Solid Mensuration

Engr. Jonas L. Mahinay

Faculty Instructor, CIT
 Mensuration of Plane Figures Part 2
▪ Circles
▪ Definitions

▪ Theorems on Circle

▪ The Perimeters & Areas of Circle, Sector and Segment

▪ Polygons
▪ Definition, Parts and Types of Polygon

▪ Naming of Polygon

▪ Similar Polygons and Properties of Regular Polygon

▪ Miscellaneous Planes
▪ Elliptical Section

▪ Parabolic Section

▪ Irregular Shaped Figures

 CIRCLES
Definition

Circles
A circle is a set of points, each of which is equidistant from a
fixed point called the center.
The line joining the center of a circle to any points on the
circle is known as the radius.
An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two endpoints
and all the points on the circle between the endpoints.
CIRCLES
Definition

▪ By choosing any two points on the circle, two arcs will be formed; a
major arc (the longer arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).
▪ A chord is a line segment
joining any two points on
the circle. The chord that
passes through the center
of the circle is called the
diameter of a circle.
▪ A chord divides the circle
into two regions, the major
segment and the minor
segment.
 CIRCLES
Definition

▪ A sector is the figure formed by two radii

and an included arc. The central angle is
the angle in which the vertex lies at the
center of the circle and which sides are the
two radii.

▪ The inscribed angle is the angle in which

the vertex lies on the circle and which two
sides are chords of the circle.
 CIRCLES
Definition

If circles of different radii have

common center then they are referred to as
concentric circles.
The region bounded by any two
concentric circles is known as the annulus.
A line in the same plane as the circle is a
tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle
at exactly one point on the circle.
A line is called a secant line if it intersects
the circle at two points on the circle.
 CIRCLES
Definition

• A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure

inscribed in a circle, with each vertex
(corner) of the quadrilateral touching the
circumference of the circle.
• The sum of the opposite angles of such a
quadrilateral is 180°.

x + w = 180°
y + z = 180°
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

Theorems on Circles
1. Two Chords Intersecting at an Interior Point
If two chords intersect at a point inside the circle, then the
product of the segments of one chord is equal to the
product of the segments of the other chord.

2. Two Secant Lines Intersecting at an Exterior

Point
If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an exterior point,
then the product of lengths of the entire secant line and its
external segment is equal to the product of the lengths of
the other secant line and its external segment.
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

3. Tangent and Secant Lines

If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle intersect at a
point exterior to the circle, then the product of the lengths
of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the
square of the length of the tangent line.

4. The Radius Perpendicular to the Tangent

Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
of the circle drawn through the point of tangency.
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

5. The Diameter as Perpendicular Bisector

The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord and its two arcs. Conversely, the diameter that bisects
a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord
is the diameter of the circle which must pass through the
center of the circle.

6. Central Angles of Equal Circles

Central angles of the same or equal circles have the same
ratio as their intercepted arcs.
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

9. Angles Subtended on the Same Arc

Angles formed from two points on the circle are equal to
the other angles, in the same arc, formed from those two
points.

8. Lines of Centers of Tangent Circles

The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the
point of tangency.
Hence, the distance between the two centers
of the figure on the left side is equal to r1 + r2 ,
whereas, the distance of the centers of the
second figure is r2 − r1 .
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

9. Central Angle and Its Intercepted Arc

The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its
intercepted arc. The intercepted arc is measured by its
central angle.

10. Inscribed Angle

An inscribed angle is measured by one-half of its
intercepted arc.
 Circles
Theorems on Circles

11. Angle in a Semi-circle

The angle formed by constructing lines from the ends of the
diameter of a circle to a point on the circle is a right angle.

12. Cyclic Quadrilateral

The sum of the products of opposite sides of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to the product of the diagonals.
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

13. Two Tangents Drawn on a Circle

If two intersecting tangents are drawn on a circle, the
lengths of two tangents from the points of tangency on the
circle to their point of intersection are the same.

14. The Angle Formed by Two Intersecting Secant

Lines
The measure of the angle formed by two secant lines
intersecting at an interior point is one-half the sum of the
angular measurements of the arcs intercepted by the angle
and its vertical angle.
 CIRCLES
Theorems on Circles

If two secants intersect at an exterior point of

a circle, the measure of the angle formed by
the secants is one-half the difference between
the angular measurements of the intercepted
arcs.
 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

The Perimeters
Circumference: 𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓
Arc length: 𝐬 = 𝒓𝜽, where θ is the central angle measured in radian units
Perimeter of a sector: 𝑷 = 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐𝒓 = 𝒓(𝟐 + 𝜽), where θ is the central angle
measured in radian units.

