PRACTICAL=1

R DATA TYPES
AIM= data types
1.logical
v<-TRUE

> print(class(v))

[1] "logical"

>

2.Numeric
> v<-22.5

> print(class(v))

[1] "numeric"

>

3.Integer
> v<-2L

> print(class(v)

[1] "integer"

> v<-2+5i

4.complex
> print(class(v))

[1] "complex"

> v<-"true"

> print(class(v))

5.create a vector
> apple<-c('red','green','yellow')

> print(apple)

[1] "red" "green" "yellow"

> print(class(apple))

[1] "character"

6.LIST
> list1<-list(c(2,5,3),21.3,sin)

> print(list 1)

Error: unexpected numeric constant in "print(list 1"

> print(list1)

[[1]]

[1] 2 5 3

[[2]]

[1] 21.3

[[3]]

function (x) .Primitive("sin")

7.MATRIX
> M=matrix(c('a','a','b','c','b','a'))

> print(M)

[,1]

[1,] "a"

[2,] "a"

[3,] "b"

[4,] "c"

[5,] "b"
[6,] "a"

> M=matrix(c('a','a','b','c','b','a'),nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)

> print(M)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "a" "a" "b"

8.Array
<-array(c('green','yellow'),dim=c(3,3,2))

> print(a)

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "green" "yellow" "green"

[2,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"

[3,] "green" "yellow" "green"

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"

[2,] "green" "yellow" "green"

[3,] "yellow" "green" "yellow"

9.create factor
factor_apple<-factor(apple_colors)

> print(factor_apple)

[1] green green yellow red red red green

Levels: green red yellow

10.Create the data frame

> BMI<-
data.frame(gender=c('male','male','female'),height=c(152,171.5,165),weight=c(81,93,78),age=c(42,3
8,26))

> print(BMI)

gender height weight age

1 male 152.0 81 42

2 male 171.5 93 38

3 female 165.0 78 26

Practical 2.
> var.1=c(0,1,2,3)

> var.2=c('learn','R')

> c(TRUE,1)->var.3

> print(var.1)

[1] 0 1 2 3

cat("var.1 is",var.1,"\n")

var.1 is 0 1 2 3

cat("var.2 is",var.2,"\n")

var.2 is learn R

> cat("var.3 is",var.3,"\n")

var.3 is 1 1

var_x<-"hello"

> cat("the class of var_x is",class (var_x),"\n")

the class of var_x is character

> var_x<-34.5

> cat("the class of var_x is",class (var_x),"\n")

the class of var_x is numeric

> var_x<-27L

> cat("the class of var_x is",class (var_x),"\n")

the class of var_x is integer

R-OPERATORS

ADDITION OF VECTORS
> v<-c(2,5.5,6)

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> print(v+t)

>SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTORS

>v<-c(2,5.5,6)

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> print(v-t)

[1] -6.0 2.5 2.0

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO VECTORS

v<-c(2,5.5,6)

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> print(v*t)

[1] 16.0 16.5 24.0

DIVISION
> <-c(2,5.5,6)

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> print(v/t)

[1] 0.250000 1.833333 1.500000

%% VECTOR
v<-c(2,5.5,6)

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> print(v%%t)

[1] 2.0 2.5 2.0

> t<-c(8,3,4)

> v<-c(2,5.5,6)

> print(t^v)

[1] 64.0000 420.8883 4096.0000

Relational operator
Greater than

> v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)
> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v>t)

[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

Less than

v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)

> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v<t)

[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

Equal to
v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)

> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v==t)

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE

Less than equal to

> v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)

> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v<=t)

[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

Greater than equal to

> v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)

> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v>=t)

[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

Unequal
> v<-c(2,5.5,6,9)

> t<-c(8,2.5,14,9)

> print(v!=t)

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

Practical 4.

R if…else

In computer programming, the if statement allows us to create a decision

making program.

A decision making program runs one block of code under a condition and
another block of code under different conditions. For example,

 If age is greater than 18, allow the person to vote.

 If age is not greater than18, don’t allow the person to vote.

