CLASS: IX

SECTION: ABEF
SUBJECT: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
SESSION: 2024-25

EMPLOYABILTIY SKILLS
UNIT-3; ICT SKILLS-I
ICT (Information and Communication Technology)
• Definition: A combination of technologies like hardware, software, and networking that enable the storage,
retrieval, transmission, and management of data. It integrates communication tools (emails, video
conferencing) and computational tools (data processing).
Applications of ICT:
a) Personal Life:
▪ Shopping: Online platforms make buying products convenient and time-saving.
▪ Education: Access to e-learning platforms and online degree programs from global
institutions.
b) Professional Life:
▪ E-Banking: Easy transactions and account management online.
▪ Work-from-Home: Enabled by collaboration tools like emails and video calls etc.
Components of ICT
1. Hardware: Physical tools such as computers, input/output devices (keyboards, printers), and storage devices.
2. Software: Applications and system software that execute tasks and manage the hardware.
3. Data: Raw facts input into systems for processing.
4. Information: The meaningful, processed result obtained from data.
Computer Basics
• Definition: A machine designed to process input data into meaningful output using software.
• Components:
o Hardware: Includes the CPU (brain of the computer), input devices (keyboard, mouse), and output
devices (monitor, speakers).
o Software: Two main types:
▪ System Software: Includes ▪ Application Software: User-
operating systems like Windows oriented programs like MS Office.
or Linux, which manage hardware.
• Functions:
o Input: Raw data is provided using devices o Output: Information is presented using
like a keyboard or mouse. monitors, printers, etc.
o Processing: Handled by the CPU to convert o Storage: Data is saved in secondary
raw data into useful information. storage like USB drives or hard disks.

CHARACTERTICS OF A COMPUTER
• Speed: Computers process data and perform • Accuracy: Computers provide precise and error-
calculations at incredible speeds, much faster than free results, provided the input and instructions
humans. are correct.
Input Devices
Input devices allow users to interact with a computer:
1. Keyboard: Used for typing commands and data 3. Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital
entry. formats.
2. Mouse: A pointing device for graphical navigation. 4. Microphone: Captures audio for processing.

Output Devices
Output devices display or produce results of processing:
1. Monitor (Visual Display Unit or VDU): Displays
text and graphics. 3. Speakers: Converts digital audio signals into
2. Printer: Outputs data on paper. sound.
4. Projector: Projects visuals onto a screen.
STORAGE

1. Primary Memory Secondary Storage

Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU and is Secondary storage is non-volatile and used for long-term
essential for system operation. data storage.
a. RAM (Random Access Memory) a. Hard Drives (HDDs)
• Volatile: Data is lost when power is off. • Magnetic disks: Store large amounts of data (GB
• Fast: Temporary storage for running programs to TB).
and data being processed. • Slower but cost-effective for mass storage.
b. ROM (Read-Only Memory) Optical Discs (CDs/DVDs)
• Non-Volatile: Retains data even when power is • Laser-based storage: Used for media files and
off. backups.
• Stores essential instructions: Like the BIOS for • Capacity: Up to 700 MB (CD), 4.7 GB (DVD).
booting the system.
• Uses: Permanent storage of firmware.

Operating Systems
• Definition: A bridge between users and computer hardware that manages all components.
• Types:
o Single-User: One user o Multi-User: Multiple o Mobile OS: Specialized
at a time (e.g., DOS). users simultaneously for portable devices
(e.g., Linux, Windows). (e.g., Android, iOS).
• Functions:
o Memory Management: Allocates and o Device Management: Controls
deallocates memory for applications. input/output devices through drivers.
o File Management: Organizes, retrieves, o Security Management: Ensures secure
and protects files and folders. system access using passwords and
firewalls.
Booting
It is the process of starting or restarting a computer by loading the operating system (OS) into the computer’s memory.
It prepares the system for use by initializing hardware and software components.
Types of Booting
1. Cold Booting:
o Starting a computer from a completely powered-off state.
o Performed by pressing the power button.
2. Warm Booting:
o Restarting a computer without turning it off (e.g., selecting "Restart").
o Used to refresh the system or apply updates.
Types of Networks
1. LAN (Local Area Network): 2. MAN (Metropolitan Area 3. WAN (Wide Area Network):
o Covers a small area, Network): o Spans vast
such as a building or o Connects multiple geographical areas
office. LANs within a city. like countries or
o Commonly uses o Used for city-wide continents.
Ethernet cables or Wi- connectivity, such as o The Internet is the
Fi for connectivity. government offices or most common
o High data public networks. example.
transmission speeds o Media: Wired o Uses satellites and
(100–1000 Mbps). (Ethernet) or wireless gateways for
(radio waves, connectivity.
microwaves).
Basic Components of a Network
Computers (Clients and Servers):
o Clients: End-user devices like laptops, desktops, or smartphones that request services.
o Servers: Provide resources or services (e.g., web hosting, file sharing).
Transmission Media
• Wired Media:
o Includes cables such as Ethernet (LAN cables), fiber optics, and coaxial cables for physical connections.
 • Wireless Media:
o Includes radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals for wireless communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
4. Network Interface Card (NIC)
• A hardware component in devices to enable network communication.
• Can be wired (Ethernet port) or wireless (Wi-Fi adapter).
Internet and Its Components
The Internet is a global network that connects millions of devices.
How the Internet Works:
1. Devices access the Internet via an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
2. A Domain Name System (DNS) translates website names into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
3. Data packets travel via HTTP and TCP/IP protocols to deliver requested information.

Applications:
1. Communication: Video conferencing and social 2. Education: Online tutorials and degree programs.
media. 3. E-Commerce: Online marketplaces like Flipkart.
Protocols
Protocols are standardized rules for data exchange over the Internet:
1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Manages 3. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Handles
data communication on websites. email communication.
2. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Enables efficient file 4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet
sharing. Protocol (IP): Ensures reliable data delivery.

Terminologies of the Internet

1. Online: Connecting a device to the Internet for 6. World Wide Web (WWW): A service of the
access and communication. Internet consisting of interlinked webpages,
2. Hyperlink/HyperText/Link: Clickable text or accessed via HTTP.
graphics that open a webpage or document. 7. Web Address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator):
3. Webpage: A single document on the web The unique address of a webpage, e.g.,
containing text, images, and videos, written in web "www.google.com".
languages like HTML. 8. DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain
4. Website: A collection of related webpages names into IP addresses, making them easier to
accessible via a URL. remember.
5. Homepage: The first page displayed when visiting
a website, containing links to other pages.
Email
Email is a fast, convenient, and inexpensive way to send and receive messages using the Internet through providers
like Gmail, Yahoo, or Outlook. It allows users to send text, files, and multimedia across the globe instantly.
Differences Between Postal Mail and Email
1. Delivery Speed: 2. Cost:
o Postal Mail: Takes days to deliver physical o Postal Mail: Cost depends on distance and
letters. weight.
o Email: Sends messages instantly across the o Email: Minimal cost, only requiring an
world. Internet connection.
Advantages of Email
1. Fast Communication: Faster than traditional mail. 2. Anytime Access: Can be sent or received at any
time.
Components of an Email Address
1. Username: The unique name before "@" (e.g., 3. Domain Name: Email service provider (e.g., Gmail,
user). Yahoo).
2. @ Sign: Separates username and domain name.
Social Media

Social media refers to digital platforms that enable social interaction and content sharing:
1. Blogs: Websites for informal discussions or personal updates.
2. Twitter (X): A platform for short-form communication.
3. Facebook: A community-based networking site.