Perimeter of a segment: 𝑷 = 𝒔 + 𝑳, where s is the arc length and L is the length of chord.
Length of chord: 𝑳 = 𝒓 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , where θ is the central angle of the chord.
CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

Areas of Circle, Sector, Segment, and Annulus

𝝅𝒅𝟐
Area of a Circle: 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = , where r is radius and d is diameter.
𝟒
𝟏
Area of a Semicircle: 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
Area of a Quarter Circle: 𝑨 = 𝟒 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
Area of a Sector: 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒓 𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒓𝒔 , where θ is central angle measured in
radian unit and s is arc length.
𝟏 𝟐
Area of Segment: 𝑨 = 𝟐
𝒓 (𝜽 − sin 𝜽)
 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

Area of Annulus region: 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟12 − 𝑟22

A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the

vertices of the polygon lie on the circle. If the
polygon is regular, then the measure of its
side can be determined by the cosine law.
𝑠 = 𝑟 2 1 − cos 𝜃
r = radius, s = side of polygon, θ = central
angle
 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

▪ The polygon is circumscribed about

the circle if each side of the polygon
is tangent to the circle.
▪ If the polygon is regular, then the
radius of the circle is equal to the
apothem a of the polygon.
 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

Triangle Inscribed in a Circle

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴∆ =
4𝑟
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑟=
4𝐴
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑟=
4 𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where A is the area of the triangle and 𝑠 = .
2

Note: Circle Circumscribing a Triangle = Triangle Inscribed in a Circle

 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

Triangle Circumscribing a Circle

𝐴∆ = 𝑟𝑠
𝐴
𝑟=
𝑠
𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐
𝑟=
𝑠
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where A is the area of the triangle and 𝑠 = .
2
Note: Circle Inscribed in a Triangle = Triangle Circumscribing a Circle
 CIRCLES
Formulas on Circles

AREA OF A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL:

𝑨= 𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒃 𝒔−𝒄 𝒔−𝒅 .
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
Where 𝒔 = 𝟐
, semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral.
 Example 1

1. What is the area of a circle with a circumference of 18π cm?

Solution:
Given the circumference of a circle, we can compute for the radius of the circle.
C = 2π𝑟
18π = 2π𝑟
18𝜋
𝑟= 9𝜋
= 9 cm

The area of the circle is A = πr 2. Therefore,

A = πr 2 = 𝜋(9)2 = 𝟖𝟏𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝒄𝒎𝟐
 Example 2

2. A circle which has an area of 144π cm2 is cut into two segments by a
chord that is 6 cm from the center of the circle. What is the area of the
smaller segment?
Solution:
If the area of the circle is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 then
144π = π𝑟 2
144𝜋
𝑟 2 = 𝜋 = 144

𝑟 = 144 = 12 𝑐𝑚
 Example 2

In triangle OBC of Figure

6 𝜃
12
= cos 2 𝜽
So, 𝜃 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 120°

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑂𝐶 − 𝐴∆𝐴𝑂𝐶

1 2 1 2
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃
2 2
1 2
𝜋 1
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (12) 120° 𝑥 − (12)2 sin 120°
2 180° 2
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟐
 Example 3

3. The tangent AB and the secant BD are drawn to a circle from the
same exterior point B. If the length of the tangent AB is 8 inches and
the external segment of the secant BC is 4 inches, then what is the
length of the secant BD?
Solution:
We obtain the answer by Theorem 3 on circles.
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐵𝐶)(𝐵𝐷)
82 = (4)(𝐵𝐷)
64
BD = = 𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏.
4
 Example 4

4. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle with an area equal to

81π square units. Find the area of the triangle. 𝐁

Solution:
Obtain first the radius from the given area of 𝐫
the circle. This gives the value of the radius.
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎° 𝐎
𝐴 = π𝑟 2
𝐫
81π = π𝑟 2
2 81𝜋 𝐂 𝐀
𝑟 = 𝜋 = 81