R if Statement

The syntax of if statement is:-

if (test_expression) {

#body of if

Example: -

> x<-3

> if(x>0){print("The number is positive")}

[1] "The number is positive"

R if…else Statement

We can also use an optional else statement with if statement. The syntax of an
if…else statement is:-

if(test_expression) {

#body of if statement

}else {#body of else statement}

Example:- 1

Input:-

> age<-15

> if (age>18) {

print('you are eligible to vote')

else{

print('you are not eligible to vote')

Output:

[1] "you are not eligible to vote"

Example:- 2

input:-

> age<-19

> if (age>18) {print('you are eligible to vote')} else{print('you are not eligible to
vote')}

Output:-

[1] "you are eligible to vote"

Example: - 3

Input:-

> no<- 2

> if(no>0){print("The no. is positve")} else{print("The no. is negative")}

Output:-

[1] "The no. is positve"

Example: - 4

Input:-

> no<- -2

> if(no>0){print("The no. is positve")} else{print("The no. is negative")}

Output:-

[1] "The no. is negative"

R if…else if…else Statement

If you want to test more than one condition, you can choose the optional else

if statement along with your if…else statements

SYNTAX:-

if(test_expression1) {

#code block 1

} else if (test_expression2){

#code block 2

} else {

3code block 3

Example: -

Input 1:-

> x<-0

> if (x>0){print("The number is positive")} else if(x<0){print("The number is

negative")} else{print("x is zero")}

Output:-

[1] "x is zero"

Input 2:-

> x<-2

> if (x>0){print("The number is positive")} else if(x<0){print("The number is

negative")} else{print("x is zero")}

Output:-
[1] "The number is positive"

Input 3:-

> x<- -3

> if (x>0){print("The number is positive")} else if(x<0){print("The number is

negative")} else{print("x is zero")}

Output:-

[1] "The number is negative"

Nested if…else Statement

Input 1:-

> x<-20

> if(x>0)

{if(x%%2==0){

print("x is positive even number")}

else{print("x is positive odd number")}

else {if(x%%2==0){

print("x is negative even number")}

else{print("x is negative odd number")}}

Output:

[1] "x is positive even number"

Input 2:

> x<- -2

> if(x>0)

{if(x%%2==0){

print("x is positive even number")}

else{print("x is positive odd number")}

else {if(x%%2==0){

print("x is negative even number")}

else{print("x is negative odd number")}}

Output:

[1] "x is negative even number"

Practical 5.
And operator(&)

Logical operators

It is applicable only to vectors of type logical ,numeric or complex.

v<-c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)

> t<-c(4,1,FALSE,2+3i)

> print(v&t)

[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE

Not operator

v<-c(3,0,TRUE,2+3i)
> print(!v)

[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

AND(&&)operator
t<-c(2+2i)

> v<-c(2+2i)

> print(t&&v)

[1] TRUE

OR(||)operator
v<-c(2+2i)

> t<-c(2+2i)

> print(v||t)

[1] TRUE

ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

These operators used to assign values to vectors.

LEFT ASSIGNMENT

v1<-c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)

> v2<-c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)

> v3<-c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)

> print(v1)

[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i

> print(v2)

[1] 2+2i

> print(v3)

[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i

RIGHT ASSIGNMENT

c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)->v1
> c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i)->>v2

> print(v1)

[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i

> print(v2)

[1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i

Miscellaneous operator

Colon(:)
v<-2:8

> print(v)

[1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

%in%
v1<-8

> v2<-12

> t<-1:10

> print(v1%in%t)

[1] TRUE

> print(v2%in%t)

[1] FALSE

(%*%)
M=matrix(c(2,6,5,1,10,4),nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)

> t=M%*%t(M)

> print(t)

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 65 82

[2,] 82 117
IF ELSE FUNCTION FOR ODD\EVEN NUMBERS

EXAMPLE 1
#input vector

> x<-c(2,9,23,14,20,1,5)

> #if else()function to determine odd even numbers

> ifelse(x%%2==0,"EVEN","ODD")

[1] "EVEN" "ODD" "ODD" "EVEN" "EVEN" "ODD" "ODD"

EXAMPLE2

marks<-c(63,58,12,99,49,39,41,2)

#If else ()function to determine pass/fail

> ifelse(marks<40,"FAIL","PASS")

[1] "PASS" "PASS" "FAIL" "PASS" "PASS" "FAIL" "PASS" "FAIL"

Practical 6.
: R -Switch Statement
A Switch statement allows a variable to be tested for a equality against a list of values.

