selected master degrees of freedom is

used to drastically reduce the problem size and solution time.

Harmonic Analysis- Used extensively by companies who produce rotating machinery,

ANSYS Harmonic analysis is used to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of structures to

consistent cyclic loading. Examples of rotating machines which produced or are subjected to

harmonic loading are:

 Turbines

o Gas Turbines for Aircraft and Power

Generation

o Steam Turbines

o Wind Turbine

o Water Turbines

o Turbo pumps

 Internal Combustion engines

 Electric motors and generators

 Gas and fluid pumps

 Disc drives

A harmonic analysis can be used to verify whether or not a machine design will successfully

overcome resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.

 · Transient Dynamic Analysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to

arbitrarily time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis

above are allowed.

· Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the

buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling

analyses are possible.

In addition to the above analysis types, several special-purpose features are available such as

Fracture mechanics, Composite material analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and

Beam analyses.

THERMAL

ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis of any solid with

thermal boundary conditions.

Steady-state thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or

component. Users often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient thermal

analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be the last step

of a transient thermal analysis; performed after all transient effects have diminished. ANSYS

can be used to determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in

an object that are caused by thermal loads that do not vary over time. Such loads include the

following:

· Convection
 · Radiation

· Heat flow rates

· Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)

· Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)

· Constant temperature boundaries

A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or

nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of

most material vary with temperature. This temperature dependency being appreciable, the

analysis becomes nonlinear. Radiation boundary conditions also make the analysis nonlinear.

Transient calculations are time dependent and ANSYS can both solve distributions as well as

create video for time incremental displays of models.

FLUID FLOW

The ANSYS/FLOTRAN CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) offers comprehensive

tools for analysing two-dimensional and three-dimensional fluid flow fields. ANSYS is

capable of modelling a vast range of analysis types such as: air foils for pressure analysis of

airplane wings (lift and drag), flow in supersonic nozzles, and complex, three-dimensional
flow patterns in a pipe bend. In addition, ANSYS/FLOTRAN could be used to perform tasks

including:

· Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust

manifold

· Studying the thermal stratification and breakup in piping systems

· Using flow mixing studies to evaluate potential for thermal shock

· Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in

electronic enclosures

· Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid

regions

ACOUSTICS / VIBRATION

ANSYS is capable of modelling and analysing vibrating systems in order to that

vibrate in order to analyse Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption,
and reflection of pressure waves in a fluid medium. Applications for acoustics include the

following:

· Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar

· Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of sound pressure is desired

· Noise minimization in machine shops

· Noise cancellation in automobiles

· Underwater acoustics

· Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other

similar devices.

· Geophysical exploration

Within ANSYS, an acoustic analysis usually involves modelling a fluid medium and the

surrounding structure. Characteristics in question include pressure distribution in the fluid

at different frequencies, pressure gradient, and particle velocity, the sound pressure level, as

well as, scattering, diffraction, transmission, radiation, attenuation, and dispersion of

acoustic waves. A coupled acoustic analysis takes the fluid-structure interaction into account.

An uncoupled acoustic analysis models only the fluid and ignores any fluid-structure

interaction.

The ANSYS program assumes that the fluid is compressible, but allows only relatively small

pressure changes with respect to the mean pressure. Also, the fluid is assumed to be non-

flowing and in viscid (that is, viscosity causes no dissipative effects). Uniform mean density
and mean pressure are assumed, with the pressure solution being the deviation from the mean

pressure, not the absolute pressure.

COUPLED FIELDS

A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interaction

(coupling) between two or more disciplines (fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis,

for example, handles the interaction between the structural and electric fields: it solves for the

voltage distribution due to applied displacements, or vice versa. Other examples of coupled-

field analysis are thermal-stress analysis, thermal-electric analysis, and fluid-structure

analysis.

Some of the applications in which coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels

(thermal-stress analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-structure analysis), induction heating

(magnetic-thermal analysis), ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis), magnetic forming

(magneto-structural analysis), and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS).

Lawn Mover
Blade Model 1
Blade Model 2
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING STAINLESS STEEL FOR

MODEL 1

Original File
Here in the above figure we can see the original designed model of the drone frame structure.

This file is designed in CATIA and it has been converted to IGS format file as to import in to

the ansys for the validation. Here initially after opening of the ansys geometry file, we can

see an option import external geometry file, as this is designed in external software, and it is

called as an external geometry. We can find that in the file option situated in the menu bar.

Then later on we have to set the standards of length to “mm”. Now close the file and proceed

to meshing.

Meshed File
The above figure represents the meshed file, as this is the next step to the geometry file. Here

mesh is created as to create nodes and elements. As to find out the best output approximately

this is required to do as possible as to smaller nodes. As in meshing a set of nodes are called

as element. Here in meshing there are different types of meshing ways, such as tetra mesh,

quadrilateral mesh, prism mesh, triangular mesh and hexa mesh. Here in this project we have

used fine mesh model.

Boundary Conditions
The above figure represents the input or boundary conditions which are to be applied for the

model to obtain the results. This is the next step to the meshing operation. Here we are going

to use the maximum load which the company has standardized its load capacity. By this we

can verify how it supports and the strength of the product. Here we are going to use the

Stainless-Steel grade. As this is the present material which is being used for the drone from

the company, so here we are going to finalize first the existing model results to compare the

modified product results.