𝑟 = 81 = 9 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 Example 4

By Cosine Law, we obtain one of the sides of the triangle in Figure of previous slide.
Using Triangle BOC, where r = 9 and θ = 120°
𝑎2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑎2 = (9)2 +(9)2 −2 9 9 cos 120°
𝑎2 = 243
𝑎2 = 243
𝑎 = 15.59 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Since the triangle is equilateral, we have, a = b = c = 15.59 units. We now obtain the area of
𝑎𝑏𝑐
the triangle inscribed in the circle by the formula, 𝐴∆ = 4𝑟 , so that the area would be;
𝑎𝑏𝑐 15.59 15.59 (15.59)
𝐴∆ = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
4𝑟 4(9)
 Example 5

5. An equilateral triangle is circumscribed about a circle of radius

10 3 inches. What is the perimeter and area of the triangle?
Solution: To Solve the Perimeter of the 𝐁
To solve the one side of the Triangle, since it is a equilateral
𝑜 triangle one side is equal to the
equilateral triangle; tan 𝜃 = 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
𝑎 others. So, a = b = c = 60 in.
𝐎 𝑟
tan 30° = 𝑐 P = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒊𝒏.
2
𝐫 𝑐 10 3 To solve the Area of the Triangle,
= use the formula 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠.
2 tan 30°
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° (2)(10 3) 60 + 60 + 60 𝐎
𝐁 𝑐= 𝐴 = 10 3
𝐜 3 2
𝟐 3 𝐴 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟐
c = 𝟔𝟎 𝒊𝒏 𝐂 𝐀
 Try It Your Self 1

1. Determine the area of the segment of a circle if the length of the chord is
15 inches and located 5 inches from the center of the circle.
2. Find the area of a sector which is bounded by a 60° central angle in a
circle of radius 6 inches.
3. The area of a circle is 120 in2 . What is its circumference?
 POLYGONS
Definition

▪ A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by line segments. The

term “polygon” is a combination of two Greek words, “poly” which
means “many” and “gonia” which means “angle”.
▪ A polygon may also be defined as a union of line segments such that:
I) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two segments;
ii) no two segments intersect except at an endpoint; and
iii) no two segments with the same endpoint are collinear.
 POLYGONS
Definition

▪ A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by line segments. The

term “polygon” is a combination of two Greek words, “poly” which
means “many” and “gonia” which means “angle”.
▪ A polygon may also be defined as a union of line segments such that:
I) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two segments;
ii) no two segments intersect except at an endpoint; and
iii) no two segments with the same endpoint are collinear.
POLYGONS
Parts of a Polygon

Side or Edge

Central
Angle

Interior Angle Vertex

Diagonal
Apothem

Exterior Angle
 POLYGONS
Parts of a Polygon

▪ Side or Edge is one of the line segments that make up the polygon.
▪ Vertex is a point where the sides meet.
▪ Diagonal is a line connecting two non-adjacent vertices.
▪ Interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon.
▪ Exterior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.
▪ Apothem (of a regular polygon) is the segment connecting the center of a polygon
and the midpoint of a side. The apothem is also a perpendicular bisector of the side.
▪ Central angle (of a regular polygon) is the angle subtended by a side about the
center.
 POLYGONS
Types of Polygon

▪ Regular Polygon
In a regular polygon, all angles are equal and all sides are of the same length.
Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral.
▪ Equiangular Polygon
A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are congruent.
▪ Equilateral Polygon
A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are equal.
▪ Irregular Polygon
A polygon that is neither equiangular nor equilateral is said to be an irregular
polygon.
 POLYGONS
Types of Polygon

▪ Convex Polygon
Every interior angle of a convex polygon is less than 180°. If a line is drawn
through the convex polygon, the line will intersect at most two sides.
 POLYGONS
Types of Polygon

▪ Concave Polygon
A concave polygon has at least one interior angle that measures more than
180°. If a line is drawn through a concave polygon, the line may intersect more
than two sides.
 POLYGONS
Naming of Polygon

Polygons are named or

classified according to their number
of sides. A polygon with n sides is
called an n-gon.
POLYGONS
Naming of Polygon
 POLYGONS
Naming of Polygon

To construct a
polygon’s name,
combine the
corresponding prefix
and suffix as follows.
POLYGONS
Naming of Polygon