Each value is called case ,and the variable being switched on is checked for each case.

Syntax :
Switch (expression,case1,case2,case3…….)

Example 1:
val<-switch(4,"Greek1","Greek2","Greek3","Greek4","Greek5","Greek6")

> print(val)

[1] "Greek4"

Example 2:
val1=6
> val2=7

> val3="s"

> result=switch(

+ val3,

+ "a"=cat("addition=",val1+val2),

+ "d"=cat("subtraction=",val1-val2),

+ "r"=cat("division=",val1/val2),

+ "s"=cat("multiplication=",val1*val2),

+ "m"=cat("modulus=",val1%%val2),

+ "p"=cat("power=",val1^val2)

+)

multiplication= 42

> print(result)

NULL

Example 3:

> x<-switch(

+ 3,

+ "first",

+ "second",

+ "third",

+ "fourth",

> print(x)

[1] "third"

> x<-switch(

+ 4,

+ "first",

+ "second",
+ "third",

+ "fourth",

+)

> print(x)

[1] "fourth"

x<-switch(

+ 3,

+ "first",

+ "second")

> print(x)

NULL

EXAMPLE 4;

ax=1

> bx=2

> y=switch(

+ ax+bx,

+ "hello shubham",

+ "hello arokita",

+ "hello vaishali",

+ "hello nishika"

+)

> print(y)

[1] "hello vaishali"

ax=3

> bx=3

> y=switch(

+ ax+bx,
+ "hello shubham",

+ "hello nishika",

+ "hello arpita",

+)

> print(y)

NULL

Example 5:

Month ="janvier"

> season=switch(

+ month,

+ "january"="winter",

+ "february"="winter",

+ "march"="winter",

+ "april"="spring",

+ "may"="summer",

+ "june"="summer",

+ "july"="rainy",

+ "august"="rainy",

+ "september"="rainy",

+ "october"="rainy",

+ "november"="winter",

+ "december"="winter"

+)

> print(season)

[1] "winter"

Example 6:
Day=3

> weekday=switch(

+ Day,

+ "sunday",

+ "monday",

+ "tuesday",

+ "wednesday",

+ "thursday",

+ "friday",

+ "saturaday",

+)

> print(weekday)

[1] "tuesday"

Example 7:
Y=”18”

> x=switch(

+ y,

+ "9"="hello arpita",

+ "12"="hello vaishali",

+ "18"="hello nishika",

+ "21"="hello shubham",

+)

> print(x)

[1] "hello nishika"

Example 8:
> y="18"
> a=10

> b=2

> x=switch(

+ y,

+ "9"=cat("addition=",a+b),

+ "12"=cat("subtraction=",a-b),

+ "18"=cat("division=",a/b),

+ "21"=cat("multiplication=",a*b),

+)

division= 5

> print(x)

NULL

Practical 7.
Example 1:

v<-LETTERS[1:4]

> for (i in v ){

+ print(i)

+}

[1] "A"

[1] "B"

[1] "C"

[1] "D"

Example 2:

> for(x in 1:5){

+ print(x)

+}
[1] 1

[1] 2

[1] 3

[1] 4

[1] 5

for(month in 1:5){

+ print(paste('month','month'))

+}

[1] "month month"

[1] "month month"

[1] "month month"

[1] "month month"

[1] "month month"

> for(month in 1:5){

+ if(month<3){

+ print(paste("winter","month",'month'))

+ }else{

+ print(paste("spring","month",'month'))

+}

+}

[1] "winter month month"

[1] "winter month month"

[1] "spring month month"

[1] "spring month month"

[1] "spring month month"

> for(month in 1:5){