Below are the obtained results for the product.

Stress
Strain

Total Deformation
Directional Deformation
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING AL 2024 MATRIAL FOR

MODEL 1

Stress

Strain
Total Deformation

Directional Deformation
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING STAINLESS STEEL FOR

MODEL 2

Original File

Here in the above figure we can see the original designed model of the drone frame structure.

This file is designed in CATIA and it has been converted to IGS format file as to import in to

the ansys for the validation. Here initially after opening of the ansys geometry file, we can

see an option import external geometry file, as this is designed in external software, and it is

called as an external geometry. We can find that in the file option situated in the menu bar.

Then later on we have to set the standards of length to “mm”. Now close the file and proceed

to meshing.
Meshed File

The above figure represents the meshed file, as this is the next step to the geometry file. Here

mesh is created as to create nodes and elements. As to find out the best output approximately

this is required to do as possible as to smaller nodes. As in meshing a set of nodes are called

as element. Here in meshing there are different types of meshing ways, such as tetra mesh,

quadrilateral mesh, prism mesh, triangular mesh and hexa mesh. Here in this project we have

used fine mesh model.

Boundary Conditions

The above figure represents the input or boundary conditions which are to be applied for the

model to obtain the results. This is the next step to the meshing operation. Here we are going

to use the maximum load which the company has standardized its load capacity. By this we

can verify how it supports and the strength of the product. Here we are going to use the

Stainless-Steel grade. As this is the present material which is being used for the drone from

the company, so here we are going to finalize first the existing model results to compare the

modified product results.

Below are the obtained results for the product.

Stress

Strain
Total Deformation

Directional Deformation
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING AL 2024 MATRIAL FOR

MODEL 2

Stress

Strain
Total Deformation

Directional Deformation
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING STAINLESS STEEL FOR

MODEL 3

Original File

Here in the above figure we can see the original designed model of the drone frame structure.

This file is designed in CATIA and it has been converted to IGS format file as to import in to

the ansys for the validation. Here initially after opening of the ansys geometry file, we can

see an option import external geometry file, as this is designed in external software, and it is

called as an external geometry. We can find that in the file option situated in the menu bar.

Then later on we have to set the standards of length to “mm”. Now close the file and proceed

to meshing.
Meshed File

The above figure represents the meshed file, as this is the next step to the geometry file. Here

mesh is created as to create nodes and elements. As to find out the best output approximately

this is required to do as possible as to smaller nodes. As in meshing a set of nodes are called

as element. Here in meshing there are different types of meshing ways, such as tetra mesh,

quadrilateral mesh, prism mesh, triangular mesh and hexa mesh. Here in this project we have

used fine mesh model.

Boundary Conditions

The above figure represents the input or boundary conditions which are to be applied for the

model to obtain the results. This is the next step to the meshing operation. Here we are going

to use the maximum load which the company has standardized its load capacity. By this we

can verify how it supports and the strength of the product. Here we are going to use the

Stainless-Steel grade. As this is the present material which is being used for the drone from

the company, so here we are going to finalize first the existing model results to compare the

modified product results.

Below are the obtained results for the product.

Stress

Strain
Total Deformation

Directional Deformation
ANALYSIS OF AN GRASS CUTTER USING AL 2024 MATRIAL FOR

MODEL 3

Stress

Strain
Total Deformation

Directional Deformation
Tabular Comparison

Total
Type of Directional
Material Stress Strain Deformatio
Model Deformation
n
Model 1 238.93 0.00081951 1.6108 0.013225
Stainless
Model 2 117.87 0.00059019 1.2272 1.0638
Steel
Model 3 421.41 0.0013711 2.5258 2.1462
Model 1 238.19 0.0035899 1.6108 0.051962
AL 2024 Model 2 117.87 0.0019907 1.2272 1.0638
Model 3 422.44 0.0060056 2.5258 2.1462

GRAPHICAL REPRESATION

COMPARISON OF STRESS VALUES: -

425

375

325

275

225

175

125

75

25
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Stainless Steel 238.98 117.87 421.41
AL 2024 238.19 117.87 422.44

Stainless Steel AL 2024

GRAPHICAL REPRESATION

COMPARISON OF STRAIN VALUES: -

0.0065

0.0055

0.0045

0.0035

0.0025

0.0015

0.0005

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

Stainless Steel 0.00081951 0.00059019 0.0013711
AL 2024 0.0035899 0.0019907 0.006056

Stainless Steel AL 2024

GRAPHICAL REPRESATION

COMPARISON OF TOTAL DEFORMATION VALUES: -

2.75

2.25

1.75

1.25

0.75

0.25
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Stainless Steel 1.6108 1.2272 2.5258
AL 2024 1.6108 1.2272 2.5258

Stainless Steel AL 2024

GRAPHICAL REPRESATION

COMPARISON OF DIRECTIONAL DEFORMATION VALUES: -

2.25

1.75

1.25

0.75

0.25

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

Stainless Steel 0.013225 1.0638 2.1462
AL 2024 0.051962 1.0638 2.1462

Stainless Steel AL 2024