▪For numbers from 100 to 999, we construct the name

of the polygon by starting with the prefix for the
hundreds digit taken from the ones digit minus the
“gon” followed by "hecta," then proceed as before.
POLYGONS
Naming of Polygon

EXAMPLES
 POLYGONS
Similar Polygons

We say that two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior

angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional.
By ratio and proportion,
𝑥1 𝑦1
=
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝐴1 𝑥1 2
=
𝐴2 𝑥2
𝑃1 𝑥1
=
𝑃2 𝑥2
 POLYGONS
Properties of a Regular Polygon

The altitude a of the triangle is called the

apothem.
The angle θ that is opposite the base of this
triangle is called the central angle.
Perimeter: 𝑷 = 𝒏𝒔 𝑠Τ2
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Central Angle: 𝜽𝒄 = 𝒏
𝒔 𝑎
Apothem: 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝜃Τ2
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒏

n = number of sides
 POLYGONS
Properties of a Regular Polygon

Area: Number of Triangles Formed by Diagonals

𝟏 Drawn Through the Same Vertex:
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒂 𝒕=𝒏−𝟐
𝟐
𝒏𝒔𝟐 Number of Diagonals:
𝑨=
𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟎°Τ𝒏 𝒏
𝑫= 𝒏−𝟑
Where P is the Perimeter 𝟐
a is the apothem Each Interior Angle:
𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
n is the number of sides 𝑰. 𝑨. 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝑨 =
𝒏
s is the measure of one side Sum of Interior Angle:
S. I. A. or SIA = (n − 2)180°
 Example 1

1. Find the area of a regular nonagon with a side that measures 3

units. Also find the number of diagonals and the sum of its interior
angles.
Solution:
𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛 𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 𝑛 − 2 180°
𝐴= 180° 𝐷 = 𝑛−3
4 tan
𝑛
2 𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 9 − 2 180°
(9)(3)2
9 𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟔𝟎°
𝐴= 𝐷 = 9−3
4 tan
180° 2
9
𝐷 = 𝟐𝟕
𝐴 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟒 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
 Example 2

2. Given the number of sides, construct the name for 28 and 46 sided
polygons.
Solution:
20 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + 8 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏
40 𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛 + 6 ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝒕𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒉𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏
 Example 3

3. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the area of

the polygon if its apothem measures 10 cm.
Solution: To solve n; To solve s;
𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛 180°
𝐴= 180° 𝐷 = 𝑛−3 𝑠 = 2𝑎 tan
4 tan 2 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
(10)(6.5)2 35 = 𝑛 − 3
𝐴= 180° 2 180°
4 tan 𝑠 = 2(10) tan
10 70 = 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 10
𝐴 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟐 −𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 70 = 0 𝑠 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝑛 − 10 −𝑛 − 7 = 0
𝑛1 = 𝟏𝟎 | 𝑛2 = −7
 Example 4

4. Find the sum of the interior angle of a regular triacontakaitetragon.

Solution:
𝑛 = triacontakaitetragon = 30 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎 + 4 𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝟑𝟒
𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 𝑛 − 2 180° = 34 − 2 180° = 𝟓, 𝟕𝟔𝟎°
 Example 5

5. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 540°.

Determine the following:
a. number of sides (n)
b. number of diagonals (D)
c. number of triangles (t) inside the polygon
d. central angle (𝜃𝑐 )
e. interior angle (IA)
f. perimeter of the polygon if side is 5 cm
g. area of the polygon in f
h. apothem of the polygon in f
 Example 5

Solution:
a. To solve number of sides; c. To solve number of triangles
𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 𝑛 − 2 180° inside the polygon;
540° = 𝑛 − 2 180° 𝑡 = 𝑛−2
540° e. To solve interior angle;
𝑡 = 5−2 =𝟑 𝑛 − 2 180°
𝑛−2=
180° 𝐼𝐴 =
𝑛 =3+2=𝟓 d. To solve central angle; 𝑛
5 − 2 180°
360° 𝐼𝐴 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟖°
𝜃
b. To solve number of diagonals; 𝑐 = 5
𝑛
𝑛 360°
𝐷 = 𝑛−3 𝜃𝑐 = = 𝟕𝟐°
2 5
5
𝐷 = 5−3 =𝟓
2
 Example 5

Solution:
f. To solve the Perimeter of the polygon h. To solve the apothem of the polygon
if side is 5 cm; in f;
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠 1
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 5 5 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦 2
1
43.01 = 25 𝑎
g. To solve the area of the polygon in f; 2
43.01(2)
𝑛𝑠 2 𝑎= = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐦
𝐴= 25
180°
4 tan 𝑛
(5)(5)2
𝐴= = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟐
180°
4 tan
5
 Try It Your Self 2

1. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65. Find the perimeter

and the area of the polygon if its apothem measures 8 in.
2. Name each polygon with the given number of sides. Also find the
corresponding number of diagonals.
a) 24 b) 57 c) 181
3. A regular polygon has 170 diagonals and 2.4 cm side length. What is its
area?
 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Definition

▪ A star is a star-like figure which generally consists of a polygon with

triangles on its sides.
▪ It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a regular polygon
▪ The pentagram, also known as German or witch star, is a five-
pointed regular star. The hexagram which is also known as David’s
star or Solomon’s seal is a six-pointed regular star.
MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Definition
 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Elliptical Section

▪ An ellipse is a conic with an eccentricity

that is less than 1. The region enclosed by
an ellipse is called an elliptical section.
Area: 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒂𝒃
a is the length of major segment (major
radius)
b is the length of minor segment (minor a>b
radius)
Restriction:
𝟏
Perimeter: 𝑷 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒃
𝟐 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 < < 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 (𝟓% 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
𝒂
MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Elliptical Section

Note that this formula conforms with the formula of the

circumference of the circle where r = a = b.

1 2
𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟
2
 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Parabolic Section

▪ A parabola is a conic section whose eccentricity is

equal to 1. The figure below is called a spandrel (of
degree 2). It is the unbounded region (shaded
region) of the parabolic curve.
𝟐
Area of Parabola: 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒃𝒉
b is base, h is altitude
𝟏
Area of Spandrel: 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉
𝟑
Perimeter of Parabola:
𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒉𝟐
𝟏 𝒃 4ℎ + 𝒃
𝑷= 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒉𝟐 + ln
𝟐 𝟖𝒉 𝑏
 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
Irregular Shaped Figures

Simpson’s Rule
If y0, y1, y2, … , yn (n is even) are the lengths of a series of parallel chords of uniform
interval d then the area of the figure enclosed above is given approximately by the
following formula.
1
𝐴 = 𝑑 𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 + 4 𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 + 2 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−2
3
 Example 1

1. Determine the area of a regular 6-pointed star if the inner regular

hexagon has 10 m on a side.
Solution:
360° 360°
We know that, 𝜃𝑐 = = = 𝟔𝟎°
𝑛 6
So, the area of one triangle ABC as shown in the figure is;
1
𝐴∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2 10 2 sin 60° = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝟐
Since the star polygon is regular and symmetric about the
center, its area would consist of 12 congruent triangles.
Thus,
𝐴 = 12 𝐴∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 12 43.30 m2 = 𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟔 𝐦𝟐
 Example 2

2. A tunnel with an elliptical section shown in the figure below is found to

have a depth of 2,620 ft. What is the area and perimeter of this section.
Solution:
The major and minor segments are:
24 16
a = 2 = 𝟏𝟐 ft and b = 2 = 𝟖 𝒇𝒕
Thus, the area of the given ellipse is:
𝐴𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋 12 8 = 𝟗𝟔𝝅 𝐟𝐭 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝒇𝒕𝟐
b 8
Since, = = 0.67 falls within the restriction on the perimeter of an ellipse,
a 12
we have,
1 1
𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 2𝜋 122 + 82 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝐟𝐭
2 2
 Example 3

3. In the figure below, find the area of the region of the rectangle that is
outside the parabolic section.
Solution:
𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎
2
𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 20 15 − 20 15 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3

1
Note that this result is equal to the area of spandrel which is 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ,
3
1
we have, 𝐴 = 20 15 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3
 Try It Your Self 3

1. What is the area of a section bounded by a closed elliptical whose major

and minor segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm respectively? Also find
the perimeter of the elliptical section?
2. What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a rectangle 30 cm long and 22
cm wide?
3. In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular five-pointed star touching its
circumference is inscribed. Find the area of the star.
 REFERENCES:

➢ Mr. Mark Jave C. Gualberto, RME, Solid Mensuration

➢Earnhart, R. T., Bejasa, W. P., Plane and Solid Mensuration A Simplified Approach Revised
Edition
➢Earnhart, R. T., Bejasa, W. P., Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space